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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LxVBXGqHVfBK7M69NB39DyG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002800008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100200008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130128</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terapia g&#234;nica com fator de crescimento endotelial vascular 165 para pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria: mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Clarissa G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Plentz</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo D.M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dipp</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salles</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Giusti</surname>
            <given-names>Imarilde I.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant'Anna</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto T.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Eibel</surname>
            <given-names>Bruna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nesralla</surname>
            <given-names>Ivo A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markoski</surname>
            <given-names>Melissa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beyer</surname>
            <given-names>Nance N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato A. K.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Durham</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Duke University</institution>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>149</fpage>
      <lpage>153</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF - vascular endothelial growth factor) induz a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais (CPEs) com capacidade de prolifera&#231;&#227;o e diferencia&#231;&#227;o em c&#233;lulas endoteliais, contribuindo, dessa forma, para o processo angiog&#234;nico. OBJETIVO: Buscamos avaliar o comportamento de CPEs em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica e angina refrat&#225;ria que receberam inje&#231;&#245;es intramiocardicas de 2000 &#181;g de VEGF165 como terapia &#250;nica. M&#201;TODOS: O estudo foi uma suban&#225;lise de um ensaio cl&#237;nico. Pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica avan&#231;ada e angina refrat&#225;ria foram avaliados para inclus&#227;o no estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: sinais e sintomas de angina e/ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apesar de tratamento medicamentoso m&#225;ximo e &#225;rea de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica de, no m&#237;nimo, 5% conforme avaliado por uma tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (TCEFU). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: idade &gt; 65 anos, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 25% e cancer diagnosticado. Os pacientes cujos n&#237;veis de CPE foram avaliados foram inclu&#237;dos. A interven&#231;&#227;o consistiu na administra&#231;&#227;o de 2000 &#181;g de VEGF 165 de plasm&#237;deo injetado no mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico. A frequ&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas CD34+/KDR+ foi analisada por citometria de fluxo antes e 3, 9, e 27 dias ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: Um total de 9 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, 8 homens, m&#233;dia de idade de 59,4 anos, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de 59,3%, e classe de angina predominante III. Observou-se um aumento significativo dos n&#237;veis de CPEs no terceiro dia ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Todavia, 9 e 27 dias ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, os n&#237;veis de CPEs foram similares aos basais. CONCLUS&#195;O: Identificamos uma mobiliza&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria de CPE, com pico no terceiro dia ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o com VEGF 165 em pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria. Todavia, os n&#237;veis de CPEs apresentaram-se semelhantes aos basais 9 e 27 dias ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas Endoteliais</kwd>
