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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">zWjyP3QHgTYgjSQp9P3BnPq</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002800005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100200005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130148</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento dos cardiologistas sobre diretrizes do tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sand</surname>
            <given-names>C&#233;zar R. van der</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leiria</surname>
            <given-names>Tiago Luiz Luz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Abdala Karam</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>127</fpage>
      <lpage>133</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: N&#227;o existem estudos locais avaliando o conhecimento dos cardiologistas sobre as condutas no tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e o conhecimento dessas diretrizes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o conhecimento de diretrizes e pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas no tratamento da FA, relacionando-o com o tempo de gradua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal incluindo, aleatoriamente, cardiologistas, membros da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (SOCERGS). Os m&#233;dicos foram divididos pelas datas de gradua&#231;&#227;o em dois grupos: acima (G1) e abaixo (G2) de 25 anos da formatura. RESULTADOS: Dos 859 membros da SOCERGS, 150 foram entrevistados, sendo que seis se recusaram a participar do estudo. O G1 foi formado por 71 e o G2 por 73 m&#233;dicos. Houve diferen&#231;a nos seguintes fatores: uso de beta bloqueador como droga de primeira escolha para controle da resposta na FA 59,2%(G1) vs. 91,8%(G2) (p&lt;0,0001); uso de digoxina como droga preferencial no controle da resposta da FA=19,7%(G1) vs. 0% (G2)(p&lt; 0,0001); warfarina como anticoagulante preferencial 71,8%(G1) vs. 93,2%(G2)(p=0,009); aplica&#231;&#227;o de algum escore de risco para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em 73,2%(G1) vs. 87,7%(G2)(p=0,02). Em quest&#245;es sobre o conhecimento das diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia de FA, o percentual geral de acertos foi de 82,3 %. CONCLUS&#195;O: A maioria das condutas cl&#237;nicas referentes ao manejo da FA est&#225; de acordo com as diretrizes e a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica difere conforme o tempo de gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Diretrizes</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento dos cardiologistas sobre diretrizes do tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>C&#233;zar R. van der Sand; Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria; Renato Abdala Karam Kalil</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> N&#227;o existem estudos locais avaliando o conhecimento dos cardiologistas sobre as condutas no tratamento da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e o conhecimento dessas diretrizes. </p>
    <p><bold> OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o conhecimento de diretrizes e pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas no tratamento da FA, relacionando-o com o tempo de gradua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. </p>
    <p><bold> M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal incluindo, aleatoriamente, cardiologistas, membros da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (SOCERGS). Os m&#233;dicos foram divididos pelas datas de gradua&#231;&#227;o em dois grupos: acima (G1) e abaixo (G2) de 25 anos da formatura. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dos 859 membros da SOCERGS, 150 foram entrevistados, sendo que seis se recusaram a participar do estudo. O G1 foi formado por 71 e o G2 por 73 m&#233;dicos. Houve diferen&#231;a nos seguintes fatores: uso de beta bloqueador como droga de primeira escolha para controle da resposta na FA 59,2%(G1) <italic><bold>vs</bold></italic>. 91,8%(G2) (p&lt;0,0001); uso de digoxina como droga preferencial no controle da resposta da FA=19,7%(G1) <bold><italic>vs</italic></bold>. 0% (G2)(p&lt; 0,0001); warfarina como anticoagulante preferencial 71,8%(G1) <bold><italic>vs</italic></bold>. 93,2%(G2)(p=0,009); aplica&#231;&#227;o de algum escore de risco para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em 73,2%(G1) <bold><italic>vs</italic></bold>. 87,7%(G2)(p=0,02). Em quest&#245;es sobre o conhecimento das diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia de FA, o percentual geral de acertos foi de 82,3 %. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A maioria das condutas cl&#237;nicas referentes ao manejo da FA est&#225; de acordo com as diretrizes e a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica difere conforme o tempo de gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Diretrizes, Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial, Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As diretrizes cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o ferramentas importantes em reduzir as condutas inadequadas na assist&#234;ncia e melhorar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, proporcionar uma medida de sua qualidade, al&#233;m de uma melhor op&#231;&#227;o custo/efetiva baseada em evid&#234;ncias<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A despeito da cria&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes m&#233;dicas nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas a aplica&#231;&#227;o das mesmas pelos m&#233;dicos tem permanecido aqu&#233;m do esperado, em v&#225;rias &#225;reas da medicina em todo o mundo, por serem consideradas pouco pr&#225;ticas e muito r&#237;gidas para serem aplicadas aos pacientes, al&#233;m de reduzir a autonomia m&#233;dica<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em uma pesquisa com cl&#237;nicos gerais na Holanda, objetivando explorar raz&#245;es pelas quais as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de 12 diretrizes nacionais n&#227;o foram seguidas, as principais causas relatadas foram: desacordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es, fatores ambientais, falta de conhecimento das recomenda&#231;&#245;es e orienta&#231;&#245;es pouco claras ou amb&#237;guas<sup>3</sup>. Em outros estudos, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es eram mais propensas a serem seguidas quando estavam apoiadas em evid&#234;ncias claras, eram compat&#237;veis com as normas e valores existentes, n&#227;o exigiam novas habilidades ou mudan&#231;as na rotina da pr&#225;tica, foram