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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">hdfs6ZhPQBHZyjVybhBnrVy</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002800009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100200009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130130</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica em art&#233;ria pulmonar com g&#234;nero, menopausa e gravidez em portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar associada &#224; esquistossomose</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armstrong</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bandeira</surname>
            <given-names>&#194;ngela M. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis C. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Humberto C. O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Eug&#234;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moraes Jr</surname>
            <given-names>Jeov&#225; C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio M. L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o A. C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sobral Filho</surname>
            <given-names>D&#225;rio C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Johns Hopkins University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Bahia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Colegiado de Medicina </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>154</fpage>
      <lpage>159</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar associada &#224; esquistossomose (HPAE) &#233; uma grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o no mundo todo. No entanto, o papel de fatores contribuintes espec&#237;ficos do g&#234;nero em HPAE &#233; desconhecido. OBJETIVO: Investigamos os valores da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica (PAPS) e a presen&#231;a de eleva&#231;&#227;o grave na PAPS relacionado ao g&#234;nero, presen&#231;a de menopausa e hist&#243;rico de gravidez em pacientes com HPAE. M&#201;TODOS: Setenta e nove pacientes diagnosticados com HPAE de 2000 a 2009 foram avaliados e 66 foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As informa&#231;&#245;es referentes &#224; idade, status da menopausa, gravidez, PAPS derivada da ecocardiografia, e press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia invasiva (PAPm) foram coletadas de registros m&#233;dicos. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de PAPS e PAPm e a correla&#231;&#227;o para doen&#231;a grave foram avaliados. Os modelos de regress&#227;o avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero, status da menopausa e hist&#243;rico de gravidez com valores de PAPS e a presen&#231;a de PAPS severa. RESULTADOS: Houve correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre PAPm e PAPS, com boa concord&#226;ncia para classifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a grave. Os valores de PAPS foram semelhantes para homens e mulheres. Uma tend&#234;ncia a valores maiores de PAPS foi encontrada para mulheres n&#227;o menopausadas em compara&#231;&#227;o a homens. Valores superiores de PAPS foram encontrados para mulheres menopausadas em compara&#231;&#227;o a mulheres n&#227;o menopausadas; os valores n&#227;o foram significativos ap&#243;s o ajuste de idade. O hist&#243;rico de gravidez n&#227;o teve rela&#231;&#227;o com a PAPS. Presen&#231;a de menopausa e passado de gravidez n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o com valores de PAPS. CONCLUS&#195;O: Em pacientes com HPAE, nem o g&#234;nero, nem o status da menopausa nem o hist&#243;rico de gravidez apresentou uma correla&#231;&#227;o independente com valores de HPAE avaliados pela ecocardiografia.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Esquistossomose</kwd>
        <kwd>Gravidez</kwd>
        <kwd>Menopausa</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica em art&#233;ria pulmonar com g&#234;nero, menopausa e gravidez em portadores de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar associada &#224; esquistossomose</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Anderson C. Armstrong<sup>I,II,III</sup>; &#194;ngela M. P. Bandeira<sup>II</sup>; Luis C. L. Correia<sup>IV</sup>; Humberto C. O. Melo<sup>II</sup>; Carlos A. M. Silveira<sup>II</sup>; Eug&#234;nio Albuquerque<sup>II</sup>; Jeov&#225; C. Moraes Jr.<sup>III</sup>; Ant&#244;nio M. L. Silva<sup>III</sup>; Jo&#227;o A. C. Lima<sup>I</sup>; D&#225;rio C. Sobral Filho<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Escola de Medicina Johns Hopkins - Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Baltimore, MD </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade de Pernambuco - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Recife, PE </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco - Colegiado de Medicina, Petrolina, PE </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar associada &#224; esquistossomose (HPAE) &#233; uma grande preocupa&#231;&#227;o no mundo todo. No entanto, o papel de fatores contribuintes espec&#237;ficos do g&#234;nero em HPAE &#233; desconhecido. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Investigamos os valores da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica (PAPS) e a presen&#231;a de eleva&#231;&#227;o grave na PAPS relacionado ao g&#234;nero, presen&#231;a de menopausa e hist&#243;rico de gravidez em pacientes com HPAE. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Setenta e nove pacientes diagnosticados com HPAE de 2000 a 2009 foram avaliados e 66 foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As informa&#231;&#245;es referentes &#224; idade, status da menopausa, gravidez, PAPS derivada da ecocardiografia, e press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia invasiva (PAPm) foram coletadas de registros m&#233;dicos. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de PAPS e PAPm e a correla&#231;&#227;o para doen&#231;a grave foram avaliados. Os modelos de regress&#227;o avaliaram a associa&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero, status da menopausa e hist&#243;rico de gravidez com valores de PAPS e a presen&#231;a de PAPS severa. