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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HJbnyF4gfHL9ShKJTLwc8rz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002800010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100200010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130142</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O impacto da obesidade isolada na fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito em adultos jovens</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sokmen</surname>
            <given-names>Abdullah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sokmen</surname>
            <given-names>Gulizar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Acar</surname>
            <given-names>Gurkan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akcay</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koroglu</surname>
            <given-names>Sedat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Koleoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yalcintas</surname>
            <given-names>Sila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aydin</surname>
            <given-names>M. Naci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Kahramanmaras</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kahramanmaras S&#252;t&#231;&#252; Imam University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departmento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Kahramanmaras</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Estadual Afsin</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hatay</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Estadual Dortyol</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Kahramanmaras</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Privado Ozel Yasam</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>160</fpage>
      <lpage>168</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A obesidade &#233; um fator de risco independente para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Os efeitos da obesidade sobre a estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do ventriculo esquerdo t&#234;m sido relatados, mas, relativamente, pouco se sabe sobre o funcionamento do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) na obesidade. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas do VD em adultos jovens obesos, por&#233;m saud&#225;veis, por ecocardiografia convencional e Doppler tecidual (TDI). M&#201;TODOS: Neste estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos 35 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis de peso normal, com um &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &lt; 25 kg/m2 (grupo I), 27 indiv&#237;duos com um IMC de 30-34,99 kg/m2 (grupo II) e 42 indiv&#237;duos com um IMC &gt; 35 kg/m2 (grupo III). Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica. Al&#233;m de medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas padr&#227;o, as velocidades sist&#243;licas de pico do anel tric&#250;spide (Sm), e as velocidado pico diast&#243;lico precoce (Em) e final (Am), tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica (TCIm), tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIm), e o tempo de ejec&#231;&#227;o (TEm) foram obtidos por TDI e o &#237;ndice de desempenho do mioc&#225;rdico do VD (IDMm) foi calculado. RESULTADOS: No grupo II, a raz&#227;o Em/Am do VD foi significativamente menor e o TRIm e o IDMm foram significativamente maiores em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo I (p &lt; 0,01). A Sm, Em, e a raz&#227;o Em/Am do VD foram significativamente menores e TRIm e IDMm do VD foram significativamente maiores no grupo III em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo II (p &lt; 0,05 para Sm e TRIm do VD e p &lt; 0,01 para os outros par&#226;metros). A Am do VD diferiu significativamente entre os grupos I e III (p &lt; 0,05). O IMC teve uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa significante com a Sm, Em, e a raz&#227;o Em/Am do VD, mas uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com o IDM do VD (p &lt; 0,01). CONCLUS&#195;O: Nosso estudo mostrou que a obesidade isolada em adultos jovens normotensos foi associada com disfun&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do VD.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Adulto Jovem</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>O impacto da obesidade isolada na fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito em adultos jovens</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Abdullah Sokmen<sup>I</sup>; Gulizar Sokmen<sup>I</sup>; Gurkan Acar<sup>I</sup>; Ahmet Akcay<sup>I</sup>; Sedat Koroglu<sup>II</sup>; Murat Koleoglu<sup>III</sup>; Sila Yalcintas<sup>IV</sup>; M. Naci Aydin<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University - Faculdade de Medicina - Departmento de Cardiologia, Kahramanmaras, Turquia </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Estadual Afsin - Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia - Kahramanmaras, Turquia </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital Privado Ozel Yasam - Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia, Kahramanmaras, Turquia </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Hospital Estadual Dortyol - Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia, Hatay, Turquia</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A obesidade &#233; um fator de risco independente para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Os efeitos da obesidade sobre a estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do ventriculo esquerdo t&#234;m sido relatados, mas, relativamente, pouco se sabe sobre o funcionamento do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) na obesidade. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar as altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas do VD em adultos jovens obesos, por&#233;m saud&#225;veis, por ecocardiografia convencional e Doppler tecidual (TDI). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Neste estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos 35 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis de peso normal, com um &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &lt; 25 kg/m2 (grupo I), 27 indiv&#237;duos com um IMC de 30-34,99 kg/m2 (grupo II) e 42 indiv&#237;duos com um IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 35 kg/m2 (grupo III). Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica. Al&#233;m de medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas padr&#227;o, as velocidades sist&#243;licas de pico do anel tric&#250;spide (Sm), e as velocidado pico diast&#243;lico precoce (Em) e final (Am), tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica (TCIm), tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIm), e o tempo de ejec&#231;&#227;o (TEm) foram obtidos por TDI e o &#237;ndice de desempenho do mioc&#225;rdico do VD (IDMm) foi calculado. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> No grupo II, a raz&#227;o Em/Am do VD foi significativamente menor e o TRIm e o IDMm foram significativamente maiores em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo I (p &lt; 0,01). A Sm, Em, e a raz&#227;o Em/Am do VD foram significativamente menores e TRIm e IDMm do VD foram significativamente maiores no grupo III em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo II (p &lt; 0,05 para Sm e TRIm do VD e p &lt; 0,01 para os outros par&#226;metros). A Am do VD diferiu significativamente entre os grupos I e III (p &lt; 0,05). O IMC teve uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa significante com a Sm, Em, e a raz&#227;o Em/Am do VD, mas uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com o IDM do VD (p &lt; 0,01). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nosso estudo mostrou que a obesidade isolada em adultos jovens normotensos foi associada com disfun&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do VD.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Obesidade, Adulto Jovem, Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita, Ecocardiografia Doppler.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica e progressiva que tem tido um aumento da preval&#234;ncia tanto nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos como nos pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento e representa um fator de risco independente para a hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, tais como doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva<sup>1-3</sup>. Embora os mecanismos que levam a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes obesos n&#227;o sejam totalmente esclarecidos, a obesidade tem sido associada a um espectro de altera&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares que <italic>v&#227;o</italic> de circula&#231;&#227;o hiperdin&#226;mica &#224; altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas em estrutura card&#237;aca que eventualmente se manifesta na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>A obesidade aumenta a carga de trabalho do <italic>cora&#231;&#227;o</italic> por aumentar o volume total de sangue e o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Aumentos crescentes na press&#227;o de enchimento e volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) pode levar &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o da c&#226;mara e hipertrofia do mesmo<sup>2</sup>. Muitos estudos <italic>t&#234;m</italic> demonstrado hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica do VE, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE e, ocasionalmente, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE decorrente da obesidade de longo prazo<sup>3-10</sup>. Assim como ocorre com o VE, a obesidade pode afetar a fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) pelo aumento do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e pela apn&#233;ia obstrutiva do sono relacionadas &#224; obesidade, os quais aumentam a press&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar podendo levar &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD. No entanto, estudos t&#234;m revelado dados conflitantes sobre os efeitos da obesidade no VD, e se conhece muito pouco sobre a estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do VD em indiv&#237;duos obesos<sup>11-15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD por ecocardiograma &#233; um desafio devido &#224; sua posi&#231;&#227;o retroesternal e &#224; sua forma complexae, embora a ecocardiografia tridimensional ter proporcionado resultados promissores, ainda &#233; uma <italic>pr&#225;tica</italic> demorada e limitada. Doppler tecidual (TDI- iniciais do termo em ingles: <italic>Tissue Doppler imaging</italic>) &#233; uma nova t&#233;cnica ecocardiogr&#225;fica que permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva das velocidades regionais do mioc&#225;rdio e oferece vantagens sobre os m&#233;todos convencionais de imagem do VD pois &#233; clinicamente &#250;til e potencialmente menos dependente da carga do que outros marcadores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, n&#243;s avaliamos o impacto da obesidade isolada na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do VD em adultos jovens normotensos (idade &lt; 40 anos) com o uso de medidas obtidas pelo TDI, al&#233;m de par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, n&#243;s recrutamos 69 indiv&#237;duos obesos (30 homens e 39 mulheres, com idade &lt; 40 anos e m&#233;dia de idade 32,0 &#177; 5,3 anos) que foram admitidos em nossa cl&#237;nica de cardiologia para avalia&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular de rotina, e <italic>n&#227;o</italic> apresentaram doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e pulmonares. Volunt&#225;rios que <italic>inclu&#237;ram</italic> funcion&#225;rios do hospital ou seus parentes, com idade e sexo correspondentes, saud&#225;veis e de peso normal constitu&#237;ram o grupo controle (grupo I, n = 35, 15 homens e 20 mulheres, com m&#233;dia de idade de 30,1 &#177; 4,9 anos). A obesidade foi definida pelo &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> e o peso normal pelo IMC &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2 17</sup>. Os pacientes obesos foram divididos em dois subgrupos: (1) pacientes apresentando IMC de 30-34,9 kg / m<sup>2</sup> (grupo II, n = 27) e (2) pacientes apresentando IMC &gt; 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (grupo III, n = 42 ). N&#243;s exclu&#237;mos indiv&#237;duos com imagens de ecocardiografia de baixa qualidade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca, arritmia e doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas, renais, end&#243;crinas ou respirat&#243;rias. Todos os participantes forneceram consentimento informado e o protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica das institui&#231;&#245;es participantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas, incluindo idade, sexo, hist&#243;ria familiar, h&#225;bitos pessoais (ou seja, a ingest&#227;o de &#225;lcool, tabagismo, consumo de drogas e patologias conhecidas), estado funcional e dura&#231;&#227;o da obesidade foram obtidos de todos os pacientes. A press&#227;o arterial foi aferida em indiv&#237;duos ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de &gt; 5 min de repouso na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada e em uma sala silenciosa. Um exame f&#237;sico detalhado foi realizado para excluir comorbidades end&#243;crinas e cardiovasculares e um ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es. Exame hematol&#243;gico de rotina e altera&#231;&#245;es bioqu&#237;micas foram determinados a partir de amostras de sangue em jejum e incluiram glicose, colesterol total, triglicer&#237;deos, colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade, ur&#233;ia, creatinina, provas de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, triiodotironina livre, tiroxina livre, horm&#244;nio estimulante da tire&#243;ide e hemograma completo. Em pacientes com queixa de dor no peito foram administrados os testes de esfor&#231;o e adicional cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, quando indicado