menos controversas e tinham forte embasamento cient&#237;fico<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mesmo sendo a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) a arritmia card&#237;aca mais frequente, com graves implica&#231;&#245;es tromboemb&#243;licas e morbimortalidade<sup>5</sup>, respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 33% das interna&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas por arritmia<sup>6,7</sup>, no Brasil,n&#227;o existem avalia&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica no tratamento da FA, bem como quanto ao n&#237;vel de conhecimento e aplicabilidade das diretrizes de FA pelos m&#233;dicos cardiologistas<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, atrav&#233;s da aplica&#231;&#227;o de um question&#225;rio, o n&#237;vel de conhecimento e aplicabilidade das diretrizes de FA mais utilizadas em nosso meio<sup>8-11</sup> e averiguar se existe diferen&#231;a de conhecimento entre grupos de cardiologistas com diferentes tempos de forma&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo transversal em que foram entrevistados, por telefone ou pessoalmente, 150 cardiologistas escolhidos, de forma aleat&#243;ria simples, a partir da listagem de membros da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul (SOCERGS), divididos em grupos, de acordo com o tempo de gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O c&#225;lculo de tamanho amostral foi estimado assumindo que 95% dos m&#233;dicos recentemente graduados possu&#237;ssem algum conhecimento, embasado nas diversas diretrizes,referente ao tratamento de FA contra 75% dos graduados h&#225; mais tempo. Com isso, utilizando um erro alfa de 5% e beta de 20%, seriam necess&#225;rios 98 entrevistados. Foi inclu&#237;do um n&#250;mero maior de entrevistados para realiza&#231;&#227;o de eventuais suban&#225;lises e compensar potenciais incongru&#234;ncias encontradas no instrumento de coleta.</p>
    <p>Os grupos foram previamente definidos entre aqueles com mais ou menos de 25 anos desde o t&#233;rmino da gradua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica. Esse ponto de corte, bem como os valores para o c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral, foram utilizados com base em pesquisa previamente realizada, em outra especialidade, que demonstrou haver diferen&#231;a no conhecimento de m&#233;dicos estratificados por esse ponto de corte temporal<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o da pesquisa foi de cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos, membros da SOCERGS, sendo utilizados como crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: m&#233;dicos que trabalhem exclusivamente com arritmias, eletrofisiologistas e cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos. A pesquisa foi realizada entre mar&#231;o e junho de 2012 e aplicada por um &#250;nico pesquisador.</p>
    <p>Como instrumento de avalia&#231;&#227;o,foi utilizado um question&#225;rio formulado conjuntamente por tr&#234;s cardiologistas, especialistas da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), tendo como suas principais &#225;reas de atua&#231;&#227;o: cardiologia cl&#237;nica e arritmologia cl&#237;nica, eletrofisiologia invasiva e cir&#250;rgica card&#237;aca com &#234;nfase em cirurgia para arritmias. O presente instrumento foi constitu&#237;do de 26 quesitos e teve por objetivo avaliar:</p>
    <p>1. Perfil de atendimento do cardiologista entrevistado;</p>
    <p>2. Utiliza&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes de FA;</p>
    <p>3. Drogas utilizadas na revers&#227;o da FA e controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC);</p>
    <p>4. Avalia&#231;&#227;o da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, medicamentos usados, complica&#231;&#245;es, utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos novos anticoagulantes e escores de risco para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o<sup>13,14</sup>;</p>
    <p>5. Utiliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica da cirurgia e da abla&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea da FA;</p>
    <p>6. Avalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento e conduta frente a seis situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas classe I das Diretrizes Brasileiras de FA da SBC<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesse &#250;ltimo item,foram formulados os seguintes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos:</p>
    <p>1. Voc&#234; prescreve anticoagulantes a uma mulher com 80 anos de idade e hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isqu&#234;mico h&#225; dois anos, sem sequelas, que desenvolveu fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial h&#225; tr&#234;s meses;</p>
    <p>2. Voc&#234; prescreve anticoagulante a um homem de 36 anos de idade, h&#237;gido, que apresenta FA em eletrocardiograma (ECG) de rotina, com FC controlada, assintom&#225;tico, sem doen&#231;a estrutural;</p>
    <p>3. Voc&#234; indica a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica em pacientes com intoxica&#231;&#227;o digit&#225;lica ou hipopotassemia;</p>
    <p>4. Trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo &#233; contraindica&#231;&#227;o para realizar abla&#231;&#227;o de FA;</p>
    <p>5. Voc&#234; indica a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia corretiva da FA em paciente que necessite troca valvar mitral;</p>
    <p>6. Voc&#234; indica abla&#231;&#227;o em FA sintom&#225;tica em paciente jovem de cora&#231;&#227;o normal refrat&#225;rio ao controle medicamentoso na aus&#234;ncia de patologias metab&#243;licas.</p>
    <p>Na depend&#234;ncia da pergunta formulada, as respostas poderiam ser:</p>
    <p>a) Estimulada e &#250;nica (oferecidas op&#231;&#245;es e aceita apenas uma resposta);</p>
    <p>b) Estimulada e m&#250;ltipla (oferecidas op&#231;&#245;es e aceitas mais de uma resposta);</p>
    <p>c) Espont&#226;nea e &#250;nica (n&#227;o oferecidas op&#231;&#245;es e aceita apenas uma resposta);</p>
    <p>d) Espont&#226;nea e m&#250;ltipla (n&#227;o oferecidas op&#231;&#245;es e aceitas mais de uma resposta).</p>