        <kwd>Permeabilidade Capilar</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fator A de Crescimento Endotelial Vascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Terapia g&#234;nica com fator de crescimento endotelial vascular 165 para pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria: mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Clarissa G. Rodrigues<sup>I,II</sup>; Rodrigo D.M. Plentz<sup>I,III</sup>; Thiago Dipp<sup>I</sup>; Felipe B. Salles<sup>I,III</sup>; Imarilde I. Giusti<sup>I</sup>; Roberto T. Sant'Anna<sup>I</sup>; Bruna Eibel<sup>I</sup>; Ivo A. Nesralla<sup>I</sup>; Melissa Markoski<sup>I</sup>; Nance N. Beyer<sup>I,IV</sup>; Renato A. K. Kalil<sup>III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Duke University Medical Center, Durham, Carolina do Norte, EUA </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF - vascular endothelial growth factor) induz a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais (CPEs) com capacidade de prolifera&#231;&#227;o e diferencia&#231;&#227;o em c&#233;lulas endoteliais, contribuindo, dessa forma, para o processo angiog&#234;nico. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Buscamos avaliar o comportamento de CPEs em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica e angina refrat&#225;ria que receberam inje&#231;&#245;es intramiocardicas de 2000 &#181;g de VEGF165 como terapia &#250;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> O estudo foi uma suban&#225;lise de um ensaio cl&#237;nico. Pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica avan&#231;ada e angina refrat&#225;ria foram avaliados para inclus&#227;o no estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: sinais e sintomas de angina e/ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apesar de tratamento medicamentoso m&#225;ximo e &#225;rea de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica de, no m&#237;nimo, 5% conforme avaliado por uma tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (TCEFU). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: idade &gt; 65 anos, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 25% e cancer diagnosticado. Os pacientes cujos n&#237;veis de CPE foram avaliados foram inclu&#237;dos. A interven&#231;&#227;o consistiu na administra&#231;&#227;o de 2000 &#181;g de VEGF 165 de plasm&#237;deo injetado no mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico. A frequ&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas CD34+/KDR+ foi analisada por citometria de fluxo antes e 3, 9, e 27 dias ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Um total de 9 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, 8 homens, m&#233;dia de idade de 59,4 anos, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de 59,3%, e classe de angina predominante III. Observou-se um aumento significativo dos n&#237;veis de CPEs no terceiro dia ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. Todavia, 9 e 27 dias ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, os n&#237;veis de CPEs foram similares aos basais. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Identificamos uma mobiliza&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria de CPE, com pico no terceiro dia ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o com VEGF 165 em pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria. Todavia, os n&#237;veis de CPEs apresentaram-se semelhantes aos basais 9 e 27 dias ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> C&#233;lulas Endoteliais, Permeabilidade Capilar, Terapia Gen&#233;tica, Fator A de Crescimento Endotelial Vascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Angina refrat&#225;ria &#233; caracterizada por desconforto tor&#225;cico severo e persistente<sup>1,2</sup> e &#233; resistente aos tratamentos cardiol&#243;gicos tradicionais, incluindo cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM), interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) e terapia medicamentosa m&#225;xima<sup>1,2</sup>. Somente nos Estados Unidos, h&#225; aproximadamente 300.000 a 900.000 casos de angina refrat&#225;ria; al&#233;m disso, s&#227;o diagnosticados aproximadamente 25.000 a 75.000 pacientes novos a cada ano<sup>3</sup>. Neste contexto, terapia g&#234;nica, a qual possui potencial para promover a angiog&#234;nese mioc&#225;rdica e a circula&#231;&#227;o colateral no mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico, pode representar uma poss&#237;vel alternativa de tratamento para estes pacientes<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O processo de angiog&#234;nese envolve a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas progenitoras endoteliais (CPEs), que s&#227;o c&#233;lulas multipotentes com a capacidade de se proliferar e diferenciar em c&#233;lulas endoteliais maduras<sup>5</sup>. A terapia g&#234;nica usando o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) 165 aparentemente promove a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de CPEs<sup>6</sup>, mas pouco se sabe sobre o comportamento destas c&#233;lulas em pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria submetidos &#224; terapia g&#234;nica com altas doses de VEGF 165.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos estudos que utilizam VEGF 165 em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica utilizaram outras interven&#231;&#245;es conbinadas, como CRM e ICP<sup>7-10</sup>. No entanto, existe uma classe de pacientes que n&#227;o s&#227;o eleg&#237;veis para interven&#231;&#245;es como essas; portanto, esses tratamentos combinados n&#227;o s&#227;o uma op&#231;&#227;o para eles<sup>1,2</sup>. Em situa&#231;&#245;es como essas, a terapia g&#234;nica isolada pode ser uma solu&#231;&#227;o, mas at&#233; hoje poucos estudos foram realizados, sendo que a maioria utiliza doses baixas de VEGF (125-250 &#181;g)<sup>9,11,12</sup>. Portanto, o comportamento de CPEs em pacientes que recebem terapia g&#234;nica com doses altas de VEGF permanece incerto.</p>
