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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">S5rGPxPJZy9VjxH7VgzX7jC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002900004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100300004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130151</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Correla&#231;&#227;o da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal das car&#243;tidas primitivas proximal e distal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Roelke</surname>
            <given-names>Leonard Hermann</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio Lamego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lotufo</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mill</surname>
            <given-names>Jose Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Esp&#237;rito Santo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>211</fpage>
      <lpage>216</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O aumento da espessura do IMT (do ingl&#234;s intima-media thickness) das car&#243;tidas &#233; utlizado como marcador precoce de aterosclerose e para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares. O ultrassom &#233; utilizado na sua avalia&#231;&#227;o pela acessibilidade e baixo custo. S&#227;o descritas medidas realizadas em diferentes regi&#245;es das car&#243;tidas. OBJETIVOS: Correlacionar o IMT nas regi&#245;es proximal e distal da car&#243;tida primitiva bilateral no intuito de orientar a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. M&#201;TODOS: O IMT foi medido nas por&#231;&#245;es proximais e distais da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida primitiva de 798 indiv&#237;duos (35-74 anos) de ambos os sexos usando ultrassom de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi usado para se estabelecer as associa&#231;&#245;es. As an&#225;lises foram feitas inicialmente para toda a amostra e nos subgrupos com IMT &lt; 0,90 mm (49% da amostra) e &gt; 0,90 mm em pelo menos um s&#237;tio de medida. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada para p &lt;0 ,05. RESULTADOS: Ocorreu correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre todas as correla&#231;&#245;es testadas. No grupo com IMT &lt; 0,90 mm, o resultado situou-se entre 0,44 e 0,62. No subgrupo com IMT &gt; 0,90 mm, houve expressiva queda de correla&#231;&#245;es, que se situaram entre 0,20 e 0,40. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os dados sugerem que o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal &#233; mais uniforme ao longo das car&#243;tidas em fases mais precoces do desenvolvimento e tende a adquirir desenvolvimento focal &#224; medida que progride. Portanto, na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes, toda a extens&#227;o das car&#243;tidas comuns deve ser investigada bilateralmente para melhor utilizar os softwares dispon&#237;veis e concluir sobre a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de espessamento do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida Primitiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Espessura &#205;ntima M&#233;dia Car&#243;tida</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body><p><bold>Correla&#231;&#227;o da espessura m&#233;dio-intimal das car&#243;tidas primitivas proximal e distal</bold></p><p><bold>Leonard Hermann Roelke<sup>I</sup>; Sergio Lamego Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Andrade Lotufo<sup>II</sup>; Jose Geraldo Mill<sup>I</sup></bold></p><p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES </p><p><sup>II</sup>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p><p><xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref></p><p><bold>RESUMO</bold></p><p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O aumento da espessura do IMT (do ingl&#234;s <italic>intima-media thickness</italic>) das car&#243;tidas &#233; utlizado como marcador precoce de aterosclerose e para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos cardiovasculares. O ultrassom &#233; utilizado na sua avalia&#231;&#227;o pela acessibilidade e baixo custo. S&#227;o descritas medidas realizadas em diferentes regi&#245;es das car&#243;tidas. </p><p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Correlacionar o IMT nas regi&#245;es proximal e distal da car&#243;tida primitiva bilateral no intuito de orientar a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. </p><p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> O IMT foi medido nas por&#231;&#245;es proximais e distais da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida primitiva de 798 indiv&#237;duos (35-74 anos) de ambos os sexos usando ultrassom de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi usado para se estabelecer as associa&#231;&#245;es. As an&#225;lises foram feitas inicialmente para toda a amostra e nos subgrupos com IMT &lt; 0,90 mm (49% da amostra) e <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,90 mm em pelo menos um s&#237;tio de medida. