<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZmgzXh6H6r6q8t6SVPGDmKg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002900005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100300005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130166</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Restri&#231;&#227;o materna de polifen&#243;is e din&#226;mica ductal fetal na gesta&#231;&#227;o normal: um ensaio cl&#237;nico aberto</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piccoli Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Luiz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vian</surname>
            <given-names>Izabele</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Z&#237;lio</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Naujorks</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbisan</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Weiss</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Busato</surname>
            <given-names>Stefano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Caroline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>217</fpage>
      <lpage>225</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTOS: Recentemente demonstramos revers&#227;o da constri&#231;&#227;o ductal fetal ap&#243;s redu&#231;&#227;o da ingesta materna de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is (ARP), por sua a&#231;&#227;o inibidora da s&#237;ntese das prostaglandinas. OBJETIVOS: Testar a hip&#243;tese de que fetos normais no 3&#186; trimestre tamb&#233;m melhoram a din&#226;mica ductal ap&#243;s restri&#231;&#227;o materna de polifen&#243;is. M&#201;TODOS: Ensaio cl&#237;nico aberto com 46 fetos com idade gestacional (IG) &gt; 28 semanas submetidos a dois estudos Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;ficos com intervalo de duas semanas, sendo os examinadores cegados para os h&#225;bitos alimentares maternos. Um question&#225;rio de frequ&#234;ncia alimentar validado para esse objetivo foi aplicado e uma dieta com alimentos pobres em polifen&#243;is (&lt; 30 mg/100 mg) foi orientada. Um grupo controle de 26 fetos no 3&#186; trimestre foi submetido ao mesmo protocolo. Utilizou-se o teste-t para amostras independentes. RESULTADOS: A IG m&#233;dia foi 33 &#177; 2 semanas. A m&#233;dia do consumo materno di&#225;rio de polifen&#243;is (CMDP) foi 1277 mg, caindo para 126 mg ap&#243;s orienta&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,0001). Ocorreu diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa nas Velocidades Ductais Sist&#243;lica (VSD) e Diast&#243;lica (VDD) e na rela&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros ventriculares (VD/VE), assim como aumento do &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade (IP) [VSD = 1,2 &#177; 0,4 m/s (0,7-1,6) para 0,9 &#177; 0,3 m/s (0,6-1,3) (p = 0,018);VDD = 0,21 &#177; 0,09 m/s (0,15-0,32) para 0,18 &#177; 0,06 m/s (0,11-0,25) (p = 0,016); rela&#231;&#227;o VD/VE = 1,3 &#177; 0,2 (0,9-1,4) para 1,1 &#177; 0,2 (0,8 - 1,3) (p = 0,004); IP do ducto = 2,2 &#177; 0,03 (2,0-2,7) para 2,4 &#177; 0,4 (2,2-2,9) (p = 0,04)]. A IG m&#233;dia dos controles foi de 32 &#177; 4 semanas, n&#227;o ocorrendo diferen&#231;as significativas no CMDP, nas velocidades ductais, no IP do ducto e na rela&#231;&#227;o VD/VE. CONCLUS&#195;O: A restri&#231;&#227;o da ingesta de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is no 3&#186; trimestre por duas semanas melhora a din&#226;mica do fluxo no ducto arterioso fetal e as dimens&#245;es do VD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Prostaglandinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Inflamat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Constri&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Canal Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Gravidez</kwd>
        <kwd>Cora&#231;&#227;o Fetal</kwd>
        <kwd>Polifen&#243;is</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Restri&#231;&#227;o materna de polifen&#243;is e din&#226;mica ductal fetal na gesta&#231;&#227;o normal: um ensaio cl&#237;nico aberto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Paulo Zielinsky; Ant&#244;nio Luiz Piccoli Jr.; Izabele Vian; Ana Maria Z&#237;lio; Alexandre Ant&#244;nio Naujorks; Luiz Henrique Nicoloso; Carolina Weiss Barbisan; Stefano Busato; Mauro Lopes; Caroline Klein</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTOS:</bold> Recentemente demonstramos revers&#227;o da constri&#231;&#227;o ductal fetal ap&#243;s redu&#231;&#227;o da ingesta materna de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is (ARP), por sua a&#231;&#227;o inibidora da s&#237;ntese das prostaglandinas. </p>
    <p><bold> OBJETIVOS:</bold> Testar a hip&#243;tese de que fetos normais no 3&#186; trimestre tamb&#233;m melhoram a din&#226;mica ductal ap&#243;s restri&#231;&#227;o materna de polifen&#243;is. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Ensaio cl&#237;nico aberto com 46 fetos com idade gestacional (IG) <underline>&gt;</underline> 28 semanas submetidos a dois estudos Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;ficos com intervalo de duas semanas, sendo os examinadores cegados para os h&#225;bitos alimentares maternos. Um question&#225;rio de frequ&#234;ncia alimentar validado para esse objetivo foi aplicado e uma dieta com alimentos pobres em polifen&#243;is (&lt; 30 mg/100 mg) foi orientada. Um grupo controle de 26 fetos no 3&#186; trimestre foi submetido ao mesmo protocolo. Utilizou-se o teste-t para amostras independentes. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A IG m&#233;dia foi 33 &#177; 2 semanas. A m&#233;dia do consumo materno di&#225;rio de polifen&#243;is (CMDP) foi 1277 mg, caindo para 126 mg ap&#243;s orienta&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,0001). Ocorreu diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa nas Velocidades Ductais Sist&#243;lica (VSD) e Diast&#243;lica (VDD) e na rela&#231;&#227;o dos di&#226;metros ventriculares (VD/VE), assim como aumento do &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade (IP) [VSD = 1,2 &#177; 0,4 m/s (0,7-1,6) para 0,9 &#177; 0,3 m/s (0,6-1,3) (p = 0,018);VDD = 0,21 &#177; 0,09 m/s (0,15-0,32) para 0,18 &#177; 0,06 m/s (0,11-0,25) (p = 0,016); rela&#231;&#227;o VD/VE = 1,3 &#177; 0,2 (0,9-1,4) para 1,1 &#177; 0,2 (0,8 - 1,3) (p = 0,004); IP do ducto = 2,2 &#177; 0,03 (2,0-2,7) para 2,4 &#177; 0,4 (2,2-2,9) (p = 0,04)]. A IG m&#233;dia dos controles foi de 32 &#177; 4 semanas, n&#227;o ocorrendo diferen&#231;as significativas no CMDP, nas velocidades ductais, no IP do ducto e na rela&#231;&#227;o VD/VE. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A restri&#231;&#227;o da ingesta de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is no 3&#186; trimestre por duas semanas melhora a din&#226;mica do fluxo no ducto arterioso fetal e as dimens&#245;es do VD. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Prostaglandinas; Anti-Inflamat&#243;rios; Constri&#231;&#227;o; Canal Arterial; Gravidez; Cora&#231;&#227;o Fetal; Polifen&#243;is / farmacologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo materno de polifen&#243;is e a constri&#231;&#227;o ductal no terceiro trimestre da gesta&#231;&#227;o tem sido demonstrada em diversos estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais. Acredita-se que o mecanismo b&#225;sico dessa associa&#231;&#227;o seja a a&#231;&#227;o dos polifen&#243;is sobre a cascata metab&#243;lica que resulta na s&#237;ntese das prostaglandinas, inibindo-a da mesma maneira que o fazem os anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides, como classicamente descrito h&#225; muitas d&#233;cadas.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, demonstramos que a constri&#231;&#227;o ductal que ocorre na aus&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria de ingest&#227;o materna de anti-inflamat&#243;rios farmacol&#243;gicos &#233; revertida pela restri&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica do consumo de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is no terceiro trimestre, tais como ch&#225;s caseiros, chimarr&#227;o, chocolate amargo, caf&#233; passado, derivados de uva, laranja, bergamota, frutas vermelhas, ma&#231;&#227; e &#243;leo de oliva<sup>1</sup>. Outras evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas e experimentais corroboram a associa&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es no comportamento do fluxo no ducto arterioso fetal ao consumo pelas gestantes de alimentos com alta concentra&#231;&#227;o dos anti-inflamat&#243;rios naturais representados pelos polifen&#243;is<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um question&#225;rio de frequ&#234;ncia alimentar desenhado para quantificar a concentra&#231;&#227;o de polifen&#243;is ingeridos por gestantes no terceiro trimestre foi recentemente validado em nosso meio<sup>4</sup>, constituindo-se em m&#233;todo pr&#225;tico e informativo para mensurar a dieta pregressa relacionada &#224; ingesta de subst&#226;ncias ricas em polifen&#243;is de acordo com seus padr&#245;es alimentares habituais.</p>
    <p>Este estudo testa a hip&#243;tese de que fetos normais no terceiro trimestre de vida intrauterina, assim como havia sido demonstrado nos conceptos com constri&#231;&#227;o ductal, tamb&#233;m mostram melhora da din&#226;mica do <italic>ductus arteriosus</italic> quando submetidos a uma dieta padronizada pobre em polifen&#243;is por um per&#237;odo igual ou superior a duas semanas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do Estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um ensaio cl&#237;nico aberto foi desenhado, com o prop&#243;sito de avaliar o efeito da orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional materna com restri&#231;&#227;o da ingesta de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is na din&#226;mica do ducto arterioso de fetos sem altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas anat&#244;micas ou funcionais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em novembro de 2005, iniciamos, na Unidade de Cardiologia Fetal do Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, um programa estruturado com o objetivo de avaliar rotineiramente a din&#226;mica do fluxo do ducto arterioso fetal. Fetos no 3&#186; trimestre de gesta&#231;&#227;o, com ou sem fatores de risco para anormalidades card&#237;acas, foram avaliados por Doppler ecocardiografia com esse prop&#243;sito. O grupo de estudo foi composto por 46 fetos h&#237;gidos com fluxo ductal dentro dos limites da normalidade de m&#227;es que vinham em uso habitual de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is ap&#243;s 28 semanas de gesta&#231;&#227;o e consentiram em participar do estudo. Um grupo controle de 26 fetos h&#237;gidos no 3&#186; trimestre gestacional de m&#227;es sem nenhuma anormalidade foi tamb&#233;m avaliado. Nesse grupo, utilizado para compara&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foi realizada interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica. Em ambos os grupos n&#227;o havia relato de uso materno de medicamentos contendo AINES e/ou esteroides ou uso de outras drogas l&#237;citas ou il&#237;citas