    <p>Como refer&#234;ncias para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio,foram utilizadas as diretrizes publicadas e revisadas ao longo dos anos pelas sociedades canadense (CHA), americana (AHA), europeia de Cardiologia (ESC) e brasileira (SBC)<sup>8,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados na forma de percentual de respostas. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas quando se encontravam fora da margem de erro m&#225;xima da pesquisa, sendo aplicado para isso o teste de Mann Whitney para compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas da quantidade de congressos frequentados, quantidade de atendimento do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), privado, consult&#243;rio e hospital. O teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson para compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas entre os grupos (p &lt; 0,05, intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%) foi aplicado nas demais compara&#231;&#245;es. Os dados ap&#243;s coletados foram analisados atrav&#233;s de programa estat&#237;stico <italic>PASW Statistics</italic> 19.0.0 (IBM -<italic>SPSS</italic>, Inc., 2009, Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Do total de 859 s&#243;cios da SOCERGS, foram selecionados 150, sendo que seis pessoas recusaram-se a responder a pesquisa. Restaram 144 cardiologistas (16,7% dos s&#243;cios da SOCERGS). Durante a sele&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria dos entrevistados, nenhum preencheu qualquer dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Dos 144 cardiologistas entrevistados, 80,6% eram compostos por homens, 66,6% trabalham na capital do Estado e 50% participam de, no m&#237;nimo, dois congressos ao ano. Do total, 52,1% n&#227;o atendem SUS.</p>
    <p>Dos m&#233;dicos que aceitaram participar da pesquisa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5224fig01">Figura 1</xref>), 71 tinham mais de 25 anos de formado (G1) e 73, menos (G2). Os m&#233;dicos do G1 dedicam mais tempo ao atendimento de consult&#243;rio particular, com diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5224tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5224fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0127-30148-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5224tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0127-30148-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Quando avaliado o seguimento de diretrizes de FA, 9,9% (G1), contra 1,4% (G2) (p=0,02), n&#227;o seguem nenhuma diretriz. As diretrizes mais seguidas s&#227;o as da SBC, sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5224tab01">Tabela 1</xref> demonstra o percentual de uso das demais diretrizes.</p>
    <p>As drogas utilizadas como primeira escolha no controle da FC na FA s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5224tab02">Tabela 2</xref>, havendo diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos quanto ao tipo de drogas utilizadas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5224tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0127-30148-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Para revers&#227;o de FA &#233; utilizado preferencialmente amiodarona e propafenona, n&#227;o havendo diferen&#231;a na frequ&#234;ncia de uso dessas drogas entre os grupos do estudo.</p>
    <p>Dos m&#233;dicos com mais tempo de formado, 59,3% referem que mensalmente avaliam o tempo de protrombina (TP) para seus pacientes anticoagulados, contra 72,6% do grupo mais jovem (p=0,13). O percentual de pacientes que n&#227;o recebe anticoagulante, mas que sabidamente deveria estar anticoagulado, &#233; de 14,4% (G1), contra 19,4% (G2) (p=0,56).</p>
    <p>Os principais motivos da n&#227;o anticoagula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o baixo n&#237;vel intelectual do paciente 71,8% (G1) e 86,3% (G2) (p=0,03), hist&#243;ria de sangramento pr&#233;vio 64,8% (G1) e 53,3% (G2) (p=0,11), discrasias sangu&#237;neas 12,7% (G1), contra 8,2% (G2) (p=0,38), hepatopatias 11,3% (G1) e 6,8% (G2) (p=0,35) e paciente idoso com mais de 80 anos 16,9% (G1) e 11% (G2) (p =0,34).</p>
    <p>A warfarina se mostrou o anticoagulante mais utilizado, com 71,8% (G1) comparado a 93,2% (G2) (p=0,009) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5224tab03">Tabela 3</xref>). Quando os entrevistados foram questionados sobre o percentual de pacientes que deixaram de usar anticoagulante definitivamente devido a complica&#231;&#245;es graves, 91,5% (G1) e 90,4% (G2) referiram que era menor que 5%. As principais raz&#245;es para interrup&#231;&#227;o definitiva s&#227;o a hemorragia digestiva (83%) e o AVC hemorr&#225;gico (91,8%), sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5224tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0127-30148-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O escore de risco para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o &#233; menos utilizado pelos m&#233;dicos com mais tempo de formado, 73,2% (G1) contra 87,7% (G2) (p=0,02), e o percentual de utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos diferentes escores est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5224tab03">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso dos novos anticoagulantes, foi avaliado o uso da dabigatrana, &#250;nico representante da nova classe dispon&#237;vel no mercado brasileiro no momento da pesquisa. Em novos pacientes a serem anticoagulados, a m&#233;dia de uso &#233; de 28,2% (G1) contra 22,3% (G2), sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>Em procedimentos invasivos para tratamento da FA, a m&#233;dia de pacientes submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FA foi de 2,82 pacientes (G1) e 3,42 pacientes (G2) e, no caso de cirurgia de FA na corre&#231;&#227;o de valvulopatia mitral, de 0,94 pacientes (G1) e 1,11 pacientes (G2). Em nenhum dos casos houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa.</p>
    <p>Foram ainda apresentadas seis situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas para avalia&#231;&#227;o do conhecimento e aplica&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes da SBC, todas com resposta correta correspondendo &#224; classe I, ocorrendo diferen&#231;a principalmente nas quest&#245;es referentes ao tratamento invasivo da FA. O resultado encontra-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5224tab04">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5224tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0127-30148-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As diretrizes emitidas pelas sociedades de Cardiologia deveriam ser observadas no interesse do melhor resultado durante o atendimento dos pacientes, pois s&#227;o documentos elaborados por especialistas ap&#243;s exaustivas revis&#245;es da literatura e discuss&#245;es entre os pares, sendo tamb&#233;m embasadas em evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas claras. Neste levantamento, in&#233;dito em nosso meio, verificou-se que o tempo de formado parece ser um fator diferencial na tomada de condutas m&#233;dicas frente a um paciente com FA. Este fato parece ser tamb&#233;m