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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">y9sDLfJbknDRYhFcBSPDd7L</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002800011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100200011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130127</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>As linhas virtuais criadas com o sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico ensite s&#227;o de fato cont&#237;nuas?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Thais</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Felipe Neves dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okada</surname>
            <given-names>Mieko</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco</surname>
            <given-names>Marcello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo A. V. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fenelon</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Disciplina de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Arritmia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Disciplina de Patologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>169</fpage>
      <lpage>175</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O sistema de mapeamento eletro anat&#244;mico Ensite Navx &#233; muito usado na abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ajudando na confec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es lineares. Contudo, a correspond&#234;ncia da linha virtual criada pelo Ensite com a les&#227;o patol&#243;gica ainda n&#227;o foi avaliada. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a continuidade da linha virtual criada pelo Ensite em modelo su&#237;no. M&#201;TODOS: Realizamos abla&#231;&#227;o linear por RF (cateter de 8 mm e irrigado) em ambos os &#225;trios de 14 su&#237;nos (35 kg) guiada pelo EnSite. Os animais foram sacrificados 14 dias p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o para an&#225;lise macrosc&#243;pica e histol&#243;gica. RESULTADOS: Foram confeccionadas 23 les&#245;es lineares em &#225;trio direito e 21 em &#225;trio esquerdo dos 14 animais. A pot&#234;ncia, temperatura e imped&#226;ncia m&#233;dias das aplica&#231;&#245;es foram de 56 W, 54 &#186;C e 231 &#937; para o cateter de 8mm, e de 39 W, 37 &#186;C e 194 &#937; para o cateter irrigado. Todas (100%) as linhas foram identificadas nas faces epic&#225;rdica e endoc&#225;rdica, denotando transmuralidade. &#192; macroscopia, as les&#245;es eram extensas e p&#225;lidas, com 3,61 cm de comprimento e 0,71 cm de profundidade e cont&#237;nuas. A transmuralidade das les&#245;es foi confirmada pela microscopia. Houve correspond&#234;ncia na localiza&#231;&#227;o das linhas do mapa virtual com as da pe&#231;a anat&#244;mica em 21 das 23 (91,3%) das linhas do &#225;trio direito e 19/21 (90,4%) do &#225;trio esquerdo. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nesse modelo, as linhas criadas no mapa virtual pelo sistema EnSiteNavX se correlacionam a les&#245;es lineares transmurais cont&#237;nuas na pe&#231;a anat&#244;mica, sugerindo que esse m&#233;todo &#233; adequado para a abla&#231;&#227;o linear da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Su&#237;nos</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;trios Card&#237;acos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>As linhas virtuais criadas com o sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico ensite s&#227;o de fato cont&#237;nuas?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Thais Nascimento<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Mota<sup>II</sup>; Luis Felipe Neves dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; S&#233;rgio de Ara&#250;jo<sup>III</sup>; Mieko Okada<sup>I</sup>; Marcello Franco<sup>III</sup>; Angelo A. V. de Paola<sup>I,II</sup>; Guilherme Fenelon<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Disciplina de Cardiologia - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Centro de Arritmia - Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Disciplina de Patologia - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O sistema de mapeamento eletro anat&#244;mico Ensite Navx &#233; muito usado na abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ajudando na confec&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es lineares. Contudo, a correspond&#234;ncia da linha virtual criada pelo Ensite com a les&#227;o patol&#243;gica ainda n&#227;o foi avaliada. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a continuidade da linha virtual criada pelo Ensite em modelo su&#237;no. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Realizamos abla&#231;&#227;o linear por RF (cateter de 8 mm e irrigado) em ambos os &#225;trios de 14 su&#237;nos (35 kg) guiada pelo EnSite. Os animais foram sacrificados 14 dias p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o para an&#225;lise macrosc&#243;pica e histol&#243;gica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram confeccionadas 23 les&#245;es lineares em &#225;trio direito e 21 em &#225;trio esquerdo dos 14 animais. A pot&#234;ncia, temperatura e imped&#226;ncia m&#233;dias das aplica&#231;&#245;es foram de 56 W, 54 &#186;C e 231 &#937; para o cateter de 8mm, e de 39 W, 37 &#186;C e 194 &#937; para o cateter irrigado. Todas (100%) as linhas foram identificadas nas faces epic&#225;rdica e endoc&#225;rdica, denotando transmuralidade. &#192; macroscopia, as les&#245;es eram extensas e p&#225;lidas, com 3,61 cm de comprimento e 0,71 cm de profundidade e cont&#237;nuas. A transmuralidade das les&#245;es foi confirmada pela microscopia. Houve correspond&#234;ncia na localiza&#231;&#227;o das linhas do mapa virtual com as da pe&#231;a anat&#244;mica em 21 das 23 (91,3%) das linhas do &#225;trio direito e 19/21 (90,4%) do &#225;trio esquerdo. