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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">NMMLkKB8yVJcXsxXSMKtWsw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002900007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100300007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130160</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito do betacaroteno sobre o estresse oxidativo e a express&#227;o de conexina 43 card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Novo</surname>
            <given-names>Rosangela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>233</fpage>
      <lpage>239</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o mostraram aumento da mortalidade em pacientes que receberam betacaroteno. Contudo, n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos os mecanismos envolvidos nesse fen&#244;meno. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do betacaroteno sobre o estresse oxidativo e a express&#227;o de conexina 43 em cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos. M&#201;TODOS: Ratos Wistar, pesando aproximadamente 100 g, foram alocados em dois grupos: Grupo Controle (n = 30), que recebeu a dieta usada de rotina em nosso laborat&#243;rio, e Grupo Betacaroteno (n = 28), que recebeu betacaroteno (na forma de cristal, adicionado e misturado &#224; dieta) na dose de 500 mg de betacaroteno/kg de dieta. Os animais receberam tratamento at&#233; que atingissem entre 200 e 250 g, quando eram sacrificados. Foram coletados sangue, f&#237;gado e cora&#231;&#227;o para realiza&#231;&#227;o de Western blotting e imunoistoqu&#237;mica para conexina 43; foram realizados estudos morfom&#233;tricos, dosagens de betacaroteno por cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta efici&#234;ncia bem como de glutationa reduzida, glutationa oxidada e hidroper&#243;xidos de lip&#237;deos por an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas. RESULTADOS: O betacaroteno foi detectado apenas no f&#237;gado dos animais do Grupo Betacaroteno (288 &#177; 94,7 &#181;g/kg). Os n&#237;veis de glutationa reduzida/glutationa oxidada foram maiores no f&#237;gado e no cora&#231;&#227;o dos animais do Grupo Betacaroteno (f&#237;gado - Grupo Controle: 42,60 &#177; 1,62; f&#237;gado - Grupo Betacaroteno: 57,40 &#177; 5,90; p = 0,04; cora&#231;&#227;o: - Grupo Controle: 117,40 &#177; 1,01; cora&#231;&#227;o - Grupo Betacaroteno: 121,81 &#177; 1,32 nmol/mg prote&#237;na; p = 0,03). O conte&#250;do de conexina 43 total foi maior no Grupo Betacaroteno. CONCLUS&#195;O: O betacaroteno apresentou efeito ben&#233;fico, caracterizado pelo aumento da comunica&#231;&#227;o intercelular e melhora do sistema de defesa antioxidante. Nesse modelo, os mecanismos n&#227;o explicam a maior mortalidade observada com a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de betacaroteno em estudos cl&#237;nicos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Beta Caroteno</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Conexina 43</kwd>
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeito do betacaroteno sobre o estresse oxidativo e a express&#227;o de conexina 43 card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rosangela Novo; Paula S. Azevedo; Marcos F. Minicucci; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff; Sergio A. R. Paiva</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista "J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o mostraram aumento da mortalidade em pacientes que receberam betacaroteno. Contudo, n&#227;o s&#227;o conhecidos os mecanismos envolvidos nesse fen&#244;meno. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do betacaroteno sobre o estresse oxidativo e a express&#227;o de conexina 43 em cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Ratos Wistar, pesando aproximadamente 100 g, foram alocados em dois grupos: Grupo Controle (n = 30), que recebeu a dieta usada de rotina em nosso laborat&#243;rio, e Grupo Betacaroteno (n = 28), que recebeu betacaroteno (na forma de cristal, adicionado e misturado &#224; dieta) na dose de 500 mg de betacaroteno/kg de dieta. Os animais receberam tratamento at&#233; que atingissem entre 200 e 250 g, quando eram sacrificados. Foram coletados sangue, f&#237;gado e cora&#231;&#227;o para realiza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Western blotting</italic> e imunoistoqu&#237;mica para conexina 43; foram realizados estudos morfom&#233;tricos, dosagens de betacaroteno por cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta efici&#234;ncia bem como de glutationa reduzida, glutationa oxidada e hidroper&#243;xidos de lip&#237;deos por an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O betacaroteno foi detectado apenas no f&#237;gado dos animais do Grupo Betacaroteno (288 &#177; 94,7 &#181;g/kg). Os n&#237;veis de glutationa reduzida/glutationa oxidada foram maiores no f&#237;gado e no cora&#231;&#227;o dos animais do Grupo Betacaroteno (f&#237;gado - Grupo Controle: 42,60 &#177; 1,62; f&#237;gado - Grupo Betacaroteno: 57,40 &#177; 5,90; p = 0,04; cora&#231;&#227;o: - Grupo Controle: 117,40 &#177; 1,01; cora&#231;&#227;o - Grupo Betacaroteno: 121,81 &#177; 1,32 nmol/mg prote&#237;na; p = 0,03). O conte&#250;do de conexina 43 total foi maior no Grupo Betacaroteno. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O betacaroteno apresentou efeito ben&#233;fico, caracterizado pelo aumento da comunica&#231;&#227;o intercelular e melhora do sistema de defesa antioxidante. Nesse modelo, os mecanismos n&#227;o explicam a maior mortalidade observada com a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de betacaroteno em estudos cl&#237;nicos. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0) </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Beta Caroteno / efeitos adversos, Estresse Oxidativo, Ratos, Conexina 43, Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes, ou <italic>gap junctions</italic>, s&#227;o regi&#245;es de contato intercelular especializadas que conectam o citoplasma de c&#233;lulas adjacentes, permitindo acoplamento el&#233;trico e metab&#243;lico<sup>1</sup>. Cada jun&#231;&#227;o comunicante &#233; constitu&#237;da de prote&#237;nas chamadas Conexinas (Cx). Mais de 20 genes codificantes de Cx foram identificados. No cora&#231;&#227;o, as tr&#234;s principais isoformas correspondem &#224;s Cx40, Cx43 e Cx45, sendo a Cx43 mais abundante entre mi&#243;citos atriais e ventriculares, e em partes distais do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da comunica&#231;&#227;o intercelular via jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes associa-se &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas<sup>5,6</sup> e est&#225; presente em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es em que o cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; submetido a algum tipo de agress&#227;o. Nesse sentido, j&#225; foi verificada altera&#231;&#227;o nas jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes em situa&#231;&#245;es de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, como