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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">gr9BBFTsRgKgWRDm3FJHv4y</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002900016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100300016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130178</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 4: mulher de 84 anos apresentou dor precordial e parada em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Madaloso</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna Affonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benvenuti</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>e46</fpage>
      <lpage>53</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMOCL&#205;NICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caso 4 - mulher de 84 anos apresentou dor precordial e parada em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Bruna Affonso Madaloso; Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o; Dor no Peito; Dissec&#231;&#227;o; Aorta Tor&#225;cica; Placa Ateroscler&#243;tica.</p>
    <p>Mulher de 84 anos, natural de Itamuji (MG) e procedente de S&#227;o Paulo (SP), portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial, ex-tabagista e com epis&#243;dios pr&#233;vios de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de urg&#234;ncia por dor precordial prolongada (3 mar 2010).</p>
    <p>A paciente iniciou o tratamento m&#233;dico no InCor em junho de 2005, quando foi encaminhada para tratamento de arritmia, dispneia aos esfor&#231;os maiores e dores precordiais, estas em epis&#243;dios prolongados, sem desencadeantes precisos desde seis anos antes. Fazia uso de varfarina 2,5 mg em dias alternados e, diariamente, 150 mg de captopril, 200 mg de amiodarona, 20 mg de mononitrato de isossorbida, 25 mg de espironolactona, 100 mg de metoprolol, 40 mg de furosemida e 100 mg de cilostazol.</p>
    <p>O ECG (24 jun 2005) revelou ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia de 89 bpm, dura&#231;&#227;o de QRS85 ms, Qtc = 470 ms, S&#194;QRS 0&#186; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e46-30178-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames de laborat&#243;rio (24 jun. 2005) revelaram: hemoglobina 12,6 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 39%, 5.800 leuc&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup>, s&#243;dio 142 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 5,8 mEq/L e sorologia para detec&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas positiva (Elisa) e negativa (imunofluorescencia indireta).</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico (29 jun. 2005) revelou frequ&#234;ncia de pulso 88 bpm, irregular, press&#227;o arterial 150 x 110 mmHg, os pulsos eram sim&#233;tricos, a ausculta pulmonar foi normal, a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou bulhas arritmicas e hiperfonese de 2&#170; bulha em &#225;rea a&#243;rtica. N&#227;o havia anormalidades no exame do abdome e membros inferiores. Foram suspensos os seguintes medicamentos: amiodarona, mononitrato de isossorbida e cilostazol.</p>
    <p>Dois meses depois (agosto de 2005), apresentou grande hematoma de abdome e membros inferiores, apesar do INR estar dentro da faixa terap&#234;utica, 2, 32, e foi suspenso o anticoagulante oral por algum tempo.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (jan. 2006) revelou hipertrofia de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (espessura de parede posterior 11 mm e de septo interventricular 12 mm), dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normais (47 x 32 mm) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal (59%); o di&#226;metro de &#225;trio esquerdo era 41 mm, o di&#226;metro da raiz da aorta era aumentado (43 mm) e da crossa era normal (28 mm). Foi observada calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel mitral; n&#227;o havia altera&#231;&#245;es valvares.</p>
    <p>Novo ECG (fev. 2006) revelou bradicardia sinusal (43 bpm) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e46-30178-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma de longa dura&#231;&#227;o pelo sistema Holter (2 jan. 2007), revelou ritmo sinusal, 15 extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares isoladas, e 2 pares; 2.878 extrass&#237;stoles atriais (229 pares, 9 taquicardias atriais: a mais r&#225;pida com frequ&#234;ncia de 175 bpm e a mais longa com 15 batimentos). A queixa de "ard&#234;ncia no peito" relacionou-se com extrass&#237;stoles atriais, n&#227;o havendo altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    <p>A cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com uso de MIBI Tec99m e administra&#231;&#227;o de adenosina (13 fev. 2007) n&#227;o revelou anormalidade da capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do radiotra&#231;ador e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o avaliada pela tomografia (SPECT) foi de 48%, sem altera&#231;&#227;o segmentar de motilidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig03">Figura 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig03">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e46-30178-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Procurou atendimento m&#233;dico em agosto de 2007 por dor epig&#225;strica e v&#244;mitos "escuros".