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nesse modelo, as linhas criadas no mapa virtual pelo sistema EnSiteNavX se correlacionam a les&#245;es lineares transmurais cont&#237;nuas na pe&#231;a anat&#244;mica, sugerindo que esse m&#233;todo &#233; adequado para a abla&#231;&#227;o linear da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Su&#237;nos, Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter, Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial, &#193;trios Card&#237;acos / anatomia &amp; histologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia sustentada mais comum na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e um problema m&#233;dico importante em virtude de seu impacto na qualidade de vida e elevado risco de acidentes vasculares, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e mortalidade<sup>1</sup>. Desde a descri&#231;&#227;o do papel das veias pulmonares na FA por Haissaguerre<sup>2</sup>, a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) evoluiu rapidamente de procedimento experimental a pr&#225;tica rotineira. Nas diretrizes recentes<sup>1,3,4</sup>, o isolamento das veias &#233; suficiente para os casos parox&#237;sticos e persistentes de curta dura&#231;&#227;o, no entanto, em &#225;trios remodelados, &#233; necess&#225;ria abordagem mais detalhada<sup>5</sup>, que envolve a busca de eletrogramas atriais complexos fracionados (CFAEs) e a confec&#231;&#227;o de linhas cont&#237;nuas de les&#227;o ligando estruturas eletricamente inativas. Nesse aspecto, &#233; fundamental para o sucesso do procedimento que a linha seja cont&#237;nua, pois solu&#231;&#245;es de continuidade na sua extens&#227;o facilitam o desenvolvimento de taquicardias atriais reentrantes, que s&#227;o muito sintom&#225;ticas e de dif&#237;cil controle cl&#237;nico<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O surgimento do mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico foi decisivo para ajudar na confec&#231;&#227;o das linhas<sup>7,8</sup>. Essa t&#233;cnica permite a constru&#231;&#227;o de mapas tridimensionais da geometria atrial, a visualiza&#231;&#227;o dos cateteres dentro do cora&#231;&#227;o (mapa virtual) e a marca&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de abla&#231;&#227;o, todos em tempo real, tornando-se padr&#227;o ouro na abla&#231;&#227;o da FA. No entanto, a marca&#231;&#227;o dos pontos de les&#227;o no mapa, durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF, &#233; dependente do operador. Ou seja, linhas virtuais cont&#237;nuas podem n&#227;o ter correspond&#234;ncia patol&#243;gica. Os principais sistemas de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico s&#227;o o CARTO (Biosense Webster, Inc, Diamond Bar, EUA) e o EnSiteNavX (St Jude Medical, St Paul, MN, EUA). Embora a correspond&#234;ncia entre linhas virtuais e anatomopatol&#243;gicas tenha sido aferida com o CARTO<sup>7</sup>, essa correla&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o foi avaliada com o EnSiteNavx. Portanto, realizamos les&#245;es atriais lineares guiadas por mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico em su&#237;nos, com objetivo de avaliar na pe&#231;a anat&#244;mica a continuidade das linhas virtuais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (Unifesp) e conduzido de acordo com as normas institucionais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo &#233; uma suban&#225;lise de trabalho recentemente publicado pelo nosso grupo<sup>9</sup>, que visava avaliar o impacto dos corticosteroides profil&#225;ticos na inflama&#231;&#227;o gerada pela abla&#231;&#227;o atrial extensa. Foram utilizados 14 su&#237;nos da ra&#231;a Pernalan, adultos jovens (3 meses de idade) do sexo masculino (35 + 3 kg), submetidos &#224; quarentena sob vigil&#226;ncia veterin&#225;ria para garantir o estado de sa&#250;de dos animais. Ap&#243;s jejum (8-12h), os animais foram pr&#233;-medicados com acepromazina (0,2mg/kg IM) e midazolam (0,4mg/kg IM) e, ap&#243;s 15minutos, anestesiados com propofol (1-2mg/kg IV seguido de infus&#227;ocont&#237;nua 1-4mg/kg/hora), entubados e mantidos em ventila&#231;&#227;o artificial com oxig&#234;nio necess&#225;rio para manter uma satura&#231;&#227;o adequada (&gt;90%), sob monitoriza&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica e oximetria de pulso. A temperatura corporal foi mantida em aproximadamente 37&#186;C com manta t&#233;rmica. Ap&#243;s tricotomia e antissepsia, eram colocadas as placas do Sistema EnSiteNavX8.01 (St.Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, EUA), al&#233;m da placa-eletrodo indiferente. Sob condi&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas est&#233;reis, foram dissecadas e canuladas as veias femoral esquerda (11F) e direita (11F) e a jugular direita (7F), por onde eram introduzidos, sob orienta&#231;&#227;o fluorosc&#243;pica, respectivamente, os cateteres de ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco (Acunav Acusson 10F, Siemens AG, Alemanha); a bainha (SL1-St. Jude Medical) e agulha (BRK - St. Jude Medical) para pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal e o cateter quadripolar diagn&#243;stico 6F (St. Jude Medical) alocado em seio coron&#225;rio. Os eletrogramas locais e o ECG eram filtrados (30 - 500 Hz) pelo Pol&#237;grafo TEB SP32 (Tecnologia Eletr&#244;nica Brasileira, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil). Ap&#243;s pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal orientada pelo ecocardiograma intracard&#237;aco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5205fig01">Figura 1</xref>), foram administradas 5 mil unidades IV de heparina (Liquemine<sup>&#174;</sup> IV) n&#227;o fracionada.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5205fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0169-30127-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A geometria dos &#225;trios foi realizada pelo sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico EnSiteNavX, sendo o cateter quadripolar posicionado no seio coronariano como eletrodo de refer&#234;ncia anat&#244;mica. Calibra&#231;&#227;o de imped&#226;ncia e a compensa&#231;&#227;o dos movimentos respirat&#243;rios foram sempre realizadas. A geometria tridimensional das cavidades foi obtida em ritmo sinusal utilizando o par de eletrodos distal do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o deflect&#237;vel7F<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sob vis&#227;o fluorosc&#243;pica, e com aux&#237;lio do mapa virtual, inicialmente era confeccionada les&#227;o linear no interior da veia pulmonar direita, da por&#231;&#227;o distal (&#177; 2 cm) ao &#243;stio. Em seguida, eram