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi considerada para p &lt;0 ,05. </p><p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Ocorreu correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre todas as correla&#231;&#245;es testadas. No grupo com IMT &lt; 0,90 mm, o resultado situou-se entre 0,44 e 0,62. No subgrupo com IMT <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,90 mm, houve expressiva queda de correla&#231;&#245;es, que se situaram entre 0,20 e 0,40. </p><p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os dados sugerem que o espessamento m&#233;dio-intimal &#233; mais uniforme ao longo das car&#243;tidas em fases mais precoces do desenvolvimento e tende a adquirir desenvolvimento focal &#224; medida que progride. Portanto, na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes, toda a extens&#227;o das car&#243;tidas comuns deve ser investigada bilateralmente para melhor utilizar os <bold>softwares</bold> dispon&#237;veis e concluir sobre a presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de espessamento do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal.</p><p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Art&#233;ria Car&#243;tida Primitiva, Espessura &#205;ntima M&#233;dia Car&#243;tida, Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares, Doen&#231;as das Art&#233;rias Car&#243;tidas.</p><p><bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold></p><p>O espessamento do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal (IMT) carot&#237;deo &#233; usado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica como um marcador de ateromatose subcl&#237;nica<sup>1-7</sup>, como um preditor robusto de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>1,2</sup> e como marcador substituto da ateromatose<sup>3</sup>. Seu uso cl&#237;nico comp&#245;e o escore de risco para evento coronariano proposto em 2002 pela <italic>American Heart Association </italic>e A<italic>merican College of Cardiology<sup>4</sup>. P</italic>acientes situados numa faixa intermedi&#225;ria desse escore e que apresentam IMT <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,90 mm deveriam receber uma abordagem mais agressiva na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos<sup>5</sup>.</p><p>Havia falta de uniformidade no local de aquisi&#231;&#227;o do IMT, que era realizada em regi&#245;es heterog&#234;neas das car&#243;tidas<sup>6</sup>, dificultando a conduta nos pacientes. Os Consensos Europeu<sup>7</sup> e Americano<sup>5</sup> uniformizaram essa aquisi&#231;&#227;o recomendando a medida na parede posterior da car&#243;tida comum a um cent&#237;metro do bulbo, al&#233;m de outras normatiza&#231;&#245;es t&#233;cnicas.</p><p>Podemos questionar se n&#227;o haveria perda de informa&#231;&#227;o clinicamente relevante, uma vez que a aterosclerose &#233; sist&#234;mica e focal. A ateromatose subcl&#237;nica manifestada pelo incremento do IMT especificamente na car&#243;tida primitiva &#233; um fen&#244;meno homog&#234;neo ou seria tamb&#233;m de natureza focal?</p><p>Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar o IMT em diferentes locais das car&#243;tidas primitivas em participantes de um projeto de pesquisa que teve o objetivo de investigar os determinantes biol&#243;gicos e sociais de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira<sup>8</sup>.</p><p><bold>M&#233;todos</bold></p><p><bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</bold></p><p>Foi realizado estudo transversal nos indiv&#237;duos que fizeram os exames na linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (Projeto ELSA-BRASIL) no Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o ELSA-ES. O ELSA-BRASIL busca identificar os determinantes biol&#243;gicos e sociais de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas em coorte de volunt&#225;rios, todos servidores p&#250;blicos ativos ou aposentados das seis institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino superior e pesquisa respons&#225;veis pelo desenvolvimento da pesquisa<sup>8</sup>. Na linha de base, foram inclu&#237;dos 15.105 participantes com idade de 35-74 anos, sendo que 1.055 eram servidores da Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES). Os dados descritos neste artigo resultaram da coleta do IMT em 798 participantes do ELSA-UFES sendo que todos os dados foram coletados pelo mesmo investigador. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de comorbidades (hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes melito) e presen&#231;a de tabagismo foram obtidas atrav&#233;s de autorrelato dos participantes.</p><p><bold>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o das Imagens</bold></p><p>As imagens foram obtidas concomitantemente &#224; aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos demais dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais que constitu&#237;am a rotina de atendimento no ELSA-BRASIL. Foi utilizado aparelho Toshiba modelo SSA-790A Aplio, vers&#227;o XG (Jap&#227;o). O participante era posicionado em dec&#250;bito dorsal com a cabe&#231;a em &#226;ngulo de 45&#186; na dire&#231;&#227;o oposta ao lado examinado. Foi utilizado transdutor linear de banda larga (PLT-704AT) com frequ&#234;ncia central de 7,5 MHz (5,0 a 11,0 MHz) com profundidade de 4 cm e sem utiliza&#231;&#227;o de magnifica&#231;&#227;o. Foram obtidas imagens bilaterais da car&#243;tida primitiva distal a 1 cm antes do bulbo, de acordo com as normas do consenso americano (<italic>American Society of Echocardiography - ASE</italic>)<sup>5</sup> e tamb&#233;m da car&#243;tida primitiva proximal na por&#231;&#227;o em que ela imediatamente se tornava paralela ao transdutor na base do pesco&#231;o bilateralmente (este local de aquisi&#231;&#227;o foi individual e de acordo com a anatomia do participante). A aquisi&#231;&#227;o foi feita em corte transversal com visibiliza&#231;&#227;o da camada m&#233;dio-intimal distal e preferencialmente tamb&#233;m da proximal, no mesmo momento. As medidas foram feitas na parede posterior utilizando <italic>software</italic> dedicado do mesmo equipamento j&#225; certificado para uso cl&#237;nico<sup>9</sup> e que realiza a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas semiautomatizadas em segmentos de 0,5 cm de comprimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5212fig01">Figura 1</xref>). M&#233;todo n&#227;o utilizado no ELSA-BRASIL.</p><p content-type="asset"><fig id="aop_5212fig01"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0211-30151-gf01.jpg"/></fig></p><p><bold>An&#225;lise dos Dados</bold></p><p>Considerou-se o IMT como normalmente distribu&#237;do na amostra. Os indiv&#237;duos com IMT maior que 1,5 mm foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise, pois s&#227;o considerados portadores de placa ateromatosa, conforme defini&#231;&#227;o da ASE<sup>5</sup>. O grau de associa&#231;&#227;o entre o IMT medido nos quatro pontos foi feito pelo coeficiente correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Com o objetivo de verificar o comportamento da associa&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o espessamento j&#225; ter ocorrido, foi feita a an&#225;lise separada nos grupos com IMT &lt; 0,90 mm em todos os pontos testados e no grupo em que, pelo menos, uma das quatro medidas tivesse apresentado IMT <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,90 mm (subgrupos &lt; 0,90 e <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,90, respectivamente).</p><p>O ponto de corte para separa&#231;&#227;o dos subgrupos foi arbitrado, pois, de acordo com as medidas verificadas em grandes estudos americanos e europeus<sup>5,7</sup>, um IMT <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,90 j&#225; configura espessamento estabelecido do espa&#231;o m&#233;dio-intimal. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas em SPSS 18.0. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido para p &lt; 0,05.</p><p><bold>Resultados</bold></p><p>Na amostra estudada (798 participantes), 45,7% eram do sexo masculino e havia 34,2% de hipertensos, 26% de tabagistas ou ex-tabagistas e 11% de diab&#233;ticos. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de idade foi de 144 participantes (idade de 35-44 anos), 312 (idade de 45-54 anos), 251 (idade de 55-64 anos) e 91 (idade de 65-74 anos). Sete indiv&#237;duos foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise por apresentarem IMT em pelo menos um local &gt; 1,5 mm. Restaram no banco 791 indiv&#237;duos, sendo que o n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de indiv&#237;duos com dados v&#225;lidos em cada ponto foi de 778. A perda de dados nesse caso deveu-se a problemas t&#233;cnicos para aferi&#231;&#227;o fidedigna do IMT.</p><p>Um subgrupo de 388 indiv&#237;duos (48,6%) n&#227;o apresentou espessamento do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal em nenhum s&#237;tio de medida, ou seja, todas as quatro medidas apresentaram IMT &lt; 0,90mm. Outros 403 indiv&#237;duos apresentaram pelo menos um dos quatro s&#237;tios de medida com IMT <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,90 mmHg. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5212tab01">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas do IMT nesses dois grupos.</p><p content-type="asset"><table-wrap id="aop_5212tab01"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0211-30151-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap></p><p>Observa-se um aumento na amplitude dos dados que foram de uma m&#233;dia referente aos quatro locais de aferi&#231;&#227;o de 0,46 mm no subgrupo &lt; 0,9 para 0,84mm no subgrupo <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,90, praticamente o dobro (dado n&#227;o presente nas tabelas).</p><p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5212tab2_4">Tabelas de 2 a 4</xref> mostram os coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson do IMT medido em todo o grupo e nos subgrupos &lt; 0,9 e <underline>&gt;</underline>0,90.</p><p><table-wrap id="aop_5212tab2_4"/>&#13;