</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico (15 ago. 2007) revelou paciente eupneica, discretamente descorada, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 106 bpm, irregulares, press&#227;o arterial 156 x 100 mmHg e sem outras altera&#231;&#245;es, exceto pelas bulhas arr&#237;tmicas.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais do mesmo dia revelaram: hemoglobina 12,7 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 40%, 8.800 leuc&#243;citos / mm<sup>3</sup> com diferencial normal, 240.000 plaquetas/mm<sup>3</sup>, ureia 86 mg/dL, creatinina 1,51 mg/dL, s&#243;dio 140 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 5,0 mEq/L, c&#225;lcio ionizado 1,19 mmol/L, magn&#233;sio 1,3 mmol/L, TP (INR) 7, 83, TTPA (rel) 2, 43, d&#237;m ero-D 116 ng/mL.</p>
    <p>A endoscopia digestiva alta (15 ago. 2007) revelou pangastrite erosiva hemorr&#225;gica moderada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig04">Figura 4</xref>). Foram administradas tr&#234;s unidades de plasma fresco congelado, o TP (INR) foi para 3,0 e o TTPA (rel) para 1,5. A paciente recebeu alta com inibidor de bomba de pr&#243;tons no dia seguinte.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e46-30178-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial de seguimento ambulatorial (abr. 2008) revelou colesterol total 235 mg/dL, HDL-c 33 mg / dL, LDL-c 171 mg/dL, triglic&#233;rides 156 mg/dL, glicemia jejum 108 mg/dL, TSH 2,09 &#181;u/mL, T4 livre 1,7 ng/dL, s&#243;dio 144 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,9 mEq/L, ureia 63 mg/dL, creatinina 1,22 mg/dL e INR 2,0.</p>
    <p>Foram prescritos 40 mg de sinvastatina e 0,125 mg de digoxina.</p>
    <p>Os exames controles no ano seguinte (2009) revelaram colesterol total 198 mg/dL, HDL-c 36 mg/dL, LDL-c 96 mg/dL, triglic&#233;rides 120 mg/dL, INR 2,7 e sem altera&#231;&#245;es nas enzimas hep&#225;ticas ou da creatinofosfoquinase.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma de longa dura&#231;&#227;o pelo sistema Holter (maio 2009) revelou ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca variando de 45 bpm at&#233; 143 bpm. O sintoma de palpita&#231;&#245;es associou-se ao aumento da frequ&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>A paciente evolui com ocasionais dores precordiais e dispneia aos esfor&#231;os.</p>
    <p>Procurou atendimento m&#233;dico na noite de 3 de mar&#231;o de 2010 reclamando de dor em face anterior do t&#243;rax com irradia&#231;&#227;o para os membros superiores e abdome, acompanhada de n&#225;usea e sudorese fria, que se iniciara 3 h antes.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico revelou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia 79 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 127 x 91 mmHg; exceto pelas bulhas arr&#237;tmicas n&#227;o foram relatadas anormalidades no exame f&#237;sico.</p>
    <p>O ECG na vig&#234;ncia de dor (3 mar. 2010, 21:27) revelou ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, frequ&#234;ncia m&#233;dia 121 bpm, sobrecarga ventricular esquerda e altera&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular padr&#227;o "strain" ou uso de digital (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig05">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e46-30178-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O ECG ap&#243;s uso de isossorbida (3 mar. 2010; 22:5) apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, agora em 103 bpm, e surgimento de infradesnivelamento de ST em V<sub>3</sub> a V<sub>5</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig06">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e46-30178-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Houve al&#237;vio da dor e foram administrados 100 mg de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, 0,625 mg de tirofiban em meia hora, seguido de 0,33 mg/h; 12,5 mg de captopril 8/8h e propranolol 40 mg de 8/8 h,</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais (23 h de 3 mar 2010) revelaram hemoglobina 11,9 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 38%, leuc&#243;citos 9.900 / mm<sup>3</sup>, com diferencial normal, plaquetas 172.000 / mm<sup>3</sup>, colesterol total 152 mg/dL, HDL-c 35 mg / dL, LDL-c 99 mg/dL, triglic&#233;rides 92 mg/dL, creatinina 1,16 mg / dL (FG = 47 mL / min/1,73 m&#178;), ureia 58 mg/dL, s&#243;dio 136 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 3,8 mEq/L, TP (INR) 1,8, TTPA (rel) 0,98, CK-MB massa 5,72 ng / mL, troponina I inferior a 0,2 ng / mL, com 4 horas de dor e CK-MB 5,91 ng/mL com 12 h de dor.</p>