    <p>Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de CPEs em pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica e angina refrat&#225;ria que receberam uma inje&#231;&#227;o intramioc&#225;rdica de 2000 &#181;g de VEGF165 como terapia &#250;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Delineamento do Estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de uma suban&#225;lise de um ensaio cl&#237;nico (ClinicalTrial.gov NCT 00744315), o qual buscou avaliar a seguran&#231;a, viabilidade e efeitos cl&#237;nicos iniciais de administra&#231;&#227;o transtor&#225;cica intramioc&#225;rdica de plasm&#237;deo VEGF 165 em perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana avan&#231;ada e angina refrat&#225;ria que n&#227;o foram qualificados para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica. A justificativa e o delineamento deste ensaio cl&#237;nico foram descritos anteriormente<sup>4</sup>. Este foi o primeiro ensaio cl&#237;nico utilizando terapia g&#234;nica em pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria na Am&#233;rica Latina. O protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local e todos os pacientes forneceram o consentimento livre e esclarecido pr&#233;vio por escrito para participar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Participantes do Estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica avan&#231;ada, n&#227;o eleg&#237;veis &#224; CRM e ICP, conforme avaliados por cirurgi&#227;o e cardiologista intervencionista, foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para o estudo. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram: sinais e sintomas de angina e/ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca apesar de tratamento medicamentoso m&#225;ximo e uma &#225;rea de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica de, no m&#237;nimo, 5% conforme avaliado por uma tomografia computadorizada por emiss&#227;o de f&#243;ton &#250;nico (TCEFU). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: idade &gt; 65 anos, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &lt; 25% e diagn&#243;stico de c&#226;ncer. A suban&#225;lise incluiu somente pacientes cujos n&#237;veis de CPE foram avaliados durante o estudo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica sob o efeito de anestesia geral em um centro especializado em cirurgia cardiovascular. O cora&#231;&#227;o foi exposto por uma incis&#227;o de aproximadamente 5cm no 4&#186; ou 5&#186; espa&#231;o intercostal esquerdo de acordo com a &#225;rea a ser tratada. Foi realizada pericardiotomia extensa, seguida de reparo para expor a face ventricular do mioc&#225;rdio a ser tratada. Esta &#225;rea havia sido previamente identificada por cintilografia tomogr&#225;fica do mioc&#225;rdio. Sob vis&#227;o direta, 10 pontos do mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico receberam um total de 2000&#181;g do plasmideo com o gene, o qual foi diluido em um total de 5ml de solu&#231;&#227;o salina, atrav&#233;s de uma agulha butterfly 25F. Antes da toracorrafia, um dreno tor&#225;cico foi colocado e mantido por 12 horas. A dor p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foi manejada com bloqueios intercostais e analg&#233;sicos injet&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vetor do Plasm&#237;deo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estrutura do plasm&#237;deo usado foi desenvolvida por um dos membros da nossa equipe Sang W. Han na Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo e produzida comercialmente pela Excellion Technology (Brasil, Petr&#243;polis, RJ). A estrutura do plasm&#237;deo de PEX-HV5 foi composta por &#237;ntron 1 de citomegalov&#237;rus (CMV) e seu promotor com sinais de splicing. O cDNA VEGF165 humano foi inserido entre o CMV, promotor e a sequ&#234;ncia poliA bovina. Este vetor tamb&#233;m continha origem pUC e sequ&#234;ncias de resist&#234;ncia &#224; canamicina para propaga&#231;&#227;o em bact&#233;rias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As CPEs foram analisadas utilizando citometria de fluxo antes e 3, 9 e 27 dias ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. As c&#233;lulas mononucleares foram separadas do sangue perif&#233;rico usando um gradiente de Ficoll (Ficoll-Paque, Invitrogen). A imunofenotipagem foi realizada pela colora&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica com anti-CD34 (BD Biosciences) e anti-KDR (BD Biosciences) conjugada ao fluor&#243;foroisotiocianato de fluoresce&#237;na (FITC) e ficoeritrina (PE), respectivamente. As popula&#231;&#245;es CD34+ e KDR+ foram analisadas no cit&#244;metro FACSCalibur utilizando o software CellQuest com a colabora&#231;&#227;o do Laborat&#243;rio de Imunogen&#233;tica no Departamento de Gen&#233;tica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. A frequ&#234;ncia de c&#233;lulas CD34+/KDR+ foi analisada na barreira linfocit&#225;ria na fra&#231;&#227;o mononuclear do sangue perif&#233;rico e 100.000 eventos foram contados. Os resultados mostram o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas duplo-positivas (n/100.000 c&#233;lulas).