para excluir doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas padr&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os participantes do estudo foram submetidos a exames de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (Vivid 7 Pro; com transdutor de <italic>phased-array</italic> de 2-4 MHz; GE Vingmed Ultrasound AS, Horten, Noruega) por um cardiologista sem conhecimento dos dados cl&#237;nicos. As medidas do modo-M e do Doppler convencional foram feitas de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia e a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s ciclos card&#237;acos foi calculada pra cada par&#226;metro<sup>18,19</sup>. O di&#226;metro e espessura da parede do VD foram medidos a partir dos tra&#231;ados do modo-M, no final da di&#225;stole com a vis&#227;o paraesternal do eixo longo. O di&#226;metro interno do &#225;trio direito foi medido como a dimens&#227;o linear horizontal da vista apical 4-c&#226;maras. As velocidades do fluxo de entrada tric&#250;spide, ou seja, pico da onda E (diast&#243;lica precoce) e pico da onda A (diast&#243;lica tardia), foram mensuradas atrav&#233;s da onda de Doppler puls&#225;til, obtidas pela coloca&#231;&#227;o do volume da amostra nos bordos livres dos folhetos e a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s batimentos consecutivos foi calculada. A velocidade da via de saida pulmonar foi mensurada por onda de Doppler puls&#225;til no n&#237;vel logo distal das bordas das v&#225;lvulas pulmonares e o tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (TAP) foi medido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Doppler tecidual (TDI)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>TDI foi realizada no corte apical 4-c&#226;maras usando um volume da amostra de 5 mm posicionado nas laterais do anel tric&#250;spide. Utilizou-se o ganho m&#237;nimo para assegurar os limites do Doppler tecidual puls&#225;til claros e bem definidos. As configura&#231;&#245;es foram ajustados para uma taxa de quadros de 120-180 Hz e foram medidos o pico sist&#243;lico do miocardio (Sm, VD), as velocidades de pico diast&#243;lico precoce (Em, VD), pico diast&#243;lico final (Am, VD), tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica (TCIm, VD), tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIm, VD) e o tempo de ejec&#231;&#227;o (TEm, VD). Tr&#234;s registros consecutivos foram medidos para cada par&#226;metro, e as m&#233;dias para cada medi&#231;&#227;o foram calculadas. O &#237;ndice de desempenho do mioc&#225;rdico do VD (IDMm, VD) foi calculado a partir da f&#243;rmula: IDMm, VD = (TRIm + TCIm) / TEm. Os pacientes com uma raz&#227;o Em / Am do VD &lt; 1 foram considerados como tendo disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o programa estat&#237;stico SPSS para Windows 15.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto que as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram<italic> expressas </italic>em percentuais. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia foi utilizada para comparar os par&#226;metros entre os tr&#234;s grupos. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizado para avaliar a for&#231;a da rela&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos de estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5348tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Apenas o peso e o IMC foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de obesidade foi de 7,3 &#177; 2,9 e 7,7 &#177; 2,3 anos (variando entre 2 e 13 anos) nos grupos II e III, respectivamente. Embora as <italic>press&#245;es</italic> sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica e a m&#233;dia da <italic>press&#227;o</italic> arterial tenham sidas ligeiramente elevadas no grupo III em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos I e II, as diferen&#231;as n&#227;o alcan&#231;aram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5348tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os <italic>&#237;ndices</italic> ecocardiogr&#225;ficos estruturais e funcionais do VD obtidos por ecocardiografia padr&#227;o e pelo Doppler tecidual s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5348tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. A espessura da parede do VD, o di&#226;metro do &#225;trio direito e o di&#226;metro do VD foram significativamente maiores nos grupos de obesos (grupos II e III), em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p &lt; 0,01; p &lt; 0,01 e p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente). As medidas das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas foram tamb&#233;m significativamente maiores no grupo III em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo II (p &lt; 0,01 para a espessura da parede do VD e p &lt; 0,05 para as outras medidas). A raz&#227;o da velocidade de enchimento da tric&#250;spide precoce (E) e final (atrial - A) (E/A) foi significativamente reduzida no grupo II, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p &lt; 0,001). Embora a raz&#227;o E/A tenha sido menor no grupo III em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo II, essa diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa. O TAP foi significativamente reduzido nos grupos II e III (p &lt; 0,001) e tamb&#233;m diferiu significativamente entre os grupos II e III (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5348tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados obtidos com Doppler Tecidual</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Considerando a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD, a Am do VD n&#227;o foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos I e II, embora tenha sido significativamente elevada no grupo III (p &lt; 0,01). A Em do VD foi significativamente menor no grupo III (p &lt; 0,01). A raz&#227;o Em/Am do VD foi significativamente menor no grupo II em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p &lt; 0,01) e menor no grupo III que no grupo II (p &lt;0,01). O TRIm do VD foi significativamente maior no grupo II em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p &lt; 0,01) e maior no grupo III em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo II (p &lt; 0,05). O TCIm do VD n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos. O n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos com uma raz&#227;o Em/Am &lt; 1 foram 4 (11,4%), 12 (44,4%), e 25 (69%) nos grupos I, II, e III, respectivamente, e as diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram estatisticamente significativas (p &lt; 0,01 para o grupo I versus II e p &lt; 0,05 para o grupo II versus III) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5348fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5348fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A Sm do VD foi significativamente diminu&#237;da no grupo III, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os Grupos I e II (p &lt; 0,01 e p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente), mas n&#227;o diferiu significativamente entre os grupos I e II. Houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IDMm do VD, que aumentou com o IMC e significativamente maior nos grupos II e III em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle (p &lt; 0,001) e tamb&#233;m maior no grupo III em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo II (p &lt; 0,01).</p>