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Houve correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre PAPm e PAPS, com boa concord&#226;ncia para classifica&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a grave. Os valores de PAPS foram semelhantes para homens e mulheres. Uma tend&#234;ncia a valores maiores de PAPS foi encontrada para mulheres n&#227;o menopausadas em compara&#231;&#227;o a homens. Valores superiores de PAPS foram encontrados para mulheres menopausadas em compara&#231;&#227;o a mulheres n&#227;o menopausadas; os valores n&#227;o foram significativos ap&#243;s o ajuste de idade. O hist&#243;rico de gravidez n&#227;o teve rela&#231;&#227;o com a PAPS. Presen&#231;a de menopausa e passado de gravidez n&#227;o mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o com valores de PAPS. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Em pacientes com HPAE, nem o g&#234;nero, nem o status da menopausa nem o hist&#243;rico de gravidez apresentou uma correla&#231;&#227;o independente com valores de HPAE avaliados pela ecocardiografia.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar, Esquistossomose, Gravidez, Menopausa, Ecocardiografia Doppler.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A esquistossomose afeta cerca de 207 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo e &#233; conhecida como um potencial acionador do caminho imunoinflamat&#243;rio da hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP). A HAP associada &#224; esquistossomose (HPAE) &#233; reconhecida como uma das mais importantes etiologias de HAP - com preval&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 5% em pacientes com esquistossomose hepatoespl&#234;nica. A HAP &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o de alto risco, relacionada a taxas elevadas de mortalidade<sup>1-6</sup>. No entanto, a literatura referente &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de HPAE &#233; limitada.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial pulmonar sist&#243;lica (PAPS) derivada da ecocardiografia &#233; usada normalmente para selecionar pacientes com suspeita de HAP. Adicionar valores estimados da press&#227;o no &#225;trio direito ao gradiente de press&#227;o entre &#225;trio e ventr&#237;culo direitos tem sido validado como m&#233;todo de estimativa da PAPS ao longo de d&#233;cadas. Na verdade, a PAPS avaliada pela ecocardiografia com Doppler &#233; um m&#233;todo bem estabelecido na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, estando amplamente dispon&#237;vel, a baixo custo e de forma segura<sup>9-15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de HAP, a influ&#234;ncia de particularidades ligadas ao g&#234;nero &#233; controversa. Apesar da evid&#234;ncia de que o equil&#237;brio hormonal feminino poderia estar relacionado &#224; press&#227;o arterial pulmonar, estudos falharam em demonstrar as diferen&#231;as significativas no progn&#243;stico de HAP em homens em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s mulheres<sup>16-18</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o interesse em aspectos menop&#225;usicos de HAP est&#225; aumentando, conforme mulheres p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas demonstraram susceptibilidade significativa &#224; press&#227;o pulmonar elevada<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Investigamos como os valores e a severidade de PAPS est&#227;o relacionados ao g&#234;nero de pacientes com HPAE. Tamb&#233;m exploramos a associa&#231;&#227;o de PAPS com status da menopausa e hist&#243;rico de gravidez na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina. Por &#250;ltimo, comparamos os valores de PAPS derivados da ecocardiografia a valores de press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAPm) invasiva.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Design e popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Inscrevemos 89 pacientes (67% mulheres) que foram diagnosticados com HPAE pelo Grupo de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar na Universidade de Pernambuco (Recife, Brasil) entre janeiro de 2000 e novembro de 2009. A investiga&#231;&#227;o de HAP segue o protocolo sugerido por Gaine e Rubin, incluindo o cateterismo diagn&#243;stico da c&#226;mara direita para garantir os valores de PAPm&gt; 25 mmHg e press&#227;o capilar pulmonar em cunha (PCPC) &lt;15 mmHg<sup>21</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico de esquistossomose &#233; avaliado individualmente e com base no hist&#243;rico de exposi&#231;&#227;o e amostras de fezes, com bi&#243;psia retal confirmat&#243;ria e/ou sorologia em casos espec&#237;ficos<sup>22</sup>. Em caso de aus&#234;ncia de outra etiologia, a HPAE foi definida quando a esquistossomose e a fibrose portal estavam presentes em um paciente com HAP avaliado por cateterismo invasivo da c&#226;mara direita. Nosso estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da PAPS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados de PAPS foram coletados do primeiro ecocardiograma realizado registrado e interpretado pelos cardiologistas da equipe na institui&#231;&#227;o de inscri&#231;&#227;o. Visualiza&#231;&#245;es sub&#243;timas de ecocardiograma ou regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide inadequada estavam presentes em 4 homens e 9 mulheres. O protocolo da institui&#231;&#227;o para avaliar PAPS estabelece o seguinte: (a) o paciente na posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo; (b) imagiologia com Doppler colorido &#233; usada para identificar e orientar o alinhamento do cursor com o jato de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide; (c) usando o Doppler de ondas cont&#237;nuas, a velocidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide &#233; avaliada com base em visualiza&#231;&#245;es diferentes para medir a velocidade de pico (v); (d) gradiente de press&#227;o transtric&#250;spide &#233; calculado usando a equa&#231;&#227;o modificada de Bernoulli (4v<sup>2</sup>)<sup>7</sup>; (e) a press&#227;o no &#225;trio direito &#233; avaliada ao analisar a varia&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria do di&#226;metro da veia cava inferior (valores estimados em 5, 10, ou 15 mmHg); e (f) a PAPS &#233; calculada somando o gradiente de press&#227;o transtric&#250;spide &#224; estimativa de press&#227;o atrial. A medi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; realizada se houver evid&#234;ncia de obstru&#231;&#227;o do fluxo na art&#233;ria pulmonar, como estenose pulmonar ou obstru&#231;&#227;o do efluxo no ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aquisi&#231;&#227;o de dados adicionais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre idade, status da menopausa e hist&#243;rico de gravidez no diagn&#243;stico de HPAE foram coletadas de registros m&#233;dicos de todos os pacientes monitorados na institui&#231;&#227;o. As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o status da menopausa estavam presentes em 35 mulheres (58% positivo para menopausa) e os dados sobre o hist&#243;rico de gravidez foram coletados em 20 mulheres (13 apresentaram hist&#243;rico positivo para gravidez; 56% vs. 73% para mulheres n&#227;o menopausadas vs. mulheres menopausadas, respectivamente). A press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia (PAPm) invasiva, avaliada pelo cateterismo diagn&#243;stico da c&#226;mara direta, tamb&#233;m foi coletada quando o intervalo para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de PAPS derivada da ecocardiografia era inferior a 6 meses (n = 42; 81% mulheres; idade 44,5 &#177; 14,3 anos; PAPS 96,7 &#177; 28,8 mmHg; e PAPm 60,3 &#177; 14,7 mmHg).</p>
    <p>O software STATA, vers&#227;o 11.2, foi usado para realizar a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica em uma base transversal. O teste <italic>t</italic> foi usado para avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre os valores m&#233;dios e o teste <italic>z</italic> foi usado para avaliar as diferen&#231;as entre as propor&#231;&#245;es. PAPS severa e PAPm foram definidas como o 4&#186; quartil em ambos os casos (<underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg e <underline>&gt;</underline> 76 mmHg para PAPS e PAPm, respectivamente). O relacionamento entre a PAPS derivada da ecocardiografia e PAPm invasiva foi avaliada atrav&#233;s da correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. A porcentagem de acordo e o coeficiente kappa de Cohen para a classifica&#231;&#227;o severa de PAPS e PAPm tamb&#233;m foram computados.</p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o de PAPS, g&#234;nero e status da menopausa foi avaliada usando regress&#227;o linear. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi usada para computar &#237;ndices de probabilidades para PAPS severa, de acordo com o g&#234;nero e status da menopausa. Os modelos de regress&#227;o foram realizados em bases univariadas e multivariadas, ajustadas de acordo com a idade no diagn&#243;stico. O status da menopausa como indicador de valores de PAPS foi comparado com o g&#234;nero masculino e como uma vari&#225;vel bin&#225;ria em um subconjunto somente com mulheres. Para um subgrupo de mulheres diagnosticadas com HPAE, uma an&#225;lise adicional avaliou a influ&#234;ncia do hist&#243;rico de gravidez (usado como vari&#225;vel bin&#225;ria) nos modelos de regress&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um total de 66 pacientes com dados referentes a PAPS foram inclu&#237;dos. As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes est&#227;o exibidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5230tab01">Tabela 1</xref>, organizadas de acordo com o g&#234;nero e status da menopausa. Uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada foi encontrada entre PAPm e PAPS (r = 0,51, p &lt; 0,001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5230fig01">Figura 1</xref>). Neste grupo, os dois m&#233;todos classificaram 10 casos como HPAE severa, concordando em 82% das classifica&#231;&#245;es (coeficiente de Kappa = 0,03; p &lt; 0,01). Os valores m&#233;dios de PAPS foram semelhantes para homens e mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5230tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi encontrada na compara&#231;&#227;o entre mulheres menopausadas e homens. No entanto, valores mais altos de PAPS foram encontrados na compara&#231;&#227;o entre mulheres n&#227;o menopausadas e homens, com uma tend&#234;ncia em signific&#226;ncia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5230tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
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      <fig id="aop_5230fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0154-30130-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
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      <table-wrap id="aop_5230tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0154-30130-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Entre as mulheres, valores m&#233;dios de PAPS e idades estatisticamente superiores e estatisticamente significativos foram encontrados em mulheres com menopausa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5230tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). No entanto, as diferen&#231;as se tornam n&#227;o significativas ap&#243;s o ajuste de acordo com a idade. A m&#233;dia de PAPS foi de 118,3 &#177; 32,3 mmHg e 95,1 &#177; 26,2 mmHg (p = 0,1) para mulheres sem e com gravidez pr&#233;via, respectivamente. N&#227;o foi encontrada nenhuma signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando o hist&#243;rico de gravidez foi acrescentado como uma covari&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5230tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0154-30130-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>Considerando o progn&#243;stico de HPAE severa (PAPS &gt; 120 mmHg), a presen&#231;a de menopausa e hist&#243;rico positivo de gravidez estava solidamente associada a baixos &#237;ndices de probabilidades; no entanto, embora as tend&#234;ncias estivessem presentes, nenhum &#237;ndice de probabilidade estatisticamente significativo foi relatado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5230tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5230tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0154-30130-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mais de 770 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo correm o risco de contrair esquistossomose<sup>2,23</sup>. A preval&#234;ncia de press&#245;es pulmonares elevadas em pacientes com esquistossomose ainda &#233; controversa, mas foi relatada como uma das mais importantes etiologias de HAP<sup>1-5,24,25</sup>. Este &#233; o primeiro estudo para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do g&#234;nero sobre a PAPS derivada da ecocardiografia e para investigar a fun&#231;&#227;o do status da menopausa e do hist&#243;rico de gravidez entre pacientes diagnosticados com HPAE.</p>