verdade quando avaliadas as condutas assistenciais tomadas por colegas em outras especialidades m&#233;dicas, quando se observa o tempo de gradua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foi observado que n&#227;o existe diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa no conhecimento das diretrizes de FA entre os m&#233;dicos com mais ou menos tempo de formado, entretanto, aproximadamente 10% dos cardiologistas com mais de 25 anos de gradua&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o seguem nenhuma diretriz e uma parcela significativa n&#227;o utiliza qualquer escore de risco antes de iniciar a terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Dessa forma, pode-se inferir que existe conhecimento das diretrizes de FA, mas que a aplica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica pelos m&#233;dicos com maior tempo de formado &#233; menor, devido provavelmente a dificuldade de mudan&#231;as de h&#225;bitos terap&#234;uticos j&#225; incorporados na rotina di&#225;ria. Esse evento parece estar de acordo com dados internacionais, onde a implementa&#231;&#227;o de novas rotinas se mostrou um fator limitador para melhor assist&#234;ncia, principalmente quanto maior for a complexidade da nova rotina<sup>13,14</sup>. O n&#250;mero de m&#233;dicos que informam conhecer as diretrizes est&#225; de acordo com dados da literatura internacional<sup>15</sup>, contudo, as atitudes relacionadas &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o dessas recomenda&#231;&#245;es parecem diferir no grupo estudado.</p>
    <p>Os m&#233;dicos com mais tempo de formado ainda utilizam bastante a digoxina como primeira op&#231;&#227;o para o controle da FC, ao passo que os m&#233;dicos com menos tempo de gradua&#231;&#227;o raramente utilizam esta droga para o controle da FC.</p>
    <p>A femprocumona &#233; menos utilizada pelos m&#233;dicos com menor tempo de formado, apesar de um estudo local demonstrar melhor controle terap&#234;utico comparado a warfarina<sup>16,17</sup>. Este achado talvez seja explicado pelo fato de que este antagonista da vitamina K n&#227;o exista no mercado da Am&#233;rica do Norte, n&#227;o aparecendo por sua vez nas diretrizes de FA destas sociedades. Embora a femprocumona tenha uso difundido na Europa, isto parece n&#227;o influenciar na pr&#225;tica dos m&#233;dicos com menor tempo de formado.</p>
    <p>J&#225; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dabigatrana foi mais frequente entre os m&#233;dicos com mais de 25 anos de formado, sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos, com utiliza&#231;&#227;o maior por m&#233;dicos de cl&#237;nicas privadas comparativamente aos m&#233;dicos que atendem SUS. Como o grupo dos m&#233;dicos com menos tempo de formado atende mais SUS, essa utiliza&#231;&#227;o maior da dabigatrana pelos m&#233;dicos com mais tempo de formado parece ser um vi&#233;s, provavelmente devido ao custo de tratamento ainda elevado. Diferentemente do Canad&#225; e Inglaterra, onde o governo subsidia essas medica&#231;&#245;es, no Brasil o sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de ainda n&#227;o dispensa estas drogas gratuitamente ou a custo subsidiado.</p>
    <p>Quando solicitados a responder qual o principal motivo para n&#227;o utilizar anticoagulante em paciente com indica&#231;&#227;o para tal, a constata&#231;&#227;o de baixo n&#237;vel intelectual do paciente foi a principal causa referida em ambos os grupos, sendo mais referida pelos m&#233;dicos com menos tempo de formado, grupo esse que atende mais pacientes do SUS. Essa atitude talvez espelhe uma maior preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a n&#227;o ades&#227;o terap&#234;utica e potenciais riscos adversos que podem ser fatais neste grupo de medica&#231;&#245;es. Contudo esta atitude pode ser equivocada, pois estudo realizado em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o em usu&#225;rios do SUS, tratados com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, demonstrou uma boa taxa de ades&#227;o com um bom percentual de tempo no alvo terap&#234;utico e com uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos, mesmo quando esses pacientes apresentavam polifarm&#225;cia e baixo n&#237;vel intelectual<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o a procedimentos invasivos para o tratamento da FA, houve uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de uso entre os m&#233;dicos com menor tempo de formado. Contudo, esta utiliza&#231;&#227;o parece estar aqu&#233;m da desejada, pois tantos as diretrizes como estudos randomizados recomendam o uso destas terapias nestes casos<sup>9,11,20,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro achado interessante &#233; a aus&#234;ncia de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bloqueadores do canal de c&#225;lcio, por nenhum grupo dos m&#233;dicos, como primeira op&#231;&#227;o para o controle da FC, embora estudos demonstrem que este grupo de medicamentos esteja associado a melhores desfechos cl&#237;nicos quando comparadas com outras drogas para o mesmo fim<sup>22,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da amiodarona como droga de primeira escolha para o controle da FC, por 14,60% de todos os cardiologistas, parece-nos inadequada, pois o uso dessa droga n&#227;o &#233; recomendado neste cen&#225;rio, tendo seu uso reservado para pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e FA de alta resposta, para o qual o controle do ritmo n&#227;o teve sucesso ou naqueles pacientes agudamente enfermos com FA e alta resposta associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>8,9,11</sup>. Talvez tal grupo acredite na a&#231;&#227;o dessa droga para revers&#227;o do ritmo sinusal mesmo em pacientes cr&#244;nicos. Este fato parece ser verdade em outros grupos estudados<sup>24</sup>. Outro fato que j&#225; est&#225; comprovado na literatura &#233; que, na Am&#233;rica do Sul, a amiodarona parece ser a droga de escolha para controle de ritmo<sup>25</sup>. Essa cifra &#233; similar a taxa de uso da amiodarona no Canad&#225;, por&#233;m com a finalidade de controle de ritmo<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Esta pesquisa apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es de resultados visto que os dados foram obtidos atrav&#233;s de questionamento direto aos m&#233;dicos, sem avalia&#231;&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos ou consulta a pacientes, o que pode determinar discrep&#226;ncias entre o que foi relatado e o que realmente se aplica na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. Tamb&#233;m foi entrevistada uma pequena parcela dos s&#243;cios da SOCERGS, o que limita a