    <p>Na manh&#227; seguinte, apresentou dor precordial seguida de s&#237;ncope e, logo ap&#243;s, parada card&#237;aca em atividade el&#233;trica sem pulso, sem resposta &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o, faleceu (10h e 30 min de 04 mar 2010).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos Cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 84 anos procurou atendimento m&#233;dico em raz&#227;o de dor precordial intensa. A paciente era ex-tabagista, portadora de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia. H&#225; seis anos apresentava precordialgia de dura&#231;&#227;o prolongada, com per&#237;odos de dor mais intensa associada &#224; dispneia aos esfor&#231;os; tais epis&#243;dios levaram-na a procurar, nessas ocasi&#245;es, atendimento m&#233;dico de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>A primeira hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica a ser considerada &#233; o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. O principal sintoma &#233; dor precordial ou desconforto, irradia&#231;&#227;o para membros superiores, mand&#237;bula, ombros ou regi&#227;o posterior do t&#243;rax, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 20 minutos ou mais, associado ou n&#227;o com diaforese, dispneia, n&#225;usea, v&#244;mito, cefaleia; podendo o desconforto desenvolver-se no epigastrio<sup>1</sup>. Os sintomas da paciente permitem fundamentar esta suspeita, e por esta raz&#227;o, al&#233;m do eletrocardiograma, testes adicionais para pesquisa de necrose mioc&#225;rdica foram realizados.</p>
    <p>A paciente n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na CKMB, mesmo ap&#243;s duas dosagens<sup>2</sup> e houve uma discreta altera&#231;&#227;o da troponina. Entretanto, seu ECG demonstrou infradesnivelamento do segmento ST, o que poderia sugerir isquemia de parede posterior<sup>1</sup>, sendo dessa forma optado por administra&#231;&#227;o de propranolol, mononitrato de isossorbida, captopril, &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e tirofiban.</p>
    <p>Ainda assim, a periodicidade da dor, presente h&#225; seis anos, a evid&#234;ncia de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular normal sem discinesia de contra&#231;&#227;o no ecocardiograma e cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica sem altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas ou presen&#231;a de &#225;reas de necrose, mesmo depois ter sido realizada ap&#243;s epis&#243;dios semelhantes de dor, levam-nos a diagn&#243;sticos alternativos.</p>
    <p>O tromboembolismo pulmonar &#233; um diagn&#243;stico prov&#225;vel, uma vez que a paciente apresenta dispneia e discreta eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponina<sup>3</sup>, idade maior que 75 anos, antecedente de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, sexo feminino e escore CHADS-VACS2 de 4 pontos, o que eleva seu risco emb&#243;lico. A presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com INR fora da faixa terap&#234;utica em paciente com indica&#231;&#227;o de uso de antagonista de vitamina K tamb&#233;m eleva esse risco<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>No tromboembolismo pulmonar, a dosagem de troponina pode ser utilizada como auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico, sendo associada a maior mortalidade quando elevada<sup>3,6</sup>. Outro exame complementar a ser analisado &#233; o eletrocardiograma, que, apesar de ser inespec&#237;fico no TEP, pode apresentar padr&#245;es sugestivos, o mais conhecido S1Q3T3 e o mais comum invers&#227;o de onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais de V1-V4<sup>7</sup>, principalmente em pacientes cujo defeito perfusional &#233; grande<sup>8</sup>, ou at&#233; mesmo nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica.</p>
    <p>A paciente apresentou discreta eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina, o que sustentaria a hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica, mas n&#227;o a dispneia s&#250;bita, e seu eletrocardiograma n&#227;o apresenta padr&#227;o sugestivo, tornando, dessa forma, a hip&#243;tese remota.</p>
    <p>A idade avan&#231;ada, a presen&#231;a de precordialgia<sup>9</sup>, a dilata&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o proximal da aorta observada no ecocardiograma ambulatorial associado &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial mal controlada, demonstrada pela sobrecarga ventricular esquerda no eletrocardiograma e confirmada pela hipertrofia esquerda descrita no ecocardiograma<sup>10</sup>, aumenta a suspeita de dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta tipo A de Standford.</p>
    <p>As dissec&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rticas s&#227;o classificadas em Standford tipo A, que corresponde ao acometimento da aorta proximal tanto ascendente, quanto da crossa<sup>11</sup>, e tipo B, que compreende todas as demais dissec&#231;&#245;es, geralmente distais<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>No idoso acima de 70 anos, as causas mais comuns de dissec&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o hipertens&#227;o e aneurisma tor&#225;cico pr&#233;vio.</p>
    <p>Admite-se que o mecanismo da dissec&#231;&#227;o ocorra por uma altera&#231;&#227;o da parede arterial por aumento do estresse. Neste caso, a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &#233; a principal respons&#225;vel por uma redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia da parede, sendo o envelhecimento a causa mais comum.</p>