    <p>Houve uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre IMC e par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos nos pacientes do presente estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5348tab03">Tabela 3</xref>). O IMC teve uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva com a IDMm do VD, enquanto teve uma <italic>correla&#231;&#227;o</italic> negativa com o Sm e a raz&#227;o Em/Am do VD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5348fig02">Figuras 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5348fig03">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5348fig04">4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5348tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5348fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5348fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5348fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados mais importantes do presente estudo incluem: (1) a obesidade isolada foi associada com disfun&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica nas fun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do VD e dilata&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas em indiv&#237;duos jovens e saud&#225;veis; (2) essas mudan&#231;as desfavor&#225;veis foram mais pronunciados em indiv&#237;duos severamente obesos, e pareceu se relacionar com o grau de obesidade.</p>
    <p>Tem sido demostrado que a obesidade afeta a estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. O excesso de tecido adiposo imp&#245;e um aumento da demanda metab&#243;lica do corpo e tanto o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco quanto o volume total de sangue s&#227;o elevados na obesidade, o que leva a uma circula&#231;&#227;o hiperdin&#226;mica, provocando mudan&#231;as estruturais no VE e VD e, subsequentemente, o aumento da massa ventricular e dilata&#231;&#227;o da cavidade<sup>2,3</sup>. Estudos anteriores sugeriram que a obesidade est&#225; associada com a hipertrofia, dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE e, ocasionalmente, com a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE<sup>3-10,21</sup>. A estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido avaliadas em v&#225;rios estudos, mas os resultados s&#227;o conflitantes<sup>11-15,22</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo demostrou que a obesidade sem <italic>complica&#231;&#245;es</italic> foi associado com a dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD e do &#225;trio direito, <italic>al&#233;m</italic> do aumento da espessura da parede livre do VD. Al&#233;m disso, esses &#237;ndices estruturais foram positivamente correlacionados com o IMC. Da mesma forma, em um estudo anterior que avaliou a estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD por ecocardiografia, tamb<italic>&#233;</italic>m foi observado um aumento da massa e do volume do VD em indiv&#237;duos obesos<sup>11</sup>. Recentemente, Chahal e cols.<sup>13</sup> relataram que o volume diast&#243;lico final e a massa do VD foram maiores nos indiv&#237;duos com sobrepeso e obesos, o que <italic>est&#225;</italic> de acordo com os nossos resultados. No entanto, a m&#233;dia de idade dos pacientes nesse estudo foi maior e a morfologia do VD foi avaliada por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca<sup>13</sup>. Por outro lado, alguns estudos n&#227;o revelaram nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o entre a obesidade e o di&#226;metro do VD<sup>14,15</sup>. N<italic>&#243;s</italic> tamb&#233;m observamos que a raz&#227;o E/A da tric&#250;spide foi reduzida, indicando dano no relaxamento do VD e o TAP foi significativamente reduzido, indicando um aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar em indiv&#237;duos obesos.</p>
    <p>As causas prov&#225;veis do aumento da massa e da dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD, menor TAP e o subsequente comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD em pessoas obesas incluem o aumento do volume total de sangue e pr&#233;-carga, hiperinsulinemia e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, altera&#231;&#245;es na carga de trabalho respirat&#243;rio, presen&#231;a de apn&#233;ia obstrutiva do sono, que tem sido frequentemente associada com obesidade severa, entre outros mecanismos. Cada uma destas altera&#231;&#245;es podem ocorrer em na obesidade em diferentes graus e desempenhar uma fun&#231;&#227;o nas altera&#231;&#245;es da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do VD<sup>23-25</sup>.</p>
    <p> O TDI puls&#225;til &#233; um m&#233;todo &#250;nico para medir as velocidades sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do mioc&#225;rdio. A determina&#231;&#227;o das velocidades de movimento anular da tric&#250;spide tem sido confirmada como uma nova ferramenta para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do VD em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as<sup>16,26</sup>. O presente estudo detectou o comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD, como indicado pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o Em/Am do VD e aumento da TRI do VD em indiv&#237;duos obesos. Al&#233;m disso, a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD foi ainda mais prejudicada em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade severa e intimamente relacionada com o IMC. Para evitar o efeito da idade nos danos do relaxamento do VD, a nossa amostra experimental consistiu em adultos jovens (idade &lt; 40 anos). <italic>N&#243;s</italic> tamb&#233;m encontramos uma defici&#234;ncia subcl&#237;nica na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, que foi demonstrada pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da Sm do VD em indiv&#237;duos obesos com um IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. A preserva&#231;&#227;o da Sm do VD em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade moderada, a qual foi significativamente menor nos indiv&#237;duos com obesidade severa, sugere que a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD foi afetada posteriormente com o decorrer da obesidade. Considerando que indiv&#237;duos obesos apresentando outras morbidades n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo presente e as press&#245;es arteriais foram semelhantes nos grupos de indiv&#237;duos obesos e com peso normal, os danos na fun&#231;&#227;o do VD observadas no presente estudo podem ser atribu&#237;dos &#224; incid&#234;ncia da obesidade isolada. Na literatura, estudos t&#234;m revelado fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas normais do VD<sup>14,27</sup> ou danos na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD em conjunto com a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada<sup>12,22</sup>. No entanto, consistente com o presente estudo, a maioria dos estudos anteriores relataram fun&#231;&#245;es prejudicadas do VD em indiv&#237;duos obesos<sup>11,12,15,22</sup> com alguns deles relatando melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD ap&#243;s uma cont&#237;nua perda de peso<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