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 <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5212fig02">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5212fig03">3</xref> mostram a dispers&#227;o do IMT no subgrupo <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,90 nos pontos de maior correla&#231;&#227;o (direita e esquerda distal) e o de menor correla&#231;&#227;o (esquerda distal e direita proximal).</p><p content-type="asset"><fig id="aop_5212fig02"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0211-30151-gf02.jpg"/></fig></p><p content-type="asset"><fig id="aop_5212fig03"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0211-30151-gf03.jpg"/></fig></p>   <p><bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold></p> <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica mostra que, no grupo original, a maior correla&#231;&#227;o encontrada foi de r = 0,69 nas medidas realizadas na car&#243;tida distal direita e esquerda e a menor foi comparando o lado esquerdo distal com o direito proximal com r = 0,56, valores estes considerados de moderados para fortes em termos de correla&#231;&#227;o. Ao separamos os grupos, observamos que a correla&#231;&#227;o permanece semelhante no subgrupo com &lt; 0,9 mm nos valores de r entre 0,61 e 0,44 nesses mesmos pontos de maior e menor correla&#231;&#227;o. Ao observarmos os dados obtidos com o grupo em que pelo menos uma das medidas atingiu 0,9 mm (subgrupo <underline>&gt;</underline>0,90 mm), observamos uma acentuada queda da correla&#231;&#227;o que vai a 0,4 e 0,2. H&#225; uma queda de 0,61 para 0,40 onde havia a melhor correla&#231;&#227;o (distal direita e esquerda) e de 0,44 para 0,20 onde havia originalmente a menor correla&#231;&#227;o (esquerda distal e direita proximal).</p> <p>Em trabalho semelhante, em 14.106 participantes, Howard e colegas compararam as medidas de IMT entre diferentes s&#237;tios, bilateralmente, nas car&#243;tidas comuns 1 cm distalmente ao bulbo (mesmo local do presente estudo), nos bulbos e na origem da car&#243;tida interna. O melhor coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o alcan&#231;ado foi de 0,49 entre as car&#243;tidas primitivas distais direita e esquerda. No presente estudo, essa tamb&#233;m foi a melhor correla&#231;&#227;o entre dois locais<sup>10</sup>.</p> <p>Se analisarmos o subgrupo <underline>&gt;</underline>0,90 com rela&#231;&#227;o ao coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o (r<sup>2</sup>), ou seja, a propor&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia de um grupo que &#233; explicada pelo outro, vamos ter valor de 0,15 para car&#243;tidas distais e de 0,04 para esquerda distal e direita proximal (onde, logicamente, havia a menor correla&#231;&#227;o). Isso significa que apenas 15% da variabilidade no grupo de melhor correla&#231;&#227;o poderiam estar associadas a uma variabilidade ocorrendo de um lado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao outro e um valor irris&#243;rio de 4% pode ser explicado onde havia menor correla&#231;&#227;o. No estudo de Howard e colegas, 25% da vari&#226;ncia da comum distal esquerda s&#227;o explicadas pela vari&#226;ncia da direita, enfatizando que esta pequena correla&#231;&#227;o observada pode significar uma perda de poder nos estudos quando estabelecemos apenas uma por&#231;&#227;o da car&#243;tida para aferir o IMT. Os autores enfatizam, por&#233;m, que essa pequena correla&#231;&#227;o &#233; perfeitamente suficiente para estabelecer a car&#243;tida comum distal como refer&#234;ncia de aquisi&#231;&#227;o se o estudo em quest&#227;o for de car&#225;ter epidemiol&#243;gico e realizado com amostra suficiente, fato fartamente demonstrado em v&#225;rios estudos de coorte<sup>6</sup>.</p> <p>Apesar de o estudo desses autores compararem por&#231;&#245;es diferentes da car&#243;tida (comum, bulbo e interna), isto &#233;, em locais diferentes do nosso estudo, h&#225; algumas similaridades entre ambos. O estudo de Howard e colegas sugere que a baixa correla&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes s&#237;tios do mesmo lado &#233; provavelmente decorrente de locais com diferentes n&#237;veis de estresse de cisalhamento. O presente estudo mostrou que essa baixa correla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m ocorre na car&#243;tida comum com locais de estresse teoricamente semelhantes e enfatiza que h&#225; uma boa correla&#231;&#227;o quando o IMT &#233; normal e que essa correla&#231;&#227;o vai sendo perdida na medida em que h&#225; o espessamento. O achado demonstra o IMT como sendo um fen&#244;meno focal, assim como a ATC.</p> <p>Ao analisarmos os gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5212fig02">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5212fig03">3</xref>), tanto do que apresenta maior correla&#231;&#227;o como o de menor correla&#231;&#227;o, observamos maior dispers&#227;o na medida em que ocorre o espessamento, principalmente acima de 0,90 mm, o que explica a queda na correla&#231;&#227;o. Quando temos um valor alto em um determinado local, n&#227;o podemos predizer com seguran&#231;a como vai estar os outros locais devido &#224; baixa correla&#231;&#227;o (natureza focal do fen&#244;meno traduzida por uma amplitude de dispers&#227;o maior nesses locais).</p> <p>Se fizermos a aquisi&#231;&#227;o em apenas um determinado segmento,h&#225; o risco de perdermos valores altos de IMT, prejudicando seu uso na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. O uso da por&#231;&#227;o distal da car&#243;tida comum em pesquisas epidemiol&#243;gicas para medida do IMT &#233; justific&#225;vel pelo fato de a car&#243;tida comum ser superficial e paralela &#224; pele, sendo mais facilmente acess&#237;vel ao ultrassom. Al&#233;m disso, estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos geralmente trabalham com amostras de grande tamanho, permitindo inferir os par&#226;metros de tend&#234;ncia central (m&#233;dia e mediana) com boa precis&#227;o, mesmo frente a grandes dispers&#245;es. A padroniza&#231;&#227;o do local de medida tamb&#233;m facilita a realiza&#231;&#227;o futura de metan&#225;lises, etapa fundamental para o estabelecimento de diretrizes baseadas em evid&#234;ncias.