    <p>A estimativa de PAPS atrav&#233;s ecocardiografia com Doppler &#233; um m&#233;todo validado, seguro, geralmente vi&#225;vel e adotado internacionalmente em protocolos de sele&#231;&#227;o para HAP<sup>8,26-28</sup>.Apresentamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada entre PAPS derivada da ecocardiografia e medi&#231;&#227;o invasiva de PAPm em pacientes com HPAE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5230fig01">Figura 1</xref>), com 82% de concord&#226;ncia e um coeficiente de Kappa significativo ao classificar os casos mais graves. Os valores de PAPm avaliados atrav&#233;s do cateterismo da c&#226;mara direita s&#227;o considerados o padr&#227;o-ouro do diagn&#243;stico de HAP. De forma semelhante ao nosso estudo, diversos relat&#243;rios t&#234;m mostrado que a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de PAPS estimados atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia e determinados de maneira invasiva &#233; de moderada a forte<sup>7,11,12,29,30</sup>.</p>
    <p>Descobrimos a predomin&#226;ncia de mulheres em nossos pacientes com HPAE (67%). Uma predomin&#226;ncia semelhante de mulheres foi relatada para outras etiologias de HAP, mas a influ&#234;ncia real do g&#234;nero em HAP ainda &#233; controversa. A maior preval&#234;ncia de HAP em mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens, os efeitos trombog&#234;nicos do estrog&#234;nio, e a flutua&#231;&#227;o dos metab&#243;litos de estrog&#234;nio podem indicar poss&#237;veis efeitos negativos da fisiologia feminina na vasculatura pulmonar<sup>31,32</sup>. O estrog&#234;nio, no entanto, tamb&#233;m apresentou benef&#237;cios para a vasculatura pulmonar em modelos experimentais agudos e cr&#244;nicos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar<sup>31,32</sup>. No nosso estudo, foram descobertos valores semelhantes de PAPS em homens e mulheres com HPAE. Al&#233;m disso, o g&#234;nero n&#227;o teve capacidade preditiva estatisticamente significativa para PAPS quando ajustado de acordo com a idade no diagn&#243;stico (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5230tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p>A vasorreatividade da art&#233;ria pulmonar &#233; afetada por altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de estrog&#234;nio, at&#233; mesmo em uma escala fisiol&#243;gica<sup>33</sup>. O status da menopausa representa uma redu&#231;&#227;o importante no estrog&#234;nio em circula&#231;&#227;o em mulheres. Dos pacientes com esclerose sist&#234;mica, as mulheres na p&#243;s-menopausa apresentaram maior risco de desenvolvimento de HAP<sup>19</sup>. Na realidade, a maioria das mulheres com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar no Centro de Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar da Universidade de Colorado estava na p&#243;s-menopausa<sup>20</sup>.Nosso estudo possui limita&#231;&#245;es intr&#237;nsecas relacionadas &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o status da menopausa coletadas de registros m&#233;dicos. Al&#233;m disso, a influ&#234;ncia real do desequil&#237;brio hormonal n&#227;o poderia ser avaliada devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de valores hormonais s&#233;ricos em nossos registros.</p>
    <p>No subconjunto de pacientes mulheres com HPAE, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o status da menopausa e PAPS n&#227;o tinha signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando ajustada para a idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5230tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). Na an&#225;lise univariada de pacientes com HPAE, mulheres n&#227;o menopausadas apresentaram valores de PAPS significativamente mais altos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens; no entanto, esta associa&#231;&#227;o tinha signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica lim&#237;trofe (p = 0,05) ap&#243;s o ajuste para idade (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5230tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). Nossos resultados sugerem que as diferen&#231;as encontradas ao comparar mulheres n&#227;o menopausadas e p&#243;s-menop&#225;usicas se devem &#224; influ&#234;ncia da idade na PAPS. Na realidade, a correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os valores de PAPS e a idade tem sido vista em uma popula&#231;&#227;o grande de participantes sem HAP. Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, a rela&#231;&#227;o parece ser mediada pela disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e enrijecimento vascular sist&#234;mico<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es hormonais e hemodin&#226;micas que ocorrem durante a gravidez contribuem para a alta mortalidade materna em mulheres com doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar<sup>35</sup>. A influ&#234;ncia de gravidez pr&#233;via na apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de HPAE, no entanto, &#233; desconhecida. Em 20 mulheres no momento do diagn&#243;stico de HPAE, avaliamos a influ&#234;ncia de um hist&#243;rico positivo de gravidez sobre os valores de PAPS. Dessa forma, o n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes provavelmente limitou a an&#225;lise. Em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, o hist&#243;rico positivo de gravidez n&#227;o apresentou uma rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com PAPS em mulheres com HPAE.</p>