an&#225;lise da totalidade de opini&#245;es dos s&#243;cios ou mesmo da totalidade de cardiologistas do Rio Grande do Sul. Outro aspecto diz respeito &#224; validade externa desta pesquisa, j&#225; que n&#227;o podemos extrapolar esses dados para todos os cardiologistas do Brasil, visto que cada regi&#227;o tem suas particularidades, principalmente em um pa&#237;s de dimens&#245;es continentais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo demonstra que um n&#250;mero expressivo dos m&#233;dicos entrevistados apresenta conhecimento das principais recomenda&#231;&#245;es societ&#225;rias que orientam o manejo de pacientes com FA. A implementa&#231;&#227;o dessas diretrizes, que trazem efetivamente o que &#233; realizado na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria, difere no grupo com maior tempo de gradua&#231;&#227;o. Tal diferen&#231;a ocorre, principalmente, no que tange ao manejo da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, uso de drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas e indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamentos invasivos para o controle da arritmia. Portanto, nesta amostra, o tempo de gradua&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica exerce influ&#234;ncia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica diminuindo a implementa&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes m&#233;dicas para o manejo da FA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Aos colegas cardiologistas que auxiliaram na resposta dessa pesquisa e sem os quais a realiza&#231;&#227;o da mesma seria invi&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: van der Sand CR, Leiria TLL, Kalil RAK; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: van der Sand CR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: van der Sand CR, Leiria TLL.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de C&#233;zar R. van der Sand pelo Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Renato Abdala Karam Kalil </p>
        <p> Av. Princesa Isabel, 370. Santana </p>
        <p> CEP 90620-000, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="kalil.pesquisa@gmail.com">kalil.pesquisa@gmail.com</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br">editoracao-pc@cardiologia.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 24/10/12; revisado em 14/11/12; aceito em 15/03/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Assessment of the adherence of cardiologists to guidelines for the treatment of atrial fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: No local studies evaluating the knowledge of cardiologists on the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) and their adherence to these guidelines are available. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the knowledge of cardiologists on the guidelines and clinical practices for the treatment of AF, correlating it to the time since medical graduation. METHODS: Cross-sectional study randomly including cardiologists affiliated to the Society of Cardiology of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - SOCERGS). The physicians were divided into two groups, according to time since graduation: those graduated for more (G1) or less (G2) than 25 years. RESULTS: Of the 859 SOCERGS members, 150 were interviewed, and six refused to participate in the study. G1 comprised 71 physicians, and G2, 73. Differences were observed in regard to the following variables: use of betablockers as the first-choice drug for the control of AF response in 59.2% (G1) vs 91.8% (G2) (p&lt;0.0001); use of digoxin as the preferred drug for the control of AF response in 19.7% (G1) vs 0% (G2) (p&lt; 0.0001); warfarin as the preferred anticoagulant in 71.8% (G1) vs 93.2% (G2) (p=0.009); application of a risk score for anticoagulation in 73.2% (G1) vs 87.7% (G2) (p=0.02). In questions regarding the knowledge about the Brazilian Society of Cardiology's guideline for AF, the overall percentage of right answers was 82.3%. CONCLUSION: Most of the clinical measures regarding the management of AF comply with the guidelines, and the clinical practice differs according with the time since graduation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Guidelines</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Assessment of the adherence of cardiologists to guidelines for the treatment of atrial fibrillation</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>C&#233;zar R. van der Sand; Tiago Luiz Luz Leiria; Renato Abdala Karam Kalil</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia - Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de: Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> No local studies evaluating the knowledge of cardiologists on the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) and their adherence to these guidelines are available.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the knowledge of cardiologists on the guidelines and clinical practices for the treatment of AF, correlating it to the time since medical graduation.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cross-sectional study randomly including cardiologists affiliated to the Society of Cardiology of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - SOCERGS). The physicians were divided into two groups, according to time since graduation: those graduated for more (G1) or less (G2) than 25 years.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of the 859 SOCERGS members, 150 were interviewed, and six refused to participate in the study. G1 comprised 71 physicians, and G2, 73. Differences were observed in regard to the following variables: use of betablockers as the first-choice drug for the control of AF response in 59.2% (G1) vs 91.8% (G2) (p&lt;0.0001); use of digoxin as the preferred drug for the control of AF response in 19.7% (G1) vs 0% (G2) (p&lt; 0.0001); warfarin as the preferred anticoagulant in 71.8% (G1) vs 93.2% (G2) (p=0.009); application of a risk score for anticoagulation in 73.2% (G1) vs 87.7% (G2) (p=0.02). In questions regarding the knowledge about the Brazilian Society of Cardiology's guideline for AF, the overall percentage of right answers was 82.3%.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Most of the clinical measures regarding the management of AF comply with the guidelines, and the clinical practice differs according with the time since graduation.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Atrial Fibrillation, Anticoagulants, Guidelines.