    <p>A t&#237;pica dor tor&#225;cica excruciante com irradia&#231;&#227;o para o dorso &#233; incomum em indiv&#237;duos idosos; sendo seus sintomas mais preponderantes: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou coma; sendo que 30% dos indiv&#237;duos com dissec&#231;&#227;o de aorta s&#227;o tratados primeiramente para outras condi&#231;&#245;es, como s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, aneurisma n&#227;o dissecante, pericardite, tromboembolismo pulmonar<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ECG pode demonstrar altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST ou a presen&#231;a de ondas Q, j&#225; que o estresse metab&#243;lico provocado pela dissec&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com componente ateroscler&#243;tico pode frequentemente provocar isquemia mioc&#225;rdica como visualizado no eletrocardiograma da paciente<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ncope ocorrida na evolu&#231;&#227;o pode ser devida &#224; dor intensa, obstru&#231;&#227;o dos vasos cerebrais ou ativa&#231;&#227;o dos baroceptores<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O manejo realizado na paciente foi predominantemente para o tratamento da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, entretanto o uso de vasodilatadores, como o monoidrato de isossorbida e betabloqueadores, como o propranolol, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela diminui&#231;&#227;o do crono e do inotropismo, os quais s&#227;o importantes tamb&#233;m no manejo da dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta<sup>2</sup>. <bold>(Dra. Bruna Affonso Madaloso)</bold></p>
    <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica:</bold> Dessa forma, os diagn&#243;sticos s&#227;o em ordem decrescente:</p>
    <p>1) Dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda de aorta tipo A Standford;</p>
    <p>2) S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda - infarto do mioc&#225;rdio;</p>
    <p>3) Tromboembolismo pulmonar <bold>(Dra. Bruna Affonso Madaloso)</bold></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Necr&#243;psia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a abertura da cavidade tor&#225;cica, notou-se volumoso derrame pleural &#224; esquerda, composto por 1,7 litros de sangue com co&#225;gulos. Havia infiltra&#231;&#227;o hemorr&#225;gica de ambos os hilos pulmonares e hematoma da advent&#237;cia ao n&#237;vel do segmento distal do arco a&#243;rtico e proximal da aorta tor&#225;cica descendente. A abertura da aorta revelou orif&#237;cio de entrada de dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda localizado no istmo a&#243;rtico, em regi&#227;o de placa ateroscler&#243;tica complicada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig07">Figura 7</xref>). A dissec&#231;&#227;o progredia anterogradamente por toda a aorta, prolongando-se pelas art&#233;rias il&#237;acas, n&#227;o sendo detectado orif&#237;cio de re-entrada. N&#227;o havia dissec&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada. Detectou-se aterosclerose severa da aorta, com numerosas placas amareladas, ulceradas e apresentando extensa calcifica&#231;&#227;o, dispersas por toda a extens&#227;o do vaso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig08">Figura 8</xref>). O exame histol&#243;gico da aorta confirmou a dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda, com clivagem no ter&#231;o externo da m&#233;dia; n&#227;o havia infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio na parede a&#243;rtica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig09">Figura 9</xref>). O saco peric&#225;rdio n&#227;o apresentava derrames. O exame do cora&#231;&#227;o evidenciou hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, de grau moderado/intenso, com discreta miocardioesclerose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig10">Figura 10</xref>). N&#227;o havia &#225;reas de infarto. O exame macrosc&#243;pico das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas revelou aterosclerose com extensas &#225;reas de calcifica&#231;&#227;o e estenose luminal; entretanto, n&#227;o evidenciamos les&#245;es severamente obstrutivas. Outros achados da autopsia consistiram em calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel da valva mitral, altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas renais, com &#225;reas focais de infarto cicatrizado, discreta esteatose hep&#225;tica, e leiomioma uterino subseroso, calcificado, medindo 1,4 cm de di&#226;metro. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig07">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e46-30178-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig08">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e46-30178-gf08.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig09">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e46-30178-gf09.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig10">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0e46-30178-gf10.