hipertens&#227;o<sup>3</sup>, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva<sup>7</sup> e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O betacaroteno &#233; um carotenoide com atividade de pr&#243;-vitamina A, presente na dieta de seres humanos, em frutas e vegetais coloridos<sup>9,10</sup>. Apresenta variedade de fun&#231;&#245;es, incluindo a&#231;&#227;o antioxidante<sup>11</sup> e aumento da comunica&#231;&#227;o intercelular pelas jun&#231;&#245;es comunicantes em diversos tipos de tecidos do organismo<sup>9,12,13</sup>. No entanto, n&#227;o se conhecem estudos que avaliaram os efeitos do betacaroteno em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; Cx43 no cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o, delineados para testar a hip&#243;tese de que o betacaroteno protegeria os humanos contra o desenvolvimento de c&#226;ncer ou de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, mostraram aumento de mortes por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares nos grupos suplementados com o carotenoide<sup>9,14-16</sup>. Adicionalmente, estudos realizados na Unidade de Pesquisa Experimental (UNIPEX) mostraram que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o da dieta de ratos com betacaroteno induziu remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, caracterizada por aumento do di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE) e diminui&#231;&#227;o das fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o e encurtamento ventriculares<sup>17</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, em estudo que analisou os efeitos do betacaroteno antes do infarto em ratos normais e fumantes, observou-se que o ele aboliu o efeito paradoxal protetor do fumo induzido pelo cigarro<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim, diante dos efeitos prejudiciais produzidos pelo betacaroteno no cora&#231;&#227;o, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do betacaroteno sobre o estresse oxidativo e a express&#227;o de Cx43 em cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O protocolo experimental foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, estando em conformidade com os Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos na Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal, adotados pelo Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal.</p>
    <p>Foram utilizados ratos Wistar, machos, pesando aproximadamente 100 g. Os animais foram alocados, ao acaso, em dois grupos experimentais: Grupo Controle (C), formado por 30 animais, que receberam a dieta usada de rotina na Unidade de Pesquisa Experimental (UNIPEX); e Grupo Betacaroteno (BC), composto por 28 animais que receberam betacaroteno (na forma de cristal, adicionado e misturado &#224; dieta) na dose de 500 mg de betacaroteno/kg de dieta. Os animais receberam tratamento at&#233; que os atingissem entre 200 e 250 g (entre 4 ea 5 semanas).</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o fim do per&#237;odo de tratamento, os animais foram sacrificados com uma dose excessiva de anest&#233;sico (100 mg/kg de pentobarbital s&#243;dico) e, em seguida, foram coletados sangue, f&#237;gado e cora&#231;&#227;o para realiza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo experimental.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo morfom&#233;trico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s eutan&#225;sia dos animais, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram removidos e dissecados; os &#225;trios e ventr&#237;culos foram separados e pesados. Os pesos do VE e do Ventr&#237;culo Direito (VD) foram ajustados pelo peso corporal final do rato e utilizados como &#237;ndice de hipertrofia ventricular.</p>
    <p>Amostras de tecido card&#237;aco foram fixadas em solu&#231;&#227;o de formol a 10%, segundo m&#233;todo j&#225; descrito<sup>19</sup>. Ap&#243;s fixa&#231;&#227;o, o tecido foi incluso em parafina, obtendo-se, a seguir, cortes de 4 &#181;m. Os cortes histol&#243;gicos foram corados em l&#226;minas com solu&#231;&#227;o Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE) para aferi&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas da sec&#231;&#227;o transversa dos mi&#243;citos, empregando-se microsc&#243;pio Leica DM LS acoplado &#224; c&#226;mera de v&#237;deo, que envia imagens digitais ao computador dotado de programa de an&#225;lise de imagens Image-Pro Plus (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). Foram mensurados 50 a 70 c&#233;lulas por ventr&#237;culo analisado<sup>20</sup>. Os mi&#243;citos selecionados estavam seccionados transversalmente e apresentavam forma arredondada e n&#250;cleo vis&#237;vel no centro da c&#233;lula; eles se localizavam na camada subendoc&#225;rdica da parede muscular do VE. Esse cuidado visou uniformizar ao m&#225;ximo o conjunto de mi&#243;citos dos diferentes grupos. As &#225;reas seccionais m&#233;dias obtidas para cada grupo foram utilizadas como indicador do tamanho celular.</p>
    <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o do interst&#237;cio do mioc&#225;rdio do VE, foram feitas l&#226;minas com cortes histol&#243;gicos coronais de 5 &#181;m, corados pela t&#233;cnica de <italic>Picrosirius red</italic> e espec&#237;ficos para visualiza&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno. A leitura foi realizada utilizando-se microsc&#243;pio Leica DM LS acoplado &#224; c&#226;mera de v&#237;deo, que envia imagens digitais ao computador dotado de programa de an&#225;lise de imagens Image-Pro Plus (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). Foram analisados 30 a 40 campos por ventr&#237;culo<sup>20</sup>, utilizando-se objetiva de 40X. Os campos escolhidos estavam afastados da regi&#227;o perivascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>Western blotting</italic> para Cx43</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os experimentos de <italic>Western blotting</italic> foram realizados segundo Rolim e cols.<sup>21</sup>, com algumas modifica&#231;&#245;es<sup>22</sup>. Amostras de VE foram homogeneizadas em aparelho Polytron (Ika Ultra-Turrax<sup>&#174;</sup> T25 Basic, Wilmington, USA) com tamp&#227;o de lise hipot&#244;nico (fosfato de pot&#225;ssio 50 mM; pH 7,0; sucrose 0,3 M; DTT 0,5 mM; EDTA 1 mM; pH 8,0; PMSF 0,3 mM; NaF 10 mM e inibidor de fosfatase) e centrifugadas (Eppendorf 5804R, Hamburg, Germany) a 12.000 rpm, durante 20 minutos, a 4&#186;C. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas foi analisada pelo m&#233;todo de Bradford, utilizando curvas de BSA Protein Assay Standard (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) como padr&#227;o, com leituras a 595 nm de absorb&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>A corrida eletrofor&#233;tica foi realizada em gel bif&#225;sico de empilhamento (Tris-HCL 240 mM; pH 6,8; poliacrilamida 30%; APS e Temed) e de resolu&#231;&#227;o (Tris-HCL 240 mM; pH 8,8; poliacrilamida 30%; APS e Temed), na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 10% a 120V (PowerPac HC 3.0, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) por 2 horas e 10 minutos. A transfer&#234;ncia para membrana de nitrocelulose (Bio-Rad) foi realizada em sistema Mini Trans-Blot (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA), utilizando-se tamp&#227;o de transfer&#234;ncia (Tris 25 mM; glicina 192 mM; metanol 20% e SDS 0,1%). Ap&#243;s transfer&#234;ncia, as membranas foram incubadas em solu&#231;&#227;o bloquedora a 0,5% de leite em p&#243; desnatado, dissolvido em tamp&#227;o TBS pH 7,4 (Tris HCl 20 mM; NaCl 137 mM e detergente Tween 20 0,1%) por 2 horas, em temperatura ambiente. Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, a membrana foi lavada tr&#234;s vezes em solu&#231;&#227;o basal (Tris 1M pH 2,8; NaCl 5M e Tween 20) e incubada com os anticorpos prim&#225;rios dilu&#237;dos na solu&#231;&#227;o bloqueadora, sob agita&#231;&#227;o constante por 12 horas. Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com anticorpo prim&#225;rio Mouse Monoclonal to GJA1 (Abcam) - para Cx43 total, na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 1:250, e Mouse Monoclonal Anti-Connexin-43 (Zymed) - para Cx43 n&#227;o fosforilada, na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 3&#181;g/mL, a membrana foi lavada em solu&#231;&#227;o basal e incubada com o anticorpo secund&#225;rio (1:10.000) IgG anti-mouse HRP (Sigma), em solu&#231;&#227;o bloqueadora, por 2 horas em temperatura ambiente sob agita&#231;&#227;o constante.</p>
    <p>A imunodetec&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por meio do m&#233;todo de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia de acordo com as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante (Enhancer Chemi-Luminescence, Amersham Biosciences, NJ-USA).</p>
    <p>O anticorpo de normaliza&#231;&#227;o utilizado correspondeu ao GAPDH, Mouse IgG1 (ABR, Affinity BioReagents, Golden, CO, USA) (1:10.000).</p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises quantitativas dos <italic>blots</italic> obtidos foram realizadas pelo programa Scion Image (Scion Corporation, Frederick, Maryland, EUA), em <italic>software </italic>livre, dispon&#237;vel no endere&#231;o <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scioncorp.com">http://www.scioncorp.com</ext-link></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Imunoistoqu&#237;mica para Cx43</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os experimentos de imunoistoqu&#237;mica foram realizados segundo Saffitz e cols.<sup>23</sup>, com algumas modifica&#231;&#245;es. Fragmentos do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular esquerdo, fixados sucessivamente em formalde&#237;do a 10% por 24 horas, &#225;gua corrente por 24 horas e &#225;lcool 70&#186; por 24 horas, foram emblocados em parafina e, em seguida, feitos cortes histol&#243;gicos de 3 m. Em seguida, os cortes permaneceram em estufa a 60&#186;C, durante 24 horas. A desparafiniza&#231;&#227;o foi feita em banhos sucessivos de xilol, &#225;lcool 100&#186;, &#225;lcool 95&#186; e &#225;lcool 70&#186;, seguida de hidrata&#231;&#227;o em &#225;gua destilada. Os cortes histol&#243;gicos foram colocados em solu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido c&#237;trico a 0,01M, pH 6,0 e submetidos a ambiente de micro-ondas por 10 minutos, para recupera&#231;&#227;o antig&#234;nica. Ap&#243;s resfriamento de 20 minutos, as l&#226;minas foram lavadas em tamp&#227;o fosfato de s&#243;dio (PBS) pH 7,2 e incubadas por 30 minutos em solu&#231;&#227;o de albumina s&#233;rica bovina (BSA) a 3% (solu&#231;&#227;o de BSA em PBS), para bloqueio de rea&#231;&#245;es inespec&#237;ficas. Em seguida, foram incubadas <italic>overnight</italic> a 4&#186;C em c&#226;mara &#250;mida com anticorpo prim&#225;rio (Rabbit Polyclonal Anti-Connexin 43; Abcam), na dilui&#231;&#227;o de 1:100.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, as l&#226;minas foram lavadas em PBS, e os cortes foram incubados com anticorpo secund&#225;rio (Texas Red anti-rabbit IgG; Vector), na dilui&#231;&#227;o de 1:50, por 1 hora, em temperatura ambiente. Em seguida, as l&#226;minas foram lavadas em PBS e cobertas com meio de montagem, composto de glicerina tamponada e lam&#237;nula. Para cada bateria de rea&#231;&#245;es de imunoistoqu&#237;mica realizada (dez l&#226;minas), o controle negativo correspondeu a uma l&#226;mina de VE em que se omitiu o anticorpo prim&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>A leitura foi feita utilizando-se microsc&#243;pio equipado com unidade de epifluoresc&#234;ncia (Carl-Zeiss, Inc. North America) acoplado &#224; c&#226;mera de v&#237;deo (AxioPlan 4.1; Carl-Zess Inc.) utilizando aumento de 40x. O filtro utilizado foi o verde (WG), com comprimento de onda de excita&#231;&#227;o a 550 nm e emiss&#227;o a 650 nm.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dosagens de betacaroteno</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es de betacaroteno, no soro, foram quantificados segundo Yeum e cols.<sup>24</sup> e, no f&#237;gado e no cora&#231;&#227;o, foram dosadas segundo Paiva e cols.<sup>25</sup>. A metodologia utilizada foi a cromatografia l&#237;quida de alta efici&#234;ncia (HPLC), com cromat&#243;grafo Alliance 2695 (Waters) acoplado a detector PDA 2996 (Waters). A coluna anal&#237;tica utilizada correspondeu a C<sub>30</sub> (Waters -YMC carotenoid: 4,6 x 150 mm; 3,0 &#181;m). O betacaroteno foi quantificado pela determina&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea do pico da amostra/&#225;rea pico do padr&#227;o interno. Os valores obtidos foram corrigidos quanto a perdas durante a extra&#231;&#227;o e manipula&#231;&#227;o das amostras pela recupera&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o interno.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo do estresse oxidativo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo do estresse oxidativo foi realizado segundo Azevedo e cols.<sup>26</sup>. Amostras de aproximadamente 200 mg de tecido (VE ou f&#237;gado) foram homogeneizadas com 5 mL de tamp&#227;o fosfato de s&#243;dio 0,1M, pH 7,0, sob gelo, em homogeneizador. Os homogeneizados foram centrifugados (10.000 rpm) por 15 minutos, em centr&#237;fuga refrigerada a -4&#186;C. Os sobrenadantes obtidos foram utilizados para determina&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de Glutationa Reduzida (GSH), Glutationa Oxidada (GSSG) e hidroper&#243;xidos de lip&#237;deos. As leituras espectrofotom&#233;tricas foram obtidas em leitor ELISA (Biotek Instruments, INC) e em espectrofot&#244;metro Pharmacia Biotech (England).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Determina&#231;&#227;o dos hidroper&#243;xidos de lip&#237;deos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os hidroper&#243;xidos de lip&#237;deos foram determinados pela oxida&#231;&#227;o do Fe<sup>+2</sup> (sulfato ferroso amoniacal). O Fe<sup>+3</sup> formado reage com alaranjado de xilenol, formando um composto colorido. As leituras foram realizadas com comprimento de onda de 560 nm.