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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Gbgmw4wDy6qzZyD6c6BdGMM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002800007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100200007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130125</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Choques inapropriados em portadores de CDI VR versus DR: meta-an&#225;lise de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Telmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiopneumologia </institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Metodista de Angola</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiopneumologia</institution>
        <country country="AO">Angola</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>141</fpage>
      <lpage>148</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Apesar da evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica do cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel, uma das quest&#245;es que permanece em aberto &#233; sobre o eventual benef&#237;cio do cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel de dupla c&#226;mara comparativamente ao de c&#226;mara &#250;nica, para diminuir os choques inapropriados. OBJETIVO: Avaliar, em pacientes com cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel, qual &#233; o tipo de dispositivo que proporciona menor n&#250;mero de choques inapropriados (c&#226;mara dupla versus c&#226;mara &#250;nica). M&#201;TODOS: Meta-an&#225;lise da literatura publicada, de estudos randomizados, comparando cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel de c&#226;mara dupla ao de c&#226;mara &#250;nica, que tenham, como endpoint avaliado, a ocorr&#234;ncia de choques inapropriados. RESULTADOS: O cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel de c&#226;mara dupla n&#227;o mostrou benef&#237;cios na redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de pacientes com choques inapropriados. Pelo contr&#225;rio, na an&#225;lise de efeitos fixos, a associa&#231;&#227;o foi tendencialmente favor&#225;vel ao cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel de c&#226;mara &#250;nica (OR = 1,53; IC95%: 0,91-2,57), n&#227;o obstante a aus&#234;ncia de significado estat&#237;stico (p = 0,11). Merece destaque a heterogenia observada nos resultados (I2 = 53%), o que motivou a replica&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise utilizando um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios. No entanto, as diferen&#231;as significativas permaneceram na ocorr&#234;ncia de choques inapropriados em ambos os grupos (OR = 1,1; IC95%: 0,37-3,31; p = 0,86). Para complementar a an&#225;lise, procedeu-se &#224; an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, na qual se verificou que a exclus&#227;o de um estudo resultava na mais baixa heterogenia observada (I2=24%) e na associa&#231;&#227;o com os choques inapropriados significativamente favor&#225;vel ao cardiodesfibrilador de c&#226;mara &#250;nica (OR = 1,91; IC95%: 1,09-3,37; p = 0,27). CONCLUS&#213;ES: Verificou-se a n&#227;o exist&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia clara de superioridade de qualquer um dos dispositivos avaliados.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Choques inapropriados em portadores de CDI VR versus DR - meta-an&#225;lise de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Juliana Gon&#231;alves<sup>I</sup>; Telmo Pereira<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Cardiopneumologia - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Cardiopneumologia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Metodista de Angola</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Apesar da evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica do cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel, uma das quest&#245;es que permanece em aberto &#233; sobre o eventual benef&#237;cio do cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel de dupla c&#226;mara comparativamente ao de c&#226;mara &#250;nica, para diminuir os choques inapropriados. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar, em pacientes com cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel, qual &#233; o tipo de dispositivo que proporciona menor n&#250;mero de choques inapropriados (c&#226;mara dupla <italic>versus</italic> c&#226;mara &#250;nica). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Meta-an&#225;lise da literatura publicada, de estudos randomizados, comparando cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel de c&#226;mara dupla ao de c&#226;mara &#250;nica, que tenham, como <italic>endpoint</italic> avaliado, a ocorr&#234;ncia de choques inapropriados. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel de c&#226;mara dupla n&#227;o mostrou benef&#237;cios na redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de pacientes com choques inapropriados. Pelo contr&#225;rio, na an&#225;lise de efeitos fixos, a associa&#231;&#227;o foi tendencialmente favor&#225;vel ao cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel de c&#226;mara &#250;nica (OR = 1,53; IC95%: 0,91-2,57), n&#227;o obstante a aus&#234;ncia de significado estat&#237;stico (p = 0,11). Merece destaque a heterogenia observada nos resultados (I2 = 53%), o que motivou a replica&#231;&#227;o da an&#225;lise utilizando um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios. No entanto, as diferen&#231;as significativas permaneceram na ocorr&#234;ncia de choques inapropriados em ambos os grupos (OR = 1,1; IC95%: 0,37-3,31; p = 0,86). Para complementar a an&#225;lise, procedeu-se &#224; an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, na qual se verificou que a exclus&#227;o de um estudo resultava na mais baixa heterogenia observada (I2=24%) e na associa&#231;&#227;o com os choques inapropriados significativamente favor&#225;vel ao cardiodesfibrilador de c&#226;mara &#250;nica (OR = 1,91; IC95%: 1,09-3,37; p = 0,27). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> Verificou-se a n&#227;o exist&#234;ncia de evid&#234;ncia clara de superioridade de qualquer um dos dispositivos avaliados.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras Chave:</bold> Desfibriladores Implant&#225;veis/utiliza&#231;&#227;o, Choque, Metan&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Embora o Cardiodesfibrilador Implant&#225;vel (CDI) apresente efic&#225;cia no diagn&#243;stico e no tratamento de taquidisritmias ventriculares, choques inapropriados continuam a ser o principal problema cl&#237;nico para os pacientes que o portam<sup>1</sup>. Cerca de um quarto a um ter&#231;o dos portadores de CDI experienciam esse tipo de choque<sup>2</sup>, cujas consequ&#234;ncias podem ser dor, ansiedade, desconforto, graves complica&#231;&#245;es psicol&#243;gicas, taquidisritmias ventriculares induzidas pelo choque inapropriado e deple&#231;&#227;o precoce da bateria<sup>3,4</sup>. A import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica desse problema fez com que fosse necess&#225;rio desenvolver novos algoritmos de discrimina&#231;&#227;o, com o objetivo de aumentar a especificidade da detec&#231;&#227;o de arritmias, mantendo a sensibilidade<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em teoria, o CDI de C&#226;mara Dupla (DR) seria capaz de discriminar as taquidisritmias de forma mais eficaz do que o CDI de C&#226;mara &#218;nica (VR) uma vez que a adi&#231;&#227;o do eletrocateter auricular fornece informa&#231;&#227;o complementar sobre o ritmo e a frequ&#234;ncia auricular, bem como sobre a sincronia aur&#237;culo-ventricular. Estudos demonstram benef&#237;cio claro do CDI DR sobre o CDI VR na discrimina&#231;&#227;o de taquidisritmias, conseguindo, assim, uma diminui&#231;&#227;o de choques inapropriados<sup>3,6,7</sup>. No entanto, outros estudos com o mesmo objetivo evidenciam pouca ou nenhuma vantagem por parte dos CDI DR<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Desse modo, torna-se necess&#225;rio aferir se a inclus&#227;o de algoritmos discriminat&#243;rios nos CDI DR diminui significativamente o n&#250;mero de choques inapropriados quando comparado aos CDI VR.</p>