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos</bold> - Aterosclerose sist&#234;mica; hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; nefroesclerose benigna; calcifica&#231;&#227;o do anel da valva mitral; leiomioma uterino; dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda da aorta, rota para a cavidade pleural esquerda (causa do &#243;bito). <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caso de paciente do sexo feminino, de 84 anos, portadora de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica, que procurou atendimento m&#233;dico de urg&#234;ncia em virtude de dor precordial prolongada, seguida de s&#237;ncope e parada card&#237;aca. A necropsia confirmou o diagn&#243;stico de cardiopatia hipertensiva em fase compensada, ou seja, com hipertrofia ventricular esquerda sem dilata&#231;&#227;o da cavidade. A morte foi devida a hemot&#243;rax, secund&#225;rio &#224; ruptura de dissec&#231;&#227;o aguda da aorta. A dissec&#231;&#227;o da aorta ocorre quando h&#225; delamina&#231;&#227;o da parede, geralmente no ter&#231;o externo da camada m&#233;dia, formando um falso trajeto para o sangue, que l&#225; penetra a partir de um orif&#237;cio da &#237;ntima. Geralmente est&#225; associada &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, como no presente caso, mas a s&#237;ndrome de Marfan, outras doen&#231;as do tecido conjuntivo, anomalias cong&#234;nitas da valva a&#243;rtica, coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta, gravidez ou trauma tor&#225;cico podem ser fatores predisponentes<sup>15</sup>. Segundo a classifica&#231;&#227;o de DeBakey, a dissec&#231;&#227;o apresentada pela paciente era do tipo III, ou seja, com orif&#237;cio de entrada localizado al&#233;m da aorta ascendente, subtipo B, ou seja, sem dissec&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada da aorta ascendente. Tal tipo de dissec&#231;&#227;o (III B) corresponde a 16% do total, lembrando que a mais comum &#233; a dissec&#231;&#227;o tipo I, cujo orif&#237;cio de entrada localiza-se na aorta ascendente e a dissec&#231;&#227;o progride para a aorta descendente (54% dos casos)<sup>16</sup>. Pela classifica&#231;&#227;o de Stanford, a dissec&#231;&#227;o seria tipo B, ou seja, sem envolvimento da aorta ascendente.</p>
    <p>Diferentemente do habitual, no presente caso a dissec&#231;&#227;o ocorreu em aorta acometida por severa aterosclerose. Curiosamente o orif&#237;cio de entrada localizava-se numa placa ateroscler&#243;tica ulcerada, impondo-se o diagn&#243;stico diferencial com a &#250;lcera ateroscler&#243;tica penetrante. Entretanto, nessa &#250;ltima entidade, n&#227;o h&#225; verdadeira dissec&#231;&#227;o progressiva da parede, como no presente caso, e a les&#227;o &#233; localizada, com eventual forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma e ruptura local<sup>17</sup>. <bold>(Dr. Luiz Alberto Benvenuti)</bold></p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Vera Demarchi Aiello </p>
        <p> bloco I, Cerqueira C&#233;sar </p>
        <p> CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="demarchi@cardiol.br">demarchi@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vera.aiello@incor.usp.br">vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Editor da Se&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Alfredo Jos&#233; Mansur (<email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p><bold>Editores Associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>). Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 4: 84-year old female with precordial pain and cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL SESSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Case 4 - 84-Year old female with precordial pain and cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Bruna Affonso Madaloso; Luiz Alberto Benvenuti</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) - HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Hypertension; Chest Pain; Dissection; Aorta, Thoracic; Plaque, Atherosclerotic.</p>
      <p>An 84-year old woman, born in Itamuji (Minas Gerais) and from S&#227;o Paulo (SP), with arterial hypertension, history of atrial fibrillation, and former smoker, has sought for emergency medical care due to a prolonged precordial pain (Mar 03, 2010).</p>
      <p>The patient started medical treatment at InCor in June, 2005, when she received treatment for arrhythmia, dyspnea on exertion and precordial pain, which occurred in prolonged episodes, without precise triggers, during the previous six years. She was administrating warfarin 2.5mg in alternate days and, daily doses of captopril 150mg, amiodarone 200mg, isosorbide mononitrate 20mg, spirinolactone 25mg, metoprolol 100mg, furosemide 40mg and cilostazol 100mg.</p>
      <p>ECG (Jun 24, 2005) showed atrial fibrillation rhythm, mean heart rate of 89bpm, QRS duration 85ms, Qtc = 470 ms, S&#194;QRS 0&#186; (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>Test results (Jun 24, 2005) showed: hemoglobin 12.6 g / dL, hematocrit 39%, white blood cells 5.800/mm<sup>3</sup>, sodium 142mEq/L, potassium 5.8mEq/L and serology to detect positive (Elisa) and negative (indirect immunofluorescence) Chagas disease.</p>
      <p>Physical exam (Jun 29, 2005) showed irregular 88bpm pulse rate, 150 x 110mmHg blood pressure, symmetric pulse, pulmonary auscultation was normal, cardiac auscultaiton showed arrhythmic heart sounds and hyperphonesis of 2nd heart sound in aortic area. There were no abnormalities in the examination of abdomen and lower limbs. The following medication was interrupted: amiodarone, isosorbide mononitrate and cilostazol.</p>