    <p>O IDMm introduzido por Tei &#233; um &#237;ndice derivado do Doppler que reflete tanto a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica quanto a diast&#243;lica dos ventr&#237;culos<sup>30</sup>. O IDMm obtido pelo TDI tem a vantagem de medir os intervalos de tempo sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico dentro do mesmo ciclo card&#237;aco. O IDMm &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til para a medida n&#227;o invasiva da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD<sup>31</sup>. Na literatura, poucos estudos investigaram o IDM do VD em indiv&#237;duos obesos e os resultados s&#227;o conflitantes<sup>14,32,33</sup>. Em nosso estudo, o IDM do VD derivado do TDI foi maior em indiv&#237;duos obesos saud&#225;veis e significativamente correlacionado com o IMC. Da mesma forma, Maniscalco e cols.<sup>32</sup> constataram que o IDM do VD foi significativamente elevado na obesidade severa sem complica&#231;&#245;es e melhorou ap&#243;s a perda cont&#237;nua de peso. Por outro lado, Yildirimturk e cols.<sup>14</sup> relataram n&#227;o haver nenhuma mudan&#231;a no IDMm do VD em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade moderada; no entanto, isso pode ser explicado pelas caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo, bem como a dura&#231;&#227;o e gravidade da obesidade. Embora nossos dados revelam aumentos significativos do IDMm do VD nos dois grupos de indiv&#237;duos obesos, o aumento foi mais pronunciado naqueles com IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, o que ocorreu provavelmente devido aos danos subcl&#237;nicos da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, al&#233;m de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VD observada na obesidade severa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A obesidade foi medida usando-se apenas o IMC e as medidas de distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal n&#227;o foram feitas. Uma melhor correla&#231;&#227;o poderia ter sido encontrada entre obesidade abdominal e as altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. N&#243;s n&#227;o realizamos um estudo do sono para determinar a contribui&#231;&#227;o da apn&#233;ia obstrutiva do sono nas mudan&#231;as do VD. No entanto, os pacientes com sintomas de apn&#233;ia obstrutiva do sono, como ronco e apn&#233;ia testemunhada foram exclu&#237;dos. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo foi a falta de um acompanhamento longitudinal dos indiv&#237;duos obesos para documentar o desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Por &#250;ltimo, o n&#250;mero de pacientes foi relativamente limitado no presente estudo, por conseguinte, os resultados podem n&#227;o ser id&#234;nticos quando aplicados a grandes popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo demonstrou que a obesidade isolada em adultos jovens foi associada a disfun&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do VD. A detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de danos da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD pode ser importante no controle da obesidade e o TDI pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til para monitorar o envolvimento card&#237;aco subcl&#237;nico em indiv&#237;duos obesos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sokmen A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sokmen A, Sokmen G, Acar G, Akcay A, Koroglu S, Koleoglu M, Yalcintas S, Aydin MN; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sokmen A, Sokmen G; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sokmen A, Acar G; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Sokmen A, Sokmen G, Akcay A.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Abdullah Sokmen </p>
        <p> Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Department </p>
        <p> 46050, Kahramanmaras, Turkey </p>
        <p> E-mail:</p>
        <p>
          <ext-link xlink:href="mailto: abdullahs27@yahoo.com" ext-link-type="email"> abdullahs27@yahoo.com</ext-link>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/12/12; revisado em 27/02/13; aceito em 18/03/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">The impact of isolated obesity on right ventricular function in young adults</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The effects of obesity on left ventricular structure and function have been reported, but relatively little is known regarding right ventricular (RV) function in obesity. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate subclinical RV alterations in obese, but otherwise healthy, young adults by conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). METHODS: In this study, we included 35 normal weight healthy subjects with a body mass index (BMI) &lt; 25 kg/m&#178; (group I), 27 subjects with a BMI of 30-34.99 kg/m&#178; (group II), and 42 subjects with a BMI &gt; 35 kg/m&#178; (group III). All subjects underwent transthoracic echocardiography. In addition to standard echocardiographic measurements, tricuspid annular peak systolic (Sm), peak early (Em), and late diastolic (Am) velocities, isovolumetric contraction (ICTm), relaxation (IRTm) time, and ejection time (ETm) were obtained by TDI, and RV myocardial performance index (MPIm) was calculated. RESULTS: In group II, RV Em/Am was significantly decreased and IRTm and MPIm were significantly increased compared to group I (p &lt; 0.01). RV Sm, Em, and the Em/Am ratio were significantly lower and RV IRTm and MPIm were significantly higher in group III than in group II (p &lt; 0.05 for RV Sm and IRTm and p &lt; 0.01 for others). RV Am differed significantly between groups III and I (p &lt; 0.05). BMI was significantly and negatively correlated with RV Sm, Em, and the Em/Am ratio, but positively correlated with RV MPI (p &lt; 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that isolated obesity in young normotensive adults was associated with subclinical abnormalities in RV structure and function.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Young Adult</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>The impact of isolated obesity on right ventricular function in young adults</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Abdullah Sokmen<sup>I</sup>; Gulizar Sokmen<sup>I</sup>; Gurkan Acar<sup>I</sup>; Ahmet Akcay<sup>I</sup>; Sedat Koroglu<sup>II</sup>; Murat Koleoglu<sup>III</sup>; Sila Yalcintas<sup>IV</sup>;M. Naci Aydin<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University - Faculdade de Medicina - Departmento de Cardiologia, Kahramanmaras, Turquia</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital Estadual Afsin - Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia - Kahramanmaras, Turquia</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Hospital Pr&#305;vado Ozel Yasam - Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia, Kahramanmaras, Turquia</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Hospital Estadual Dortyol - Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia, Hatay, Turkey</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Obesity is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The effects of obesity on left ventricular structure and function have been reported, but relatively little is known regarding right ventricular (RV) function in obesity.