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos Estat&#237;sticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o expressas em m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#245;es e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. O teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Friedman foi usado para comparar a mesma vari&#225;vel em momentos diferentes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao mesmo grupo. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS 18.0.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 13 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no ensaio cl&#237;nico prim&#225;rio, nove tiveram os n&#237;veis de CPEs avaliados e foram incluidos nesta suban&#225;lise. O fluxograma de pacientes do estudo &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5237fig01">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5237fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0149-30128-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Dos nove pacientes, oito eram homens, m&#233;dia de idade de 58,4 &#177; 5,5 anos, m&#233;dia de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de 59,3 &#177; 8,8%, oito eram hipertensos e quatro diab&#233;ticos. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava angina classe III. Todos os pacientes haviam sido submetidos a ICP pr&#233;via, e sete deles &#224; CRM, representando a gravidade da doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica destes pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>)</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0149-30128-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve mortes ou recorr&#234;ncias. A terapia demonstrou ser segura e vi&#225;vel nesta s&#233;rie de pacientes. Os resultados iniciais apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na gravidade da angina e intensidade da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, conforme descrito anteriormente pelo nosso grupo<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>As an&#225;lises de CPEs demonstraram um aumento nos n&#237;veis destas c&#233;lulas no terceiro dia ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, quando comparado ao per&#237;odo basal (per&#237;odo basal, 42,7&#177;19,2; dia 3, 66,6&#177;34,3; p=0,03). No entanto, aos nove e 27 dias ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, os n&#237;veis de CPE apresentaram-se similares aos n&#237;veis basais (per&#237;odo basal, 42,7&#177;19,2; dia 9, 34,9&#177;15,0; p=NS) e (per&#237;odo basal, 42,7&#177;19,2; dia 27, 36,1&#177;12,9; p=NS) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5237fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5237fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0149-30128-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo foi o primeiro, de acordo com o nosso conhecimento, que avaliou a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de CPEs em pacientes com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica e angina refrat&#225;ria que foram submetidos &#224; terapia g&#234;nica com 2000 &#181;g de VEGF 165. Nossos resultados demonstraram uma mobiliza&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria de CPEs, com um pico no terceiro dia ap&#243;s a terapia g&#234;nica.</p>
    <p>Estudo anterior, o qual avaliou a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de CPEs ap&#243;s terapia g&#234;nica, utilizou inje&#231;&#245;es de 250 &#181;g de VEGF 165 intramioc&#225;rdica em 13 pacientes com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e relatou um pico de CPEs durante a primeira e quarta semanas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, al&#233;m de utilizar uma dose substancialmente menor que a utilizada no nosso estudo, os resultados de citometria de fluxo foram obtidos com base em histogramas de 10.000 a 20.000 c&#233;lulas por amostra. No nosso estudo, utilizamos o n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas duplo-positivas n/100.000, dificultando a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os estudos.</p>
