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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hf8gX85c3VsSwqZhHjC6fwh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002800019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100200019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130159</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Profilaxia da endocardite infecciosa: uma realidade brasileira diferente?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>e37</fpage>
      <lpage>e38</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Profilaxia da endocardite infecciosa: uma realidade brasileira diferente?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jo&#227;o Ricardo Cordeiro Fernandes; Max Grinberg</bold>
    </p>
    <p>InCor - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Endocardite / mortalidade, Profilaxia por Antibi&#243;ticos, Febre Reum&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>A endocardite infecciosa (EI), doen&#231;a rara e com alta morbimortalidade, n&#227;o sofreu grande mudan&#231;a na sua incid&#234;ncia nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, apesar dos progressos de diagn&#243;stico e de tratamento. Por isso, todo esfor&#231;o deve ser feito visando reduzir sua probabilidade. Antes doen&#231;a predominantemente estreptoc&#243;cica de pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca h&#225; muito instalada, a EI vem se mostrando uma doen&#231;a estafiloc&#243;cica de pacientes idosos, com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades ou associada a dispositivos intracard&#237;acos<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os princ&#237;pios da profilaxia antibi&#243;tica para EI (PAEI) foram desenvolvidos com base em estudos observacionais no in&#237;cio do s&#233;culo XX<sup>2</sup>. H&#225; pouco mais de meio s&#233;culo, o ep&#244;nimo dos crit&#233;rios para doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica Thomas Duckett Jones (1899&#8722;1954) liderou o comit&#234; da primeira recomenda&#231;&#227;o da American Heart Association (AHA) para preven&#231;&#227;o de EI, publicada meses ap&#243;s a sua morte<sup>3</sup>. </p>
    <p>Atualmente, vigora a recomenda&#231;&#227;o da AHA, publicada em 2008, que substituiu a inclusa na diretriz geral de valvopatias<sup>4,5</sup>. Na mesma linha, a <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic>, com sua diretriz publicada em 2012, endossa as novas tend&#234;ncias<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Segundo os novos conceitos, o uso de antibi&#243;tico para profilaxia da EI, antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o de procedimentos dent&#225;rios que envolvam manipula&#231;&#227;o do tecido gengival, da regi&#227;o periapical do dente ou perfura&#231;&#227;o da mucosa oral, deve ser indicado apenas para os pacientes que apresentam maior risco de desfecho adverso do epis&#243;dio de EI; subentende-se, pois, a desnecessidade do uso para o paciente t&#227;o somente sob risco de EI.</p>
    <p>Se, por um lado, houve radical mudan&#231;a na proposi&#231;&#227;o de PAEI - por exemplo, o Instituto Nacional para Sa&#250;de e Excel&#234;ncia Cl&#237;nica (NICE) recomendou a cessa&#231;&#227;o completa da PAEI na Gr&#227;-Bretanha<sup>7</sup> - consequente a reinterpreta&#231;&#245;es de dados conhecidos, por outro reduziu-se a &#234;nfase na condi&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de alto interesse brasileiro - a cardiopatia reum&#225;tica cr&#244;nica. Devemos, portanto, refletir sobre a ader&#234;ncia estrita a essa "renova&#231;&#227;o". </p>
    <p>Os propositores da restri&#231;&#227;o significativa justificam suas posi&#231;&#245;es pela car&#234;ncia de conclus&#245;es cient&#237;ficas sobre o benef&#237;cio &#224; evita&#231;&#227;o de desenvolvimento de EI, reservando a PAEI para uma minoria de casos entendidos como de preocupante evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. </p>
    <p>Ressalte-se que as novas recomenda&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o aconteceram fundamentadas em novas pesquisas, ou seja, ser&#225; bem-vinda uma avalia&#231;&#227;o prospectiva do real impacto da profilaxia - sabidamente complexa pela necessidade de inclus&#227;o de alto n&#250;mero de pacientes<sup>8</sup>. Fator primordial foi a supervaloriza&#231;&#227;o dada, especialmente pela AHA, ao risco de anafilaxia &#224; amoxicilina, excedente ao poss&#237;vel efeito profil&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>O brasileiro n&#227;o pode ignorar a conjun&#231;&#227;o da febre reum&#225;tica - ainda a principal etiologia das valvopatias entre n&#243;s, com suas caracter&#237;sticas estruturais e imunol&#243;gicas peculiares - com o quadro de sa&#250;de bucal pouco animador da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, que n&#227;o apresentou