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Determina&#231;&#227;o da GSH e GSSG</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de GSH (grupos SH n&#227;o proteicos) foi determinada em tamp&#227;o tris-HCl, pH 8,9, e 5,5'-dithiobis (&#225;cido 2-nitro-benzoico), (DTNB) ap&#243;s pr&#233;via precipita&#231;&#227;o com &#225;cido tricloroac&#233;tico (TCA) 50%. Como padr&#227;o, foi utilizada GSH 1 mM<sup>27</sup>. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de GSSG foi determinada pela diferen&#231;a entre GSH total e GSH reduzida, sendo a propor&#231;&#227;o estequiom&#233;trica (2GSH:GSSG)<sup>28</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados de cada vari&#225;vel, para cada grupo experimental, foram submetidos &#224; verifica&#231;&#227;o da normalidade e de igualdade de vari&#226;ncia. Como em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es essas condi&#231;&#245;es foram atendidas, foi realizado teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis estudadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No soro e no cora&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foi detectada presen&#231;a de betacaroteno. No f&#237;gado, apenas os animais do Grupo BC apresentaram concentra&#231;&#245;es detect&#225;veis desse carotenoide (288 &#177; 94,7 &#181;g/kg).</p>
    <p>Todos os animais apresentaram peso corp&#243;reo entre 200 e 250 g, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante entre os Grupos C e BC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5641tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). Os n&#237;veis de col&#225;geno foram menores nos ratos suplementados com BC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5641tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5641tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0233-30160-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o se detectou diferen&#231;a significante entre os Grupos C e BC quanto &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o e &#224; intensidade de marca&#231;&#227;o (quantidade) para Cx43 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5641tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). No entanto, o conte&#250;do de Cx43 total (fosforilada + n&#227;o fosforilada) foi maior no Grupo BC quando comparado ao Grupo C (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5641fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5641fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0233-30160-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0233-30160-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es de GSH/GSSG foram maiores no f&#237;gado e no cora&#231;&#227;o dos animais do Grupo BC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao Grupo C. Quanto &#224;s demais vari&#225;veis, n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos experimentais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5641tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5641tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0233-30160-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi realizado para analisar os efeitos do betacaroteno sobre a comunica&#231;&#227;o intercelular e o estresse oxidativo em cora&#231;&#227;o de ratos. Este estudo observou que esse carotenoide aumenta a express&#227;o de Cx43 bem como a defesa antioxidante do cora&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Quanto aos efeitos antioxidantes do betacaroteno, vitaminas antioxidantes t&#234;m sido estudadas devido &#224; sua capacidade de prevenir doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, entretanto, o uso desses compostos em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares permanece controverso. Discrep&#226;ncias nos resultados obtidos podem ser relacionadas a caracter&#237;sticas individuais ou &#224;s doses de antioxidantes utilizadas<sup>29,30</sup>.</p>
    <p>A a&#231;&#227;o antioxidante do betacaroteno &#233; bem caracterizada na literatura. Em diversos estudos, com animais e humanos, ele oferece prote&#231;&#227;o contra danos oxidativos<sup>10</sup>. Tamb&#233;m ap&#243;s inj&#250;rias card&#237;acas, o uso de antioxidantes tem efeito ben&#233;fico<sup>31,32</sup>. Como o estresse oxidativo est&#225; envolvido na etiologia e na progress&#227;o de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas no cora&#231;&#227;o, antioxidantes como o betacaroteno s&#227;o considerados importantes estrat&#233;gias na preven&#231;&#227;o dessas doen&#231;as<sup>30,33</sup>. No presente estudo, o betacaroteno apresentou a&#231;&#227;o antioxidante, caracterizada pelo aumento da rela&#231;&#227;o GSH/GSSG em cora&#231;&#227;o e f&#237;gado de ratos, protegendo, assim, o sistema antioxidante total.</p>
    <p>Outro efeito do betacaroteno, neste estudo, correspondeu &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de col&#225;geno no tecido card&#237;aco. Em situa&#231;&#245;es de agress&#227;o ao cora&#231;&#227;o, &#233; conhecida a participa&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>33-35</sup>, bem como a preven&#231;&#227;o ou a atenua&#231;&#227;o desse processo, quando s&#227;o utilizados antioxidantes<sup>32,36</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentre as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas observadas durante o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o, encontra-se a fibrose intersticial<sup>37</sup>. Estudos mostram que o estresse oxidativo induz &#224; s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno, produzindo, consequentemente, fibrose no tecido card&#237;aco<sup>34,36</sup>. Dentre os mecanismos, tem sido observado que os radicais livres induzem a express&#227;o de TGF<sub>&#946;</sub><sub>1</sub>, fator de crescimento que atua aumentando a s&#237;ntese de col&#225;geno, al&#233;m de suprimir sua degrada&#231;&#227;o no tecido card&#237;aco<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>Este estudo est&#225; em conson&#226;ncia com tal conceito, j&#225; que a diminui&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo foi associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o na quantidade de col&#225;geno. Assim, pode-se sugerir que a atenua&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de col&#225;geno, no presente estudo, tenha ocorrido devido &#224; melhora do sistema antioxidante relacionado &#224; suplementa&#231;&#227;o da dieta com betacaroteno<sup>10,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Quanto ao aumento da express&#227;o de Cx43 no tecido card&#237;aco, induzido pelo betacaroteno neste estudo, este foi um achado de grande import&#226;ncia, uma vez que a estimula&#231;&#227;o da comunica&#231;&#227;o intercelular por carotenoides &#233; bem documentada na literatura em outros tecidos, sendo considerada um dos mecanismos da a&#231;&#227;o preventiva contra o c&#226;ncer<sup>9,10,13</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, tem sido mostrado que o betacaroteno aumenta a express&#227;o de Cx43 em diversos tecidos, como fibroblastos humanos e de