    <p>Para tal, realizaram-se aqui uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e uma meta-an&#225;lise de estudos randomizados que comparam o desempenho dos CDI DR aos CDI VR, no que se refere &#224; discrimina&#231;&#227;o de taquidisritmias que terminem na aplica&#231;&#227;o de choques inapropriados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizaram-se uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e um meta-an&#225;lise da literatura publicada, relacionando a quantidade de choques inapropriados entregues pelo CDI, sendo estes randomizados em CDI DR ou CDI VR. A descri&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos &#233; baseada no trabalho do grupo de PRISMA<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No intuito de localizar todos os estudos que relacionassem CDI VR <italic>versus</italic> DR, no que diz respeito a choques inapropriados, foram desenvolvidos v&#225;rios procedimentos. Come&#231;ou-se por realizar uma pesquisa por palavras-chave, sem restri&#231;&#227;o de datas, em bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas, como: PubMed, B-On, Elsevier Science, Science Direct e Web of Science. A busca empregou o filtro de pesquisa em humanos, com os seguintes termos: <italic>("Implantable Cardioverter defibrillator" OR "ICD" OR "Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillators" OR "implantable defibrillator") AND ("Dual-chamber ICD" OR "dual-chamber ICD" OR "dual-chamber device" OR "dual-chamber marcapassos defibrillator" OR "DC-ICD device") AND ("single-chamber ICD" OR "Single-chamber ICD" OR "single-chamber device" OR "SC-ICD device") AND ("Inappropriate shocks" OR "Inappropriate ICD interventions" OR "Inappropriate therapies" OR "Inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator discharges" OR "inappropriate therapy" AND "Clinical Trial[ptyp]" OR "Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]")</italic>. A busca foi realizada no m&#234;s de outubro de 2011.</p>
    <p>Os artigos identificados por esse meio foram seguidamente analisados, procurando-se novas refer&#234;ncias neles constantes que pudessem ser pesquisadas. Tamb&#233;m foram utilizadas como fonte de artigos as refer&#234;ncias dos artigos lidos na &#237;ntegra.</p>
    <p>Adicionalmente, realizou-se uma busca direta em revistas da especialidade: <italic>Europace, New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Circulation, European Heart Journal, Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology</italic> e <italic>Heart Rhythm</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos compreendeu duas fases: a primeira foi a an&#225;lise do t&#237;tulo e do resumo dos potenciais estudos encontrados durante a pesquisa nas bases de dados. Para isso, utilizou-se um formul&#225;rio padronizado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5021fig01">Figura 1</xref>). Dois revisores independentes classificaram os estudos, incluindo-os ou n&#227;o. Quando o resumo do estudo n&#227;o forneceu informa&#231;&#227;o suficiente para decidir sobre a inclus&#227;o ou exclus&#227;o, o estudo passou para a fase seguinte. A segunda fase foi a an&#225;lise completa do estudo integral. Novamente, dois revisores independentes classificaram os estudos como inclu&#237;dos ou n&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5021fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0141-30125-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tratamento estat&#237;stico e an&#225;lise de dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o m&#243;dulo MetaView, do programa estat&#237;stico Review Manager Version 5.0 (Copenhagen, The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008), por meio de modelos de efeitos fixos e aleat&#243;rios. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada pelo teste Q de Cochran, e complementada com o I<sup>2</sup> (este indica a propor&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade entre os estudos, proporcionando uma medida de heterogeneidade).</p>
    <p>Os resultados foram analisados como vari&#225;veis dicot&#243;micas. Para estas, foram calculados <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> (OR) e Intervalos de Confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%). O crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica utilizado foi valor de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05. Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, foi calculada a diferen&#231;a de m&#233;dias ponderadas (modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios), com o IC95% correspondente. Caso necess&#225;rio, os dados originais foram transformados em bases logar&#237;tmicas que seguissem uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou em escalas que apresentassem propriedades similares. Se necess&#225;rio, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas poderiam ser subdivididas para an&#225;lise dicot&#243;mica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudos inclu&#237;dos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s pesquisa nas bases de dados selecionadas, foram recolhidos, para an&#225;lise, 1.330 estudos, dos quais 403 permaneceram ap&#243;s exclus&#227;o de estudos duplicados. Destes, 370 estudos foram exclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s an&#225;lise do t&#237;tulo e do resumo. Em seguida, analisaram-se os 33 artigos restantes integralmente, embora n&#227;o tenha sido poss&#237;vel obter dois desses artigos (um deles por ainda n&#227;o ter sido publicado). No final, foram selecionados cinco artigos para an&#225;lise, embora apenas um deles apresentasse os valores necess&#225;rios para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da meta-an&#225;lise. Contactaram-se os outros quatro autores, no intuito de que fossem fornecidos os dados em falta nos artigos; apenas um dos autores n&#227;o respondeu aos contatos. Assim, foram inclu&#237;dos quatro estudos. O fluxograma da revis&#227;o da literatura &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5021fig02">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5021fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0141-30125-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados qualitativos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esta meta-an&#225;lise incluiu quatro estudos randomizados que comparam a ocorr&#234;ncia de choques inapropriados em CDI VR <italic>versus</italic> CDI DR. Os estudos s&#227;o o DATAS<sup>12</sup>, o Detect Supra Ventricular Tachycardia (Detect SVT)<sup>7</sup>, o Prevention of INAPPropriate Therapy (PINAPPs)<sup>10</sup>, e o estudo de Deisenhofer e cols.