      <p>Two months later (August, 2005) showed large hematomas on abdomen and lower limbs, although INR is within the therapeutic range, 2, 32, and oral anticoagulant was interrupted for a period of time.</p>
      <p>Echocardiogram (Jan, 2006) revealed left ventricle hypertrophy (11mm posterior wall and 12mm interventricular septum), left ventricle with normal dimensions (47 x 32mm) and normal ejection fraction (59%); left atrium diameter was 41mm, enlargement of aortic root diameter (43mm) and aorta arch size was normal (28mm). Mitral annular calcification was present; there were no valvular changes.</p>
      <p>New ECG (Feb, 2006) revealed sinus bradycardia (43mm) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>Long-term electrocardiogram using Holter system (Jan 02, 2007), revealed sinus rhythm, 15 isolated ventricular extrasystoles, and 2 pairs; 2,878 atrial extrasystoles (229 pairs, 9 atrial tachycardias: the most rapid with 175bpm frequency and the longest with 15 beats). The complaint of "chest burn" was related to atrial extrasystoles, and there were no changes in the ventricular repolarization.</p>
      <p>Myocardial scintigraphy with MIBI Tec99m and adenosine administration (Feb 13, 2007) did not indicate abnormalities on myocardial capture of the radiotracer and ejection fraction evaluated by tomography (SPECT) was 48%, without segmental alteration of motility (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig03-body2">Figure A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig03-body2">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>She had sought for medical care in August, 2007 due to epigastric pain and "dark colored" vomit.</p>
      <p>The physical exam (Aug 15, 2007) revealed revealed an eupneic and slightly pale patient 106bpm heart rate, 156 x 100mmHg blood pressure and, no other changes, except for arrhythmic heart sounds.</p>
      <p>Laboratory exams on that same day revealed: hemoglobin 12.7g/dL, 40% hematocrit, 8,800 white blood cells/mm<sup>3</sup> with normal differential, 240,00 platelets/mm<sup>3</sup>, urea 86gm/dL, creatinine 1.51mg/dL, sodium 140mEq/L, potassium 5.0mEq/L, ionized calcium 1.19mmol/L, ionized magnesium 1.3mmol/L, TP (INR) 7.83, TTP (rel) 2.43, dimer-D 116ng/mL.</p>
      <p>High digestive endoscopy (Aug 15, 2007) revealed moderate hemorrhagic erosive pangastritis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). Three fresh frozen plasma units were administered, TP (INR) was recorded at 3.0 and TTP (rel) to 1.5. The patient was discharged with proton pump inhibitor on the next day.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>Laboratorial evaluation of outpatient (Apr 2008) revealed total cholesterol 235mg/dL, HDL-c 33mg/dL, LDL-c 171mg / dL, triglycerides 156mg/dL, fasting glycemia 108mg/dL, TSH 2.09&#181;u/mL, free T4 1.7ng/dL, sodium 144mEq/L, potassium 4.9mEq/L, urea 63mg/dL, creatinine 1.22mg/dL and INR 2.0.</p>
      <p>Synvastatin 40mg and digoxin 0.125mg were prescribed.</p>
      <p>Control tests on the following year (2009) revealed total cholesterol 198mg/dL, HDL-c 36mg/dL, LDL-c96 mg/dL, triglycerides 120mg/dL, INR 2.7 and no changes on hepatic enzymes or creatine phosphokinase.</p>
      <p>Long term electrocardiogram using Holter system (May 2009) revealed atrial fibrillation rhythm with heart rate ranging from 45bpm to 143bpm. Palpitations were associated with the increased heart rate.</p>
      <p>The patient progresses with occasional precordial pain and dyspnea on exertion.</p>
      <p>She sought for medical care on the night of March 03, 2010 complaining of pain on anterior wall chest area, irradiating over upper limbs and abdomen, with nausea and cold sweating, which began 3 hours earlier.</p>
      <p>The physical examination revealed mean heart rate at 79bpm, blood pressure 127 x 91mmHg; except for arrhythmic heart sounds, no abnormalities were reported in the physical examination.</p>
      <p>ECG during pain (Mar 03, 2010, 21:27) revealed atrial fibrillation rhythm, mean rate at 121bpm, left ventricle overload and alterations on ventricular repolarization using strain or digital pattern (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>ECG after the use of isosorbide (Mar 03, 2010; 22:5) showed decreased heart rate, now at 103bpm, and onset of ST infra-unlevelling from V<sub>3</sub> to V<sub>5</sub> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>This led to pain relief and the administration of acetylsalicylic acid 100mg, tirofiban 0.625mg in half hour, followed by 0.33mg/h; captopril 12.5mg 8/8h and propanolol 40mg every 8 hours.</p>
      <p>Laboratory tests (Mar 03, 2010 at 23h) revealed hemoglobin 11.9g/dL, hematocrit 38%, white blood cells 9,900/mm<sup>3</sup>, with normal differential, platelets 172,000/mm<sup>3</sup>, total cholesterol 152mg/dL, HDL-c 35mg/dL, LDL-c 99mg/dL, triglycerides 92 mg / dl, creatinine 1.16mg/dl (FG= 47mL/min/1.73m&#178;), urea 58mg/dL, sodium 136mEq/L, potassium 3.8mEq/L, TP (INR) 1.8, TTPA (rel) 0.98, CK-MB mass 5.72ng/mL, troponin I below 0.2 ng / mL, with 4-hour pain and CK-MB 5.91ng/mL with 12-h pain.</p>