confeccionadas 1 a 2 les&#245;es lineares em cada &#225;trio: no &#225;trio esquerdo, do ap&#234;ndice at&#233; a veia pulmonar direita e do teto &#224; veia pulmonar direita; no &#225;trio direito, da veia cava superior &#224; veia cava inferior pela face lateral do &#225;trio e do ap&#234;ndice &#224; veia cava superior. Cada aplica&#231;&#227;o unipolar de RF (gerador Stockert, BiosenseWebster, Inc, Diamond Bar, EUA) tinha dura&#231;&#227;o de 90 segundos, e a cada15-20 segundos o cateter era tracionado na linha simultaneamente com a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das marcas no mapa virtual. Contudo, manobras eletrofisiol&#243;gicas para confirma&#231;&#227;o da linha de bloqueio n&#227;o eram realizadas. Foram utilizados cateteres 7Fr com ponta de 8mm (BiosenseWebster, Diamond Bar, USA) usando pot&#234;ncia m&#225;xima de 70W e temperatura controlada em 60&#186;C, ou com ponta irrigada de 3,5mm (Irvine, St.Jude Medical, St. Paul, EUA), usando pot&#234;ncia m&#225;xima de 50W, temperatura de 50&#186;C e irriga&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de 17mL/minuto durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o. A pot&#234;ncia (Watts), imped&#226;ncia (&#937;) e temperatura (&#186;C) da ponta do cateter eram monitoradas durante as aplica&#231;&#245;es e os valores m&#233;dios registrados para an&#225;lise. Em caso de pop, a aplica&#231;&#227;o era interrompida e o cateter verificado para presen&#231;a de co&#225;gulos. Os animais que apresentaram arritmias durante o procedimento, sendo a mais comum a fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (su&#237;nos s&#227;o muito suscet&#237;veis a essa arritmia), foram submetidos &#224; desfibrila&#231;&#227;o transtor&#225;cica com as p&#225;s posicionadas transversalmente. Ao t&#233;rmino do procedimento, os cateteres eram retirados, os vasos ligados e as feridas suturadas. Os procedimentos foram realizados pelo mesmo operador e em condi&#231;&#245;es est&#233;reis, n&#227;o necessitando de antibi&#243;ticos profil&#225;ticos. Tampouco foram administrados anticoagulantes ou antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios. Os animais submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o foram divididos em 02 grupos: controle (n=7), que n&#227;o recebeu qualquer droga; e corticoide (n=7), que recebeu 500mg de metilprednisolona IV em bolus na indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica. Em ambos os grupos, 5 animais foram ablacionados com cateter de 8 mm, e 2, com o cateter irrigado. Todos os su&#237;nos foram seguidos por 14 dias, albergados sob cuidados m&#233;dico veterin&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Como n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos no tocante aos par&#226;metros de abla&#231;&#227;o, marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o e a histologia das les&#245;es por RF<sup>9</sup> no presente trabalho, os 14 animais (tratados com corticoides e controles) foram agregados em um &#250;nico grupo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise macrosc&#243;pica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os animais retornaram ao laborat&#243;rio ap&#243;s 14 dias do procedimento, foram pesados e sacrificados por meio de inje&#231;&#227;o letal de KCl, sob anestesia geral. O cora&#231;&#227;o foi cuidadosamente removido e as linhas de les&#227;o eram identificadas macroscopicamente, correlacionadas com as aplica&#231;&#245;es nas cavidades card&#237;acas, mensuradas (largura, comprimento, profundidade) com r&#233;gua milim&#233;trica nas faces epic&#225;rdica e endoc&#225;rdica e, por fim, documentadas com fotografia digital.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise histol&#243;gica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As les&#245;es lineares foram fatiadas em diversos cortes histol&#243;gicos transversais e sequenciais de modo que as abrangesse completamente, ou seja, a linha foi abordada do in&#237;cio ao fim para garantir a an&#225;lise de continuidade. As l&#226;minas foram coradas pela Hematoxilina Eosina (HE) e Tricr&#244;mico de Masson e analisadas qualitativamente por patologista cego em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de estudo. Especial aten&#231;&#227;o foi dada &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da cicatriza&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es, tais como transmuralidade, continuidade, densidade de fibrose e inflama&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi utilizado o sistema SPSS 8.0. Realizou-se a an&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas por meio de m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Abla&#231;&#227;o por RF</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Com o aux&#237;lio do mapa virtual, foram confeccionadas 23 les&#245;es lineares no &#225;trio direito e 21 no &#225;trio esquerdo dos 14 animais. A pot&#234;ncia, temperatura e imped&#226;ncia m&#233;dias de aplica&#231;&#227;o foram de 56 W, 54 &#186;C e 231 &#937; para o cateter de 8mm, e de 39 W, 37 &#186;C e 194 &#937; para o cateter irrigado. A descri&#231;&#227;o individual dos animais, dos par&#226;metros de aplica&#231;&#227;o e as medidas das linhas de les&#227;o se encontram nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5205tab01">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5205tab02">2</xref>. Os 14 animais completaram o seguimento de 14 dias sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5205tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0169-30127-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5205tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0169-30127-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise macrosc&#243;pica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Das 23 les&#245;es lineares em &#225;trio direito e 21 em &#225;trio esquerdo criadas nos 14 animais, todas (100%) foram identificadas tanto na face epic&#225;rdica quanto na endoc&#225;rdica, denotando o car&#225;ter transmural das les&#245;es. &#192; inspe&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica, as les&#245;es eram extensas e p&#225;lidas, com 3,61+0,67 cm de comprimento e 0,71+0,18 cm de profundidade e cont&#237;nuas. As les&#245;es confeccionadas com cateter irrigado foram de visualiza&#231;&#227;o macrosc&#243;pica mais dif&#237;cil, pois eram mais p&#225;lidas e com bordos menos definidos, no entanto sem diferen&#231;a quanto &#224;s dimens&#245;es e transmuralidade. Na an&#225;lise dos mapas virtuais fornecidos pelo Sistema EnsiteNavX 8.01, houve correspond&#234;ncia na localiza&#231;&#227;o das linhas do mapa virtual com as da pe&#231;a anat&#244;mica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5205fig02">Figura 2</xref>) em 21 das 23 (91,3%) das linhas do AD e 19/21 (90,4%) do AE.