<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>As carater&#237;sticas e o desenho dos estudos inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5021tab01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5021tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0141-30125-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Esta meta-an&#225;lise representa um total composto de 886 pacientes. Destes, 17,6% implantaram CDI VR e 82,4% implantaram CDI DR; dentre os 730 pacientes que implantaram CDI DR, 53,6% foram randomizados para permanecer com a programa&#231;&#227;o DR e 46,4% com a programa&#231;&#227;o de CDI VR. As carater&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5021tab02">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5021tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0141-30125-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de idades foi entre 59 e 65 anos e mais de 78% eram homens. Todos os estudos inclu&#237;ram pacientes com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) <underline>&gt;</underline> 30% e a maioria dos pacientes apresentava doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria. N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as nas carater&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais entre os pacientes randomizados para CDI VR ou CDI DR.</p>
    <p>A programa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia para detec&#231;&#227;o de arritmias foi id&#234;ntica em ambos os grupos (392 &#177; 24 ms para CDI VR <italic>versus</italic> 413 &#177; 57 ms para CDI DR). Todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos eram randomizados. Na maioria dos estudos, o objetivo principal foi a compara&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de terapias inapropriadas nos pacientes portadores de CDI VR e CDI DR<sup>8,10</sup> ou parte de um objetivo combinado<sup>6,12</sup>. O estudo The Detect STV teve como objetivo principal detec&#231;&#245;es inapropriadas, o qual foi o segundo objetivo no estudo PINAPP. Todos os estudos exclu&#237;ram pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Auricular (FA) permanente, disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243;dulo SA, bloqueio atrioventricular ou outra qualquer indica&#231;&#227;o para implanta&#231;&#227;o de marca-passos permanente.</p>
    <p>Considerando a distribui&#231;&#227;o de choques inapropriados inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise, elaborou-se a <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5021tab03">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5021tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0141-30125-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Do ponto de vista de representatividade, os dois grupos de randomiza&#231;&#227;o eram equivalentes, com 56% de doentes randomizados no grupo de CDI VR e 44% no grupo de CDI DR. A preval&#234;ncia global de choques inapropriados foi de 7,4%, sendo ligeiramente superior no grupo de CDI DR (9,7%) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de CDI VR (5,6%).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Choques inapropriados segundo an&#225;lise por paciente</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quando os dados de todos os estudos foram agrupados usando o modelo de efeito-fixo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5021fig03">Figura 3</xref>), verificou-se n&#227;o existir diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no risco de ocorr&#234;ncia de choques inapropriados entre os CDI DR e os CDI VR (OR = 1,53; IC95%: 0,91-2,57; p = 0,11), n&#227;o obstante a identifica&#231;&#227;o de uma tend&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o a maior n&#250;mero de doentes com choques inapropriados nos CDI DR. Da an&#225;lise de heterogenia, chama aten&#231;&#227;o a heterogenia nos resultados, com I<sup>2</sup> de 53%. A an&#225;lise gr&#225;fica da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos resultados dos estudos inclu&#237;dos &#233; bem expressiva dessa heterogeneidade, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de prud&#234;ncia na leitura do resultado global obtido.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5021fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0141-30125-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Para minimizar o efeito dessa heterogenia, procedeu-se &#224; an&#225;lise de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, demonstrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5021fig04">Figura 4</xref>. Como se pode observar, n&#227;o se encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas na ocorr&#234;ncia de choques inapropriados em ambos os grupos. A heterogenia permaneceu importante na an&#225;lise, com I<sup>2</sup> de 53% e distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica dos estudos, em termos gr&#225;ficos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5021fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0141-30125-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Para avaliar o impacto da heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica, com foco no impacto da exclus&#227;o de cada estudo, analisou-se a sensibilidade dos dados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5021tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5021tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0141-30125-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Observou-se que a heterogenia permaneceu importante (I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 20%) em todas as an&#225;lises efetuadas com exclus&#227;o do estudo DATAS, que fica no limiar da heterogeneidade (I<sup>2</sup> = 24%), acompanhando-se de OR = 1,91 (IC95%: 1,09-3,37; p &lt; 0,05) e revelando uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa do CDI DR a um maior risco de choques inapropriados. Esta foi, ali&#225;s, uma tend&#234;ncia presente em todas as an&#225;lises parciais, com exce&#231;&#227;o da rean&#225;lise com exclus&#227;o do estudo Detect STV, que produziu OR = 0,7 (IC95%: 0,28-1,75) sem significado estat&#237;stico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como resultado fundamental, n&#227;o se verificou benef&#237;cio em termos de redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de pacientes com choques inapropriados nos CDI DR em compara&#231;&#227;o aos com CDI VR, contrariamente &#224; previs&#227;o inicialmente delineada. Ali&#225;s, foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar ligeira tend&#234;ncia ao aumento de choques inapropriados nos CDI DR em rela&#231;&#227;o ao que foi verificado no grupo de compara&#231;&#227;o. Nos estudos inclu&#237;dos, 9,7% dos pacientes portadores de CDI DR receberam choques inapropriados, comparados a 5,6% de pacientes portadores de CDI VR ou programado como tal. Dessa forma e considerando a an&#225;lise de modelos fixos, a OR correspondente &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de choques inapropriados entre os CDI DR e VR foi de 1,53 (IC95%: 0,91-2,57; p = 0,11), indicando tend&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio do CDI VR, embora sem significado estat&#237;stico. Atendendo &#224; elevada heterogenia documentada nesta an&#225;lise, replicou-se a avalia&#231;&#227;o, recorrendo a um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, resultando numa OR de 1,10 (IC95%: 0,37-3,31; p = 0,86), e n&#227;o havendo associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre o tipo de CDI e a ocorr&#234;ncia de choques inapropriados. Merece ressalva o fato de que, apesar da aus&#234;ncia de significado estat&#237;stico, em ambas as an&#225;lises, o OR manteve algum favorecimento ao CDI VR, mediante as devidas cautelas que a estat&#237;stica imp&#245;e na leitura desse resultado. N&#227;o obstante, os resultados s&#227;o claros na demonstra&#231;&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio do CDI DR em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CDI VR, neste contexto espec&#237;fico.</p>