    <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que o desequil&#237;brio hormonal em mulheres pode estar relacionado &#224; gravidade dos valores de press&#227;o pulmonar. Os modelos experimentais apresentaram hipertens&#227;o pulmonar mais severa em roedores cronicamente hipox&#234;micos que tiveram seus ov&#225;rios removidos que em roedores com os ov&#225;rios intactos. Neste estudo, a administra&#231;&#227;o de estrog&#234;nio ap&#243;s ovariectomia levou a uma regress&#227;o at&#233; os n&#237;veis basais da press&#227;o pulmonar<sup>36</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, um hist&#243;rico de gravidez anterior mostrou valor progn&#243;stico em pacientes gr&#225;vidas com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar<sup>37</sup>. Investigamos como o g&#234;nero, status da menopausa e hist&#243;rico de gravidez previram os valores de PAPS severa (&gt; 120 mmHg) em pacientes com HPAE, mas n&#227;o encontramos uma rela&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5230tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>Nosso estudo contribui para o conhecimento da apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de HPAE e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com o g&#234;nero, status da menopausa e hist&#243;rico de gravidez; no entanto, a fun&#231;&#227;o de caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas do g&#234;nero nos processos patol&#243;gicos de HPAE ainda n&#227;o foi definida. Estudos posteriores s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para estabelecer as rela&#231;&#245;es entre particularidades de g&#234;nero e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de HPAE.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com HPAE, nem o g&#234;nero, nem o status da menopausa e nem o hist&#243;rico de gravidez apresentou uma rela&#231;&#227;o independente, estatisticamente significativa aos valores de PAPS avaliados pela ecocardiografia. As diferen&#231;as em PAPS que parecem estar relacionadas ao status da menopausa podem ser mediadas por diferen&#231;as de idade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Armstrong AC, Bandeira AMP, Correia LCL, Lima JAC, Sobral Filho DC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Armstrong AC, Bandeira AMP, Melo HCO, Silveira CAM, Albuquerque E, Moraes Jr. JC, Silva AML, Sobral Filho DC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Armstrong AC, Bandeira AMP, Correia LCL, Melo HCO, Silveira CAM, Albuquerque E, Moraes Jr. JC, Silva AML, Lima JAC, Sobral Filho DC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Armstrong AC, Bandeira AMP, Correia LCL, Sobral Filho DC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Armstrong AC, Lima JAC, Sobral Filho DC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Armstrong AC, Bandeira AMP, Correia LC, Melo HCO, Silveira CAM, Albuquerque E, Moraes Jr. JC, Silva AML, Lima JAC, Sobral Filho DC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Anderson da Costa Armstrong pela Universidade de Pernambuco.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Anderson C. Armstrong </p>
        <p> 600 North Wolfe Street / Blalock 524 </p>
        <p> Baltimore, MD 21287-0409, USA </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="aarmst10@jhmi.edu">aarmst10@jhmi.edu</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/10/12; revisado em 19/11/12; aceito em 06/03/13.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Lista de acr&#244;nimos e abrevia&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>PAPS, g&#234;nero, menopausa e gravidez em HAPAE</p>
    <p>PAPm - press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia</p>
    <p>HAP - Hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar</p>
    <p>PAPS - press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar</p>
    <p>HPAE - hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar associada &#224; esquistossomose</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Pulmonary artery pressure, gender, menopause, and pregnancy in schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SPAH) is a major concern worldwide. However, the role of gender-specific contributing factors in SPAH is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We investigated how systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) values and the presence of severe SPAP relate to gender, menopausal status, and pregnancy history in SPAH patients. METHODS: Seventy-nine patients diagnosed with SPAH from 2000 to 2009 were assessed and 66 were enrolled in the study. Information about age, menopausal status, pregnancy, echocardiography-derived SPAP, and invasive mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) was collected from medical records. The relation between values of SPAP and mPAP and their agreement for severe disease were assessed. Regression models assessed the association of gender, menopausal status, and pregnancy history with SPAP values and the presence of severe SPAP. RESULTS: Moderate correlation and good agreement for severe disease were found between mPAP and SPAP. Mean SPAP values were similar for men and women. A trend toward higher values of SPAP was found for non-menopausal women compared to men. Higher SPAP values were found for menopausal compared to non-menopausal women; the values were non-significant after adjustment for age. Pregnancy history had no association with SPAP. Menopause and positive pregnancy had no association with severe SPAP. CONCLUSION: In SPAH patients, neither gender, nor menopausal status, nor pregnancy history showed independent correlation with SPAP values assessed by echocardiography.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension, Pulmonary</kwd>
        <kwd>Schistosomiasis</kwd>
        <kwd>Pregnancy</kwd>