</p>   <p><bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold></p> <p>Os dados deste estudo sugerem que, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, com o intuito de aumentarmos a precis&#227;o de determina&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes que se encontram em valores de lim&#237;trofes do escore de Framingham, deve-se rastrear o espessamento em toda a car&#243;tida comum, bilateralmente. Essa atitude teria a finalidade de evitar a perda de dados, pois o espessamento do complexo m&#233;dio-intimal ocorre de uma forma heterog&#234;nea. Conv&#233;m ainda salientar que os <italic>softwares</italic> dos aparelhos dispon&#237;veis comercialmente s&#227;o direcionados para fazerem a aferi&#231;&#227;o de centenas, e alguns em milhares, de pontos em apenas um cent&#237;metro da car&#243;tida, estando direcionados para a pesquisa epidemiol&#243;gica. Os dados sugerem que para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica dever&#237;amos, ao contr&#225;rio, medir em comprimento maior ou fazer medidas em v&#225;rios pontos, pois o espessamento &#233; focal. Entendemos que o uso mais sensato desses <italic>softwares</italic> na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica seria de pelo menos um adequado escaneamento em toda a car&#243;tida comum &#224; procura das por&#231;&#245;es mais espessadas, nas quais esta ferramenta pudesse ter uma utiliza&#231;&#227;o mais eficaz.</p>   <p><bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold></p> <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Roelke LH; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Roelke LH, Rodrigues SL, Lotufo PA, Mill JG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Mill JG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Rodrigues SL, Lotufo PA, Mill JG.</p> <p><bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold></p> <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p> <p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold></p> <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FINEP, CNPq e Funda&#231;&#227;o Ceciliano Abel de Almeida.</p> <p><bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold></p> <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Leonard Hermann Roelke pela Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo.</p>                  <p><fn id="end" fn-type="corresp"><label><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold></label><p> Leonard Hermann Roelke </p><p> Av. Construtor David Teixeira, 155/601, Mata da Praia </p><p> CEP 29065-320, Vit&#243;ria, ES - Brasil </p><p> E-mail: </p><p><email xlink:href="leonardhr@terra.com.br">leonardhr@terra.com.br</email></p></fn></p> <p>Artigo recebido em 17/10/12; revisado em 21/11/12; aceito em 26/04/13.</p></body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Correlation between the intima-media thickness of the proximal and distal common carotids</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Increased IMT (intima-media thickness) in carotids is used as an early atherosclerosis marker and to evaluate the risk of cardiovascular problems. Ultrasound is used in the evaluation because it is accessible and low cost. Measurements for different carotid regions are described. OBJECTIVE:To compare the proximal and distal region IMTs for the bilateral common carotid and guide its use in clinical practice. METHODS: The IMT was measured in the proximal and distal common carotid arteries of 798 individuals (35-74 years old) of both genders using high-resolution ultrasound. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to establish associations. The analyses were initially performed for the entire sample as well as subgroups with IMT &lt; 0.90 mm (49% of the sample) and &gt; 0.90 mm for at least one measurement site. The statistical significance was p &lt; 0.05. RESULTS: The correlations investigated were significant. In the group with an IMT &lt; 0.90 mm, the correlations were between 0.44 and 0.62. In the subgroup with an IMT &gt; 0.90 mm, the correlations were significantly reduced to between 0.20 and 0.40. CONCLUSION: The data suggest that the IMT is more uniform along the carotid during early development and tends develop focally as it progresses. Therefore, in clinical evaluations of patients, the common carotid length should be investigated bilaterally to better use the available software and discern the IMT.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Carotid Artery, Common</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Intima-Media Thickness</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Carotid Artery Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body><p><fn id="enda-body2"><label><bold>Correlation between the intima-media thickness of the proximal and distal common carotids</bold></label><p><bold>Leonard Hermann Roelke<sup>I</sup>; Sergio Lamego Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; Paulo Andrade Lotufo<sup>II</sup>; Jose Geraldo Mill<sup>I</sup></bold></p></fn></p><p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo, Vit&#243;ria, ES</p><p><sup>II</sup>Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p><p>Mailing Address</p><p><bold>ABSTRACT</bold></p><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Increased IMT (intima-media thickness) in carotids is used as an early atherosclerosis marker and to evaluate the risk of cardiovascular problems. Ultrasound is used in the evaluation because it is accessible and low cost. Measurements for different carotid regions are described.