    <p>CPEs possuem a capacidade de mobiliza&#231;&#227;o e prolifera&#231;&#227;o nas les&#245;es vasculares, contribuindo para a neoangiog&#234;nese<sup>13</sup>. A mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de CPEs da medula &#243;ssea em resposta a diversos sinais tem sido bem descrita<sup>5</sup>. Estudos anteriores demonstraram a capacidade do VEGF de promover a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o e diferencia&#231;&#227;o de CPE <italic>in vivo</italic> e CPE <italic>in vitro</italic><sup>14,15</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, CPEs circulantes demonstraram contribuir para o processo de neovasculariza&#231;&#227;o<sup>16</sup>. A mobiliza&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria de CPEs ap&#243;s a terapia g&#234;nica conforme observado em nosso estudo est&#225; de acordo com os achados de estudos experimentais e cl&#237;nicos anteriores<sup>6</sup>. A express&#227;o de VEGF ap&#243;s a terapia g&#234;nica parece ser transit&#243;ria<sup>6</sup>. Estudos anteriores apresentaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre CPEs circulantes e n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de VEGF<sup>6,14</sup>, que podem ajudar a explicar a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria de CPEs. Al&#233;m disso, sugerimos que a express&#227;o celular permanente de VEGF e mobiliza&#231;&#227;o constante de CPEs ap&#243;s a terapia g&#234;nica n&#227;o &#233; desej&#225;vel, pois esta atividade pode aumentar o risco de forma&#231;&#227;o de tumor devido &#224; poss&#237;vel multiplica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o controlada de c&#233;lulas. Acredita-se que &#233; desej&#225;vel atingir a express&#227;o transit&#243;ria de VEGF e mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de CPEs o suficiente para iniciar o processo angiog&#234;nico e forma&#231;&#227;o de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral no mioc&#225;rdio isqu&#234;mico, resultando em melhora da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Neste sentido, acredita-se que os resultados do nosso estudo s&#227;o promissores.</p>
    <p>A pequena amostra de pacientes pode ser considerada uma limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo; no entanto, este tamanho de amostra &#233; resultado de um ensaio cl&#237;nico de fase I/II<sup>4</sup> para testar a seguran&#231;a e viabilidade de 2000 &#181;g de VEGF 165 como terapia &#250;nica para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica com angina refrat&#225;ria. Estes estudos visam testar a seguran&#231;a e viabilidade do procedimento e fornecer resultados cl&#237;nicos iniciais, e normalmente incluem amostras pequenas de pacientes por motivos de seguran&#231;a. Contudo, este estudo contribui para do comportamento de CPE e do processo angiog&#234;nico ap&#243;s a terapia g&#234;nica com altas doses de VEGF 165. Dessa forma, as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas neste estudo podem ser usadas como justificativa para futuros ensaios cl&#237;nicos de fase II ou III.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Identificamos uma mobiliza&#231;&#227;o transit&#243;ria de CPEs, com pico no terceiro dia a interven&#231;&#227;o, e retorno aos n&#237;veis basais aos nove e 27 dias ap&#243;s terapia g&#234;nica com 2000 &#181;g de VEGF 165 em pacientes com angina refrat&#225;ria.</p>
    <p><bold>Fontes de Financiamento:</bold> O presente projeto foi financiado pelo Programa de Pesquisa para a Sistema &#218;nico do Brasil- PPSUS/FAPERGS(2008-2009)</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Abdala Karam Kalil </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370, Santana </p>
        <p> CEP 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="kalil.pesquisa@gmail.com">kalil.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br">editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 29/10/12; revisado em 29/10/12; aceito em 14/03/13</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">VEGF 165 gene therapy for patients with refractory angina: mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) with the capacity for proliferation and differentiation into mature endothelial cells, thus contributing to the angiogenic process. OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess the behavior of EPCs in patients with ischemic heart disease and refractory angina who received an intramyocardial injections of 2000 &#181;g of VEGF 165 as the sole therapy. METHODS: The study was a subanalysis of a clinical trial. Patients with advanced ischemic heart disease and refractory angina were assessed for eligibility. Inclusion criteria were as follows: signs and symptoms of angina and/or heart failure despite maximum medical treatment and a myocardial ischemic area of at least 5% as assessed by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Exclusion criteria were as follows: age &gt; 65 years, left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 25%, and a diagnosis of cancer. Patients whose EPC levels were assessed were included. The intervention was 2000 &#181;g of VEGF 165 plasmid injected into the ischemic myocardium. The frequency of CD34+/KDR+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry before and 3, 9, and 27 days after the intervention. RESULTS: A total of 9 patients were included, 8 males, mean age 59.4 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 59.3% and predominant class III angina. The number of EPCs on day 3 was significantly higher than that at baseline (p = 0.03); however, that on days 9 and 27 was comparable to that at baseline. CONCLUSION: We identified a transient mobilization of EPCs, which peaked on the 3th day after VEGF 165 gene therapy in patients with refractory angina and returned to near baseline levels on days 9 and 27.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endothelial Cells</kwd>