camundongo<sup>38,39</sup>, linhagens celulares de adenocarcinoma de pulm&#227;o humano<sup>13</sup> e c&#233;lulas hep&#225;ticas de rato<sup>40</sup>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao efeito do betacaroteno na carcinog&#234;nese, os carotenoides, pelo aumento na express&#227;o de Cx43, restauram a comunica&#231;&#227;o intercelular, efeito que se correlaciona &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o do crescimento de c&#233;lulas quimicamente transformadas<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, o efeito de aumentar express&#227;o de Cx43 induzido pelo betacaroteno ocorreu em cora&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o agredidos. Esse achado est&#225; em concord&#226;ncia com os demais resultados publicados na literatura, na qual &#233; observado o aumento da express&#227;o de Cx43 por a&#231;&#227;o desse carotenoide em v&#225;rios tipos de tecidos do organismo<sup>9,38</sup>. Assim, neste modelo experimental, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o da dieta com o betacaroteno n&#227;o se comporta como agress&#227;o, j&#225; que, em cora&#231;&#245;es agredidos, observa-se redu&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de Cx43<sup>3,7,8</sup>. Adicionalmente, essa altera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o explica o aumento de eventos adversos observados em estudos de interven&#231;&#227;o com o betacaroteno.</p>
    <p>Os mecanismos pelos quais o betacaroteno aumenta a express&#227;o de Cx43 ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente conhecidos. No entanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir que essa a&#231;&#227;o dos carotenoides n&#227;o se deve exclusivamente &#224; atividade de pr&#243;-vitamina A e nem &#224; atividade antioxidante desses compostos. Essa afirma&#231;&#227;o se baseia no fato de que carotenoides sem atividade de pr&#243;-vitamina tamb&#233;m exercem esse efeito e outros antioxidantes, como alfa-tocoferol, n&#227;o o exercem<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o betacaroteno, no modelo experimental utilizado no presente estudo, apresenta efeito ben&#233;fico, caracterizado pelo aumento da comunica&#231;&#227;o intercelular e do sistema de defesa antioxidante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Novo R, Paiva SAR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Novo R, Azevedo PS, Paiva SAR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Novo R, Azevedo PS, Minicucci MF, Zornoff LAM, Paiva SAR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Minicucci MF; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Novo R, Minicucci MF, Paiva SAR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Azevedo PS, Zornoff LAM, Paiva SAR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Ros&#226;ngela Novo pela Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Leonardo A. M. Zornoff </p>
        <p> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Rubi&#227;o Jr. </p>
        <p> CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br">lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lzornoff@cardiol.br">lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 23/4/13; revisado em 24/4/13; aceito em 27/5/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of beta-carotene on oxidative stress and expression of cardiac connexin 43</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Intervention studies have shown an increased mortality in patients who received beta-carotene. However, the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are still unknown. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the influence of beta-carotene on oxidative stress and the expression of connexin 43 in rat hearts. METHODS: Wistar rats, weighing approximately 100 g, were allocated in two groups: Control Group (n=30), that received the diet routinely used in our laboratory, and Beta-Carotene Group (n = 28), which received beta-carotene (in crystal form, added and mixed to the diet) at a dose of 500 mg of beta-carotene/kg of diet. The animals received the treatment until they reached 200-250g, when they were sacrificed. Samples of blood, liver and heart were collected to perform Western blotting and immunohistochemistry for connexin 43; morphometric studies, dosages of beta-carotene by high-performance liquid chromatography as well as reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione and lipids hydroperoxides were performed by biochemical analysis. RESULTS: Beta-carotene was detected only in the liver of Beta-Carotene Group animals (288 &#177; 94.7 &#181;g/kg). Levels of reduced/oxidized glutathione were higher in the liver and heart of Beta-Carotene Group animals (liver - Control Group: 42.60 &#177; 1.62; liver - Beta-Carotene Group: 57.40 &#177; 5.90; p = 0.04; heart: - Control Group: 117.40 &#177; 1.01; heart - Beta-Carotene Group: 121.81 &#177; 1.32 nmol/mg protein; p = 0.03). The content of total connexin 43 was larger in Beta-Carotene Group. CONCLUSION: Beta-carotene demonstrated a positive effect, characterized by the increase of intercellular communication and improvement of anti-oxidizing defense system. In this model, mechanism does not explain the increased mortality rate observed with the beta-carotene supplementation in clinical studies. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Beta Carotene</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Effect of beta-carotene on oxidative stress and expression of cardiac connexin 43</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Rosangela Novo; Paula S. Azevedo; Marcos F. Minicucci; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff; Sergio A. R. Paiva</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Universidade Estadual Paulista "J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Intervention studies have shown an increased mortality in patients who received beta-carotene. However, the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon are still unknown.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Evaluate the influence of beta-carotene on oxidative stress and the expression of connexin 43 in rat hearts.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Wistar rats, weighing approximately 100 g, were allocated in two groups: Control Group (n=30), that received the diet routinely used in our laboratory, and Beta-Carotene Group (n = 28), which received beta-carotene (in crystal form, added and mixed to the diet) at a dose of 500 mg of beta-carotene/kg of diet. The animals received the treatment until they reached 200-250g, when they were sacrificed. Samples of blood, liver and heart were collected to perform Western blotting and immunohistochemistry for connexin 43; morphometric studies, dosages of beta-carotene by high-performance liquid chromatography as well as reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione and lipids hydroperoxides were performed by biochemical analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Beta-carotene was detected only in the liver of Beta-Carotene Group animals (288 &#177; 94.7 &#181;g/kg). Levels of reduced/oxidized glutathione were higher in the liver and heart of Beta-Carotene Group animals (liver - Control Group: 42.60 &#177; 1.62; liver - Beta-Carotene Group: 57.40 &#177; 5.90; p = 0.04; heart: - Control Group: 117.40 &#177; 1.01; heart - Beta-Carotene Group: 121.81 &#177; 1.32 nmol/mg protein; p = 0.03). The content of total connexin 43 was larger in Beta-Carotene Group.