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5205fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0169-30127-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise histol&#243;gica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As linhas de les&#227;o foram seccionadas transversalmente em cortes consecutivos e o achado de transmuralidade da les&#227;o foi confirmado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5205fig03">Figura 3A</xref>). Houve reprodu&#231;&#227;o dos achados em todas as l&#226;minas consecutivas, denotando a continuidade da les&#227;o. A an&#225;lise qualitativa foi bastante consistente: havia necrose coagulativa com substitui&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo necr&#243;tico por fibrose jovem. Tecido de granula&#231;&#227;o, calcifica&#231;&#227;o e infiltrados linfoc&#237;ticos foram observados em algumas les&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5205fig03">Figura 3B</xref>) e em outras havia trombos recentes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5205fig03">Figura 3C</xref>). As bordas das les&#245;es foram caracterizadas por tecido necr&#243;tico com infiltrado de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias ricas em macr&#243;fagos e c&#233;lulas linfoplasmocit&#225;rias (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5205fig03">Figura 3D</xref>), al&#233;m de v&#225;rios graus de fibrose e neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><fig id="aop5205fig03"/>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="aop5205fig03a">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0169-30127-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="aop5205fig03xfig03b"/><fig id="aop5205fig03b"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0169-30127-gf04.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nesse modelo de abla&#231;&#227;o atrial em su&#237;nos, demonstramos que a confec&#231;&#227;o de linhas cont&#237;nuas no mapa virtual do sistema EnSite se correlacionou com a presen&#231;a de linhas anat&#244;micas transmurais identificadas pela macroscopia e microscopia. Embora j&#225; demonstrado com o sistema CARTO<sup>7</sup>, o presente estudo &#233; o primeiro a avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o das linhas do mapa virtual, adquiridas com sistema EnSiteNavX 8.01, com a respectiva localiza&#231;&#227;o na pe&#231;a anat&#244;mica. Digno de nota, a metodologia utilizada de acesso ao &#225;trio esquerdo, assim como a confec&#231;&#227;o de linhas por aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF foi semelhante &#224; utilizada clinicamente e houve consist&#234;ncia nos achados em mais de 90% dos animais. Ademais, o modelo su&#237;no &#233; utilizado em estudos com finalidade de avaliar les&#245;es atriais geradas por radiofrequ&#234;ncia<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o da FA em &#225;trios remodelados, principalmente na forma persistente de longa dura&#231;&#227;o, permanece desafiadora. Nesses casos, a confec&#231;&#227;o de linhas de les&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo, mimetizando os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos para tratamento da FA, como, por exemplo, a cirurgia do labirinto (Cox/Maze) &#233; utilizada<sup>12,13</sup>. No entanto, a presen&#231;a de interrup&#231;&#245;es (<italic>gaps</italic>) na linha de les&#227;o propicia a g&#234;nese de taquicardias atriais reentrantes, que s&#227;o muito sintom&#225;ticas e de dif&#237;cil controle<sup>5,14,15</sup>. O surgimento do mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico possibilitou a visualiza&#231;&#227;o da movimenta&#231;&#227;o do cateter em tempo real (sem fluoroscopia) e tamb&#233;m a marca&#231;&#227;o de cada ponto de les&#227;o durante a aplica&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, o operador pode voltar &#224; mesma posi&#231;&#227;o e confeccionar uma linha "perfeita a olho nu". No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; garantia de que a linha do mapa virtual corresponda a uma linha de les&#227;o real. Embora a aferi&#231;&#227;o da continuidade das linhas possa ser feita por meio de manobras eletrofisiol&#243;gicas<sup>3</sup>, esse processo &#233; trabalhoso e demorado, fazendo com que muitas vezes o operador se baseie exclusivamente na linha virtual. Nossos achados sugerem que essa &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia adequada. Ressaltamos, contudo, que a aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos pontos foi criteriosa e que cada ponto foi obtido ap&#243;s 20 segundos de aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF.</p>
    <p>Digno de nota, v&#225;rias tecnologias s&#227;o desenvolvidas buscando aumentar a precis&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o por RF, a saber. i) sistemas magn&#233;ticos de navega&#231;&#227;o para guiar o cateter, seja de ponta de platina<sup>10</sup> ou de ouro<sup>16</sup>, que aumentam a estabilidade do mesmo; ii) sensores de press&#227;o na ponta do cateter<sup>17</sup>, que permitem aferir o contato do mesmo com a parede atrial, hipoteticamente melhorando a forma&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es transmurais; iii) a integra&#231;&#227;o de ultrassom &#224; ponta do cateter para visualizar em tempo real a forma&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o &#233; capaz de distinguir entre necrose e hemorragia em tempo real<sup>11</sup>;iv) sistema de abla&#231;&#227;o endosc&#243;pica com bal&#227;o que visualiza diretamente a veia a ser isolada e realiza abla&#231;&#227;o a laser. Entretanto, at&#233; a valida&#231;&#227;o e uso rotineiro dessas novas tecnologias, a confec&#231;&#227;o