      <p>On the next morning, she had precordial pain followed by syncope and, soon after, cardiac arrest in pulseless electrical activity, unresponsive to resuscitation, the patient deceased (Mar 04, 2010 at 10h30min).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical Aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>An 84-year old woman sought for medical care due to severe precordial pain. The patient was a former smoker, had atrial fibrillation, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia. In the previous six years she had long-lasting precordialgia, with more intense periods of pain associated with dyspnea on exertion; such episodes had led her to seek, on such occasions, for emergency medical care.</p>
      <p>The first diagnostic hypothesis to be considered is myocardial infarction. The main symptom is precordial pain or discomfort, irradiation to lower limbs, jaw, shoulders or chest posterior area, with a duration of 20 minutes or more, associated or not with diaphoresis, dyspnea, nausea, vomit, headache; possibly developing discomfort in the epigastrium<sup>1</sup>. The patient's symptoms support this suspicion, therefore, in addition to electrocardiogram, additional exams were performed in order to confirm myocardial necrosis.</p>
      <p>The patient did not have relevant alterations on CKMB, even after two dosages<sup>2</sup> and there was a discrete change in troponin. However, her ECG showed infra-unlevelling of ST segment, which could suggest ischemia of the posterior wall<sup>1</sup>, thus it was chosen to administrate propanolol, isosorbide mononitrate, captopril, acetylsalicylic acid and tirofiban.</p>
      <p>Still, the pain frequency, present for six years, the evidence of normal ventricular function without contraction dyskinesia in echocardiogram and myocardial scintigraphy without ischemic alterations or presence of necrotic areas, even if carried out after similar painful episodes, led us to alternative diagnoses.</p>
      <p>Pulmonary thromboembolism is a probable diagnosis, since the patient had dyspnea and mildly increased troponin level<sup>3</sup>, over 75 years old, history of systemic arterial hypertension, female and 4 points on CHADS-VACS2 scoring system, which elevates her embolic risk. The presence of permanent atrial fibrillation in oral anticoagulation with INR outside the therapeutic range in patient with indication for use of vitamin K antagonist also increases this risk<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In pulmonary thromboembolism, troponin dosage can assist in the diagnosis, being associated with higher mortality when increased<sup>3,6</sup>. Another complementary examination to be analyzed is the electrocardiogram, which, despite being unspecific in TEP, it may present suggestive patterns, the most common S1Q3T3 and the most common T-wave inversion in precordial derivations of V1-V4<sup>7</sup>, primarily in patients with severe perfusion defect<sup>8</sup>, or even no electrocardiographic changes.</p>
      <p>The patient had a mild elevation of troponin, which would support the diagnostic hypothesis, but not the sudden dyspnea, and her electrocardiogram does not show a suggestive pattern, thus becoming a remote possibility.</p>
      <p>Her elderly age, the presence of precordialgia<sup>9</sup>, dilation of the proximal aorta region observed in outpatient echocardiogram associated with poorly controlled arterial hypertension, demonstrated by left ventricular overload in electrocardiogram and confirmed by left hypertrophy described in the echocardiogram<sup>10</sup>, increases the hypothesis of acute Stanford type A aortic dissection.</p>
      <p>Aortic dissections are classified into Stanford type A, which corresponds to impairment of both ascending proximal aorta and aortic arch<sup>11</sup>, and type B, which comprehends all other dissections, generally dista<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In people over 70 years old, the most common causes of dissection are hypertension and prior thoracic aneurism.</p>
      <p>It is acknowledged that dissection mechanism occurs due to an alteration on arterial wall caused by stress. In this case, systemic arterial hypertension is the main cause for a reduced wall resistance, and aging is the most common reason.</p>
      <p>The typical excruciating chest pain with irradiation to the back is uncommon in elderly people; considering 30% of individuals with aortic dissection are treated primarily for other conditions, such as acute coronary syndrome, nondissecting aneurysm, pericarditis, pulmonary thromboembolismr<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>ECG may demonstrate changes in ST segment or presence of Q-waves, since the metabolic stress provoked by dissection in patients with atherosclerotic component may probably cause myocardial ischemia as seen in the patient's echocardiogram<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Syncope occurred in evolution can be related to acute pain, obstruction of brain vessels or activation of baroreceptors<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The treatment for this patient was predominantly carried out for acute coronary syndrome; however, the administration of vasodilators, such as isosorbide mononitrate and beta-blockers, such as propanolol, is responsible for the reduction of chrono and inotropism, which are important also for treatment of acute aortic dissection<sup>2</sup>. <bold>(Bruna Affonso Madaloso, M.D.)</bold></p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypothesis: </bold>Thus, diagnoses are in descending order:</p>