melhoras importantes nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. Para se ter uma ideia, adultos brasileiros apresentavam, recentemente, CPO-D m&#233;dio (&#237;ndice de sa&#250;de bucal que traduz a experi&#234;ncia de c&#225;rie do indiv&#237;duo ao longo da vida) superior a 20 dentes, sendo o componente que representa os dentes perdidos (sem possibilidade de recupera&#231;&#227;o) superior a 60%<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>A prud&#234;ncia n&#227;o permite, pois, desrespeitar a nossa peculiaridade epidemiol&#243;gica das doen&#231;as valvares, tolerando interpreta&#231;&#245;es de outras culturas a uma enfermidade cuja viv&#234;ncia &#224; beira do leito provoca forte sintonia com o que aprendemos como zelo na preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as graves.</p>
    <p>Por tudo isso, houve motivos suficientes para a diretriz brasileira/interamericana de valvopatias, conforme publicado em 2011<sup>10</sup>, recomendar antibioticoprofilaxia "cl&#225;ssica" e abrangente para EI. Ou seja, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e a Sociedade Interamericana de Cardiologia aconselham a profilaxia antibi&#243;tica antes de procedimentos odontol&#243;gicos com alta probabilidade de bacteriemia significativa aos pacientes com as conhecidas modalidades de valvopatia ou de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita sob risco de EI, independentemente de pressuposi&#231;&#245;es sobre diferen&#231;as evolutivas da doen&#231;a. Ademais, refor&#231;ou a necessidade de estudos prospectivos e controlados para sustentar o grau de probabilidade da dimens&#227;o do efeito da PAEI.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, face &#224;s realidades brasileiras, por mais que possamos pretender ser m&#233;dicos sem fronteiras culturais e globalizados, dificilmente ficaremos confort&#225;veis em desprezar a antibioticoprofilaxia da EI para o indiv&#237;duo portador de les&#227;o em valva nativa, um endosso da recomenda&#231;&#227;o abrangente da diretriz brasileira, apesar do exaltado bin&#244;mio da literatura: baixa incid&#234;ncia de EI e alta probabilidade de anafilaxia &#224; amoxicilina (esta irrelevante na experi&#234;ncia brasileira, por isso nem mencionada em nossa diretriz). Aqueles que t&#234;m experi&#234;ncia de fato vivenciada &#224; beira do leito com casos de EI h&#227;o de concordar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fernandes JRC, Grinberg M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Grinberg M.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jo&#227;o Ricardo Cordeiro Fernandes </p>
        <p> Rua Alves Guimar&#227;es, 623,Apt.&#186; 92, Jardim Am&#233;rica </p>
        <p> CEP 05410-001, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="jrcfernandes@cardiol.br">jrcfernandes@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jrcfernandes@hotmail.com">jrcfernandes@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 31/01/13; revisado em 10/04/13, aceito em 15/04/13.</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>de Loyola Filho</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>10. Tarasoutchi F, Montera MW, Grinberg M, Barbosa MR, Pi&#241;eiro DJ, S&#225;nchez CR, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.Diretriz brasileira de valvopatias - SBC 2011/I Diretriz Interamericana de Valvopatias -SIAC 2011. Arq Bras Cardiol.2011;97(5 supl. 3):1-67.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diretriz brasileira de valvopatias: SBC 2011/I Diretriz Interamericana de Valvopatias -SIAC 2011</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>67</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
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              <surname>Tarasoutchi</surname>
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              <surname>Montera</surname>
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              <surname>Grinberg</surname>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prophylaxis of infective endocarditis: a different Brazilian reality?</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>VIEWPOINT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Prophylaxis of infective endocarditis: a different brazilian reality?</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Jo&#227;o Ricardo Cordeiro Fernandes; Max Grinberg</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>InCor - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Endocardite / mortalidade, Profilaxia por Antibi&#243;ticos, Febre Reum&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>The incidence of infective endocarditis (IE), a rare disease with high morbidity and mortality, has not undergone a great change over the past decades, despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment. Thus, much effort should be done to reduce the probability of its occurrence. Previously a predominantly streptococcal disease of patients with long-term heart conditions, IE has changed to be a staphylococcal disease of elderly patients suffering from many comorbidities or having intracardiac devices<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The principles of IE antibiotic prophylaxis (IEAP) were developed based on observational studies at the beginning of the twentieth century<sup>2</sup>. More than half a century ago, the first recommendation of the American Heart Association (AHA) for IE prevention was headed by Thomas Duckett Jones (1899-1954), and was published months after his death<sup>3</sup>. </p>