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate subclinical RV alterations in obese, but otherwise healthy, young adults by conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> In this study, we included 35 normal weight healthy subjects with a body mass index (BMI) &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (group I), 27 subjects with a BMI of 30-34.99 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (group II), and 42 subjects with a BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (group III). All subjects underwent transthoracic echocardiography. In addition to standard echocardiographic measurements, tricuspid annular peak systolic (Sm), peak early (Em), and late diastolic (Am) velocities, isovolumetric contraction (ICTm), relaxation (IRTm) time, and ejection time (ETm) were obtained by TDI, and RV myocardial performance index (MPIm) was calculated.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> In group II, RV Em/Am was significantly decreased and IRTm and MPIm were significantly increased compared to group I (p &lt; 0.01). RV Sm, Em, and the Em/Am ratio were significantly lower and RV IRTm and MPIm were significantly higher in group III than in group II (p &lt; 0.05 for RV Sm and IRTm and p &lt; 0.01 for others). RV Am differed significantly between groups III and I (p &lt; 0.05). BMI was significantly and negatively correlated with RV Sm, Em, and the Em/Am ratio, but positively correlated with RV MPI (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Our study showed that isolated obesity in young normotensive adults was associated with subclinical abnormalities in RV structure and function.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Obesity; Young Adult; Ventricular Function, Right; Echocardiography, Doppler.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Obesity is a chronic, progressive disease with increasing prevalence in both developed and developing countries, and represents an independent risk factor for hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation, and congestive heart failure<sup>I-3</sup>. Although the exact mechanisms leading to heart failure in obese patients have not been clarified, obesity has been linked to a spectrum of cardiovascular changes from hyperdynamic circulation through subclinical changes in cardiac structure that eventually manifest in heart failure<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Obesity increases cardiac workload by increasing total blood volume and cardiac output. Incremental increases in left ventricular (LV) filling pressure and volume may ultimately produce chamber dilatation and LV hypertrophy<sup>2</sup>. Many studies have shown eccentric LV hypertrophy, LV diastolic dysfunction, and occasionally LV systolic dysfunction in long standing obesity<sup>3-10</sup>. Similar to that of the LV, obesity may affect right ventricular (RV) function through increased cardiac output and obesity-related obstructive sleep apnea, both of which increase pulmonary artery pressure and might lead to RV dysfunction. However, previous studies have revealed conflicting data regarding the effects of obesity on the RV and still less is known about RV structure and function in obese subjects<sup>11-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Clinical assessment of RV function by echocardiography is challenging due to the retrosternal position and complex shape of the RV and although three-dimensional echocardiography has provided promising results, it is time consuming and has limited practicability. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is a novel echocardiographic technique that allows noninvasive assessment of regional myocardial velocities and offers advantages over conventional imaging of RV because it is clinically useful and potentially less load-dependent than other echocardiographic markers of RV function<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, we evaluated the impact of isolated obesity on RV structure and function in normotensive young adults (age &lt; 40 years) by use of TDI measurements in addition to conventional echocardiographic parameters<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patient selection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the present study, we enrolled 69 obese subjects (30 males and 39 females; age &lt; 40 years; mean age 32.0 &#177; 5.3 years) who were admitted to our cardiology clinic for routine cardiovascular assessment and found to be free of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Age- and sex-matched, healthy, normal weight volunteers among hospital staff or their relatives served as the control group (group I; n = 35; 15 men and 20 women; mean age 30.1 &#177; 4.9 years). Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) of <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and normal weight as a BMI of &lt; 25 kg/m<sup>2 17</sup>. Obese patients were further divided into two subgroups: (1) patients with a BMI of 30-34.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (group II, n = 27) and (2) patients with BMI &gt; 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (group III, n = 42). We excluded subjects with poor quality echocardiographic images, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiac valve disease, arrhythmia, and hepatic, renal, endocrine, or respiratory diseases. All participants provided informed consent and the study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committees of the participating institutions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Demographic information including age, gender, family history, personal habits (i.e., alcohol intake, tobacco consumption, drug ingestion, and known pathological conditions), functional status, and duration of obesity were obtained from all patients. Arterial blood pressure was measured after subjects had rested for &gt; 5 min in a sitting position in a quiet room. A detailed physical examination was conducted to exclude endocrine and cardiovascular comorbidities and a 12-lead ECG was obtained. Routine hematological and biochemical variables were determined from fasting blood samples and included glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, urea, creatinine, liver function tests, free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and complete blood count. Patients complaining of chest pain were administered exercise stress tests and additional myocardial perfusion scintigraphy when indicated to exclude coronary artery disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Standard echocardiographic measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All of the study participants were subjected to transthoracic echocardiographic examinations (Vivid 7 Pro; 2-4 MHz phased-array transducer; GE Vingmed Ultrasound AS, Horten, Norway) by a cardiologist unaware of the clinical data. M-mode and conventional Doppler measurements were made according to the American Society of Echocardiography guidelines and averaged from three cardiac cycles<sup>18,19</sup>. The RV diameter and wall thickness were measured from the M-Mode tracings at the end-diastole in the parasternal long axis view. The inner diameter of the right atrium was measured as the horizontal linear dimension from the apical four-chamber view. Pulsed wave Doppler measurements of tricuspid inflow velocities, namely peak E (early diastolic) and peak A (late diastolic), were obtained by placing the sample volume at the tip of the leaflets and averaged from 3 consecutive beats.The velocity of the pulmonary outflow tract was recorded by pulsed wave TDI at a level just distal to the pulmonary valve tips, and pulmonary acceleration time (PAT) was measured.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Tissue Doppler Imaging</bold>