    <p>A principal justificativa para a falha de superioridade do CDI DR em alguns estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta meta-an&#225;lise deve-se a problemas com o <italic>sensing</italic> auricular, sendo esta a causa predominante de detec&#231;&#245;es erradas nos CDI DR, resultando em choques inapropriados<sup>13,14</sup>. No estudo de Deisenhofer e cols.<sup>8</sup>, por exemplo, problemas com o <italic>sensing</italic> auricular foram a causa de 38 das 51 terapias inapropriadas que ocorreram no grupo de pacientes com CDI DR. Problemas de <italic>sensing</italic> auricular representam de 41% a 75% das terapias inapropiadas nos estudos mais antigos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise<sup>8,10</sup>. No estudo Detect SVT<sup>7</sup>, a import&#226;ncia dada ao <italic>sensing</italic> auricular resultou em <italic>sensing far-field</italic> da onda R ou <italic>oversensing</italic> da onda R com valor inferior a 3% nos CDI programados como DR. De todos os erros de discrimina&#231;&#227;o nos CDI programados como DR, apenas 5% foram contabilizados como erros de <italic>sensing</italic> auricular<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Verificou-se que os estudos mais recentes n&#227;o apresentam n&#250;mero t&#227;o elevado de choques e terapias inapropriadas causadas por problemas com o <italic>sensing</italic> auricular, talvez pelos melhoramentos dos filtros de <italic>sensing</italic> realizados pelos fabricantes de CDI, tal como alertava Deisenhofer e cols.<sup>8</sup> em seu estudo em 2001.</p>
    <p>Um aspecto curioso que resultou desta an&#225;lise de sensibilidade e que foi preconizado, no sentido de perceber a elevada heterogenia assinalada na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica global, foi que a exclus&#227;o do estudo DATAS da an&#225;lise produziu o menor coeficiente de heterogenia (I<sup>2</sup> = 24%) e associou-se a uma OR de 1,91 (IC95%: 1,09-3,37; p &lt; 0,05), claramente favor&#225;vel ao CDI VR, indicando, dessa forma, um risco de choque inapropriado 91% maior no grupo de CDI DR. Essa homogeneidade nos resultados decorrente da exclus&#227;o do DATAS poder&#225; traduzir o contexto temporal em que os ensaios cl&#237;nicos foram desenvolvidos bem como o estado de evolu&#231;&#227;o tecnol&#243;gica dos CDI contemporaneamente ao desenrolar de cada estudo. De fato, sendo o DATAS o estudo mais recente de todos, ele enquadra dispositivos num patamar de desenvolvimento tecnol&#243;gico mais atual, o que pode, de alguma forma, explicar seu contributo para a heterogenia identificada nos v&#225;rios modelos de an&#225;lise empreendidos. Por outro lado, h&#225; que considerar que, no estudo DATAS, todos os CDI implantados possu&#237;am algoritmos de preven&#231;&#227;o de Taquicardia Auricular (TA) e FA que, como se sabe, s&#227;o a principal causa de choques inapropriados. Atualmente, os pacientes portadores de CDI t&#234;m mostrado elevada preval&#234;ncia de taquidisritmias auriculares. Tem sido demonstrado que 20% deles apresenta FA antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o de CDI e que, durante a longevidade do CDI, 50% dos pacientes desenvolve FA<sup>15</sup>. As fun&#231;&#245;es de antitaquicardia auricular (algoritmos de preven&#231;&#227;o e ATP auricular) dispon&#237;veis nos CDI implantados no estudo DATAS t&#234;m se demonstrado eficazes para prevenir e tratar rapidamente as taquidisritmias auriculares, como relatado no estudo de Ricci e cols.<sup>16</sup>, que demostraram efici&#234;ncia no t&#233;rmino de TA &gt; 71% e 36% de FA, num <italic>follow-up</italic> de 1 ano. &#201; de real&#231;ar, ainda, o fato de, no estudo DATAS, ter se definido como evento "choque inapropriado" a presen&#231;a de dois ou mais epis&#243;dios de choques inapropriados", justificando-se que o primeiro choque inapropriado poderia apenas significar a necessidade de reprograma&#231;&#227;o, para, em seguida, poder impedir subsequentes choques inapropriados<sup>12</sup>. Assim, a propor&#231;&#227;o total de choques inapropriados registados n&#227;o &#233; a reportada, encontrando-se, dessa forma, subvalorizada, o que poder&#225; ter influ&#234;ncia direta nos resultados obtidos, numa dire&#231;&#227;o imprevis&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>Considerou-se que uma das falhas para que se demonstrasse a superioridade do CDI DR em rela&#231;&#227;o ao CDI VR foi a programa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o optimizada para cada paciente. V&#225;rios estudos j&#225; demonstraram esse fato<sup>17,18</sup>, nomeadamente melhorias da detec&#231;&#227;o auricular e em algoritmos de morfologia. Nos estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta meta-an&#225;lise n&#227;o se conseguiu determinar se a programa&#231;&#227;o para cada doente foi apropriada, embora se reportassem altera&#231;&#245;es e ajustes de programa&#231;&#227;o em raz&#227;o de varia&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas do paciente.</p>
    <p>Em algumas marcas presentes no mercado, os algoritmos de discrimina&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se aplicam durante a redetec&#231;&#227;o da taquidisritmia, o que pode provocar aumento dos choques inapropriados. Contudo, nos estudos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise, n&#227;o houve informa&#231;&#227;o sobre esse tipo de carater&#237;sticas presentes em algumas marcas, ou se est&#227;o ligados tamb&#233;m na redetec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esta meta-an&#225;lise incluiu um grande n&#250;mero de pacientes, contudo,o registou heterogeneidade significativa entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos. Essa heterogeneidade pode ser em raz&#227;o das diferen&#231;as tecnol&#243;gicas dos dispositivos usados nos diferentes estudos, atendendo, inclusive aos diferentes per&#237;odos temporais em que cada estudo foi realizado. Alguns dos algoritmos utilizados pelas diferentes marcas de fabricantes na altura dos diferentes estudos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise foram, entretanto, aperfei&#231;oados. Os CDI mais recentes, por exemplo, podem discriminar as taquidisritmias com o algoritmo morfol&#243;gico conjuntamente de algoritmos com base nos intervalos atriventriculares, embora alguns dos algoritmos utilizados nesta an&#225;lise ainda sejam os utilizados nos