durante o 3&#186; trimestre de gesta&#231;&#227;o, assim como a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a materna aguda ou cr&#244;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica e interven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todas as gestantes foram submetidas, ap&#243;s consentimento informado, a um detalhado Question&#225;rio de Frequ&#234;ncia Alimentar (QFA) baseando-se no per&#237;odo total da gesta&#231;&#227;o. No caso de alimentos que n&#227;o foram consumidos durante todo per&#237;odo gestacional, foi feita uma estimativa do consumo di&#225;rio do alimento. Essa estimativa foi realizada atrav&#233;s da multiplica&#231;&#227;o da por&#231;&#227;o relatada, pela frequ&#234;ncia de consumo, e dividida pelo n&#250;mero de dias da unidade de tempo (dia, semana, m&#234;s ou ano). O ano foi contabilizado como o total de dias da gesta&#231;&#227;o. A quantidade do consumo alimentar, durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos inqu&#233;ritos, foi aferida por meio de medidas caseiras e estimada por fotos<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o dos polifen&#243;is totais na dieta materna foi realizada atrav&#233;s de um QFA validado em gestantes<sup>4</sup>. O QFA apresenta uma lista de 52 alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is, onde se considerou alimento rico em polifenol aquele que estava acima do percentil 75, ou seja, com pelo menos 30 mg de polifenol por 100 g de alimento, conforme estabelecido pelo banco de dados America<sup>6</sup>, que apresenta as subclasses e o conte&#250;do de flavonoides de 385 alimentos, e do banco de dados franc&#234;s<sup>7</sup>, que cont&#233;m mais de 300 alimentos cadastrados, com os valores de polifen&#243;is totais e de suas diversas subclasses para cada alimento. Os resultados de polifen&#243;is totais encontrados nos question&#225;rios alimentares foram descritos em miligramas (mg).</p>
    <p>A quantifica&#231;&#227;o de polifen&#243;is totais da bebida chimarr&#227;o (infus&#227;o da erva mate <italic>Ilex paraguariensis</italic>), por n&#227;o estar presente nas tabelas americana e francesa, foi realizada em laborat&#243;rio atrav&#233;s do ensaio fisicoqu&#237;mico <italic>Official Methods of AOAC International 18th edition</italic>. Para a an&#225;lise foi utilizada uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de 47,4% em uma temperatura de 80&#186;C. Essa concentra&#231;&#227;o de erva e temperatura de &#225;gua foi assim definida para reproduzir a forma de consumo dessa bebida na popula&#231;&#227;o do sul do Brasil<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do QFA, na primeira entrevista, as gestantes do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o foram orientadas a evitar o consumo de alimentos com alto teor de polifen&#243;is, ou seja, alimentos com concentra&#231;&#227;o acima de 30 mg de polifenol por 100 g de alimento, conforme listados no banco de dados americano<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s duas semanas, no mesmo dia da reavalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica fetal, as gestantes responderam novamente ao QFA, e a quantidade de polifen&#243;is totais ingerida nesse per&#237;odo foi novamente calculada. Na reavalia&#231;&#227;o todas as gestantes foram orientadas a fazer restri&#231;&#227;o alimentar at&#233; o final da gesta&#231;&#227;o, e diferentes alimentos pobres em polifen&#243;is, ou seja, os alimentos com uma concentra&#231;&#227;o inferior a 30 mg de polifen&#243;is por 100 g de alimento (abaixo do percentil 25) foram sugeridos para substituir os micronutrientes essenciais na gesta&#231;&#227;o, que est&#227;o presentes nos alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is.</p>
    <p>As 26 gestantes do grupo controle, no qual n&#227;o foi realizada interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica, responderam ao mesmo question&#225;rio ap&#243;s realiza&#231;&#227;o do primeiro ecocardiograma fetal e ap&#243;s duas semanas de seguimento, momento em que foi realizado o exame de reavalia&#231;&#227;o Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;fica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da din&#226;mica ductal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma fetal completo com Doppler e mapeamento de fluxo em cores foi realizado em todos os pacientes, sendo realizada a an&#225;lise sequencial segmentar do cora&#231;&#227;o fetal, definindo o <italic>situs</italic>, as conex&#245;es atrioventriculares e ventriculoarteriais. Foram estudadas as imagens padronizadas, incluindo os arcos a&#243;rtico e ductal. O estudo inicial do ducto arterioso foi realizado ap&#243;s ser obtida uma imagem adequada no plano sagital. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o com o Doppler pulsado, o feixe de ultrassom &#233; alinhado o mais paralelamente poss&#237;vel com a orienta&#231;&#227;o do fluxo ao Doppler colorido, em um &#226;ngulo menor do que 30&#186;, n&#227;o sendo usada a corre&#231;&#227;o de &#226;ngulo. A amostra volume &#233; posicionada na desembocadura do canal arterial com a aorta descendente.</p>
    <p>Avaliaram-se as Velocidades Ductais Sist&#243;licas e Diast&#243;licas (VDS,VDD), o &#205;ndice de Pulsatilidade (IP) e a raz&#227;o dos di&#226;metros dos Ventr&#237;culos Direito e Esquerdo (VD/VE).</p>
    <p>Foram avaliados o pico de VDS, o pico de VDD, o IP, obtido pela raz&#227;o VD/VE<sup>9</sup>. Considerando que o IP &#233; independente da idade gestacional, esse par&#226;metro foi considerado como crit&#233;rio maior para descartar o diagn&#243;stico de contri&#231;&#227;o prematura do ducto arterioso fetal<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nos fetos do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, um ecocardiograma fetal controle foi realizado no mesmo dia da reavalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional (ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de duas semanas), para avaliar o efeito da interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica materna sobre a din&#226;mica do fluxo do ducto arterioso fetal e da raz&#227;o VD/VE.</p>
    <p>Nas 26 gestantes do grupo controle, um ecocardiograma fetal foi realizado no momento da primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional e ap&#243;s duas semanas, no mesmo dia da reavalia&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica.</p>
    <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma fetal, foi utilizado um ecocardi&#243;grafo marca General Electric modelo Vivid III Expert ou Vivid 5S, com capacidade para imagens bidimensionais de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o, modo M, Doppler pulsado e cont&#237;nuo e mapeamento de fluxo em cores, com transdutores convexo ou setorial multifrequenciais de 4 a 8 MHz. Todos os exames foram realizados por cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos com experi&#234;ncia em ecocardiografia fetal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados num&#233;ricos foram apresentados com m&#233;dia &#177; Desvio Padr&#227;o (DP). Para compara&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de fluxos ductais, dos &#237;ndices de pulsatilidade e das raz&#245;es VD/VE antes e ap&#243;s suspens&#227;o das subst&#226;ncias ricas em polifen&#243;is. Foi utilizado o teste-t bicaudal de Student para amostras pareadas e para compara&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de ingest&#227;o materna de polifen&#243;is foi aplicado o teste de Wilcoxon. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 foi utilizado para todos os testes estat&#237;sticos. O tamanho da amostra foi estabelecido considerando-se, <italic>a priori</italic>, um erro tipo alfa de 5% e um erro tipo beta de 10%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O consumo materno di&#225;rio de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is foi documentado em todos os casos e controles. Nenhum paciente avaliado neste estudo apresentava hist&#243;ria de consumo de AINES.</p>
    <p>No grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, a idade materna m&#233;dia foi de 33 &#177; 2 semanas e a m&#233;dia do consumo materno di&#225;rio de polifen&#243;is foi 1.277 mg/dia. Ap&#243;s orienta&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica de restri&#231;&#227;o dos alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is, o consumo m&#233;dio di&#225;rio de polifen&#243;is caiu para 126 mg/dia (p = 0,0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5342fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5342fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0217-30166-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A reavalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica decorrido o per&#237;odo de duas semanas evidenciou diminui&#231;&#245;es significativas na VSD, VDD e na rela&#231;&#227;o VD/VE, assim como um aumento no IP do ducto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5342fig02">Figura 2</xref>). Foi observada redu&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia das velocidades sist&#243;lica (1,2 &#177; 0,4m/s [0,7-1,6] para 0,9 &#177; 0,3 m/s [0,6-1,3], p = 0,018) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5342fig03">Figura 3</xref>) e da m&#233;dia das velocidades diast&#243;lica (0,21 &#177; 0,09 m/s [0,15-0,32] para 0,18 &#177; 0,06 m/s [0,11-0,25], p = 0,016) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5342fig04">Figura 4</xref>). Houve aumento da m&#233;dia dos IP (2,2 &#177; 0,03 [2,0-2,7] para 2,4 &#177; 0,4 [2,2-2,9], p = 0,04) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5342fig05">Figura 5</xref>) e diminui&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia das raz&#245;es VD/VE (1,3 &#177; 0,2 [0,9-1,4] para 1,1 &#177; 0,2 [0,8-1,3] (p = 0,004) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5342fig06">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5342fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0217-30166-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5342fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0217-30166-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5342fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0217-30166-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5342fig05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0217-30166-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5342fig06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0217-30166-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>No grupo controle, a IG m&#233;dia foi de 32 &#177; 4 semanas, e n&#227;o houve nenhuma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nas vari&#225;veis analisadas na reavalia&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de duas semanas. O consumo materno de polifen&#243;is di&#225;rio de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is foi 1192 mg/dia no momento basal e 1.093 mg/dia na reavalia&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5342fig01">Figura 1</xref>), a m&#233;dia das velocidades sist&#243;licas 1,3 &#177; 0,3 m/s na primeira avalia&#231;&#227;o e 1,4 &#177; 0,4 m/ no segundo exame (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5342fig03">Figura 