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical guidelines are important tools to minimize inappropriate care, to improve clinical practice, and to provide a measurement of its quality as well as a better cost-effective evidence-based option<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite worldwide development of clinical guidelines in the past decades, physicians' adherence to these guidelines has been below the expected in different medical areas. This is justified by the fact that they are considered impractical and too strict to be applied in patients. Also, they reduce the physician's autonomy<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a survey among general practitioners in The Netherlands with the objective of verifying the reasons why the recommendations of 12 national guidelines were not being followed, the main reasons reported were: lack of agreement with the recommendations, environmental factors, lack of knowledge regarding the recommendations, and unclear or ambiguous recommendations<sup>3</sup>. In other studies, the recommendations were more likely to be followed when they were supported by clear evidence, were consistent with the existing standards and values, did not require new skills or changes in practice routines, were less controversial, and were strongly based on scientific evidence<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, with severe thromboembolic implications and high morbidity and mortality<sup>5</sup>, accounting for approximately 33% of medical hospitalizations for arrhythmias<sup>6,7</sup>, in Brazil, there are no assessments regarding the clinical practice in the treatment of AF or the level of cardiologists' knowledge of and adherence to the guidelines for AF<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of knowledge of and adherence to the more frequently used guidelines for AF in our midst<sup>8-11</sup>, and to verify if there are knowledge differences between groups of cardiologists with different times since medical graduation, by means of the administration of a questionnaire.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a cross-sectional study including 150 cardiologists randomly chosen from a the list of members of the Society of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul (<italic>Sociedade de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </italic>- SOCERGS). The participants were divided into groups according to time since graduation, and were interviewed by phone or personally.</p>
      <p>Calculation of the sample size was estimated assuming that 95% of the newly graduated physicians had some knowledge about the different guidelines for the treatment of AF, versus 75% of physicians graduated for a longer time. Thus, using an alpha error of 5% and a beta error of 20%, 98 interviewees would be necessary. A larger number of interviewees was included so that occasional subanalyses could be carried out and potential inconsistencies found in the data collection instrument could be compensated for.</p>
      <p>The groups were previously defined between those with more or less than 25 years since graduation. This cut-off point, as well as the values for the calculation of the sample size, was based on a study previously conducted in another medical specialty, which demonstrated differences in the knowledge of physicians stratified for this time cut-off point<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The study population comprised clinical cardiologists affiliated to the SOCERGS, and the exclusion criteria were as follows: physicians working exclusively with arrhythmias, electrophysiologists, and pediatric cardiologists. The study was carried out between March and July 2012, and administered by one single researcher.</p>
      <p>The assessment tool was a questionnaire that had been developed by three cardiologists affiliated to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (<italic>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</italic> - SBC), and who worked mainly in the areas of clinical cardiology and clinical arrhythmology, invasive electrophysiology, and cardiac surgery with emphasis on surgeries for arrhythmias. The present tool comprised 26 topics and its objective was to assess:</p>
      <p>1. Interviewee's working profile;</p>
      <p>2. Adherence to guidelines for AF;</p>
      <p>3. Drugs used to revert AF and control the heart rate (HR);</p>
      <p>4. Assessment of anticoagulation, drugs used, complications, use of new anticoagulants, and risk scores for anticoagulation<sup>13,14</sup>;</p>
      <p>5. Practical use of surgery and percutaneous ablation of AF;</p>
      <p>6. Assessment of the physician's knowledge and management of six class-I clinical settings of the SBC's Brazilian Guidelines for AF<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In regard to the last topic, the following clinical settings were hypothesized:</p>
      <p>1. Do you prescribe anticoagulants for an 80-year-old woman with history of a ischemic stroke two years ago, with no permanent damage, and who has developed atrial fibrillation for three months?</p>
      <p>2. Do you prescribe anticoagulants for an otherwise healthy 36-year-old man presenting with AF on routine electrocardiogram (ECG), with controlled HR, who is asymptomatic, and has no structural disease?</p>
      <p>3. Do you indicate electrical cardioversion for patients with digitalis intoxication or hypokalemia?</p>
      <p>4. Is a left atrial thrombus a contraindication for the performance of atrial fibrillation ablation?</p>
      <p>5. Do you indicate surgical correction for AF in a patient requiring mitral valve replacement?</p>
      <p>6. Do you indicate ablation for symptomatic AF in a young patient with a normal heart refractory to medication in the absence of metabolic disorders?</p>
      <p>Depending on the question asked, the answers could be:</p>
      <p>a) Stimulated and single (options were given and only one answer was accepted);</p>
      <p>b) Stimulated and multiple (options were given and more than one answer was accepted)</p>
      <p>c) Spontaneous and single (no options were given and only one answer was accepted);</p>
      <p>d) Spontaneous and multiple (no options were given, and more than one answer was accepted).</p>
      <p>The guidelines published and revised throughout the years by the Canadian (CHA), American (AHA), European (ESC) and Brazilian (SBC) societies<sup>8,11</sup> were used as references to prepare the questionnaire.</p>