atuais CDI de algumas marcas. A inclus&#227;o de estudos realizados em anos diferentes (2001, 2004, 2006 e 2008) acarretou diferen&#231;as tecnol&#243;gicas nos CDI, que poder&#227;o explicar o fato de o estudo DATAS (estudo mais recente) ser o &#250;nico a demonstrar uma clara evid&#234;ncia da diminui&#231;&#227;o de choques inapropriados nos CDI DR, ao contr&#225;rio do que se verificou com os outros estudos. No entanto, a defini&#231;&#227;o dos choques inapropriados neste estudo pode ter resultado numa subvaloriza&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos, com consequ&#234;ncias imprevis&#237;veis para a an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>Outra poss&#237;vel limita&#231;&#227;o foi a influ&#234;ncia de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel eliminar por completo esse tipo de vi&#233;s, embora, uma extensiva procura, seu efeito possa ser minimizado. Apesar do fato de se ter utilizado a an&#225;lise visual de <italic>funnel plots</italic>, sua utilidade &#233; limitada, devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de estudos inclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi a impossibilidade de se obterem os dados do estudo 1+1, o que poderia refor&#231;ar os resultados obtidos na meta-an&#225;lise, tendo em conta o grande n&#250;mero de pacientes que participou daquele estudo (n = 102).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A conclus&#227;o geral dessa meta-an&#225;lise &#233; a n&#227;o exist&#234;ncia de uma evid&#234;ncia clara de superioridade de qualquer uma das alternativas terap&#234;uticas analisadas, apesar de ter sido documentada uma tend&#234;ncia consistente de menor n&#250;mero de choques inapropriados nos CDI VR. Esta quest&#227;o deve ser reanalisada em futuros estudos prospetivos randomizados e de maiores dimens&#245;es. Por outro lado, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com choques inapropriados persiste ainda em valores inaceit&#225;veis, apesar de todos os algoritmos sofisticados, e do constante avan&#231;o e da melhora da tecnologia. Estes achados suscitam a prem&#234;ncia de se desenvolverem estrat&#233;gias de minimiza&#231;&#227;o desse evento, face ao impacto dram&#225;tico que ele pode ter na qualidade de vida dos doentes portadores de CDI.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Gon&#231;alves JF, Pereira T.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Juliana Figueiredo Gon&#231;alves pela Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Juliana Figueiredo Gon&#231;alves </p>
        <p> Estrada Nacional 102, n&#186; 53, Artesanato 'O Tear' </p>
        <p> CEP 5150-644, Vila Nova de Foz C&#244;a, Guarda, Portugal </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ju.gon@hotmail.com">ju.gon@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 24/07/12; revisado em 21/09/12; aceito em 18/03/13.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Inappropriate shocks in patients with icds: single chamber versus dual chamber</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Despite the technological evolution of the implantable defibrillator, one of the questions that remains is the possible benefit of the dual chamber versus single chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in reducing inappropriate shocks. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate which type of device provides fewer inappropriate shocks (dual chamber versus single chamber) in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). METHODS: Meta-analysis of randomized studies published in the literature comparing dual-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillators to single chamber devices which have been known to cause, as an evaluated endpoint, inappropriate shocks. RESULTS: The dual-chamber implantable cardioverter showed no benefit in reducing the number of inappropriate shocks. In fact, the opposite was shown. In the analysis of fixed effects, the association tended to favor single-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillators (OR = 1.53, CI 95%: 0.91-2.57), despite the absence of statistical significance (p = 0.11). We highlight the heterogeneity observed in the results (I&#178; = 53%), which motivated a replication of the analysis using a model of random effects. However, significant differences remained in the occurrence of inappropriate shocks in both groups (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.37-3.31; p = 0.86). To complement the analysis, we proceeded to perform sensitivity analysis, which showed that the exclusion of a study resulted in the lowest heterogeneity observed (I&#178;=24%) and the association with inappropriate shocks significantly favored the single chamber cardiodefibrillator (OR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.09-3.37; p = 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: It was determined that there was no clear evidence of superiority of any of the devices evaluated.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Implantable Defibrillators</kwd>
        <kwd>Shock</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Inappropriate shocks in patients with icds: single chamber versus dual chamber</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Juliana Gon&#231;alves<sup>I</sup>; Telmo Pereira<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Cardiopneumologia - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Cardiopneumologia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Metodista de Angola</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Despite the technological evolution of the implantable defibrillator, one of the questions that remains is the possible benefit of the dual chamber versus single chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in reducing inappropriate shocks.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate which type of device provides fewer inappropriate shocks (dual chamber versus single chamber) in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Meta-analysis of randomized studies published in the literature comparing dual-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillators to single chamber devices which have been known to cause, as an evaluated endpoint, inappropriate shocks.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The dual-chamber implantable cardioverter showed no benefit in reducing the number of inappropriate shocks. In fact, the opposite was shown. In the analysis of fixed effects, the association tended to favor single-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillators (OR = 1.53, CI 95%: 0.91-2.57), despite the absence of statistical significance (p = 0.11). We highlight the heterogeneity observed in the results (I<sup>2 </sup>= 53%), which motivated a replication of the analysis using a model of random effects. However, significant differences remained in the occurrence of inappropriate shocks in both groups (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 0.37-3.31; p = 0.86). To complement the analysis, we proceeded to perform sensitivity analysis, which showed that the exclusion of a study resulted in the lowest heterogeneity observed (I<sup>2</sup>=24%) and the association with inappropriate shocks significantly favored the single chamber cardiodefibrillator (OR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.09-3.37; p = 0.27).