        <kwd>Capillary Permeability</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetic Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>VEGF 165 gene therapy for patients with refractory angina: mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Clarissa G. Rodrigues<sup>I,II</sup>; Rodrigo D.M. Plentz<sup>I,III</sup>; Thiago Dipp<sup>I</sup>; Felipe B. Salles<sup>I,III</sup>; Imarilde I. Giusti<sup>I</sup>; Roberto T. Sant'Anna<sup>I</sup>; Bruna Eibel<sup>I</sup>; Ivo A. Nesralla<sup>I</sup>; Melissa Markoski<sup>I</sup>; Nance N. Beyer<sup>I,IV</sup>; Renato A. K. Kalil<sup>III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) with the capacity for proliferation and differentiation into mature endothelial cells, thus contributing to the angiogenic process.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> We sought to assess the behavior of EPCs in patients with ischemic heart disease and refractory angina who received an intramyocardial injections of 2000 &#181;g of VEGF 165 as the sole therapy.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study was a subanalysis of a clinical trial. Patients with advanced ischemic heart disease and refractory angina were assessed for eligibility. Inclusion criteria were as follows: signs and symptoms of angina and/or heart failure despite maximum medical treatment and a myocardial ischemic area of at least 5% as assessed by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Exclusion criteria were as follows: age &gt; 65 years, left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 25%, and a diagnosis of cancer. Patients whose EPC levels were assessed were included. The intervention was 2000 &#181;g of VEGF 165 plasmid injected into the ischemic myocardium. The frequency of CD34+/KDR+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry before and 3, 9, and 27 days after the intervention.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 9 patients were included, 8 males, mean age 59.4 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 59.3% and predominant class III angina. The number of EPCs on day 3 was significantly higher than that at baseline (p = 0.03); however, that on days 9<sup>th</sup> and 27<sup>th</sup> was comparable to that at baseline.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> We identified a transient mobilization of EPCs, which peaked on the 3th day after VEGF 165 gene therapy in patients with refractory angina and returned to near baseline levels on days 9<sup>th</sup> and 27<sup>th</sup>.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Endothelial Cells; Capillary Permeability; Genetic Therapy; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Refractory angina is characterized by severe and persistent cardiac discomfort<sup>1,2</sup> and is resistant to traditional cardiological treatments, including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and maximum drug therapy<sup>1,2</sup>. In the United States alone, there are approximately 300,000 to 900,000 cases of refractory angina; in addition, about 25,000 to 75,000 new patients are diagnosed each year<sup>3</sup>. Gene therapy, which has the potential to promote myocardial angiogenesis and collateral circulation in ischemic myocardium, may represent a possible treatment modality for these patients<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Angiogenesis involves the mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which are multipotent cells with the capacity to proliferate and differentiate into mature endothelial cells<sup>5</sup>. Gene therapy using vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 165 appears to promote the mobilization of EPCs<sup>6</sup>, but very little is known about the behavior of such cells in patients with refractory angina who have undergone gene therapy with high doses of VEGF 165.</p>
      <p> Most studies using VEGF 165 in patients with ischemic heart disease have been conducted in combination with other interventions such as CABG and PCI<sup>7-10</sup>. However, a class of patients exists who are not eligible for such interventions; therefore, these combined treatments are not an option for them<sup>1,2</sup>. In such situations, gene therapy alone may be a possible solution, but till date, only a few studies have been conducted, with most of them using low doses of VEGF (125-250 &#181;g)<sup>9,11,12</sup>. Therefore, the behavior of EPCs in patients receiving gene therapy with high doses of VEGF remains unclear.</p>