de linhas com orienta&#231;&#227;o do mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico permanece como padr&#227;o ouro para a abla&#231;&#227;o linear visando o tratamento da FA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A continuidade da linha de les&#227;o foi aferida pela an&#225;lise macro e microsc&#243;pica. A avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrofisiol&#243;gica para confirma&#231;&#227;o do bloqueio na linha n&#227;o foi realizada durante o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o, porque os su&#237;nos s&#227;o muito propensos &#224; indu&#231;&#227;o de fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular com estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica. O comprimento das linhas de les&#227;o no mapa virtual n&#227;o foi determinado, logo n&#227;o pudemos fazer a correla&#231;&#227;o com o comprimento nas pe&#231;as anat&#244;micas. Os animais foram sacrificados com 14 dias de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, embora bastante improv&#225;vel, n&#227;o podemos excluir que descontinuidades na linha se desenvolvessem em seguimentos mais longos, tal como sugerem observa&#231;&#245;es eletrofisiol&#243;gicas derivadas de estudos cl&#237;nicos. A abla&#231;&#227;o foi feita com pot&#234;ncias m&#225;ximas (70W, 8mm e 50W, irrigado) elevadas. N&#227;o temos como avaliar se os resultados seriam mantidos com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de pot&#234;ncias mais baixas. Os procedimentos foram realizados em &#225;trios de su&#237;nos normais, logo, os resultados n&#227;o podem ser diretamente extrapolados a humanos e &#225;trios doentes, com FA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nesse modelo de abla&#231;&#227;o atrial, a linha de les&#227;o cont&#237;nua criada no mapa virtual pelo sistema EnSiteNavX se correlaciona a linhas transmurais cont&#237;nuas na pe&#231;a anat&#244;mica, sugerindo que esse m&#233;todo &#233; adequado para a abla&#231;&#227;o linear da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Nascimento T, Fenelon G; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Nascimento T, Mota F, Santos LFN, Okada M, Fenelon G; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Nascimento T, Ara&#250;jo S, Franco M, Paola AAV, Fenelon G; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Nascimento T; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Fenelon G.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado ela FAPESP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Thais Nascimento pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Guilherme Fenelon </p>
        <p> Rua Pedro de Toledo 781, 10&#186; andar, Vila Clementino </p>
        <p> CEP 04039-032, S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="guifenelon@cardiol.br">guifenelon@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="guilhermefenelon@uol.com.br">guilhermefenelon@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 13/10/12; revisado em 28/10/12; aceito em 6/3/13.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Are the virtual lines created with the ensite electroanatomical mapping system really continuous?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: EnSiteNavx electroanatomic mapping system is widely used in radiofrequency (RF) atrial fibrillation ablation, helping the creation of linear lesions. However, the correspondence of the virtual line created by EnSite with the pathological lesion has not yet been evaluated. OBJECTIVE: to assess the continuousness of Ensite-guided virtual lines in a swine model. METHODS: we performed RF ablation linear lesions (8mm and irrigated catheters tips) in both atria of 14 pigs (35Kg) guided by the EnSite. The animals were sacrificed 14 days post-ablation for macroscopic and histological analysis. RESULTS: a total of 23 lines in the right atrium and 21 lines in the left atrium were created in 14 animals. The medium power, impedance and temperature applications were 56 W, 54 &#186;C and 231 &#937; for the 8mm tip, and 39W, 37&#186;C, 194 &#937; for the irrigated tip catheter, respectively. All (100%) lines were identified on the epicardial and endocardial surfaces, denoting transmurality. At macroscopic examination, lesions were extensive and pale, continuous, with 3.61 cm long and 0.71 cm deep. The transmurality of the lesions was confirmed by microscopy. There was a correlation in the location of the lines at the virtual map and the anatomical lesions in 21 of 23 (91.3%) of the right atrium and 19/21 (90.4%) of the left atrium. CONCLUSION: In this model, the lines created in the virtual map by EnSiteNavX system correspond to continuous transmural linear lesions in anatomical specimen, suggesting that this method is suitable for linear ablation of atrial fibrillation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Swine</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Atria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Are the virtual lines created with the ensite electroanatomical mapping system really continuous?</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Thais Nascimento<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Mota<sup>II</sup>; Luis Felipe Neves dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; S&#233;rgio de Ara&#250;jo<sup>III</sup>; Mieko Okada<sup>I</sup>; Marcello Franco<sup>III</sup>; Angelo A. V. de Paola<sup>I,II</sup>; Guilherme Fenelon<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Disciplina de Cardiologia - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Centro de Arritmia - Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Disciplina de Patologia - Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mail Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> EnSiteNavx electroanatomic mapping system is widely used in radiofrequency (RF) atrial fibrillation ablation, helping the creation of linear lesions. However, the correspondence of the virtual line created by EnSite with the pathological lesion has not yet been evaluated.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> to assess the continuousness of Ensite-guided virtual lines in a swine model.