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> It was determined that there was no clear evidence of superiority of any of the devices evaluated.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Implantable Defibrillators/utilization; Shock; Meta-Analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although the Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (ICD) is effective in diagnosing and treating ventricular tachydysrhythmias, inappropriate shocks continue to be the major clinical problem for patients who have the device implanted<sup>1</sup>. About one-fourth to one-third of ICD patients experience inappropriate shocks<sup>2</sup>, the consequences of which can include pain, anxiety, discomfort, serious psychological complications, ventricular tachydysrhythmias induced by the inappropriate shock and early depletion of the ICD battery<sup>3,4</sup>. The clinical importance of this problem has made it necessary to develop new discrimination algorithms with the objective to increase the specificity in detecting arrhythmias while maintaining sensitivity<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>In theory, the Dual Chamber ICD (DR) should be capable of discriminating tachyarrhythmias more effectively than the Single Chamber ICD (VR), since the addition of the atrial electrocatheter provides additional information on the heart rhythm and atrial frequency, as well as on atrial-ventricular synchrony. Studies show a clear benefit of the ICD DR versus the ICD VR in discriminating tachyarrhythmias, thus achieving a reduction in inappropriate shocks<sup>3,6,7</sup>. However, other studies with the same objective show little or no advantage on the part of the ICD DR<sup>8-10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, it becomes necessary to determine whether the discrimination algorithms of the ICD DR significantly reduce the number of inappropriate shocks when compared to the ICD VR.</p>
      <p>To this end, a systematic review and a meta-analysis of randomized studies comparing the performance of the ICD DR with the ICD VR were performed, with attention paid to the ability to discriminate tachyarrhythmias culminating in the application of inappropriate shocks.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A systematic review and a meta-analysis were performed, including published literature detailing the number of inappropriate shocks delivered by ICDs, which were randomized into ICD DR or ICD VR. The description of the methods is based on the work of the PRISMA group<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Research strategy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In order to locate all studies discussing ICD VRs versus ICD DRs with respect to inappropriate shocks, various procedures were developed. We started by performing a search by keyword, with no restriction of dates, on electronic databases such as: PubMed, B-On, Elsevier Science, Science Direct and Web of Science. The search employed the search filter for human research, utilizing the following terms: <italic>("Implantable cardioverter defibrillator" OR "ICD" OR "Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillators" OR "implantable defibrillator") AND ("Dual-chamber ICD" OR "dual-chamber ICD" OR "dual-chamber device" OR "dual-chamber pacemaker defibrillator" OR "DC-ICD device") AND ("single-chamber ICD" OR "Single-chamber ICD" OR "single-chamber device" OR "SC-ICD device") AND ("Inappropriate shocks" OR "Inappropriate ICD interventions" OR "Inappropriate therapies" OR "Inappropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator discharges" OR "inappropriate therapy" AND "Clinical Trial[ptyp]" OR "Randomized Controlled Trial[ptyp]")</italic>. The search was performed in October 2011.</p>
      <p>Articles identified in this way were then analyzed, looking for new references contained therein that could be researched. The references of articles read in full were also used as sources of articles.</p>
      <p>Additionally, we performed a direct search in specialty magazines: <italic>Europace, New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, Circulation, European Heart Journal, Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology</italic> and <italic>Heart Rhythm</italic>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Selection of studies</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The selection of studies included two phases: the first was the analysis of the title and the summary of potential studies found during the search of the databases. For this phase we used a standardized form <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5021fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5021fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0141-30125-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Two independent reviewers classified the studies, deciding whether or not to include them. When the summary of the study did not provide enough information to determine inclusion or exclusion, the reviewers moved on to the next phase. The second phase involved a complete analysis of the full study. Again, two independent reviewers classified the studies, deciding on their inclusion or exclusion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical treatment and data analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The statistical analysis was performed using the MetaView module of the statistical software Review Manager Version 5.0 (Kopenhagen, The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2008), by means of models of fixed and random effects. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test and was complemented by the I<sup>2</sup>, which indicates the degree of variability between studies, providing a measure of heterogeneity.</p>
      <p>Results were analyzed as dichotomous variables. To do this we calculated Odds Ratios (OR) and Confidence Intervals of 95% (CI 95%). The criterion for statistical significance used was p value <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05. For continuous variables, the difference of pondered averages was calculated (random effect model) with the corresponding CI 95%. If necessary, the original data were transformed into logarithmic bases that followed a normal distribution or scales that presented similar properties. If needed, the continuous variables could be subdivided for dichotomous analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Included studies</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After searching the selected databases, 1,330 studies were selected for analysis, of which 403 remained after exclusion of duplicate studies. Of these, 370 studies were excluded after review of title and abstract. The remaining 33 articles were analyzed in full, although it was not possible to obtain two of these articles (one because it had not yet been published). In the end, five articles were selected for analysis, although only one of them had the values required to perform the meta-analysis. The other four authors were contacted so that they could provide the necessary items from the studies; only one of the authors failed to respond to our request. Thus, four studies were included. The flowchart of the literature review is shown <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5021fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Qualitative results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This meta-analysis included four randomized studies comparing the occurrence of inappropriate shocks in ICD VR<italic> versus</italic> ICD DR. The studies are the DATAS<sup>12</sup>, the Detect Supra Ventricular Tachycardia (Detect SVT)<sup>7</sup>, the Prevention of INAPPropriate Therapy (PINAPPs)<sup>10</sup>, and the study by Deisenhofer et al. study<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The characteristics and the design of the studies included are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5021tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