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Beta-carotene demonstrated a positive effect, characterized by the increase of intercellular communication and improvement of anti-oxidizing defense system. In this model, mechanism does not explain the increased mortality rate observed with the beta-carotene supplementation in clinical studies. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Beta Carotene / adverse effects; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Ventricular Remodeling.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Communicating junctions, or gap junctions, are specialized intercellular contact regions that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, allowing electrical and metabolic coupling<sup>1</sup>. Each communicating junction consists of proteins called Connexins (Cx). More than 20 coding genes of Cx were identified. In the heart, the three main isoforms correspond to Cx40, Cx43 and Cx45, being Cx43 more abundant in atrial and ventricular myocytes, and in distal parts of the conduction system<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Reduction of intercellular communication via communicating junctions is related to cardiac arrhythmia<sup>5,6</sup> and is present in several situations in which the heart is subjected to any form of aggression. In this case, changes on communicating junctions were verified in ventricular remodeling situations, such as hypertension<sup>3</sup>, congestive heart failure<sup>7</sup> and acute myocardium infarction<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Beta-carotene is a carotenoid with pro-vitamin A activity, present in human diet, fruits and colored vegetables<sup>9,10</sup>. It has a variety of functions, including antioxidant action<sup>11</sup> and increase of intercellular communication through communicating junctions in several types of tissues of the body<sup>9,12,13</sup>. However, there are not known studies to evaluate the effects of beta-carotene in relation to Cx43 in the heart.</p>
      <p>Intervention studies, designed to test the hypothesis that beta-carotene would protect humans against the development of cancer or cardiovascular diseases, showed increased cardiovascular death rate in groups supplemented with carotenoid<sup>9,14-16</sup>. Additionally, studies performed in Unidade de Pesquisa Experimental (UNIPEX) showed the supplementation of rat diet with beta-carotene induced ventricular remodeling, characterized by increased systolic diameter of the Left Ventricle (LV) and decreased ejection fractions and ventricular shortening<sup>17</sup>. Moreover, in a study that analyzed the effects of beta-carotene before infarction in normal and smoking rats, it was observed that it eliminated the paradoxical cigarette smoke-induced protective effect<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, in face of the negative effects produced by beta-carotene in the heart, the objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of beta-carotene on oxidative stress and Cx43 expression in rat hearts.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The experimental protocol was approved by Ethics Commission in Animal Testing of Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, and it complies with Ethical Principles of Animal Testing, adopted by the Brazilian College of Animal Testing.</p>
      <p>We used Wistar male rats, weighing approximately 100 g. The animals were allocated, randomly, in two experimental groups: Control Group (C), consisting of 30 animals, that received the diet routinely used in Unidade de Pesquisa Experimental (UNIPEX); and Beta-Carotene Group (BC), consisting of 28 animals which received beta-carotene (in crystal form, added and mixed to the diet) at a dose of 500mg of beta-carotene/kg diet. The animals received the treatment until they reached 200-250 g (between 4 and 5 weeks).</p>
      <p>After the end of the treatment, the animals were sacrificed with an excessive dose of anesthetic (100 mg / kg of pentobarbital sodium) and, subsequently, blood, liver and heart samples were collected for performing the experimental protocol.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Morphometric study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After euthanizing the animals, their hearts were removed and dissected; atria and ventricles were separated and weighed. The weighs of LV and Right Ventricle (RV) were adjusted according to final body weight of the rat and used as ventricular hypertrophy index.</p>
      <p>Heart tissue samples were fixed in formalin solution at 10%, according to method previously described<sup>19</sup>. After fixation, the tissue was placed in paraffin, subsequently obtaining sections measuring 4 &#181;m. Histological sections were stained in microscope slides with Haematoxylin-Eosin (HE) solution for analyzing areas of the myocytes cross-section, using Leica DM LS microscope coupled to video camera, which sends digital images to computer with the image analysis program Image-Pro Plus (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). We measured 50-70 cells per analyzed ventricle<sup>20</sup>. Myocytes selected were cross-sectioned and had rounded shape and visible core in the center of the cell; they were located in the subendocardial layer of LV muscular wall. This procedure aimed at standardizing to the fullest extent the set of myocytes from different groups. Mean sectional areas obtained for each group were used as an indicator of cell size.</p>
      <p>For evaluating LV myocardium interstitium, slides with coronary histological sections of 5 &#181;m, stained by the Picrosirius red technique and specific for visualization of collagen. Reading was performed using Leica DM LS microscope coupled to video camera, which sends digital images to computer with image analysis program Image-Pro Plus (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA). We analyzed 30-40 fields per ventricle<sup>20</sup>, using a 40X objective. Fields chosen were distant from the perivascular region.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Western blotting for Cx43</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Western blotting experiments were performed in compliance with Rolim et al<sup>21</sup>, with a few modifications<sup>22</sup>. LV samples were homogenized using the device Polytron (Ika Ultra-Turrax<sup>&#174;</sup> T25 Basic, Wilmington, USA) with hypotonic lysis buffer (50 mM potassium phosphate; 7.0 pH; 0.3M sucrose ; 0.5mM DTT; 1mM EDTA; 8.0 pH; 0.3 mM PMSF; 10 mM NaF and phosphatase inhibitor) and centrifuged (Eppendorf 5804R, Hamburg, Germany) at 12,000rpm, for 20 minutes, at 4&#186;C. Protein concentration was analyzed through Bradford method, using BSA Protein Assay Standard (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) curves as standard, with 595nm absorbance reading.</p>