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> we performed RF ablation linear lesions (8mm and irrigated catheters tips) in both atria of 14 pigs (35Kg) guided by the EnSite. The animals were sacrificed 14 days post-ablation for macroscopic and histological analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> a total of 23 lines in the right atrium and 21 lines in the left atrium were created in 14 animals. The medium power, impedance and temperature applications were 56 W, 54 &#186;C and 231 &#937; for the 8mm tip, and 39W, 37&#186;C, 194 &#937; for the irrigated tip catheter, respectively. All (100%) lines were identified on the epicardial and endocardial surfaces, denoting transmurality. At macroscopic examination, lesions were extensive and pale, continuous, with 3.61 cm long and 0.71 cm deep. The transmurality of the lesions was confirmed by microscopy. There was a correlation in the location of the lines at the virtual map and the anatomical lesions in 21 of 23 (91.3%) of the right atrium and 19/21 (90.4%) of the left atrium.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In this model, the lines created in the virtual map by EnSiteNavX system correspond to continuous transmural linear lesions in anatomical specimen, suggesting that this method is suitable for linear ablation of atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Swine; Catheter Ablation, Atrial Fibrillation; Heart Atria /anatomy &amp; histology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in clinical practice and an important medical problem due to its impact in quality of life and high risk of vascular accidents, heart failure and mortality<sup>1</sup>. Since Haissaguerre<sup>2</sup> described the role of pulmonary veins in AF, radiofrequency (RF) ablation rapidly evolved from experimental procedure to a common practice. In recent guidelines<sup>1,3,4</sup>, isolating the veins is enough for short-lasting paroxysmal and persistent cases, however, in remodeled atria, it is required a more detailed approach<sup>5</sup>, which includes seeking for complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) and creation of continuous lesion lines connecting structures that are electrically inactive. In this case, it is crucial for this procedure to be successful that the line is continuous, for continuity solutions in its extension facilitate the development of reentrant atrial tachycardias, which are very symptomatic and difficult to be clinically controlled<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The onset of the electroanatomic mapping was decisive to help creating the lines<sup>7,8</sup>. This technique allows building three-dimensional maps of the atrial geometry, visualization of catheters inside the heart (virtual map) and marking of ablation points, all in real time, becoming a gold-standard in AF ablation. However, marking the lesion points in the map, during RF application, is operator-dependent. I.e. continuous virtual lines may not have a pathological correspondence. The main electroanatomic mapping systems are CARTO (BiosenseWebster, Inc, Diamond Bar, USA) and EnSiteNavX (StJude Medical, St Paul, MN, USA). Although the correspondence between virtual and anatomopathological lines have been assessed with CARTO<sup>7</sup>, this correlation has not been evaluated with EnSiteNavx. Therefore, we have performed linear atrial lesions guided by electroanatomic mapping in pigs, in order to evaluate the continuity of virtual lines in the anatomic specimen.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo (Unifesp) and implemented according to the institutional guidelines.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is a subanalysis of a paper recently published by our group<sup>9</sup>, which aimed at evaluating the impact of prophylactic corticosteroids in inflammation generated by extensive atrial ablation. 14 Pernalan, young adult pigs (3 months old), male (35 + 3 kg), subjected to quarantine under veterinary supervision to ensure the animals health status. After fasting (8-12h), the animals were premedicated with acepromazine (0.2 mg/kg IM) and midazolam (0.4 mg / kg IM) and, anesthetized 15 minutes later with propofol (1-2 mg / kg IV followed by continuous infusion 1-4 mg/kg/hour), intubated and maintained on artificial ventilation with oxygen necessary to maintain adequate saturation (&gt;90%), with electrocardiographic monitoring and pulse oximetry. Body temperature was maintained at approximately 37&#186;C with a heating blanket. After shaving and antisepsis, patches of the EnSite NavX8.01 (St.Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN, USA) System were applied, in addition to an indifferent plate electrode. Under sterile surgical conditions, the left (11F) and right (11F) femoral veins and the right jugular vein (7F) were dissected and cannulated, through which were introduced, under fluoroscopic guidance, respectively, the intracardiac echocardiogram catheters (AcunavAcusson 10F, Siemens AG, Germany); sheath (SL1-St.Jude Medical) and needle (BRK - St. Jude Medical) for transseptal puncture and diagnostic quadripolar catheter 6F (St.JudeMedical) allocated in coronary sinus. Local electrograms and ECG were filtrated (30 - 500 Hz) by Polygraph TEB SP32 (Brazilian Electronic Technology, S&#227;o Paulo Brazil). After transseptal puncture guided by intracardiac echocardiogram (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5205fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>), 5.000 units of unfractioned heparin (Liquemine<sup>&#174;</sup> IV) were administered intravenously.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5205fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0169-30127-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Electroanatomic mapping</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The atrial geometry was performed by the EnSiteNavX electroanatomic mapping system, and the quadripolar catheter was positioned in the coronary sinus as the anatomical reference electrode. Impedance calibration and compensation of respiratory movements were always performed. Three-dimensional geometry of cavities was obtained in sinus rhythm using the pair of distal electrodes of the deflectable ablation catheter 7F<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ablation procedure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Under fluoroscopy and with the aid of the virtual map, a linear lesion was initially created inside the right pulmonary vein from the distal portion (&#177; 2cm) to the ostium. 