        <kwd>Menopause</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Pulmonary artery pressure, gender, menopause, and pregnancy in schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary hypertension</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Anderson C. Armstrong<sup>I,II,III</sup>; &#194;ngela M. P. Bandeira<sup>II</sup>; Luis C. L. Correia<sup>IV</sup>; Humberto C. O. Melo<sup>II</sup>; Carlos A. M. Silveira<sup>II</sup>; Eug&#234;nio Albuquerque<sup>II</sup>; Jeov&#225; C. Moraes Jr.<sup>III</sup>; Ant&#244;nio M. L. Silva<sup>III</sup>; Jo&#227;o A. C. Lima<sup>I</sup>; D&#225;rio C. Sobral Filho<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Escola de Medicina Johns Hopkins - Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia, Baltimore, MD</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade de Pernambuco - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Recife, PE</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco - Colegiado de Medicina, Petrolina, PE</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Schistosomiasis-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SPAH) is a major concern worldwide. However, the role of gender-specific contributing factors in SPAH is unknown.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> We investigated how systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) values and the presence of severe SPAP relate to gender, menopausal status, and pregnancy history in SPAH patients.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Seventy-nine patients diagnosed with SPAH from 2000 to 2009 were assessed and 66 were enrolled in the study. Information about age, menopausal status, pregnancy, echocardiography-derived SPAP, and invasive mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) was collected from medical records. The relation between values of SPAP and mPAP and their agreement for severe disease were assessed. Regression models assessed the association of gender, menopausal status, and pregnancy history with SPAP values and the presence of severe SPAP.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Moderate correlation and good agreement for severe disease were found between mPAP and SPAP. Mean SPAP values were similar for men and women. A trend toward higher values of SPAP was found for non-menopausal women compared to men. Higher SPAP values were found for menopausal compared to non-menopausal women; the values were non-significant after adjustment for age. Pregnancy history had no association with SPAP. Menopause and positive pregnancy had no association with severe SPAP.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In SPAH patients, neither gender, nor menopausal status, nor pregnancy history showed independent correlation with SPAP values assessed by echocardiography (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0).</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Hypertension, Pulmonary; Schistosomiasis; Pregnancy; Menopause; Echocardiography, Doppler.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Schistosomiasis affects about 207 million people worldwide and is known as a potential trigger for the pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) immune-inflammatory pathway. Schistosomiasis-associated PAH (SPAH) is recognized as one of the most important etiologies of PAH - with a prevalence of approximately 5% in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. PAH is a high-risk condition, related to elevated rates of mortality<sup>1-6</sup>. However, literature regarding the clinical presentation of SPAH is limited.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography-derived systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) is usually used to screen patients suspected of PAH. Adding right atrial pressure to the pressure gradient between right atrium and ventricle has been validated as a method to assess SPAP over the decades<sup>7,8</sup>. In fact, SPAP assessed by Doppler-echocardiography is a well-established method in clinical practice, being widely available, inexpensive, and safe<sup>9-15</sup>.</p>
      <p>In PAH clinical presentation, the role of gender-specific characteristics is controversial. Despite the evidence that female hormonal balance could be related to pulmonary artery pressure, studies have failed to demonstrate significant differences in the prognosis of PAH in men compared to women<sup>16-18</sup>. Moreover, the interest in menopausal aspects of PAH is growing, as postmenopausal women have shown significant susceptibility to elevated pulmonary pressure<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>We investigated how SPAP values and severity relate to gender in patients with SPAH. We also explored the association of SPAP with menopausal status and pregnancy history in the female population. Finally, we compared echocardiography-derived SPAP values to values of invasive mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design and population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We enrolled 89 patients (67% women) who had been diagnosed with SPAH by the Pulmonary Hypertension Group at University of Pernambuco (Recife, Brazil) between January 2000 and November 2009. Investigation for PAH follows the protocol suggested by Gaine and Rubin, including diagnostic right-chamber catheterization to ensure values of mPAP &gt; 25 mmHg and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) &lt;15 mmHg<sup>21</sup>. The diagnosis of schistosomiasis is individually assessed and based on exposure history and stool samples, with confirmatory rectal biopsy and/or serology in specific cases<sup>22</sup>. In the absence of other etiology, SPAH was defined when schistosomiasis and portal fibrosis were present in a patient with PAH assessed by invasive right-chamber catheterization. Our study was approved by the local ethics committee.