      </p>
      <p>TDI was performed in the apical four-chamber view using a 5-mm sample volume placed at the lateral tricuspid annulus. We used the minimal gain to assure clear and well-defined pulsed TDI wave borders. Settings were adjusted for a frame rate of 120-180 Hz and myocardial peak systolic (RV Sm), peak early diastolic velocity (RV Em), peak late diastolic velocity (RV Am), isovolumetric contraction (RV ICTm), relaxation time (RV IRTm), and ejection time (RV ETm) were measured. All measurements were averaged from three consecutive recordings. The RV myocardial performance index (RV MPIm) was calculated from the formula: RV MPIm = (IRTm + ICTm) / ETm. The patients with an RV Em / Am ration &lt; 1 were considered to have RV diastolic dysfunction<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All analyses were conducted using SPSS statistical software for Windows 15.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, whereas categorical variables were presented as percentages. The chi-square statistic was used to assess differences between categorical variables. Analysis of variance was used to compare parameters among the three groups. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to assess the strength of the relationship between continuous variables. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Characteristics of the study groups</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical patient characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5348tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Only weight and BMI were significantly different between groups. The average duration of obesity was 7.3 &#177; 2.9 and 7.7 &#177; 2.3 years (range, 2-13 years) in groups II and III, respectively. Although systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures were slightly higher in group III, as compared to groups I and II, the differences did not reach statistical significance.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5348tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conventional echocardiographic parameters</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Structural and functional echocardiographic indices of the RV obtained by standard and tissue Doppler echocardiography are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5348tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. RV wall thickness, right atrial diameter, and RV diameter were significantly higher in the obese groups (groups II and III) as compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.01, p &lt; 0.01, and p &lt; 0.001, respectively). The measurements of the right cardiac chambers were also significantly higher in group III than group II (p &lt; 0.01 for RV wall thickness and p &lt; 0.05 for other measurements). The tricuspid early (E) and late (atrial - A) (E/A) ventricular filling velocity ratio was significantly decreased in group II as compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.001). Although the E/A ratio was further decreased in group III, as compared to group II, the difference was not statistically significant. PAT was found to be significantly shortened in groups II and III (p &lt; 0.001), and also differed significantly between groups II and III (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5348tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Tissue Doppler imaging findings</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Considering RV diastolic function, RV Am did not significantly differ between groups I and II, although it was significantly increased in group III (p &lt; 0.01). RV Em was significantly lower in group III (p &lt; 0.01). RV Em/Am was significantly lower in group II compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.01) and lower in group III than group II (p &lt; 0.01). RV IRTm was significantly increased in group II compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.01) and increased in group III compared to group II (p &lt; 0.05). RV ICTm did not differ significantly between groups. The number of subjects with an Em/Am ratio &lt; 1 was 4 (11.4%), 12 (44.4%), and 25 (69%) in groups I, II, and III, respectively, and the differences between groups were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01 for group I vs. II and p &lt; 0.05 for group II vs. III) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5348fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5348fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>RV Sm was significantly decreased in group III as compared to groups I and II (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.05, respectively), but did not differ significantly between groups I and II. There were statistical differences between groups in regard to RV MPIm, which increased with BMI and was significantly increased in groups II and III as compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.001), and also increased in group III as compared to group II (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
      <p>There was a significant correlation between BMI and echocardiographic parameters in the study patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5348tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). BMI was found to be positively correlated with RV MPIm, while it was negatively correlated with RV Sm and Em/Am (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5348fig02-body2">Figures 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5348fig03-body2">3</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="en_aop_5348fig04-body2">4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5348tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5348fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5348fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fn id="en_aop_5348fig04-body2">
          <p>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0160-30142-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The most important findings of the present study were that (1) isolated obesity was associated with subclinical impairment in RV diastolic and systolic functions and dilatation of right cardiac chambers in young healthy subjects, and (2) these unfavorable changes were more pronounced in severely obese subjects, and appeared to be related to the degree of obesity.</p>