1-2 linear lesions were created in each atrium: from the appendage to the right pulmonary vein and from the roof to the right pulmonary vein; in the left atrium, from the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava through the lateral surface of the atrium and from the appendage to the superior vena cava. Each unipolar RF application (Stockert generator, Biosense Webster Inc., Diamond Bar, CA, USA) lasted 90 seconds, with the catheter being dragged along the line every 15-20 seconds simultaneously to the acquisition of the marks on the virtual map. However, no electrophysiological maneuvers were performed to confirm the line of block. Ablation was performed with 7Fr catheters either with an 8mm tip (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, USA) at a maximum power of 70W and under controlled temperature at 60&#186;C, or with a 3.5mm irrigated tip (Irvine, St.Jude Medical, St. Paul, USA) at a maximum power of 50W, a temperature of 50&#186;C and with continuous irrigation of 17 mL /min during the application. The power (Watts), impedance (&#937;), and temperature (&#186;C) of the catheter tip were monitored during each application and the mean value was recorded for analysis. The application was interrupted if a pop occurred and the catheter was checked for the presence of clots. The animals that presented arrhythmias during the procedure, with ventricular fibrillation being the most common (pigs are highly susceptible to this arrhythmia), were subjected to transthoracic defibrillation with the plates positioned transversely. By the end of the procedure, catheters were removed, blood vessels were connected and wounds were sutured. Procedures were performed by the same operator and in sterile conditions, without the need of prophylactic antibiotics. Neither anticoagulants or antiplatelet aggregant agents were administered. Animals subjected to ablation were divided in 02 groups: control (n=7), which did not receive any drugs; and corticosteroids (n=7), which received 500mg metilprednisolone IV in bolus at anesthetic induction. In both groups, 5 animals were ablated with 8mm catheter and 2 with an irrigated catheter. All pigs were monitored for 14 days under veterinary care.</p>
      <p>Since there were no differences between the groups regarding ablation parameters, inflammation markers and the histology of RF lesions<sup>9</sup> in this study, all 14 animals (treated with corticosteroids and controls) were aggregated in one single group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Macroscopic analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The animals were returned to the laboratory 14 days after the procedure, weighed, and sacrificed with a lethal KCl injection under general anesthesia. The heart was carefully removed and the ablation lines were macroscopically identified, correlated with the applications to the cardiac cavities, measured (width, length, and depth) with a millimeter ruler on the epicardial and endocardial surfaces, and then documented with digital photography.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Histological analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The linear lesions were sliced on various sequential transverse histological sections so that they would be fully covered, i.e. the line was approached from the beginning to the end to ensure the continuity analysis. The slides were stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin (HE) and Masson Trichrome and qualitatively analyzed by a pathologist who was blind to the study groups. Special attention was paid to the healing characteristics of the lesions such as transmurality, continuity, density of fibrosis, and inflammation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>SPSS 8.0 system was used. A descriptive analysis of the continuous variables was performed based on the mean and standard deviation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>RF ablation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Using a virtual map, a total of 23 linear lesions in the right atrium and 21 linear lesions the left atrium were created in 14 animals. The mean power, temperature, and impedance of application were 56W, 54 &#186;C and 231&#937; for the 8mm tip, and 39W, 37&#186;C, 194&#937; for the irrigated tip catheter. The description of the animals, application parameters and measures of lesion lines are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5205tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5205tab02-body2">2</xref>. All 14 animals completed the 14-day follow up without intercurrences.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5205tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0169-30127-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5205tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0169-30127-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Macroscopic analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All of the 23 linear lesions created in the right atrium and the 21 lesions created in the left atrium of the 14 animals (100%) were identified on both the epicardial and the endocardial surfaces, indicating transmurality of the lesions. Macroscopic inspection revealed extensive and pale lesions, measuring 3.61+0.67cm in length and 0.71+0.18cm in width, and continuous. The lesions created with the irrigated catheter were more difficult to visualize macroscopically since they were paler and had less defined margins, although they did not differ in dimensions or transmurality. When analyzing the virtual maps provided by EnsiteNavX 8.01 System, there was a correspondence in the location of virtual map lines with anatomic specimen lines (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5205fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>) in 21 of 23 (92.3%) of right atrium lines and 19/21 (90.4%) of left atrium.