      <p>The present study aimed to assess the behavior of EPCs in patients with ischemic heart disease and refractory angina who received an intramyocardial injection of 2000 &#181;g of VEGF 165 as the sole therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a subanalysis of a trial registered as ClinicalTrial.gov NCT 00744315<sup>4</sup>, which aimed to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and initial clinical effects of intramyocardial transthoracic administration of plasmid VEGF 165 on myocardial perfusion in patients with advanced coronary artery disease and refractory angina who did not qualify for percutaneous or surgical revascularization. The rationale and design of this trial have been described previously<sup>4</sup>. This was the first clinical trial that used gene therapy for patients with refractory angina in Latin America. The protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committee, and all patients provided written informed consent prior to participation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Participants</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with advanced ischemic heart disease who were contraindicated for CABG or PCI as assessed by a cardiovascular surgeon and interventional cardiologist were eligible for enrollment. Inclusion criteria were as follows: signs and symptoms of angina and/or heart failure despite maximum medical treatment and a myocardial ischemic area of at least 5% as assessed by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Exclusion criteria were as follows: age &gt; 65 years, left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 25%, and a cancer diagnosed. The subanalysis included only those patients whose EPC levels were assessed during the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intervention</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All patients were submitted to surgical intervention under general anesthesia at a center specializing in cardiovascular surgery. The heart was exposed by an incision of approximately 5 cm at the 4th or 5th left intercostal space according to the area to be treated. An extensive pericardiotomy was placed and was followed by pericardial repair. The area to receive the plasmid vector solution injection was identified by preoperative myocardial SPECT. Under direct vision, 10 points of the ischemic myocardium received a total of 2000 &#181;g of gene VEGF 165 plasmid, which was diluted in a total of 5 ml of saline solution, via a 25F butterfly injection needle. Prior to thoracography, a thoracic tube was placed and maintained for 12 h. Postoperative pain was managed using intercostal block and injectable analgesics.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Plasmid Vector</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The plasmid backbone used was developed by one of our team members Sang W. Han at the Federal University of S&#227;o Paulo and produced commercially by Excellion Technology (Brazil, Petropolis, RJ). The plasmid backbone of PEX-HV5 was composed of cytomegalovirus (CMV) intron 1 and its promoter with splicing signals. The human VEGF165 cDNA was inserted between the CMV promoter and the bovine polyA sequence. This vector also contained a pUC origin and kanamycin resistance sequences for propagation in bacteria.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Outcomes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>EPCs were analyzed using flow cytometry before and 3, 9, and 27 days after intervention. Mononuclear cells were separated from the peripheral blood using a Ficoll gradient (Ficoll-Paque, Invitrogen). Immunophenotyping was performed by specific staining with anti-CD34 (BD Biosciences) and anti-KDR (BD Biosciences) conjugated to the fluorophores fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and phycoerythrin (PE), respectively. The CD34+ and KDR+ populations were analyzed in the FACSCalibur cytometer using CellQuest software in collaboration with the Laboratory of Immunogenetics at the Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The frequency of CD34+/KDR+ cells was analyzed in the lymphocyte gate in the peripheral blood mononuclear fraction and 100,000 events were counted. The results show the number of double-positive cells (n/100.000 cells).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables are expressed as means and standard deviations and categorical variables as absolute and relative frequencies. The Friedman nonparametric test was used to compare the same variable at different times. Analyses were performed using the SPSS 18.0 statistical package.