</p><p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold>To compare the proximal and distal region IMTs for the bilateral common carotid and guide its use in clinical practice.</p><p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The IMT was measured in the proximal and distal common carotid arteries of 798 individuals (35-74 years old) of both genders using high-resolution ultrasound. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to establish associations. The analyses were initially performed for the entire sample as well as subgroups with IMT &lt; 0.90 mm (49% of the sample) and <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.90 mm for at least one measurement site. The statistical significance was p &lt; 0.05.</p><p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The correlations investigated were significant. In the group with an IMT &lt; 0.90 mm, the correlations were between 0.44 and 0.62. In the subgroup with an IMT <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.90 mm, the correlations were significantly reduced to between 0.20 and 0.40.</p><p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The data suggest that the IMT is more uniform along the carotid during early development and tends develop focally as it progresses. Therefore, in clinical evaluations of patients, the common carotid length should be investigated bilaterally to better use the available software and discern the IMT.</p><p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Carotid Artery, Common; Carotid Intima-Media Thickness; Cardiovascular Diseases; Carotid Artery Diseases.</p><p><bold>Introduction</bold></p><p>Carotid intima-media thickening (IMT) is used in clinical practice as a subclinical atheromatosis marker<sup>1-7</sup> and is a robust predictor for cardiovascular problems<sup>1,2</sup>; it is also a substitute ateromatosis marker<sup>3</sup>. It is clinically used to determine the risk score for coronary problems, as proposed in 2002 by the <italic>American Heart Association </italic>and the A<italic>merican College of Cardiology<sup>4</sup>. Patients in the middle range of this score with an</italic> IMT <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.90 mm should receive a more aggressive approach to prevent ischemic events<sup>5</sup>.</p><p>IMT values are non-uniform in heterogeneous carotid regions<sup>6</sup>. It was difficult to measure IMT in patients due to such differences. The European<sup>7</sup> and American<sup>5</sup> Consensus standardized the measurements and recommended measuring the posterior wall of the common carotid 1 cm from the bulb, in addition to other technical norms.</p><p>We ask whether clinically relevant information is lost because atherosclerosis is systemic and focal. Is the subclinical atheromatosis disease manifested by increased IMT in the common carotid a homogeneous phenomenon or is it also focal?</p><p>The aim of this study was to compare IMT in different areas in the common carotid arteries of participants in a research project investigating the biological and social determinants for chronic diseases in the Brazilian population<sup>8</sup>.</p><p><bold>Methods</bold></p><p><bold>The Population Studied</bold></p><p>A sectional study was performed on individuals who participated in baseline exams for the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (Project ELSA-BRASIL) at the ELSA-ES Research Center. ELSA-BRASIL seeks to identify the biological and social determinants of chronic diseases in a cohort of volunteers. The volunteers are active or retired civil servants from six higher education and research institutions responsible for developing this study<sup>8</sup>. At the baseline, 15,105 participants who were 35-74 years old were included, and 1,055 were employees at the Federal University of Esp&#237;rito Santo (Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo - UFES). The data described in herein include IMTs collected from 798 participants in ELSA-UFES; the data were collected by the same investigator. Comorbidities were identified (hypertension and diabetes mellitus), and tobacco smoking habits were recorded through participants' self-reporting.</p><p><bold>Acquiring Images</bold></p><p>The images were collected concomitantly with other clinical data and the laboratory data typically collected for treatment in ELSA-BRASIL. A Toshiba model SSA-790A Aplio, version XG (Japan), was used. The participants were positioned supine with their head at a 45&#186; angle in the direction opposite from the side examined. A linear broadband transducer (PLT-704AT) was used with a 7.5 MHz (5.0 to 11.0 MHz) central frequency at 4 cm of depth without magnification. Bilateral images were collected at the distal common carotid 1 cm from the bulb in accordance with the norms established by the American Consensus (American Society of Echocardiography - ASE)<sup>5</sup>; images were also collected for the proximal common carotid in the portion immediately parallel bilaterally to the transducer at the base of the neck (this location was distinct for the participants' anatomy). The images were acquired through a cross-sectional cut, which allowed visualization of the distal intimal-medial layer and preferably the proximal layer simultaneously. The posterior wall was measured using software from the equipment certified for clinical use<sup>9</sup>, which calculates the average for the three semi-automated measurements in 0.5 cm-long segments (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5212fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Method not used in ELSA-BRASIL.