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      </p>
      <p>This meta-analysis represents a total of 886 patients. Of these, 17.6% had a single-chamber ICD implanted (ICD VR) and 82.4% had a dual-chamber ICD implanted (ICD DR); among the 730 patients with an implanted ICD DR, 53.6% were randomized to remain with the DR group and 46.4% with the VR group. The clinical characteristics of the study participants included are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5021tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>The mean age of the patients was between 59 and 65 years, and more than 78% were men. All studies included patients with an ejection fraction (EF) <underline>&gt;</underline> 30%, and most patients had coronary artery disease (CAD). There were no differences in baseline clinical characteristics between patients randomized to ICD VR or ICD DR.</p>
      <p>The programming for detection of arrhythmias was similar in both groups (392 &#177; 24 ms for ICD VR versus. 413 &#177; 57 ms for ICD DR). All studies included were randomized. In most of the studies, the main objective was the comparison of the incidence of inappropriate therapies in patients with ICD VR versus ICD DR<sup>8,10</sup> in some studies this was part of a combined objective<sup>6,12</sup>. The Detect SVT study had inappropriate detection as its main objective, which was the second objective in the PINAPP study. All studies excluded patients with permanent atrial fibrillation (AF), sinoatrial (SA) node dysfunction, atrioventricular blockage or any other indication for the implantation of a permanent pacemaker.</p>
      <p>To convey the distribution of inappropriate shocks included in the meta-analysis, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5021tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> was prepared.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>From the point of view of representativeness, the two randomization groups were equivalent, with 56% of the patients randomized to the ICD VR group and 44% to the ICD DR group. The global predominance of inappropriate shocks was 7.4%, being slightly higher in the ICD DR group (9.7%) in relation to the CDI VR group (5.6%).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Inappropriate shocks according to analysis by patient</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When data from all studies were pooled using the fixed-effect model <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5021fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>, there was not a statistically significant difference in the risk of occurrence of inappropriate shocks between the ICD DR and ICD VR (OR = 1.53; CI95%: 0.91 - 2.57, p = 0.11), despite the identification of a larger number of patients with inappropriate shocks in ICD DR. From the analysis of heterogeneity, our attention was drawn to the I<sup>2 </sup>results of 53%. The graphical analysis of the distribution of the results of the studies included is very expressive of this heterogeneity, reinforcing the need for caution in interpreting the overall results obtained.</p>
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      </p>
      <p>To minimize the effect of this heterogeneity, we proceeded to perform an analysis of random effects, as demonstrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5021fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>. As can be seen, there were no significant differences in the occurrence of inappropriate shocks in both groups. Heterogeneity remained evident in the I<sup>2 </sup>analysis of 53% and the asymmetric distribution of the studies in graphical terms.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0141-30125-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>To evaluate the impact of statistical heterogeneity, focused on the impact of excluding each study, we analyzed the sensitivity of the data (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5021tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
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      </p>
      <p>It was observed that heterogeneity remained significant (I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 20%) in all of the analyses performed, with the exclusion of the DATAS study which is on the threshold of heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 24%) with an OR = 1.91 (CI 95%: 1.09 - 3.37, p &lt; 0.05), revealing a statistically significant association of the ICD DR with a higher risk of inappropriate shocks. This trend was present in all partial analyses, except for the reanalysis excluding the Detect SVT study, which produced an OR = 0.7 (95% CI: 0.28 - 1.75) without statistical significance.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was no benefit in terms of reducing the number of inappropriate shocks in the ICD DR compared with the ICD VR, contrary to the prediction originally outlined. Actually, it was possible to show a slight tendency to an increase of inappropriate shocks in the ICD DR compared to the number of shocks in the comparison group. In the included studies, 9.7% of patients with an ICD DR received inappropriate shocks, compared to 5.6% of patients with an ICD VR (or device programmed to act as such). Therefore, considering the analysis of fixed models, the OR corresponding to the occurrence of inappropriate shocks between ICD DR and VR was 1.53 (95% CI: 0.91 - 2.57, p = 0.11), indicating a slight tendency towards a benefit with the ICD VR, although without statistical significance. Given the high heterogeneity documented in this analysis, the evaluation was replicated using a random effect model, resulting in an OR of 1.10 (95% CI: 0.37 - 3.31, p = 0.86), and we found no significant association between the type of ICD and the occurrence of inappropriate shocks. We must highlight the fact that, despite the lack of statistical significance in both analyses, the OR somewhat favored the ICD VR, keeping in mind all due cautions that the statistics require in reading this result. Nevertheless, the results are clear in showing the lack of benefit of the ICD DR in relation to the DCI VR in this specific context.</p>