      <p>The AHA recommendation published in 2008, which replaces the one included in the general guidelines of valvular heart diseases, is currently used<sup>4,5</sup>. The European Society of Cardiology, with its guidelines published in 2012, endorses the new trends<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to the new concepts, the use of antibiotics for IE prophylaxis before starting dental interventional procedures involving the manipulation of gingival tissue or the periapical region of teeth, or perforation of the oral mucosa, should be indicated only for patients at higher risk for the adverse outcome of an episode of IE; thus, their use is not necessary for patients solely at risk for IE.</p>
      <p>If on the one hand there was a dramatic change in the IEAP proposition - for example, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommended the complete cessation of IEAP in Great Britain<sup>7 </sup>- consequent to reinterpretation of known data, on the other, there was a reduction in the emphasis on the heart condition, chronic rheumatic heart disease, which is highly valued in Brazil. We should, therefore, reflect about the strict adhesion to that "renovation".</p>
      <p>Those proposing a significant restriction justify their position with the scarcity of scientific conclusions about the benefit of preventing the development of IE, reserving IEAP to a minority of cases understood as of preoccupying clinical course. </p>
      <p>It is worth noting that the new recommendations were not based on new research; thus, a prospective assessment of the real impact of prophylaxis - known to be complex due to the need to include a large number of patients - will be welcome<sup>8</sup>. A primordial factor that was overvaluing, especially by the AHA, was the risk of anaphylaxis to amoxicillin over its possible prophylactic effect.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, we cannot ignore rheumatic fever - still the major etiology of valvular heart disease, with its peculiar structural and immunological characteristics -, nor the poor oral health of the general Brazilian population, which has not improved significantly over the past decades. Brazilian adults have recently shown a mean CPO-D (oral health index that translates the cavity experience of an individual over life) greater than 20 teeth, and a component of lost teeth (with no possibility of recovery) greater than 60%<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>Therefore, it is not wise to ignore our epidemiological peculiarity of valvular heart diseases, tolerating interpretations of other cultures of a disease, whose bedside experience recommends thoughtfulness in preventing complications.</p>
      <p>That is why the Brazilian/Inter-American guidelines for valvular heart diseases, as published in 2011<sup>10</sup>, recommends "classic" and expanded IEAP. The Brazilian Society of Cardiology and the Inter-American Society of Cardiology recommend antibiotic prophylaxis before starting dental interventional procedures that bear a high probability of significant bacteremia to patients who have either valvular or congenital heart diseases that represent a risk for IE, regardless of assumptions on differences of disease course. In addition, they reinforce the need for prospective and controlled studies to support the probability of the effect of IEAP.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, in face of the Brazilian reality and although we want to be globalized physicians with no cultural frontiers, it is difficult for us to comfortably rule out IEAP to a patient with native valvular lesion, endorsing the comprehensive recommendation of the Brazilian guidelines. That is despite the literature binomial of low incidence of IE and high probability of anaphylaxis to amoxicillin, the latter irrelevant in the Brazilian experience, and, thus, not even mentioned in our guidelines. Those with real bedside experience with IE patients will agree.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Fernandes JRC, Grinberg M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Grinberg M.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