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>SPAP assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>SPAP data were collected from the first registered echocardiogram performed and interpreted by staff cardiologists at the institution of enrolment. Suboptimal echocardiogram views or inadequate tricuspid regurgitation were present in 4 men and 9 women. The institution's protocol to assess SPAP dictates the following: (a) patient in the left lateral decubitus position; (b) color flow Doppler imaging is used to identify and guide alignment of the cursor with the tricuspid regurgitant jet; (c) using continuous-wave Doppler, tricuspid regurgitation velocity is assessed from different views to measure peak velocity (v); (d) transtricuspid pressure gradient is calculated using the modified Bernoulli equation (4v<sup>2</sup>)<sup>7</sup>; (e) right atrial pressure is evaluated by assessing the respiratory variation in the diameter of the inferior vena cava (values estimated as 5, 10, or 15 mmHg); and (f) SPAP is calculated by adding the transtricuspid pressure gradient to the atrial pressure estimate. The measurement is not performed if there is evidence of obstruction to pulmonary artery flow, such as pulmonary stenosis or right ventricular outflow obstruction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Additional data acquisition</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Information on age, menopausal status, and pregnancy history at the diagnosis of SPAH was collected from medical records on all patients followed in the institution. Information on menopausal status was present in 35 women (58% menopause positive) and data on pregnancy history was collected in 20 women (13 had positive history for pregnancy; 56% vs. 73% for non-menopausal vs. menopausal women, respectively). Invasive mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), assessed by diagnostic right-chamber catheterization, was also collected if the interval to the assessment of echocardiography-derived SPAP did not exceed 6 months (n = 42; 81% females; age 44.5 &#177; 14.3 years; SPAP 96.7 &#177; 28.8 mmHg; and mPAP 60.3 &#177; 14.7 mmHg).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The software STATA, version 11.2, was used to perform the statistical analysis on a cross-sectional basis. Student's <italic>t</italic>-test was used to assess differences between mean values and the <italic>z</italic>-test was used to assess differences between proportions. Severe SPAP and mPAP were defined as the 4<sup>th</sup> quartile in both cases (<underline>&gt;</underline> 120 mmHg and <underline>&gt;</underline> 76 mmHg for SPAP and mPAP, respectively). The relationship between echocardiography-derived SPAP and invasive mPAP was assessed by Pearson's correlation. Percent agreement and Cohen's kappa coefficient for severe classification of SPAP and mPAP were also computed.</p>
      <p>The relation of SPAP, gender, and menopausal status was assessed using linear regression. Logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios for severe SPAP, according to gender and menopausal status. Regression models were performed on univariate and multivariate bases, adjusted to age at diagnosis. Menopausal status as a predictor of SPAP values was compared to male gender and as a binary variable in a female-only subset. For a subgroup of women diagnosed with SPAH, an additional analysis assessed the influence of pregnancy history (used as a binary variable) in the regression models.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 66 patients with data on SPAP were included. Patient characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5230tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>, arranged according to gender and menopausal status. A moderate correlation was found between mPAP and SPAP (r = 0.51, p &lt; 0.001; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5230fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). In this group, both methods classified 10 cases as severe SPAH, agreeing in 82% of the classifications (Kappa coefficient = 0.3; p &lt; 0.01). Mean SPAP values were similar for men and women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5230tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). In addition, no significant difference was found when menopausal women were compared to men. However, higher values of SPAP were found for non-menopausal women compared to men, with a trend in significance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5230tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5230tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0154-30130-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5230fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0154-30130-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5230tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0154-30130-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Among females, statistically significant higher mean SPAP values and ages were found for menopausal women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5230tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). However, the differences become non-significant after adjustment for age. The mean SPAP was 118.3 &#177; 32.3 mmHg and 95.1 &#177; 26.2 mmHg (p = 0.1) for women without and with previous pregnancy, respectively. No statistical significance was found when history of pregnancies was added as a covariate (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5230tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Considering the prediction of severe SPAH (SPAP &gt; 120 mmHg), the presence of menopause and a positive history for pregnancy were consistently associated with low odds ratios; however, although trends were present, no statistically significant odds ratio was reported (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5230tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5230tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0154-30130-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>More than 770 million people worldwide are at risk of contracting schistosomiasis<sup>2,23</sup>. The prevalence of elevated pulmonary pressures in patients with schistosomiasis is still controversial, but it has been reported as one of the most important etiologies of PAH<sup>1-5,24,25</sup>. This is the first study to assess the influence of gender on echocardiography-derived SPAP and to investigate the role of menopausal status and pregnancy history among patients diagnosed with SPAH.</p>