      <p>Electrophoretic run was performed in biphasic stacking gel (240mM Tris-HCL; 6.8 pH; 30% polyacrylamide; APS and Temed) and running gel (240mM Tris-HCL; 8.8 pH; 30% polyacrylamide; APS and Temed), at 10% concentration at 120V (PowerPac HC 3.0, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) for 2 hours and 10 minutes. Transfer to nitrocellulose membrane performed in Mini Trans-Blot (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) system, using a transfer buffer (25mM Tris; 192mM glycine; 20% methanol and 0.1% SDS). After transfer, the membranes were incubated in blocking solution at 0.5% of skimmed milk powder, dissolved in buffer 7.4 pH TBS (20mM HCl Tris; 137mM NaCl and detergent 0.1% 20 Tween) for 2 hours, in ambient temperature. After this period, the membrane was rinsed three times in basal solution (Tris 1M; 2.8 pH; 5M NaCl and Tween 20) and incubated with primary antibodies diluted in blocking solution, under constant agitation for 12 hours. After incubation with primary antibody Mouse Monoclonal to GJA1 (Abcam) - for total Cx43, at a concentration of 1:250, and Mouse Monoclonal Anti-Connexin-43 (Zymed) - for non-phosphorylated Cx43, at a concentration of 3&#181;g/mL, the membrane was rinsed in basal solution and incubated with secondary antibody (1:10,000) IgG anti-mouse HRP (Sigma), in blocking solution, for 2 hours under ambient temperature and constant agitation.</p>
      <p>Immunodetection was performed through chemiluminescence method according to manufacturer's instructions (Enhancer Chemi-Luminescence, Amersham Biosciences, NJ-USA).</p>
      <p>The normalization antibody we used corresponded to GAPDH, Mouse IgG1 (ABR, Affinity BioReagents, Golden, CO, USA) (1:10,000).</p>
      <p>Quantitative analysis of blots we obtained were performed using the program Scion Image (Scion Corporation, Frederick, Maryland, USA), in free software, available at the website <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.scioncorp.com">http://www.scioncorp.com</ext-link></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Immunohistochemistry for Cx43</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Immunohistochemistry experiments were performed in compliance with Saffitz et al<sup>23</sup>, with a few modifications. Fragments of the left ventricular myocardium, successively fixed in formaldehyde at 10%&#186; for 24 hours, were immersed in paraffin and, subsequently, histological sections of 3 &#181;m were made. Then, the sections were kept incubated at 60&#186;C, during 24 hours. Deparaffinization was performed in successive immersions in xylene, alcohol 100&#186;, alcohol 95&#186; and alcohol 70&#186;, followed by hydration in distilled water. Histological sections were placed in citric acid solution at 0.01M, 6.0 pH and subjected to microwave environment for 10 minutes, for antigen recovery. After 20 minutes of cooling process, slides were rinsed in 7.2 pH sodium phosphate buffer (PBS) and incubated for 30 minutes in bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution at 3% (BSA solution in PBS), for blocking unspecific reactions. Subsequently, they were incubated overnight at 4&#186;C in humid chamber with primary antibody (Rabbit Polyclonal Anti-Connexin 43; Abcam), diluted at 1:100.</p>
      <p>After this period, the slides were rinsed in PBS, and sections were incubated with secondary antibody (Texas Red anti-rabbit IgG; Vector), diluted at 1:50, for 1 hour, in ambient temperature. Then, slides were rinsed in PBS and covered with mounting medium, composed by buffered glycerin and microslide. For each battery of immunohistochemical reactions performed (ten slides), the negative control corresponded to one LV slide, in which the primary antibody was omitted.</p>
      <p>Reading was performed through a microscope embedded with an epifluorescence unit (Carl-Zeiss, Inc. North America) coupled to a video camera (AxioPlan 4.1; Carl-Zeiss Inc.) using 40x augmentation. We used the green filter (WG), with 550 nm excitation wavelength and 650nm emission.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Beta-carotene dosages</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Beta-carotene concentrations, in serum, were quantified according to Yeum et al<sup>24</sup> and, in liver and heart, they were dosed according to Paiva et al<sup>25</sup>. The methodology used was high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with chromatograph Alliance 2695 (Waters) coupled to detector PDA 2996 (Waters). Analytical column corresponded to C<sub>30</sub> (Waters -YMC carotenoid: 4.6 x 150mm; 3.0&#181;m). Beta-carotene was quantified by determining the sample/internal standard peak area. Values obtained were corrected according with losses during samples extraction and handling for recovery of internal standard.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study of oxidative stress</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study of oxidative stress was performed in accordance with Azevedo et al<sup>26</sup>. Samples of approximately 200 mg of tissue (LV or liver) were homogenized wit 5mL of 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer, 7.0 pH, under ice, in homogenizer. The homogenized samples were centrifuged (10,000 rpm) for 15 minutes, in refrigerated centrifuge at -4&#186;C. Supernatants obtained were used to determine the concentration of Reduced Glutathione (GSH), Oxidized Glutathione (GSSG) and lipids hydroperoxides. Spectrophotometric readings were obtained via ELISA (Biotek Instruments, INC) reader, and in spectrophotometry Pharmacia Biotech (England).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Definition of lipids hydroperoxides</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Lipids hydroperoxides were determined by Fe<sup>+2</sup> oxidation (ferrous ammonium sulphate). Fe<sup>+3</sup> reacts with orange xylenol, forming a colored compound. Readings were performed with a 560nm wavelength.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Definition of GSH and GSSG</bold>
      </p>
      <p>GSH (non-protein groups of SH) concentration was determined in buffer tris-HCl, 8.9 pH, and 5.5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid), (DTNB) after previous precipitation with trichloroacetic acid (TCA) 50%. As standard, we used GSH 1 mM<sup>27</sup>. GSSG concentration was determined by the difference between total GSH and reduced GSH, being the stoichiometric ratio (2GSH:GSSG)<sup>28</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Results of each variable, for each experimental group, were tested for normality and variance equality. Since in all comparisons these conditions were met, Student <italic>t </italic>test was deployed for analyzing the studied variables.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In serum and heart, beta-carotene presence was not detected. In liver, only BC Group animals showed detectable concentrations of this carotenoid (288 &#177; 94.7 &#181;g/kg).</p>