3</xref>), a m&#233;dia das velocidades diast&#243;licas 0,2 &#177; 0,1 m/s no primeiro exame e 0,22 &#177; 0,1 m/s no segundo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5342fig04">Figura 4</xref>), o IP do ducto 2,2 &#177; 0,2 no est&#225;gio basal e 2,3 &#177; 0,4 na reavalia&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5342fig05">Figura 5</xref>) e a m&#233;dia das rela&#231;&#245;es VD/VE 1,2 &#177; 0,3 no momento inicial e 1,3 &#177; 0,2 no momento final (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5342fig06">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo demonstra que, em fetos normais, da mesma forma como j&#225; descrito em fetos com constri&#231;&#227;o ductal, a interven&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica dirigida &#224; restri&#231;&#227;o da ingesta de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is por gestantes no 3&#186; trimestre melhora a din&#226;mica do fluxo no ducto arterioso fetal e diminui o tamanho do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o bem conhecidos os efeitos da constri&#231;&#227;o ductal sobre a hemodin&#226;mica fetal, usualmente acarretando sobrecarga ventricular direita, regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide de variados graus e especialmente aumentando o risco de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar no per&#237;odo neonatal, situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica potencialmente grave e por vezes at&#233; fatal<sup>11,12</sup>. A etiologia mais conhecida, j&#225; h&#225; quase tr&#234;s d&#233;cadas, para a constri&#231;&#227;o do ducto arterioso, &#233; o consumo materno de medicamentos anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides no terceiro trimestre da gesta&#231;&#227;o. Esse efeito dos anti-inflamat&#243;rios sobre o ducto decorre da inibi&#231;&#227;o da rota metab&#243;lica da prostaglandina, especialmente da ciclooxigenase-2, impedindo a transforma&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido aracd&#244;nico em prostaglandina<sup>13-15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da literatura sobre o mecanismo das a&#231;&#245;es antioxidantes e anti-inflamat&#243;rias dos polifen&#243;is, ben&#233;ficos a t&#227;o grande parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o, pelas evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas de seus efeitos etnomedicinais, mostra que um grande n&#250;mero de mol&#233;culas derivadas de alimentos funcionais e plantas tem sido isolado e mesmo introduzido com sucesso na ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica internacional<sup>16,17</sup>. J&#225; foram demonstrados de forma inequ&#237;voca que os polifen&#243;is diminuem o estresse oxidativo (inclusive na gesta&#231;&#227;o)<sup>18</sup>, os n&#237;veis de colesterol e triglicer&#237;dios plasm&#225;ticos<sup>19</sup>, a press&#227;o arterial<sup>20-22</sup>, as consequ&#234;ncias da hipersecre&#231;&#227;o g&#225;strica<sup>23</sup>, o desenvolvimento de algumas neoplasias<sup>24-27</sup> e de aterosclerose<sup>28,29</sup>, as manifesta&#231;&#245;es do envelhecimento<sup>30</sup> e da doen&#231;a de Alzheimer<sup>31,32</sup>, al&#233;m de diversos outros agravos &#224; sa&#250;de. Polifen&#243;is como a quercitina e o kempferol, entre tantos outros, presentes em in&#250;meros alimentos, tiveram sua atividade anti-inflamat&#243;ria e antinociceptiva mensuradas, tendo sido demonstrados efeitos t&#227;o ou mais potentes que os da indometacina<sup>33-35</sup>, dependentes da inibi&#231;&#227;o da modula&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido aracd&#244;nico e a consequente s&#237;ntese das prostaglandinas, especialmente E-2, respons&#225;vel pela pat&#234;ncia do ducto arterioso fetal. Por isso, parece &#243;bvio que esse mesmo mecanismo seja o respons&#225;vel pelo &#250;nico efeito delet&#233;rio conhecido dessas subst&#226;ncias e dos alimentos em que elas estejam presentes em maior concentra&#231;&#227;o, a constri&#231;&#227;o ductal observada ap&#243;s a ingest&#227;o materna de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is no terceiro trimestre da gesta&#231;&#227;o. Os alimentos mais ricos em compostos polifen&#243;licos s&#227;o o chimarr&#227;o, o ch&#225; preto, o ch&#225; verde e outros ch&#225;s caseiros, o chocolate amargo, o caf&#233; preto, a uva, a laranja, a bergamota, as frutas vermelhas, o azeite de oliva e outros, tamb&#233;m de consumo habitual<sup>6</sup>. V&#225;rios trabalhos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos j&#225; demonstraram a rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre polifen&#243;is e altera&#231;&#245;es do fluxo ductal, assim como maiores velocidades do fluxo no ducto e maior di&#226;metro ventricular direito em fetos normais expostos a dietas mais ricas em polifen&#243;is<sup>2,3,36,37</sup>.</p>
    <p>A hip&#243;tese conceitual do presente estudo foi de que as VDS e VDD diminuiriam e o IP aumentaria, ao mesmo tempo que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os VD/VE mostraria redu&#231;&#227;o em fetos normais submetidos a uma dieta orientada no sentido de diminuir a ingesta de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is para n&#237;veis abaixo do percentil 25 da m&#233;dia de ingesta populacional na gesta&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; estabelecida previamente<sup>4</sup>, em compara&#231;&#227;o com um grupo controle em que nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o nutricional fosse realizada. Como j&#225; mencionado, a fundamenta&#231;&#227;o para sua formula&#231;&#227;o foi baseada nos conhecimentos constru&#237;dos ao longo dessa linha de pesquisa, e de forma muito especial com a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de revers&#227;o dos efeitos constritivos do ducto ap&#243;s a restri&#231;&#227;o da ingest&#227;o materna de polifen&#243;is<sup>1</sup>. Sendo a constri&#231;&#227;o ductal um fen&#244;meno n&#227;o categ&#243;rico, tipo "sim ou n&#227;o", mas um espectro cont&#237;nuo, com gravidade crescente proporcional &#224;s manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de sobrecarga ventricular direita, regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide e/ou pulmonar e Dopplerecocardiogr&#225;ficas de aumento das velocidades sist&#243;lica e principalmente diast&#243;lica do fluxo ductal, assim como de diminui&#231;&#227;o do seu &#237;ndice de pulsatilidade, parece l&#243;gico considerar que altera&#231;&#245;es iniciais, mesmo que ainda n&#227;o preenchendo os crit&#233;rios cl&#225;ssicos de constri&#231;&#227;o, podem evoluir para formas mais graves, ultrapassando os pontos de corte diagn&#243;sticos j&#225; estabelecidos. Por isso, a amostra deste trabalho foi constitu&#237;da de fetos da popula&#231;&#227;o geral, com exclus&#227;o daqueles que j&#225; tivessem diagn&#243;stico de constri&#231;&#227;o ductal, de forma a demonstrar como a orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional pode diminuir o risco potencial para o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>O delineamento do estudo foi de um ensaio cl&#237;nico aberto, em que os fetos controles e os do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos aleatoriamente e de forma sequencial n&#227;o intencional, estando os examinadores cegados quanto &#224; entrevista nutricional. Os resultados obtidos corroboraram integralmente a hip&#243;tese conceitual, tendo sido demonstrados todos os desfechos previstos em sua concep&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O QFA &#233; considerado o m&#233;todo mais pr&#225;tico, informativo e o mais utilizado para mensurar a dieta pregressa, pois tem a capacidade de classificar os indiv&#237;duos segundo seus padr&#245;es alimentares habituais, al&#233;m de ser um instrumento de f&#225;cil aplicabilidade e baixo custo, o que viabiliza sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o em estudos populacionais<sup>38</sup>. Em 1973, o QFA foi recomendado entre os m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica pela <italic>American Public Health Association</italic><sup>39</sup>.</p>
    <p>A ades&#227;o &#224; dieta pelas gestantes que participaram desse estudo, reduzindo a ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de alimentos espec&#237;ficos com alto conte&#250;do de polifen&#243;is ap&#243;s orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional para uma quantidade bastante inferior<sup>6</sup>, aponta para a viabilidade de estabelecer h&#225;bitos alimentares com baixo consumo dessas subst&#226;ncias. Estamos obviamente cientes de que &#233; muito dif&#237;cil retirar totalmente os polifen&#243;is ao tentarmos estabelecer uma dieta saud&#225;vel, mas o objetivo de melhorar a din&#226;mica do fluxo ductal em nossos pacientes, no entanto, foi alcan&#231;ado com a orienta&#231;&#227;o da dieta prescrita. Uma vez que muitos alimentos substitutos com pequenas quantidades de polifen&#243;is est&#227;o amplamente dispon&#237;veis, as necessidades nutricionais do per&#237;odo gestacional podem ser mantidas.</p>
    <p>Outros estudos nessa linha de investiga&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o em andamento, tais como um registro multic&#234;ntrico internacional, uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar neonatal com o maior consumo materno de polifen&#243;is no terceiro trimestre, um estudo relacionando os n&#237;veis de prostaglandina circulante materna com o consumo e a excre&#231;&#227;o de polifen&#243;is pelas gestantes e trabalhos experimentais com modelos em fetos de ratas e ovelhas sobre os mecanismos da constri&#231;&#227;o ductal e suas rela&#231;&#245;es com a cascata inflamat&#243;ria, o estresse oxidativo e os n&#237;veis de polifen&#243;is.</p>
    <p>A pir&#226;mide de evid&#234;ncias j&#225; acumuladas at&#233; o momento imp&#245;e, no m&#237;nimo, uma nota de cuidado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo pelas gestantes de alimentos com altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de polifen&#243;is.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, este estudo demonstra que a interven&#231;&#227;o na dieta materna no 3&#186; trimestre gestacional, restringindo a ingest&#227;o de alimentos ricos em polifen&#243;is por um per&#237;odo maior ou igual a duas semanas, resulta em melhora da din&#226;mica do fluxo do ducto arterioso fetal e reduz as dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito. Esse novo conhecimento pode influenciar a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o e orienta&#231;&#227;o obst&#233;tricas dos h&#225;bitos alimentares das gestantes no final da gravidez.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Zielinsky P, Piccoli Jr. AL, Vian I, Naujorks AA, Nicoloso LH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Zielinsky P, Piccoli Jr. AL, Vian I, Z&#237;lio AM, Nicoloso LH, Barbisan CW, Busato S, Lopes M, Klein C; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Zielinsky P, Naujorks AA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Zielinsky P; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Zielinsky P, Piccoli Jr. AL, Vian I, Z&#237;lio AM, Barbisan CW, Busato S, Lopes M, Klein C; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Zielinsky P, Piccoli Jr. AL, Vian I, Naujorks AA, Nicoloso LH, Lopes M.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPERGS, Capes e CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Paulo Zielinsky </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, Santana. CEP 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="zielinsky.pesquisa@gmail.com">zielinsky.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 18/12/12; revisado em 23/04/13; aceito em 20/06/13.</p>