</p><p content-type="asset"><fig id="en_aop_5212fig01-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0211-30151-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig></p><p><bold>Data Analysis</bold></p><p>IMT was normally distributed in the sample. The individuals with IMT exceeding 1.5 mm were excluded from analysis because they carried atheromatous plaque, as defined by the ASE<sup>5</sup>. IMT measured at the four points were associated using Pearson's correlation coefficient. To verify the association behavior after thickening, a separate analysis was conducted in the groups with IMT &lt; 0.90 mm at each point tested and in the group in which at least one of the four measurements had an IMT <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.90 mm (subgroups &lt; 0.90 and <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.90, respectively).</p><p>The cut-off point used to separate the subgroups was selected because, according to measurements from many American and European studies<sup>5,7</sup>, an IMT <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.90 validates thickening in the intima-media space. The analyses were performed using SPSS 18.0. The significance level was p &lt; 0.05.</p><p><bold>Results</bold></p><p>In the sample studied (798 participants), 45.7% were male, 34.2% were hypertensive, 26% were smokers or ex-smokers, and 11% were diabetic. The numbers of participants according to age are as follows: 144 (35-44 years), 312 (45-54 years), 251 (55-64 years) and 91 (65-74 years). Seven individuals were excluded from the analysis because an IMT was &gt;1.5 mm for at least one point. Thus, 791 individuals remained, and the minimum number of individuals with valid data at each point was 778. The data loss herein was due to technical problems with reliable IMT measurements.</p><p>A subgroup comprising 388 individuals (48.6%) showed no intima-media complex thickening; the four measurements produced IMT values &lt;0.90 mm. An additional 403 individuals produced IMT values <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.90 mm for at least one of the four measurements. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5212tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the IMT characteristics for these two groups.</p><p content-type="asset"><table-wrap id="en_aop_5212tab01-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0211-30151-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap></p><p>There was an increase in mean amplitude for the four measurement sites from 0.46 mm in the subgroup &lt; 0.9 to 0.84 mm in the subgroup <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.90, corresponding to a nearly two-fold increase (data not shown in the tables).</p><p><xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5212tab2_4-body2">Tables 2 to 4</xref> show Pearson's correlation coefficients for the IMTs measured for the entire group and in the subgroups &lt; 0.9 and <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.90.</p><p><table-wrap id="aop_5212tab2_4-body2"/>&#13;
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 <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5212fig02-body2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5212fig03-body2">3</xref> show the IMT dispersion for the subgroup <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.90 at the points with the highest (right and left distal) and lowest correlations (left distal and right proximal).</p><p content-type="asset"><fig id="en_aop_5212fig02-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0211-30151-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig></p><p content-type="asset"><fig id="en_aop_5212fig03-body2"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-03-0211-30151-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig></p>   <p><bold>Discussion</bold></p> <p>In the original group, statistical analyses showed that the highest correlation was r = 0.69 for the measurements conducted on the right and left distal carotids, and the lowest correlation was observed for the left distal and right proximal sides (r = 0.56). These values indicate a moderate to strong correlation. After separating the groups, we found that the correlation was similar for the subgroup &lt;0.9 mm with r-values between 0.61 and 0.44 for the points with higher and lower correlations. By observing the data for the group wherein at least one point was 0.9 mm (subgroup <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.90 mm), we found a marked decrease in the correlation, from 0.4 to 0.2. We observed a decrease from 0.61 to 0.40 for the highest correlation (right and left distal) and from 0.44 to 0.20 for the original lowest correlation (left distal and right proximal).