      <p>The main justification for failure of superiority of the ICD DR in some studies included in this meta-analysis is a problem with atrial sensing, with this being the prevailing cause of incorrect detections of the ICD DR resulting in inappropriate shocks<sup>13,14</sup>. In Deisenhofer et al's<sup>8</sup>study, for example, problems with atrial sensing were the cause of 38 of the 51 inappropriate shocks which occurred in patients with the ICD DR. Atrial sensing problems represent from 41% to 75% of the inappropriate therapies in the oldest studies included in this meta-analysis<sup>8,10</sup>. In the Detect SVT<sup>7</sup> study, the importance given to atrial sensing resulted in far-field sensing of the R wave or oversensing of the R wave, with a value less than 3% in the ICDs programmed to act as a DR. Of all the discrimination errors in the ICDs programmed as DRs, only 5% were counted as atrial sensing errors<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>It was found that in the most recent studies, there are fewer numbers of inappropriate shocks and therapies caused by problems with atrial sensing, perhaps due to improvements in the sensing filters achieved by ICD manufacturers, which were called for by Deisenhofer et al<sup>8</sup> in their 2001 study.</p>
      <p>A curious aspect that resulted from the sensitivity analysis, which was recommended in order to determine the high level of heterogeneity shown in the global statistical analysis, was that the exclusion of the DATAS study from the analysis resulted in the lowest coefficient of heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 24%) and was associated with an OR of 1.91 (95%CI: 1.09 - 3.37, p &lt; 0.05), clearly favoring the ICD VR and thus indicating a risk of inappropriate shock 91% higher than in the ICD DR group. This homogeneity in the results stemming from the exclusion of the DATAS study may be due to the temporal context in which the clinical trials were developed, as well as the state of the technological evolution of the ICD, in addition to the way in which each study was conducted. In fact, with the DATAS study being the most recent study of all, this study involved devices at the most current level of technological development, which might explain its contribution to the heterogeneity identified in the several models of analysis undertaken. On the other hand, one must consider that in the DATAS study, all of the implanted ICDs contained algorithms for the prevention of atrial tachycardia (AT) and atrial fibrillation (AF) which, as we know, are the main causes of inappropriate shocks. Currently, patients with ICDs have a high prevalence of atrial tachyarrhythmias. It has been shown that 20% of patients develop AF before ICD implantation and, during the time that the ICD is implanted, 50% of the patients go on to develop AF<sup>15</sup>. Atrial anti- tachycardia functions (prevention algorithms and atrial ATP) available in ICDs implanted in the DATAS study have been shown to be effective in preventing and terminating atrial tachyarrhythmias quickly, as reported in the study by Ricci et al<sup>16</sup>, who demonstrated efficiency in the termination of AT (&gt; 71%) and AF (36%) in a one-year follow-up period. It must be further highlighted that in the DATAS study, two or more episodes of inappropriate shocks were defined as "inappropriate shock", with the justification that the first inappropriate shock could signal the need for reprogramming of the ICD, which might then prevent subsequent inappropriate shocks<sup>12</sup>. Therefore, the total number of inappropriate shocks registered is not the actual number reported, thus underrating the true number of shocks experienced which may have a direct influence on the results obtained, skewing results in an unpredictable direction.</p>
      <p>It should be noted that, in order to demonstrate the superiority of the ICD DR in relation to the ICD VR, the programming was not optimized for each patient, which could be considered a failure. Several studies have already demonstrated this fact<sup>17,18</sup>, with improvements in atrial detection and in morphology algorithms. In the studies included in this meta-analysis, one could not determine if the programming for each patient had been appropriate, although changes and adjustments in programming were reported as clinical variations in the patients.</p>
      <p>In a few brands currently on the market, the discrimination algorithms are not applied during the redetection of tachydysrhythmias, which may cause an increase in inappropriate shocks. However, in the studies included in the meta-analysis, there was no information regarding this characteristic present in some brands, or if they are connected to redetection.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This meta-analysis included a large number of patients; however, there was a significant heterogeneity among the studies included. This heterogeneity may be due to differences in the technological devices used in the different studies, related to the different time periods in which each study was conducted. However, some of the algorithms used by the different manufacturers at the time of the studies included in the meta-analysis had undergone improvements and modifications. The most current ICDs, for example, may discriminate the type of tachyarrhythmia in conjunction with morphological algorithms, based on atrioventricular intervals, even though some of the algorithms used in this analysis are also used in the current brands of ICDs. The inclusion of studies conducted in different years (2001, 2004, 2006 and 2008) resulted in technological differences in the ICDs, which may explain the fact that the DATAS study (the most recent study) is the only one to show clear evidence of a reduction in inappropriate shocks in the ICD DR, as opposed to what was found in the other studies. However, the definition of inappropriate shocks in this study could have resulted in an underestimation of the same, with unforeseeable consequences for the analysis.</p>
      <p>Another potential limitation may have been the influence of publication bias. It is not possible to completely eliminate this type of bias, although in an extensive search its effect may be minimized. Despite the fact that one might have used visual analysis of funnel plots, the usefulness is limited due to the limited number of studies included.</p>
      <p>Another limitation is the impossibility of obtaining 1+1 data from the study, which could reinforce the results obtained from the meta-analysis, taking into account the large number of patients that participated in that study (n = 102).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The overall conclusion of this meta-analysis is that there is a lack of clear evidence regarding the superiority of any of the therapeutic alternatives analyzed, although we documented a consistent tendency towards fewer inappropriate shocks in the ICD VR. This issue should be reviewed in future randomized and larger prospective studies. On the other hand, the proportion of patients with inappropriate shocks still persists at unacceptable levels, despite all of the sophisticated algorithms and the steady progress and improvement of technology. These findings increase the urgency to develop strategies to minimize this event, given the dramatic impact it can have on the quality of life of patients with ICDs.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Gon&#231;alves JF, Pereira T.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Juliana Figueiredo Gon&#231;alves, from Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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