    <p>Este artigo foi premiado no 67&#186; Congresso Brasileiro de Cardiologia.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Zielinsky P, Piccoli AL Jr, Manica JL, Nicoloso LH, Vian I, Bender L, et al. Reversal of fetal ductal constriction after maternal restriction of polyphenol-rich foods: an open clinical trial. J Perinatol. 2012;32(8):574-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reversal of fetal ductal constriction after maternal restriction of polyphenol-rich foods: an open clinical trial</article-title>
          <source>J Perinatol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>574</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccoli Jr</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manica</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vian</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bender</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Zielinsky P, Manica JL, Piccoli AL Jr, Areias JC, Nicoloso LH, Menezes HS, et al. Experimental study of the role of maternal consumption of green tea, mate tea and grape juice on fetal ductal constriction [oral poster]. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007;30(4):515.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Experimental study of the role of maternal consumption of green tea, mate tea and grape juice on fetal ductal constriction [oral poster]</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>515</fpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manica</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccoli Jr</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Areias</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Zielinsky P, Areias JC, Piccoli AL Jr, Manica JL, Nicoloso LH, Menezes HS, et al. Maternal ingestion of green tea, mate tea and grape juice cause fetal ductal constriction : an experimental study. In: 42<sup>nd</sup> Annual Meeting of the Association for European Cardiology in the Young (AEPC), 2007, Warsaw, Polonia. Cardiology in the young. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007. v. 17. p. 54.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="confproc">
          <source>Cardiology in the young</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>54</fpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Areias</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccoli</surname>
              <given-names>AL Jr</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manica</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>HS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Vian I, Zielinsky P, Z&#237;lio A, Mello A, Lazzeri B, Oliveira A, et al. Development and Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Consumption of Polyphenol-Rich Foods in Pregnant Women. Matern Child Nutr. 2013 Jan 15. [Epub ahead of print]</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Development and Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Consumption of Polyphenol-Rich Foods in Pregnant Women</article-title>
          <source>Matern Child Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2013</year>
            <day>15</day>
            <month>01</month>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vian</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Z&#237;lio</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mello</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lazzeri</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Vitolo MR, Gama CM, Bortolini GA, Campagnolo PD, Drachler Mde L. Some risk factors associated with overweight, stunting and wasting among children under 5 years old. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(3):251-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Some risk factors associated with overweight, stunting and wasting among children under 5 years old</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr (Rio J)</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>251</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vitolo</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gama</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolini</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campagnolo</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drachler Mde</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods Release. [Access in 2012 Dec 13]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/-foodcomp/Data/Flav/Flav02-1.pdf">http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/-foodcomp/Data/Flav/Flav02-1.pdf</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods Release</source>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Neveu V, Perez-Jim&#233;nez J, Vos F, Crespy V, du Chaffaut L, Mennen L, et al. Phenol-explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods. Database (Oxford). 2010;2010:bap024.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Phenol-explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods</article-title>
          <source>Database (Oxford)</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>bap024</fpage>
          <volume>2010</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Neveu</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perez-Jim&#233;nez</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vos</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crespy</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>du Chaffaut</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mennen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Kummer CI, Moura MS, Almeida RM. Erva mate [on line]. [Acesso em 2012 Dez 13]. Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.projetos.unijui.edu.br">http://www.projetos.unijui.edu.br</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Erva mate</source>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kummer</surname>
              <given-names>CI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Huhta JC, Moise KJ, Fisher DJ, Sharif DS, Wasserstrum N, Martin C. Detection and quantitation of constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus by Doppler echocardiography. Circulation. 1987;75(2):406-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Detection and quantitation of constriction of the fetal ductus arteriosus by Doppler echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>406</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huhta</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moise</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharif</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wasserstrum</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Mielke G, Benda N. Blood flow velocity waveforms of the fetal pulmonary artery and the ductus arteriosus: reference ranges from 13 weeks to term. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000;(3):213-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Blood flow velocity waveforms of the fetal pulmonary artery and the ductus arteriosus: reference ranges from 13 weeks to term</article-title>
          <source>Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>213</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mielke</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benda</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Gewillig M, Brown SC, De Catte L, Debeer A, Eyskens B, Cossey V, et al. Premature foetal closure of the arterial duct: clinical presentations and outcome. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(12):1530-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Premature foetal closure of the arterial duct: clinical presentations and outcome</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1530</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gewillig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brown</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Catte</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Debeer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eyskens</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cossey</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Soslow JH, Friedberg MK, Silverman NH. Idiopathic premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: an indication for early delivery. Echocardiography. 2008;25(6):650-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Idiopathic premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: an indication for early delivery</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>650</fpage>
          <lpage>2</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Soslow</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Friedberg</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Koren G, Florescu A, Costei AM, Boskovic R, Moretti ME. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during third trimester and the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: a meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40(5):824-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs during third trimester and the risk of premature closure of the ductus arteriosus: a meta-analysis</article-title>
          <source>Ann Pharmacother</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>824</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koren</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Florescu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costei</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boskovic</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moretti</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Toyoshima K, Takeda A, Imamura S, Nakanishi T, Momma K. Constriction of the ductus arteriosus by selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in near-term and preterm fetal rats. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 2006;79(1-2):34-42.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Constriction of the ductus arteriosus by selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in near-term and preterm fetal rats</article-title>
          <source>Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>34</fpage>
          <lpage>42</lpage>
          <issue>1-2</issue>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Toyoshima</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takeda</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Imamura</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakanishi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Momma</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Takami T, Momma K, Imamura S. Increased constriction of the ductus arteriosus by dexamethasone, indomethacin, and rofecoxib in fetal rats. Circ J. 2005;69(3):354-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Increased constriction of the ductus arteriosus by dexamethasone, indomethacin, and rofecoxib in fetal rats</article-title>