      <p>Data are expressed as a percentage of answers. The differences between groups were considered statistically significant when they were out of the study's maximum margin of error. For this purpose, the Mann Whitney test was used for the comparison of the continuous variables number of congresses attended, and work in the Single Health System (<italic>Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic> - SUS), private health system, office and hospital. The Pearson's chi square test for the comparison of categorical variables between the groups (p &lt; 0.05, 95% confidence interval) was used in the other comparisons. The data collected were analyzed using the PASW Statistics 19.0.0 statistical program (IBM - SPSS, Inc., 2009, Chicago, IL, USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 859 physicians affiliated to the SOCERGS, 150 were selected; of these, six refused to participate in the study. Therefore, 144 cardiologists (16.7% of the physicians affiliated to the SOCERGS) were included. In the randomized selections of interviewees, none met any of the exclusion criteria.</p>
      <p>Of the 144 cardiologists interviewed, 80.6% were men, 66.6% worked in the State capital, and 50% attended at least two congresses a year. Of the total, 52.1% did not see SUS patients.</p>
      <p>Of the physicians who agreed to participate in the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5224fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>), 71 were graduates for more than 25 years (G1), and 73, for less than 25 years (G2). G1 physicians spent more time working in their private offices, with a significant statistical difference between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5224tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5224fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0127-30148-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5224tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0127-30148-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As regards the adherence to guidelines for AF, 9.9% (G1) versus 1.4% (G2) (p = 0.02), did not follow any guideline. The guidelines more frequently followed were SBC's, with no difference between groups. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5224tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the percentage of use of the other guidelines.</p>
      <p>The drugs used as the first choice for HR control in AF are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5224tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>; significant differences were observed between groups as regards the type of drugs used.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5224tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0127-30148-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Amiodarone and propafenone are preferably used to reverse AF, with no differences in the frequency of use of these drugs between the study groups.</p>
      <p>Of the physicians graduated for a longer time, 59.3% reported that they assess the prothrombin time (PT) of their anticoagulated patients on a monthly basis, versus 72.6% of the younger group (p = 0.13). The percentage of patients not receiving anticoagulants, but who were supposed to be anticoagulated was 14.4% (G1), versus 19.4% (G2) (p = 0.56).</p>
      <p>The main reasons for not using anticoagulation therapy were: patient's low intellectual level in 71.8% (G1) and 86.3% (G2) (p=0.03); history of previous bleeding in 64.8% (G1) and 53.3% (G2) (p=0.11); blood disorders in 12.7% (G1), versus 8.2% (G2) (p=0.38); liver diseases in 11.3% (G1) and 6.8% (G2) (p=0.35); and patients older than 80 years of age in 16.9% (G1) versus 11% (G2) (p = 0.34).</p>
      <p>Warfarin was the most frequently used anticoagulant in 71.8% (G1) compared to 93.2% (G2) (p = 0.009) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5224tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). When the interviewees were asked about the percentage of patients who discontinued anticoagulation therapy permanently due to severe complications, 91.5% (G1) and 90.4% (G2) reported less than 5%. The main reasons for permanent discontinuation were gastrointestinal hemorrhage (83%) and hemorrhagic stroke (91.8%), with no statistical significance between the groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5224tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0127-30148-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The use of a risk score for anticoagulation is less frequent among physicians graduated for a longer time, 73.2% (G1) versus 87.7% (G2) (p=0.02); the percentages of use of the different scores are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5224tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p>In regard to the use of new anticoagulants, we assessed the use of dabigatran, the only representative of the new class available in the Brazilian marked at the time of the study. In new patients to be anticoagulated, the mean frequency of use was 28.2% (G1) versus 22.3% (G2), with no statistical difference between the groups.</p>
      <p>In regard to invasive procedures for the treatment of AF, the mean number of patients undergoing ablation of AF was 2.82 (G1) and 3.42 (G2) and, in the case of surgery for AF in correction of mitral valve disease, 0.94 (G1) and 1.11 (G2). No statistically significant differences were observed in any of the cases.</p>
      <p>Six clinical settings were also presented to evaluate the physicians' knowledge of and adherence to SBC's guidelines, all with correct answers related to class I; differences were observed especially in questions regarding the invasive treatment of AF. The results are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5224tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5224tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0127-30148-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The guidelines issued by the Societies of Cardiology should be observed so that the best result could be achieved in patients' care, because these documents are developed by specialists after exhaustive literature reviews and peer discussions, and supported by clear scientific evidence. This is a pioneering survey in our midst, which showed that the time since graduation seems to be a differential factor in decision making regarding medical therapies for patients with AF. This seems to be also true when treatment decisions made by colleagues from other medical specialties are analyzed, in relation to the time since medical graduation<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>We observed that there were no statistically significant differences in the knowledge about guidelines for AF among physicians graduated for either a longer or shorter time. However, approximately 10% of the cardiologists graduated for more than 25 years do not adhere to any guideline, and a significant percentage does not use any risk score before starting anticoagulation therapy. Thus, we can conclude that there is knowledge about the guidelines for AF, but their practical application by physicians graduated for a longer time is less frequent, probably because of the difficulty to change treatment habits incorporated in the practice routine. This seems to corroborate international data, which showed that the implementation of new routines proved to be a limiting factor for a better care, especially for more complex new routines<sup>13,14</sup>. The number of physicians who reported they knew the guidelines is in accordance with data from the international literature<sup>15</sup>. However, the attitudes regarding the adherence to these recommendations seem to differ in our study group.</p>