      <p>Obesity has been shown to have many effects on cardiovascular structure and function. Excess adiposity imposes an increased metabolic demand on the body and both cardiac output and total blood volume are elevated in obesity leading to hyperdynamic circulation, which causes LV and RV structural changes in obesity and subsequently leads to increased ventricular mass and cavity dilatation<sup>2,3</sup>. Previous studies have suggested that obesity is associated with LV hypertrophy, LV dilatation, LV diastolic dysfunction, and occasionally LV systolic dysfunction<sup>3-10,21</sup>. RV structure and function have also been evaluated in several studies, but the results are conflicting<sup>11-15,22</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study showed that uncomplicated obesity was associated with RV and right atrial dilatation, and increased thickness of the RV free wall. Also, these structural indices were found to be positively correlated with BMI. Similarly, in a previous study evaluating RV structure and function by echocardiography, RV mass and volume was found to be increased in obese subjects<sup>11</sup>. Recently, Chahal et al<sup>13</sup> reported that RV end-diastolic volume and mass were increased in overweight and obese subjects, which was in accordance with our results. However, the mean patient age in that study was greater and RV morphology was assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging<sup>13</sup>. On the other hand, some studies revealed no relation between obesity and RV diameter<sup>14,15</sup>. We also found that the tricuspid E/A ratio was decreased, indicating impaired RV relaxation, and PAT was significantly shortened, indicating increased pulmonary vascular resistance in obese subjects.</p>
      <p>Likely causes of the increased RV mass, RV dilatation, shortened PAT, and subsequent impairment of RV function in obese persons include increased total blood volume and preload, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, changes in respiratory workload, presence of obstructive sleep apnea, which has been frequently associated with severe obesity, among other mechanisms. Each of these changes may occur in obesity to different degrees and play a role in alterations of pulmonary vascular resistance and RV structure and function<sup>23-25</sup>.</p>
      <p> Pulsed TDI is a unique method to measure systolic and diastolic myocardial velocities. The determination of velocities of tricuspid annular motion has been confirmed as a new tool to assess RV systolic and diastolic function in various diseases<sup>16,26</sup>. This study detected impaired RV diastolic function, as indicated by a decreased RV Em/Am ratio and increased RV IRT in obese subjects. Moreover, RV diastolic function was further impaired in severely obese subjects and closely related with BMI. To avoid the contributory effect of aging to impaired RV relaxation, our study population consisted of young adults (age &lt; 40 years). We also found subclinical impairment in RV systolic function demonstrated by decreased RV Sm in obese subjects with a BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The preservation of RV Sm in mildly obese subjects, while significantly decreasing RV Sm in those severely obese, suggested that RV systolic function was affected late in the course of obesity. Since obese subjects with co-morbidities were not included in the present study and blood pressures were similar in obese and normal weight groups<italic>,</italic> impaired RV function can be attributed to the isolated incidence of obesity in this study. In the literature, studies have revealed normal RV systolic and diastolic function<sup>14,27</sup> or impaired RV diastolic function together with preserved systolic function<sup>12,22</sup>. However, consistent with the present study, most of previous studies reported impaired RV functions in obese subjects<sup>11,12,15,22</sup> with some of them reporting improvement in RV function after continuous weight loss<sup>28,29</sup>.</p>
      <p>The MPIm introduced by Tei is a Doppler-derived index to reflect both systolic and diastolic function of the ventricles<sup>30</sup>. MPIm obtained via TDI has the advantage of measuring systolic and diastolic time intervals within the same cardiac cycle. The MPIm is a useful tool to noninvasively measure RV function<sup>31</sup>. In the literature, there are few studies that have investigated RV MPI in obese subjects and they revealed conflicting results<sup>14,32,33</sup>. In our study, TDI-derived RV MPIm was found to be increased in otherwise healthy obese subjects and was significantly correlated with BMI. Similarly, Maniscalco et al<sup>32</sup> found that RV MPI was significantly increased in uncomplicated severe obesity and improved after continuous weight loss. On the other hand, Yildirimturk et al<sup>14</sup> reported no change in RV MPIm in mildly obese subjects; however, this may be explained by the demographic features of the study population as well as the duration and severity of obesity. Although we found significant increases in RV MPIm in both obese groups, the increase was more pronounced in patients with a BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, which was most likely due to subclinical impairment of RV systolic function in addition to RV diastolic dysfunction in severe obesity.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Obesity was measured using only BMI and no measurements of body fat distribution were made. A better correlation might have been found between abdominal obesity and echocardiographic alterations. We did not perform a sleep study to determine the contribution of obstructive sleep apnea to RV changes. However, patients with obstructive sleep apnea symptoms, such as habitual snoring and witnessed apnea, were excluded. Another limitation to the present study was the lack of a longitudinal follow-up of the obese subjects to document the development of heart failure. Finally, the number of patients was relatively limited in this study; therefore, the results may not be identical when applied to larger populations.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study demonstrated that isolated obesity in young adults was associated with subclinical abnormalities in RV structure and function. The early detection of impaired RV function may be important in obesity management and TDI may provide a useful tool to monitor subclinical cardiac involvement in obese subjects.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Sokmen A; Acquisition of data: Sokmen A, Sokmen G, Acar G, Akcay A, Koroglu S, Koleoglu M, Yalcintas S, Aydin MN; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sokmen A, Sokmen G; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Sokmen A, Acar G; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sokmen A, Sokmen G, Akcay A.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