          <source>Circ J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>354</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Takami</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Momma</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Imamura</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Akkol EK. New strategies for anti-inflammatory drug development. J Pharmacogenom Pharmacoproteomics. 2012;3:e118.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>New strategies for anti-inflammatory drug development</article-title>
          <source>J Pharmacogenom Pharmacoproteomics</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Akkol</surname>
              <given-names>EK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Sumner J. The natural history of medicinal plants. Portland: Timber Press; 2000.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>The natural history of medicinal plants</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sumner</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Chen B, Tuuli MG, Longtine MS, Shin JS, Lawrence R, Inder T, et al. Pomegranate juice and punicalagin attenuate oxidative stress and apoptosis in human placenta and in human placental trophoblasts. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012;302(9):E1142-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Pomegranate juice and punicalagin attenuate oxidative stress and apoptosis in human placenta and in human placental trophoblasts</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>E1142</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>302</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuuli</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Longtine</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shin</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lawrence</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Inder</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. And&#250;jar I, Recio MC, Giner RM, R&#237;os JL. Cocoa polyphenols and their potential benefits for human health. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:906252.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cocoa polyphenols and their potential benefits for human health</article-title>
          <source>Oxid Med Cell Longev</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>906252</fpage>
          <volume>2012</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>And&#250;jar</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Recio</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giner</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>R&#237;os</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Nogueira Lde P, Knibel MP, Torres MR, Nogueira Neto JF, Sanjuliani AF. Consumption of high-polyphenol dark chocolate improves endothelial function in individuals with stage 1 hypertension and excess body weight. Int J Hypertens. 2012;2012:147321.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Consumption of high-polyphenol dark chocolate improves endothelial function in individuals with stage 1 hypertension and excess body weight</article-title>
          <source>Int J Hypertens</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>147321</fpage>
          <volume>2012</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira Lde</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knibel</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torres</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanjuliani</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Mathew AS, Capel-Williams GM, Berry SE, Hall WL. Acute effects of pomegranate extract on postprandial lipaemia, vascular function and blood pressure. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2012;67(4):1351-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Acute effects of pomegranate extract on postprandial lipaemia, vascular function and blood pressure</article-title>
          <source>Plant Foods Hum Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1351</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mathew</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capel-Williams</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berry</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hall</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Hodgson JM, Woodman RJ, Puddey IB, Mulder T, Fuchs D, Croft KD. Short-term effects of polyphenol-rich black tea on blood pressure in men and women. Food Funct. 2013;4(1):111-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Short-term effects of polyphenol-rich black tea on blood pressure in men and women</article-title>
          <source>Food Funct</source>
          <date>
            <year>2013</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hodgson</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Woodman</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puddey</surname>
              <given-names>IB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulder</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fuchs</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Croft</surname>
              <given-names>KD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. D'Argenio G, Mazzone G, Tuccillo C, Grandone I, Gravina AG, Graziani G, et al. Apple polyphenol extracts prevent aspirin-induced damage to the rat gastric mucosa. Br J Nutr. 2008;100(6):1228-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Apple polyphenol extracts prevent aspirin-induced damage to the rat gastric mucosa</article-title>
          <source>Br J Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1228</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>D'Argenio</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mazzone</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tuccillo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grandone</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gravina</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graziani</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Khan HY, Zubair H, Ullah MF, Ahmad A, Hadi SM. A prooxidant mechanism for the anticancer and chemopreventive properties of plant polyphenols. Curr Drug Targets. 2012;13(14):1738-49.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A prooxidant mechanism for the anticancer and chemopreventive properties of plant polyphenols</article-title>
          <source>Curr Drug Targets</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1738</fpage>
          <lpage>49</lpage>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Khan</surname>
              <given-names>HY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zubair</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ullah</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmad</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hadi</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Hadi SM, Bhat SH, Azmi AS, Hanif S, Shamim U, Ullah MF. Oxidative breakage of cellular DNA by plant polyphenols: a putative mechanism for anticancer properties. Semin Cancer Biol. 2007;17(5):370-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Oxidative breakage of cellular DNA by plant polyphenols: a putative mechanism for anticancer properties</article-title>
          <source>Semin Cancer Biol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>370</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hadi</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bhat</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azmi</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hanif</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shamim</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ullah</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Malik A, Azam S, Hadi N, Hadi SM. DNA degradation by water extract of green tea in the presence of copper ions: implications for anticancer properties. Phytother Res. 2003;17(4):358-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>DNA degradation by water extract of green tea in the presence of copper ions: implications for anticancer properties</article-title>
          <source>Phytother Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>358</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malik</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azam</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hadi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hadi</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Hadi SM, Asad SF, Singh S, Ahmad A. Putative mechanism for anticancer and apoptosis-inducing properties of plant-derived polyphenolic compounds. IUBMB Life. 2000;50(3):167-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Putative mechanism for anticancer and apoptosis-inducing properties of plant-derived polyphenolic compounds</article-title>
          <source>IUBMB Life</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hadi</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asad</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singh</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmad</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Widmer RJ, Freund MA, Flammer AJ, Sexton J, Lennon R, Romani A, et al. Beneficial effects of polyphenol-rich olive oil in patients with early atherosclerosis. Eur J Nutr. 2013;52(3):1223-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Beneficial effects of polyphenol-rich olive oil in patients with early atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Nutr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2013</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1223</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Widmer</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freund</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flammer</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sexton</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lennon</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romani</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Romain C, Gaillet S, Carillon J, Vide J, Ramos J, Izard JC, et al. Vineatrol and cardiovascular disease: beneficial effects of a vine-shoot phenolic extract in a hamster atherosclerosis model. J Agric Food Chem. 2012;60(44):11029-36.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Vineatrol and cardiovascular disease: beneficial effects of a vine-shoot phenolic extract in a hamster atherosclerosis model</article-title>
          <source>J Agric Food Chem</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>11029</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <issue>44</issue>