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5205fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0169-30127-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Histological analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The lesion lines were cut transversely into consecutive sections and their transmurality finding was confirmed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5205fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). There was reproduction of the findings in every consecutive plates, indicating the lesion continuity. The qualitative analysis was very consistent: there was coagulative necrosis with necrotic muscle being replaced with newly formed fibrosis. Granulation tissue, calcification and lymphocytic infiltration were present in some lesions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5205fig03-body2">Figure 3B</xref>), and in others there was recent thrombus (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5205fig03-body2">Figure 3C</xref>). The borders of the lesions were characterized by necrotic tissue with an inflammatory cellular infiltration rich in macrophages and lymphoplasmacytic cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5205fig03-body2">Figure 3D</xref>) and also various degrees of fibrosis and neovascularization.</p>
      <p content-type="html"><fig id="en_aop5205fig03-body2"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/y9sDLfJbknDRYhFcBSPDd7L/da6dae7619768f2053ff70a230fca05d5f076554.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0169-30127-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this model of extensive atrial ablation in pigs we demonstrated that creating continuous lines in the virtual map of EnSite system was correlated with the presence of transmural anatomic lines identified by macroscopy and microscopy. Although the CARTO<sup>7</sup> system has already demonstrated, this study is the first one to evaluate the relation of virtual map lines, acquired with EnSiteNavX 8.01 system, with the respective localization in the anatomic specimen. It is worth noting that the methodology used to access the left atrium, as well as the creation of lines by RF application was similar to that used clinically and findings were consistent for over 90% of the animals. Moreover, the swine model is used in studies to assess atrial lesions generated by radiofrequency<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>AF ablation in remodeled atria, mainly in the persistent long-lasting form, remains challenging. In these cases, creating lesion lines on the left atrium, imitating the surgical procedures for AF treatment, such as, for example, the Cox/Maze operation is used<sup>12,13</sup>. However, the presence of gaps in the lesion line provides the genesis of reentrant atrial tachycardias, which are very symptomatic and difficult to control<sup>5,14,15</sup>. The electroanatomic mapping enabled the visualization of the catheter movement in real time (without fluoroscopy) and also the marking of each lesion point during the application. Thus, the operator can return to the same position and create a line "perfect to the naked eye". However, there is no guarantee that the virtual map line corresponds to a real lesion line. Although the assessment of the continuity of lines can be performed using electrophysiological maneuvers<sup>3</sup>, this process is laborious and time consuming, often causing the operator to be based exclusively on the virtual line. Our findings suggest this is an appropriate strategy. It should be noted, however, that the acquisition of the points was thorough and each point was obtained after 20 seconds of RF application.</p>
      <p>It should be noted that several technologies are developed in order to increase the accuracy of the lesion creation using RF, namely. i) magnetic navigation systems to guide the catheter, either a platinum<sup>10</sup> or golden tip<sup>16</sup>, which increase its stability; ii) pressure sensors on the tip of the catheter<sup>17</sup>, allowing to measure its contact with the atrial surface, hypothetically improving the creation of transmural lesions; iii) integrating an ultrasound to the catheter tip to visualize in real time the lesion formation is capable to distinguish necrosis from hemorrhage in real time<sup>11</sup>; iv) endoscopic ablation system with balloon that visualizes directly the vein to be isolated and performs laser ablation. However, until the validation and daily use of these technologies, creating lines with electroanatomic mapping guidance remains as gold-standard for linear ablation for AF treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The lesion line continuity was measured by macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Electrophysiological assessment to confirm the line block was not performed during the ablation procedure, because the pigs are too susceptible to ventricular fibrillation induction with electric stimulation. The length of lesion lines on the virtual map was not determined, therefore, we could not perform the correlation with the length on anatomic specimens. The animals were sacrificed after 14 days of wound healing. Therefore, although very unlikely, we cannot exclude that discontinuities on the line may develop in longer segments, as suggested by electrophysiological observations provided from clinical studies. Ablation was performed with high peak powers (70W, 8mm and 50W, irrigated). There is no way to evaluate if the results would be maintained with the use of lower powers. Procedures were performed in atria of normal pigs, therefore, the results cannot be directly extrapolated to humans and sick atria, with AF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this model of atrial ablation, the lines created in the virtual map by EnSite NavX system correspond to continuous transmural linear lesions in anatomical specimen, suggesting that this method is suitable for linear ablation of atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Nascimento T, Fenelon G; Acquisition of data: Nascimento T, Mota F, Santos LFN, Okada M, Fenelon G; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Nascimento T, Ara&#250;jo S, Franco M, Paola AAV, Fenelon G; Statistical analysis: Nascimento T; Obtaining funding: Fenelon G.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Thais Nascimento, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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