      <p>The estimation of SPAP by Doppler echocardiography is validated, safe, usually feasible, and universally adopted in screening protocols for PAH<sup>8,26-28</sup>. We showed a moderate correlation between echocardiography-derived SPAP and invasive measurement of mPAP in patients with SPAH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5230fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>), with 82% of agreement and a fair Kappa coefficient when classifying the most severe cases. mPAP values assessed by right-chamber catheterization are considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of PAH. Similar to our study, diverse reports have shown that the correlation between SPAP values estimated by echocardiography and determined invasively is moderate to strong<sup>7,11,12,29,30</sup>.</p>
      <p>We found a predominance of females in our SPAH patients (67%). A similar predominance of females has been reported for other PAH etiologies, but the real influence of gender in PAH is still controversial. The higher prevalence of PAH in women compared to men, the thrombogenic effects of estrogen, and the fluctuation of estrogen metabolites may indicate potential negative effects of female physiology on the pulmonary vasculature<sup>31,32</sup>. Estrogen, however, also showed benefits for pulmonary vasculature in both acute and chronic experimental models of pulmonary hypertension<sup>31,32</sup>. We found similar values of SPAP in men and women with SPAH. Moreover, gender had no statistically significant predictive ability for SPAP when adjusted for age at diagnosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5230tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>Pulmonary artery vasoreactivity is affected by changes in estrogen levels, even in a physiological range<sup>33</sup>. Menopausal status represents an important decrease in the circulating estrogen in women. Among patients with systemic sclerosis, postmenopausal women have shown an increased risk for the development of PAH<sup>19</sup>. In fact, the majority of pulmonary hypertensive women in the University of Colorado Pulmonary Hypertension Center were postmenopausal<sup>20</sup>. Our study has intrinsic limitations related to the information on menopausal status collected from medical records. In addition, the real influence of hormonal imbalance could not be assessed, due to the absence of serum hormonal values in our data.</p>
      <p>In the subset of SPAH patients who were women, the association between menopausal status and SPAP had no statistical significance when adjusted for age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5230tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). In univariate analysis with SPAH patients, non-menopausal females showed significantly higher SPAP values compared to men; however, this association had borderline statistical significance (p = 0.05) after adjustment for age (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5230tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Our results suggest that the differences found comparing post-menopausal and non-menopausal subjects are due to the influence of age on SPAP. In fact, the positive correlation between SPAP values and age has been seen in a large population of participants free of PAH. In this population, the relationship seems to be mediated by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and systemic vascular stiffening<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>Hormonal and hemodynamic changes that occur during pregnancy contribute to the high maternal mortality in women with pulmonary vascular disease<sup>35</sup>. The influence of previous pregnancies on the clinical presentation of SPAH, however, is unknown. In 20 women at the time of diagnosis for SPAH, we assessed the influence of a positive pregnancy history on the values of SPAP. Thus, the reduced number of patients probably limited the analysis. In our population, positive pregnancy history did not show statistically significant association with SPAP in women with SPAH.</p>
      <p>There is evidence that female hormonal imbalance may relate to the severity of pulmonary pressure values. Experimental models showed more severe pulmonary hypertension in chronically hypoxemic rodents that have had their ovaries removed than those with intact ovaries. In this study, the return of estrogens after an ovariectomy led to a regression to baseline levels of pulmonary pressure<sup>36</sup>. Moreover, a history of previous pregnancies showed prognostic value in pregnant patients with pulmonary hypertension<sup>37</sup>. We investigated how gender, menopausal status, and pregnancy history predicted severe SPAP values (&gt; 120 mmHg) in SPAH patients, but found no statistically significant association (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5230tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>Our study contributes to the knowledge of SPAH clinical presentation and its relation to gender, menopausal status, and pregnancy history; however, the role of gender-specific characteristics in the pathological processes of SPAH is yet to be defined. Further studies are needed to establish the relations between gender particularities and SPAH clinical presentation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In a population of SPAH patients, neither gender, nor menopausal status, nor pregnancy history showed a statistically significant, independent relationship to SPAP values assessed by echocardiography. Differences in SPAP that appear to be related to menopausal status seem to be mediated by age differences.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Armstrong AC, Bandeira AMP, Correia LCL, Lima JAC, Sobral Filho DC; Acquisition of data: Armstrong AC, Bandeira AMP, Melo HCO, Silveira CAM, Albuquerque E, Moraes Jr. JC, Silva AML, Sobral Filho DC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Armstrong AC, Bandeira AMP, Correia LCL, Melo HCO, Silveira CAM, Albuquerque E, Moraes Jr. JC, Silva AML, Lima JAC, Sobral Filho DC; Statistical analysis: Armstrong AC, Bandeira AMP, Correia LCL, Sobral Filho DC; Writing of the manuscript: Armstrong AC, Lima JAC, Sobral Filho DC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Armstrong AC, Bandeira AMP, Correia LC, Melo HCO, Silveira CAM, Albuquerque E, Moraes Jr. JC, Silva AML, Lima JAC, Sobral Filho DC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Anderson da Costa Armstrong, from Universidade de Pernambuco.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