          <volume>60</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Romain</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaillet</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carillon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vide</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izard</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Andrade JP, Assuncao M. Protective effects of chronic green tea consumption on age-related neurodegeneration. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18(1):4-14.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Protective effects of chronic green tea consumption on age-related neurodegeneration</article-title>
          <source>Curr Pharm Des</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>4</fpage>
          <lpage>14</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Assuncao</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Valls-Pedret C, Lamuela-Ravent&#243;s RM, Medina-Rem&#243;n A, Quintana M, Corella D, Pint&#243; X, et al. Polyphenol-rich foods in the Mediterranean diet are associated with better cognitive function in elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;29(4):773-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Polyphenol-rich foods in the Mediterranean diet are associated with better cognitive function in elderly subjects at high cardiovascular risk</article-title>
          <source>J Alzheimers Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>773</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Valls-Pedret</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lamuela-Ravent&#243;s</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Medina-Rem&#243;n</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quintana</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corella</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pint&#243;</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Pasinetti GM, Wang J, Marambaud P, Ferruzzi M, Gregor P, Knable LA, et al. Neuroprotective and metabolic effects of resveratrol: therapeutic implications for Huntington's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Exp Neurol. 2011;232(1):1-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Neuroprotective and metabolic effects of resveratrol: therapeutic implications for Huntington's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders</article-title>
          <source>Exp Neurol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>232</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pasinetti</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marambaud</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferruzzi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gregor</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knable</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Sadhu SK, Okuyama E, Fujimoto H, Ishibashi M, Yesilada E. Prostaglandin inhibitory and antioxidant components of Cistus laurifolius, a Turkish medicinal plant. J Ethnopharmacol. 2006;108(3):371-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prostaglandin inhibitory and antioxidant components of Cistus laurifolius, a Turkish medicinal plant</article-title>
          <source>J Ethnopharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>371</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sadhu</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okuyama</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fujimoto</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ishibashi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yesilada</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Kupeli E, Yesilada E. Flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity from Cistus laurifolius L. leaves through bioassay-guided procedures. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;112(3):524-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity from Cistus laurifolius L: leaves through bioassay-guided procedures</article-title>
          <source>J Ethnopharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>524</fpage>
          <lpage>30</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kupeli</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yesilada</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Kupeli E, Tatli, II, Akdemir ZS, Yesilada E. Estimation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity on Geranium pratense subsp. finitimum and its phenolic compounds. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;114(2):234-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Estimation of antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity on Geranium pratense subsp: finitimum and its phenolic compounds</article-title>
          <source>J Ethnopharmacol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>234</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kupeli</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tatli</surname>
              <given-names>II</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akdemir</surname>
              <given-names>ZS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yesilada</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <mixed-citation>36. Zielinsky P, Manica JL, Piccoli AL Jr., Nicoloso LH, Barra M, Alievi MM,  et al. Fetal ductal constriction caused by maternal ingestion of green tea in late pregnancy: an experimental study. Prenat Diagn. 2012;32(10):921-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Fetal ductal constriction caused by maternal ingestion of green tea in late pregnancy: an experimental study</article-title>
          <source>Prenat Diagn</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>921</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manica</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccoli Jr</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barra</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alievi</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <mixed-citation>37. Zielinsky P, Piccoli AL Jr, Manica JL, Nicoloso LH, Menezes H, Busato A, et al. Maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods in late pregnancy and fetal ductus arteriosus flow dynamics. J Perinatol. 2009;(30):17-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods in late pregnancy and fetal ductus arteriosus flow dynamics</article-title>
          <source>J Perinatol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>17</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <issue>30</issue>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zielinsky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piccoli Jr</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manica</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicoloso</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Busato</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <mixed-citation>38. Willett WC. Invited commentary: comparison of food frequency questionnaires. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148(12):1157-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Invited commentary: comparison of food frequency questionnaires</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1998</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1157</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>148</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Willett</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <mixed-citation>39. Zulkifli SN, Yu SM. The food frequency method for dietary assessment. J Am Diet Assoc. 1992;92(6):681-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The food frequency method for dietary assessment</article-title>
          <source>J Am Diet Assoc</source>
          <date>
            <year>1992</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>681</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zulkifli</surname>
              <given-names>SN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Maternal restriction of polyphenols and fetal ductal dynamics in normal pregnancy: an open clinical trial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND:We have recently demonstrated reversal of fetal ductal constriction after dietary maternal restriction of polyphenol-rich foods (PRF), due to its inhibitory action on prostaglandin synthesis. OBJECTIVE: To test the hyphotesis that normal third trimester fetuses also improve ductus arteriosus dynamics after maternal restriction of polyphenols. METHODS: Open clinical trial with 46 fetuses with gestational age (GA) &gt; 28 weeks submitted to 2 Doppler echocardiographic studies with an interval of at least 2 weeks, being the examiners blinded to maternal dietary habits. A validated food frequency questionnaire was applied and a diet based on polyphenol-poor foods (&lt;30mg/100mg) was recommended. A control group of 26 third trimester fetuses was submitted to the same protocol. Statistics used t test for independent samples. RESULTS: Mean GA was 33&#177;2 weeks. Mean daily maternal estimated polyphenol intake (DMPI) was 1277mg, decreasing to 126mg after dietary orientation (p=0.0001). Significant decreases in systolic (SDV) and diastolic (DDV) ductal velocities, and RV/LV diameters ratio, as well as increase in ductal PI were observed [DSV=1.2&#177;0.4m/s (0.7-1.6) to 0.9&#177;0.3m/s (0.6-1.3) (p=0.018); DDV=0.21&#177;0.09m/s (0.15-0.32) to 0.18&#177;0.06m/s (0.11-0.25) (p=0.016); RV/LV ratio =1.3&#177;0.2 (0.9-1.4) to 1.1&#177;0.2 (0.8-1.3) (p=0.004); ductal PI=2.2&#177;0.03 (2.0-2.7) to 2.4&#177;0.4(2.2-2.9) (p=0.04)]. In the control group, with GA of 32&#177;4 weeks, there were no significant differences in DMPI, mean SDV, DDV, PI and RV/LV ratio. CONCLUSION: The oriented restriction of third trimester maternal ingestion of polyphenol-rich foods for a period of 2 weeks or more improve fetal ductus arteriosus flow dynamics and right ventricular dimensions.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Prostaglandins</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-inflammatory Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Constriction</kwd>
        <kwd>Ductus Arteriosus</kwd>
        <kwd>Pregnancy</kwd>
        <kwd>Fetal Heart</kwd>