</p> <p>In a similar study with 14,106 participants, Howard et al. compared IMT bilateral measurements at different sites in common carotids 1 cm distal to the bulb (same location as the study herein), in the bulbs and at the internal carotid origin. The best correlation coefficient was 0.49 between the common right and left distal carotids. Herein, the best correlation was also observed between these locations<sup>10</sup>.</p> <p>When we analyzed the subgroup <underline>&gt;</underline>0.90 for the determination coefficient (r<sup>2</sup>), which is the proportion of variance in a group that is explained by another group, the values were 0.15 for the distal carotids and 0.04 for the left distal and right proximal sites (which had the lowest correlation). Thus, only 15% of the variability in the group with the best correlation was associated with variability on one side relative to the other. Additionally, an insignificant amount (4%) was explained for the group with lower correlation. In a study by Howard et al., 25% of the variance in the common left distal is explained by a variance in the right distal, which highlights that the small correlation observed indicates a lower significance in studies where only a portion of the carotid is used to measure IMT. However, the authors emphasize that this small correlation is sufficient to establish the distal common carotid as a measurement reference if the study is epidemiological and uses a sufficient sample, as demonstrated in several cohort studies<sup>6</sup>.</p> <p>Although that study compared different portions of the carotid artery (common, bulb and internal) than our study, certain similarities were observed. The study by Howard et al. suggests that the low correlation between different locations on the same side is most likely due to sites with different levels of shear stress. The study herein shows a low correlation for common carotid areas with theoretically similar stress levels. This study also highlights the good correlation when IMT is normal and that the correlation is lost upon thickening. This finding shows that IMT and PTCA are local phenomena.</p> <p>By analyzing the scatter plots (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5212fig02-body2">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5212fig03-body2">3</xref>) for the strong and weak correlations, we observed greater dispersion for the measurements with thickening, especially for thickening exceeding 0.90 mm, which explains the reduced correlation. With high values at a given location, we cannot reliably predict values for other locations due to the low correlation (the phenomenon is focal and translates into a greater dispersion range at such locations).</p> <p>If we measure only one element, high IMT values may be lost, which impedes its clinical utility. Using the distal portion of the common carotid in epidemiological studies to measure IMT is justifiable because the common carotid is superficial and parallel to the skin and is thus easily accessible for ultrasounds. In addition, epidemiological studies typically include large samples, which facilitates precise inferences for parameters with a central trend (mean and median), even when those parameters have large dispersions. Standardizing the measurement location also facilitates future meta-analyses, which is a fundamental step towards establishing evidence-based guidelines.</p>   <p><bold>Conclusions</bold></p> <p>To increase the precision for determining the risk for patients at the boundary values of the Framingham score, the data herein suggest that thickening of the entire common carotid artery must be tracked bilaterally in clinical practice. This behavior would prevent data loss because intima-media complex thickening is heterogeneous. Additionally, the commercially available software measures hundreds (sometimes thousands) of points for only 1 cm at the carotid, as this region is targeted for epidemiological research. In contrast, for clinical practice, the data suggest that we should measure a greater length or measure various points to account for focal thickening. We believe that the sensible and effective use of such software for clinical practice should include at least one scan across the common carotid to search for the thickest portions.</p>   <p><bold>Author contributions</bold></p> <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Roelke LH; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Roelke LH, Rodrigues SL, Lotufo PA, Mill JG; Obtaining funding: Mill JG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rodrigues SL, Lotufo PA, Mill JG.</p> <p><bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold></p> <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p> <p><bold>Sources of Funding</bold></p> <p>This study was funded by FINEP, CNPq and Funda&#231;&#227;o Ceciliano Abel de Almeida.</p> <p><bold>Study Association</bold></p> <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Leonard Hermann Roelke, from Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo.</p>   <p><bold>References</bold></p>          </body>
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