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 13 patients enrolled in the primary trial, 9 (8 males; mean age, 58.4 &#177; 5.5 years; mean left ventricular ejection fraction, 59.3% &#177; 8.8%) underwent assessment of EPCs and were included in the subanalysis. the patients workflow of the study is demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5237fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5237fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0149-30128-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Eight patients were hypertensive and 4 had diabetes. A majority of patients suffered from class III angina. All patients had previously undergone PCI, and 7 of them had also undergone CABG. These findings indicated the severity of ischemic disease in these patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0149-30128-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Outcomes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no deaths or recurrences. The therapy was demonstrated to be safe and feasible in this series of patients. Initial results showed a decrease in the severity of angina and intensity of myocardial ischemia, as previously described by our group<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Analyses of EPCs demonstrated an increase in the number of cells on the 3th day after intervention compared to baseline (baseline, 42.7 &#177; 19.2; day 3, 66.6 &#177; 34.3; p = 0.03). However, the number of EPCs decreased to become comparable to baseline on days 9 and 27 (baseline, 42.7 &#177; 19.2; day 9, 34.9 &#177; 15.0; baseline, 42.7 &#177; 19.2; day 27, 36.1 &#177; 12.9; p = NS for both; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5237fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5237fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0149-30128-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was the first, as per our knowledge, that assessed the mobilization of EPCs in patients with ischemic heart disease and refractory angina who underwent gene therapy with 2000 &#181;g of VEGF 165. Our results showed a transient mobilization of EPCs, with peak on the 3th day after gene therapy.</p>
      <p>A previous study evaluating mobilization of EPCs after gene therapy<sup>6</sup> administered 250 &#181;g of intramyocardial VEGF 165 to 13 patients with myocardial ischemia and reported a peak of EPCs during week 1 and week 4 after the intervention. However, besides using a substantially smaller dose of VEGF, their results of flow cytometry were obtained based on histograms of 10,000 to 20,000 cells per sample, while we used the number of double-positive n/100.000 cells. Thus, making difficult the comparison between the trials.</p>
      <p>EPCs have the ability to home in vascular injury sites and contribute to neoangiogenesis<sup>13</sup>. Mobilization of EPCs from the bone marrow in response to different signals has also been well described<sup>5</sup>. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of VEGF to promote EPC mobilization <italic>in vivo</italic> and EPC differentiation <italic>in vitro</italic><sup>14,15</sup>. In addition, circulating EPCs have been shown to contribute to the neovascularization process<sup>16</sup>. The transient mobilization of EPCs after gene therapy as observed in our study is in agreement with the findings of previous experimental and clinical studies<sup>6</sup>. VEGF expression after gene therapy seems to be transient<sup>6</sup>. Previous studies have shown a positive correlation between circulating EPCs and plasma VEGF levels<sup>6,14</sup>, which may help explain the transient mobilization of EPCs. In addition, we suggest that permanent cell expression of VEGF and constant mobilization of EPCs after gene therapy are undesirable since such activity may increase the risk of tumor formation because of the possibility of uncontrolled cell multiplication. Therefore, it is desirable to achieve transient expression of VEGF and mobilization of EPCs, which is sufficient for the process of angiogenesis, formation of collateral circulation in ischemic myocardium, and with a subsequent improvement in myocardial perfusion. The results for mobilization of EPCs in this study were promising in this regard.</p>
      <p>The small sample of patients may be thought to limit the power of the study; however, this sample size is derived from a phase I/II clinical trial<sup>4</sup> to test the safety and feasibility of 2000 &#181;g of VEGF 165 as the sole therapy for ischemic heart disease with refractory angina. Such studies aim to test the safety and feasibility of the procedure and provide initial clinical results, and they usually include small sample of patients for safety reasons. This study contributes to the understanding of EPC behavior and the myocardial angiogenic process after gene therapy with high doses of VEGF 165. Information obtained from this study can thus be used as a rationale for future phase II or III clinical trials.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We identified a transient mobilization of EPCs, which peaked on the 3th day and returned to baseline levels on the 9<sup>th</sup> and 27<sup>th</sup> days after gene therapy with 2000 &#181;g of VEGF 165 in patients with refractory angina.</p>
      <p><bold>Financial Support:</bold> This study made possible through financial support from the Programa de Pesquisa para a Sistema &#218;nico do Brasil- PPSUS/FAPERGS(2008-2009)</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