        <kwd>Polyphenols</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Maternal restriction of polyphenols and fetal ductal dynamics in normal pregnancy: an open clinical trial</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Paulo Zielinsky; Ant&#244;nio Luiz Piccoli Jr.; Izabele Vian; Ana Maria Z&#237;lio; Alexandre Ant&#244;nio Naujorks; Luiz Henrique Nicoloso; Carolina Weiss Barbisan; Stefano Busato; Mauro Lopes; Caroline Klein</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold>We have recently demonstrated reversal of fetal ductal constriction after dietary maternal restriction of polyphenol-rich foods (PRF), due to its inhibitory action on prostaglandin synthesis.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To test the hyphotesis that normal third trimester fetuses also improve ductus arteriosus dynamics after maternal restriction of polyphenols.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Open clinical trial with 46 fetuses with gestational age (GA) <underline>&gt;</underline> 28 weeks submitted to 2 Doppler echocardiographic studies with an interval of at least 2 weeks, being the examiners blinded to maternal dietary habits. A validated food frequency questionnaire was applied and a diet based on polyphenol-poor foods (&lt;30mg/100mg) was recommended. A control group of 26 third trimester fetuses was submitted to the same protocol. Statistics used t test for independent samples.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Mean GA was 33&#177;2 weeks. Mean daily maternal estimated polyphenol intake (DMPI) was 1277mg, decreasing to 126mg after dietary orientation (p=0.0001). Significant decreases in systolic (SDV) and diastolic (DDV) ductal velocities, and RV/LV diameters ratio, as well as increase in ductal PI were observed [DSV=1.2&#177;0.4m/s (0.7-1.6) to 0.9&#177;0.3m/s (0.6-1.3) (p=0.018); DDV=0.21&#177;0.09m/s (0.15-0.32) to 0.18&#177;0.06m/s (0.11-0.25) (p=0.016); RV/LV ratio =1.3&#177;0.2 (0.9-1.4) to 1.1&#177;0.2 (0.8-1.3) (p=0.004); ductal PI=2.2&#177;0.03 (2.0-2.7) to 2.4&#177;0.4(2.2-2.9) (p=0.04)]. In the control group, with GA of 32&#177;4 weeks, there were no significant differences in DMPI, mean SDV, DDV, PI and RV/LV ratio.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The oriented restriction of third trimester maternal ingestion of polyphenol-rich foods for a period of 2 weeks or more improve fetal ductus arteriosus flow dynamics and right ventricular dimensions.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Prostaglandins; Anti-inflammatory Agents; Constriction; Ductus Arteriosus; Pregnancy; Fetal Heart; Polyphenols / pharmacology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The relationship between maternal consumption of polyphenols and fetal ductal constriction in the third trimester of pregnancy has been demonstrated in several clinical and experimental studies. It is believed that the basic mechanism of this association involves the inhibitory action of polyphenols on the synthesis of prostaglandins, similar to anti-inflammatory drugs as classically described for many decades.</p>
      <p>Recently, we demonstrated that ductal constriction occurring in the absence of maternal intake of anti-inflammatory drugs in the third trimester of pregnancy is reversed by dietary restriction of polyphenol-rich foods, such as herbal teas, mate, coffee, dark chocolate, coffee, from grape, orange, tangerine, red fruits, apple and olive oil<sup>1</sup>. Other clinical and experimental evidences support the association of changes in fetal ductus arteriosus flow and maternal consumption of foods with high concentration of natural anti-inflammatory substances such as polyphenols<sup>2,3</sup>.</p>
      <p>A food frequency questionnaire designed to quantify the concentration of polyphenols ingested by pregnant women in the third trimester was recently validated in our setting<sup>4</sup>. It represents an informative and practical method to determine the consumption of polyphenol-rich substances, according to usual dietary habits.</p>
      <p>This study tests the hypothesis that dietary maternal restriction of polyphenol-rich foods during two weeks or longer, in the third trimester of pregnancy, also improves ductus arteriosus flow dynamics in normal fetuses, as previously shown in fetuses with ductal constriction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This open clinical trial was designed to assess the effect of maternal restriction of polyphenol-rich foods on ductus arteriosus flow dynamics in fetuses without cardiac anatomical or functional abnormalities.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In November 2005, a structured program for routine evaluation of the ductus arteriosus flow dynamics was implemented at the Fetal Cardiology Unit of the Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul. Third-trimester fetuses, with or without risk factors for cardiac abnormalities, were assessed by Doppler echocardiography. The study group was composed of 46 healthy fetuses with normal ductal flow, from women over 28 weeks of gestation who customarily consumed polyphenol-rich foods and consented to participate in the study. A control group of 26 third-trimester healthy fetuses from normal mothers was also evaluated. In this group, used for comparison, no dietary intervention was applied. None of the mothers reported the use of drugs containing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and/or steroids, or the use of other legal or illegal drugs during the third trimester of pregnancy, and acute or chronic maternal disease was not present.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Dietary assessment and intervention</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After signing an informed consent, and on the same day of the first fetal echocardiographic study, all participants answered a detailed food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) including the total gestation period. In the case of foods that were not consumed during the whole of the pregnancy period, an estimate was made of the daily consumption, by multiplying the reported portion by frequency of use and dividing by the number of days of in the time unit (day, week, month or year). One year was considered as the total days of gestation. The amount of food consumption during the period of investigation was assessed through homemade measures and estimated by pictures<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Total polyphenols in the maternal diet were quantified with the validated FFQ<sup>4</sup>. This instrument presents a list of 52 foods rich in polyphenols, defined as above the 75<sup>th</sup> percentile, i.e. with at least 30 mg of polyphenol per 100 g of food. This classification followed criteria established by American<sup>6</sup> and French databases<sup>7</sup>, which present flavonoid content and its subclasses in 385 and 300 foods, respectively. The amount of total polyphenols estimated by the dietary questionnaire was described in milligrams (mg).</p>
      <p>Since mate tea (infusion of yerba mate <italic>Ilex paraguariensis</italic>) is not included in the American and French databases, polyphenols this substance were quantified using the Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 18th ed. For this physicochemical test, the yerba mate concentration was 47.4% and the water temperature was 80&#186;C, to reproduce the form of consumption of this beverage in South Brazil<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>After application of the FFQ in the first interview, a diet based on polyphenol-poor foods or &lt;30 mg polyphenols/100 mg as listed in the American database<sup>6</sup>, was prescribed to the pregnant women of the intervention group. Two weeks later, at the time of the second fetal echocardiogram , the participants answered again the FFQ, for calculation of the amount of total polyphenols ingested during the period. All pregnant women were then instructed to maintain a restricted diet until the end of pregnancy, and different foods poor in polyphenols, i.e. with a concentration of less than 30 mg of polyphenols per 100 g of food (below the 25<sup>th</sup> percentile), were suggested to replace the essential micronutrients that are present in polyphenol-rich food.</p>
      <p>The 26 pregnant women from the control group, in which no dietary intervention was conducted, responded to the same questionnaire after completion of the first fetal echocardiography and after two weeks of follow-up, when the control echocardiographic Doppler evaluation was performed.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Assessment of ductal dynamics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A complete fetal Doppler echocardiography and color flow mapping was performed in all patients, with sequential segmental analysis of fetal heart and determination of the situs and atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial connections. Standardized pictures were studied, including aortic and ductal arches. The ductus arteriosus was studied after a suitable image in the sagittal plane was collected. For pulsed Doppler assessment, the ultrasound beam was aligned as parallel as possible to the color flow direction and to the long axis view of the ductus, with an angle smaller than 30&#186;, without using angle correction. The sample volume was positioned in the descending aortic end of the ductus arteriosus.</p>
      <p>The right to left ventricular dimensions ratio (RV/LV) was obtained on a four-chamber view in late diastole to assess potential right ventricular pressure changes.</p>
      <p>Peak systolic and diastolic ductal flow velocities (SDV and DDV, respectively) were obtained and ductal pulsatility index (PI) obtained by the ratio [(systolic velocity - diastolic velocity) / average velocity] and right to left ventricular diameters ratio (RV/LV) were calculated<sup>9</sup>. Since the PI is not dependent on gestational age, it was used to exclude the diagnosis of ductal constriction<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>In fetuses of the intervention group, a control fetal echocardiography was performed on the same day of the second nutritional evaluation (after a minimum period of 2 weeks), to assess the effect of maternal dietary intervention on fetal ductus arteriosus flow dynamics and RV/LV ratio.</p>
      <p>In the 26 pregnant women from the control group, a fetal echocardiogram was performed at the time of the first nutritional evaluation and after 2 weeks, on the same day of the dietary control evaluation.</p>
      <p>For fetal echocardiography, a General Electric Vivid III Expert or Vivid 5S systems, with high-resolution two-dimensional and M-mode imaging, pulsed and continuous Doppler and color flow mapping capability, with multi-frequency convex sector transducers and a frequency range of 4 to 8 MHz, were used. All the analyses were performed by pediatric cardiologists with expertise in fetal echocardiography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Numerical data were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). For comparison of ductal flow velocities, pulsatility indices and the RV/LV ratios before and after the implementation of the dietary maternal restriction of polyphenol-rich foods, the two-tailed Student's t-test for paired samples was used. The Wilcoxon test was applied for comparison of maternal intake of polyphenols in the two groups. The significance level of 0.05 was used for all statistical tests. The sample size was established considering an alpha-type error of 5% and a beta-type error of 10%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Maternal consumption of polyphenol-rich foods was documented in all case and control participants. None of the patients included in this study presented a history of consumption of NSAIDS.</p>