      <p>All animals had body weight between 200 and 250 g, and there was no statistically relevant difference between C and BC Groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5641tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). Collagen levels were lower in rats supplemented with BC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5641tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5641tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0233-30160-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No significant difference was detected between C and BC Groups regarding location and staining intensity (quantity) for Cx43 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig1-body2">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5641tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). However, Cx43 total content (phosphorylated + non-phosphorylated) was larger in BC Group, when compared to C Group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5641fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5641fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0233-30160-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig1-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0233-30160-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>GSH/GSSG concentrations were higher in liver and heart of BC Group compared to C Group. As for other variables, no statistic difference was noticed between the experimental groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5641tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5641tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0233-30160-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was performed to analyze the effects of beta-carotene on intercellular communication and oxidative stress in rats' heart. This study found carotenoid increases Cx43 expression, as well as heart defense antioxidant.</p>
      <p>As for the effects of beta-carotene antioxidants, antioxidant vitamins have been studied due to their capacity of preventing chronic diseases, however, using these compounds for cardiovascular diseases remains controversial. Discrepancies in results obtained can be related to individual characteristics or administered antioxidant doses<sup>29,30</sup>.</p>
      <p>Beta-carotene antioxidant activity is well characterized in literature. In several studies, with animals and humans, it offers protection against oxidative damages<sup>10</sup>. Also after heart injuries, using antioxidants has a positive effect<sup>31,32</sup>. Since the oxidative stress is involved in etiology and progression of several heart chronic diseases, antioxidants, such as beta-carotene, are considered important strategies in the prevention of these diseases<sup>30,33</sup>. In this study, beta-carotene showed an antioxidant activity, characterized by the increased GSH/GSSG relation in heart and liver of rats, thus protecting the total antioxidant system.</p>
      <p>Another beta-carotene effect, in this study, corresponded to decreased collagen levels in heart tissue. In cases of aggression to the heart, it is known the participation of free radicals in ventricular remodeling process<sup>33-35</sup>, as well as prevention or attenuation of this process, when antioxidants are used<sup>32,36</sup>.</p>
      <p>Among morphological changes observed during the remodeling process, is interstitial fibrosis<sup>37</sup>. Studies have shown that oxidative stress induces collagen synthesis, producing, consequently, fibrosis in heart tissue<sup>34,36</sup>. Among mechanism, it has been observed that free radicals induce the expression of TGF&#946;<sub>1</sub>, growth factor that increases the collagen synthesis, in addition to suppressing its degradation in heart tissue<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study is in compliance with such concept, since the decrease of oxidative stress was associated with a decreased collagen quantity. Thus, we may suggest the decreased collagen levels, in this study, occurred due to an improvement in the antioxidant system, related to the diet supplemented with beta-carotene<sup>10,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Regarding the increased expression of Cx43 in heart tissue, induced by beta-carotene in this study, this was a very relevant finding, once stimulating intercellular communication using carotenoids is frequently documented in the literature of other tissues, being considered one of the mechanisms that prevent cancer<sup>9,10,13</sup>. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that beta-carotene increases the expression of Cx43 in several tissues, such as human and mouse fibroblasts<sup>38,39</sup>, adenocarcinoma cell lines in human lung<sup>13</sup> and rat liver cells<sup>40</sup>. In relation to beta-carotene effect on carcinogenesis, carotenoids, with the increased expression of Cx43, restore intercellular communication, an effect that is correlated to growth inhibition of chemically transformed cells<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, the effect of increased expression of Cx43 induced by beta-carotene occurred in non-damaged hearts. This finding is in compliance with other results published in the literature, in which it is observed the increased expression of Cx43 due to this carotenoid in several types of tissues of the body<sup>9,38</sup>. Thus, in this experimental model, the supplementation of diet with beta-carotene does not behave as aggression, since, in damaged hearts, there is a decreased expression of Cx43<sup>3,7,8</sup>. Additionally, this change does not explain the increased adverse events observed in intervention studies with beta-carotene.</p>
      <p>Mechanisms through which beta-carotene increases the expression of Cx43 are yet not completely known. However, it is possible to infer that this activity of carotenoids is not exclusively due to pro-vitamin A activity nor the antioxidant activity of these compounds. This affirmation is based on the fact that carotenoids without pro-vitamin activity also have this effect, and other antioxidants, such as alpha-tocopherol, do not<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, beta-carotene, in the experimental model used in this study, has a positive effect, characterized by the increased intercellular communication and antioxidant defense system.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Novo R, Paiva SAR; Acquisition of data: Novo R, Azevedo PS, Paiva SAR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Novo R, Azevedo PS, Minicucci MF, Zornoff LAM, Paiva SAR; Statistical analysis: Minicucci MF; Writing of the manuscript: Novo R, Minicucci MF, Paiva SAR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Azevedo PS, Zornoff LAM, Paiva SAR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Ros&#226;ngela Novo, from Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