      <p>1) Acute Stanford type A aortic dissection;</p>
      <p>2) Acute coronary syndrome - myocardial infarction;</p>
      <p>3) Pulmonary thromboembolism <bold>(Bruna Affonso Madaloso, M.D.)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Necropsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After opening the chest cavity, it was observed a severe pleural effusion on the left, consisting of 1.7 liters of blood clot. There was hemorrhagic infiltration of both pulmonary hila and adventitial hematoma at the level of distal segment of aortic arch and proximal descending thoracic aorta. The aortic opening revealed an entry site of acute dissection located in the aortic isthmus, in a region of complicated atherosclerotic plaque (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig07-body2">Figure 7</xref>). Dissection was progressing anterogradely throughout the aorta, extending through iliac arteries, without detecting a re-entry orifice. There was no retrograde dissection. Severe atherosclerosis was detected in aorta, with numerous yellowish, ulcerated plaques, showing extensive calcification, spread throughout the vessel (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig08-body2">Figure 8</xref>). The histological examination of aorta confirmed acute dissection, with cleavage in the outer third of the media; there was no inflammatory infiltrate in the aortic wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig09-body2">Figure 9</xref>). The pericardial sac had no effusion. Cardiac examination evidenced concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle, of moderate/severe level, with mild myocardial sclerosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig10-body2">Figure 10</xref>). There were no infarction areas. The macroscopic examination of epicardial coronary arteries revealed atherosclerosis with extensive calcification areas and luminal stenosis; however, no severely obstructive injuries. Other findings in autopsy consisted in calcification of mitral valve annulus, renal ischemic changes, with focal areas of healed infarction, mild hepatic steatosis, and subserosal uterine leiomyoma, measuring 1.4cm diameter. <bold>(Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, M.D.)</bold></p>
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      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnosis -</bold> Systemic atherosclerosis; concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle; benign nephrosclerosis; calcification of mitral valve annulus; uterine leiomyoma; acute dissection of aorta, ruptured to left pleural cavity (cause of death). <bold>(Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, M.D.)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Case of a female patient, 84 years old, with systemic arterial hypertension and chronic atrial fibrillation, who sought for emergency medical care due to prolonged precordial pain, followed by syncope and cardiac arrest. Necropsy confirmed the hypertensive heart disease diagnosis in compensated phase, i.e. with left ventricle hypertrophy without cavity dilation. Death was caused by hemothorax, secondary to acute dissection rupture of aorta. Aorta dissection occurs when there is wall delamination, generally in the outer third of the media, forming a false path to blood, where it penetrates through intimal orifice. Generally it is associated with systemic arterial hypertension, such as in this case, but Marfan syndrome, other diseases in connective tissue, aortic valve congenital anomalies, aorta coarctation, pregnancy or thoracic trauma may be predisposing factors<sup>15</sup>. According to DeBakey classification, the patient's dissection was type III, i.e. with entry orifice located beyond the ascending aorta, subtype B, i.e. without retrograde dissection of ascending aorta. Such type of dissection (III B) corresponds to 16% of the total, remembering that the most common is type I dissection, which entry orifice is located in the ascending aorta and dissection progresses to descending aorta (54% of cases)<sup>16</sup>. According to Stanford classification, dissection would be type B, i.e. without involving the ascending aorta.</p>
      <p>Unlike the usual, in this case, dissection occurred in aorta impaired by severe atherosclerosis. Curiously, the entry orifice was located in an ulcerated atherosclerotic plaque, requiring a differential diagnosis with penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer. However, in the latter there is no true progressive dissection of the wall, as in this case, and lesion is localized, with possible formation of aneurysm and local rupture<sup>17</sup>. <bold>(Luiz Alberto Benvenuti, M.D.)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