      <p>Physicians graduated for a longer time still frequently use digoxin as the first option for HR control, whereas physicians graduated for a shorter time hardly ever use this drug for HR control.</p>
      <p>Phenprocoumon is less commonly used by physicians graduated for a shorter time, although a local study has demonstrated a better therapeutic control in comparison to warfarin<sup>16,17</sup>. Perhaps this finding can be explained by the fact that this vitamin-K antagonist is not available in the North American market, therefore it is not mentioned in the guidelines for AF of their societies. Although phenprocoumon is widely used in Europe, this does not seem to influence the practice of physicians graduated for a shorter time.</p>
      <p>The use of dabigatran, in turn, was more frequent among physicians graduated for more than 25 years, with no statistical difference between the groups, with more physicians prescribing it in their private offices in comparison to physicians working at SUS. Since the group of physicians graduated for a shorter time works more frequently at SUS, the more wide use of dabigatran by physicians graduated for a longer time seems to be a bias, probably because of the high cost of the treatment. Unlike in Canada and England, where the government subsidizes these medications, the public health system in Brazil does not yet provide these medications for free or at a subsidized cost.</p>
      <p>When asked about the main reason for not using anticoagulation therapy in a patient with indication to receive this treatment, the patient's low intellectual level was the main cause reported by physicians of both groups, but especially by physicians graduated for a shorter time, precisely those who belong to the group that more frequently work at SUS. This attitude may reflect a greater concern about non-compliance and potential adverse risks that may be fatal with this group of medications. However, this approach may be mistaken, because a study conducted in our institution, in SUS patients treated with oral anticoagulation therapy, showed a good compliance rate, with a good percentage of prothrombin time within the therapeutic target, and a low incidence of adverse events, even in patients with polypharmacy and a low intellectual level<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>In relation to invasive procedures for the treatment of AF, a higher frequency of their use was observed among physicians graduated for a shorter time. However, this frequency seems to be lower than the desired one, because these therapies are recommended for these cases by both the guidelines and randomized studies<sup>9,11,20,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another interesting finding was the absence of calcium-channel blockers as the first option for HR control by any of the group of physicians, although studies have demonstrated that this group of medications is associated with better clinical outcomes in comparison to other drugs used for the same purpose<sup>22,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The use of amiodarone as the first choice for HR control by 14.60% of cardiologists seems inadequate, because the use of this drug is recommended not for these cases, but for patients with ventricular dysfunction and AF with rapid response, for whom rhythm control was not successful, or for those acutely ill with AF and rapid response associated with ventricular dysfunction<sup>8,9,11</sup>. Maybe this group believes that the drug will act in reverting the sinus rhythm even in chronic patients. This seems to be true in other groups studied<sup>24</sup>. Another fact that has already been proved in the literature is that amiodarone seems to be the drug of choice for rhythm control in South America<sup>25</sup>. This figure is similar to the rate of use of amiodarone in Canada where, however, it is used with the purpose of rhythm control<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study has some limitations, since data were obtained from direct interview with physicians, without assessment of medical records or patients' interview; this can determine discrepancies between what was reported and what really is applied in the daily clinical practice. Also, only a small part of SOCERGS's affiliated physicians was interviewed, and this limits the analysis of the overall opinion of members or even of cardiologists in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Another aspect is the external validity of this study, since these data cannot be extrapolated to all Brazilian cardiologists, given that each region has its own particularities, especially in a country of such a vast size.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study demonstrated that a significant number of physicians interviewed has a knowledge of the main societies' recommendations for the management of patients with AF. Adherence to these guidelines, which contain what is effectively done in the daily clinical practice, is lower in the group graduated for a longer time. This difference occurs mainly in regard to the management of anticoagulation therapy, the use of antiarrhythmic drugs, and indication of invasive treatments for the control of arrhythmia. Therefore, in this sample, time since medical graduation had an influence on the clinical practice, with longer times related to less frequent adherence to medical guidelines for the management of AF.</p>
      <p>We thank our colleague cardiologists who helped respond to this survey, and without whom this study could not have been conducted.</p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: van der Sand CR, Leiria TLL, Kalil RAK; Acquisition of data and Obtaining funding: van der Sand CR; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: van der Sand CR, Leiria TLL.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by C&#233;zar R. van der Sand, from Instituto de Cardiologia/Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