      <p>In the intervention group, the mean gestational age (GA) was 33 &#177; 2 weeks, and the average maternal consumption of polyphenols was 1,277 mg/day. After dietary orientation to restrict the consumption of polyphenol-rich food, the average consumption of polyphenols was reduced to 126 mg/day (p=0.0001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5342fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5342fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0217-30166-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The echocardiographic re-evaluation after a minimum period of 2 weeks showed significant decrease in SDV, DDV and in the RV/LV ratio, as well as a significant increase in ductal PI (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5342fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). A reduction in the mean systolic ductal velocity (1.2 &#177; 0.4m/s [0.7 - 1.6] to 0.9 &#177; 0.3m/s [0.6 - 1.3], p=0.018) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5342fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>) and diastolic ductal velocity (0.21 &#177; 0.09m/s [0.15 - 0.32] to 0.18 &#177; 0.06m/s [0.11 - 0.25], p=0.016) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5342fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>) was observed. There was an increase of the mean PI (2.2 &#177; 0.03 [2.0 - 2.7] to 2.4 &#177; 0.4 [2.2 - 2.9], p=0.04) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5342fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>) and a decrease in the RV/LV ratio (1.3 &#177; 0.2 [0.9 - 1.4] to 1.1 &#177; 0.2 [0.8 - 1.3] (p=0.004) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5342fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5342fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0217-30166-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5342fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0217-30166-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5342fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0217-30166-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5342fig05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0217-30166-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5342fig06-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0217-30166-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the control group, the mean GA was 32 &#177; 4 weeks, and no statistically significant differences were observed in the parameters re-evaluated after the 2-week period. The mean daily consumption of polyphenol-rich food was 1,192 mg/day at baseline and 1,093 mg/day two weeks later (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5342fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The average systolic velocity was 1.3 &#177; 0.3 m/s and 1.4 &#177; 0.4 m/s in the first and second examination, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5342fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>), whereas for the mean diastolic velocity these values were 0.2 &#177; 0.1 m/s and 0.22 &#177; 0.1 m/s (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5342fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>), and for ductal PI the results were 2.2 &#177; 0 .2 and 2.3 &#177; 0.4, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5342fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>). The mean RV/LV ratio was 1.2 &#177; 0.3 at baseline and 1.3 &#177; 0.2 two weeks later (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5342fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study demonstrates that, as already reported for fetuses with ductal constriction, dietary intervention for restricting the intake of foods rich in polyphenols by pregnant women in the third trimester improves ductus arteriosus flow dynamics and decreases the right ventricle size in normal fetuses.</p>
      <p>The effects of ductal constriction on fetal hemodynamics, usually leading to right ventricular overload, tricuspid regurgitation of varying degrees and especially increasing the risk of neonatal pulmonary hypertension, a potentially severe and sometimes fatal clinical situation, are well known<sup>11,12</sup>. The best known etiology of constriction of the ductus arteriosus, which was described almost three decades ago, is the maternal consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the third trimester of pregnancy. This effect of anti-inflammatory drugs upon the ductus is secondary to inhibition of the metabolic route of prostaglandin, especially of cyclooxygenase-2, preventing the transformation of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin<sup>13-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The literature reports on the mechanism of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action of polyphenols, which are beneficial to a large portion of the population, and the scientific evidence of their ethnomedicinal effect, show that a large number of molecules derived from functional foods and plants have been isolated and even introduced successfully in the international pharmaceutical industry<sup>16,17</sup>. It has been demonstrated unambiguously that the polyphenols decrease oxidative stress (including in pregnancy)<sup>18</sup>, plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels<sup>19</sup>, blood pressure<sup>20-22</sup>, the consequences of gastric hypersecretion<sup>23</sup>, the development of some neoplasms<sup>24-27</sup> and atherosclerosis<sup>28,29</sup>, the manifestations of aging<sup>30</sup> and Alzheimer's disease<sup>31,32</sup>, and various other health problems. Polyphenols such as quercitin and kaempferol, among many others, are present in many foods and their anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities have been shown to be as or more powerful than those of indomethacin<sup>33-35</sup>. These effects are dependent on the inhibition of modulation of the arachidonic acid and the synthesis of prostaglandins, especially E-2, which is responsible for fetal ductus arteriosus patency. So, it seems clear that this same mechanism is responsible for the only known harmful effect of these substances and foods in which they are present in higher concentration, the observed ductal constriction after maternal intake of foods rich in polyphenols in the third trimester of pregnancy. Foods rich in polyphenolic compounds include mate, black and green tea, other homemade teas, black chocolate, black coffee, grape, orange, tangerine, red fruits, olive oil and other foods which are also usually consumed<sup>6</sup>. Several experimental studies and clinical trials have demonstrated the causal relationship between polyphenols and ductal flow changes, as well as increase in ductal flow velocities and in the right ventricular diameter in normal fetuses exposed to diets rich in polyphenols<sup>2,3,36,37</sup>.</p>
      <p>The conceptual hypothesis of this study was that the systolic and diastolic ductal flow velocities would decrease and the ductal pulsatility index would increase, while the ratio between the right and left ventricular diameters would be reduced, in normal fetuses from mothers with a dietary restriction of polyphenol-rich foods, to levels below the 25 percentile considering the mean consumption of the general population previously described<sup>4</sup>, and in comparison with a control group with no dietary intervention. As mentioned above, this hypothesis was based on knowledge obtained in the past years, and particularly with the demonstration of reversal of the ductal constrictive effects following maternal restriction of polyphenol-rich foods<sup>1</sup>. Ductal constriction is a non-categorical, "yes or no" phenomenon, but rather a continuous spectrum with increasing severity related to the clinical manifestations of right ventricular overload, tricuspid and/or pulmonary regurgitation and Doppler-echocardiographic findings of increased systolic and mainly diastolic ductal flow velocities, as well as decrease of the ductal pulsatility index. Therefore, it seems logical to consider that the initial changes, even though still not filling in the classic criteria of constriction, can develop into more serious forms, exceeding the established diagnostic cutoff points. The sample assessed in this study was composed of normal fetuses, with exclusion of those who already had a diagnosis of ductal constriction, in order to demonstrate how the nutritional guidance can decrease the potential risk for development of the disease.</p>
      <p>The study was designed as an open clinical trial, in which participants of the control and intervention groups were included at random and in a sequential and not intentional manner, and the examiners were blind to the nutritional information. The results obtained strongly support the conceptual hypothesis, since all the outcomes originally expected were observed.</p>
      <p>The food frequency questionnaire is considered the most practical, informative and the most used method to measure the previous diet, allowing the classification of individuals according to their usual eating patterns. It is also an instrument of easy applicability and low cost, so that it can be used in population studies<sup>38</sup>. In 1973, the FFQ was recommended by the American Public Health Association as one of the methods for dietary assessment<sup>39</sup>.</p>
      <p>The adherence of the pregnant women who participated in this study to the prescribed diet based on polyphenol-poor foods<sup>6</sup> shows the feasibility of establishing dietary habits with low consumption of these substances. Of course, it is very difficult to remove completely the polyphenols from the diet, but the initial objective of improving the ductal flow dynamics was achieved with the orientation of the prescribed diet. Since many substitute foods with small amounts of polyphenols are widely available, the nutritional needs of the gestational period can be maintained.</p>
      <p>Other studies in this subject are underway, including a multicenter international registry, an investigation of the association between neonatal pulmonary hypertension with maternal consumption of polyphenols in the third trimester, a study investigating the association between prostaglandin levels in maternal circulation with the consumption and excretion of polyphenols by pregnant women, and experimental studies with rat and sheep fetuses to explore the mechanisms of ductal constriction and their relationships with the inflammatory cascade, oxidative stress and the levels of polyphenols.</p>
      <p>The number of evidences already available recommends, at least, a note of caution with regard to the consumption by pregnant women of foods with high concentrations of polyphenols.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the intervention on maternal diet on the third trimester of pregnancy, restricting the intake of polyphenol-rich food for a period greater than or equal to two weeks, results in improved fetal ductal flow dynamics and reduces the dimensions of the right ventricle. This new data can influence obstetric monitoring and guidance of the eating habits of pregnant women at late pregnancy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Zielinsky P, Piccoli Jr. AL, Vian I, Naujorks AA, Nicoloso LH; Acquisition of data: Zielinsky P, Piccoli Jr. AL, Vian I, Z&#237;lio AM, Nicoloso LH, Barbisan CW, Busato S, Lopes M, Klein C; Statistical analysis: Zielinsky P, Naujorks AA; Obtaining funding: Zielinsky P; Writing of the manuscript: Zielinsky P, Piccoli Jr. AL, Vian I, Z&#237;lio AM, Barbisan CW, Busato S, Lopes M, Klein C; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Zielinsky P, Piccoli Jr. AL, Vian I, Naujorks AA, Nicoloso LH, Lopes M.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by FAPERGS, Capes and CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
