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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">v6Ygh4NmtdQ3QF9yhM4FgdQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002800004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100200004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130139</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea utilizando Full Metal Jacket com stents farmacol&#243;gicos: eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores em um ano</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cal&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Rita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teles</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Campante</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Manuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ros&#225;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Ingrid do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Jer&#243;nimo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Raposo</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro de Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gabriel</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Mesquita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista </institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>117</fpage>
      <lpage>126</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) para les&#245;es coron&#225;rias longas &#233; incerto; al&#233;m disso, foram levantadas d&#250;vidas quest&#245;es sobre a sua seguran&#231;a. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os preditores de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (ECAM) associados &#224; ICP utilizando Full Metal Jacket (FMJ), definido como a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de stents farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) medindo &gt;60 mm de comprimento, para les&#245;es muito longas. M&#201;TODOS: Foram inclu&#237;dos 136 pacientes consecutivos com les&#245;es coron&#225;rias longas, requerendo FMJ em nosso cadastro de centro &#250;nico. O desfecho prim&#225;rio incluiu a ocorr&#234;ncia combinada de todas as causas de morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo (RVA). Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e de procedimento foram avaliadas por meio de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox para determinar os preditores independentes de desfecho. RESULTADOS: O comprimento m&#233;dio do stent por les&#227;o foi de 73,2 &#177; 12,3 mm e o di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do vaso de refer&#234;ncia foi de 2,9 &#177; 0,6 mm. O sucesso angiogr&#225;fico foi de 96,3%. A aus&#234;ncia de ECAM foi de 94,9% em 30 dias e 85,3% em um ano. No acompanhamento de um ano, a taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas foi de 3,7% (1,5% por mortes card&#237;acas), a taxa de IM foi de 3,7%, e a incid&#234;ncia de trombose de stent (TS) definitiva ou prov&#225;vel foi de 2,9%. O g&#234;nero feminino [risco relativo (RR), 4,40; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC), 1,81-10,66, p = 0,001) e ICP de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria n&#227;o direita (RR, 3,49; p = 0,006; IC 95%, 1,42-8,59) foram preditores independentes de ECAM em um ano. A aus&#234;ncia de eventos adversos em um ano foi maior em pacientes com angina est&#225;vel submetidos &#224; ICP (RR, 0,33; IC 95% 0,13-0,80, p = 0,014). CONCLUS&#213;ES: A ICP utilizando FMJ com SF para les&#245;es muito longas foi eficaz, mas associada a uma alta taxa de TS em acompanhamento de um ano. No entanto, a taxa de mortalidade card&#237;aca, IM n&#227;o relacionado a procedimento, e ECAM foi relativamente baixa. ICP de vaso coron&#225;rio alvo, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, e g&#234;nero feminino s&#227;o novos fatores cl&#237;nicos contempor&#226;neos que parecem apresentar efeitos adversos sobre o resultado da ICP utilizando FMJ para les&#245;es longas.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents Farmacol&#243;gicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia coron&#225;ria les&#245;es longas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea utilizando <italic>Full Metal Jacket</italic> com stents farmacol&#243;gicos: eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores em um ano</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rita Cal&#233;; Rui Campante Teles; Manuel Almeida; Ingrid do Ros&#225;rio; Pedro Jer&#243;nimo Sousa; Jo&#227;o Brito; Lu&#237;s Raposo; Pedro de Ara&#250;jo Gon&#231;alves; Henrique Mesquita Gabriel; Miguel Mendes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Departamento de Cardiologia Intervencionista, Hospital Santa Cruz, CHLO, Lisboa, Portugal</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) para les&#245;es coron&#225;rias longas &#233; incerto; al&#233;m disso, foram levantadas d&#250;vidas quest&#245;es sobre a sua seguran&#231;a. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar os preditores de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (ECAM) associados &#224; ICP utilizando <italic>Full Metal Jacket</italic> (FMJ), definido como a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de stents farmacol&#243;gicos (SF) medindo &gt;60 mm de comprimento, para les&#245;es muito longas. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram inclu&#237;dos 136 pacientes consecutivos com les&#245;es coron&#225;rias longas, requerendo FMJ em nosso cadastro de centro &#250;nico. O desfecho prim&#225;rio incluiu a ocorr&#234;ncia combinada de todas as causas de morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo (RVA). Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, angiogr&#225;ficas e de procedimento foram avaliadas por meio de an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox para determinar os preditores independentes de desfecho. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O comprimento m&#233;dio do <bold>stent</bold> por les&#227;o foi de 73,2 &#177; 12,3 mm e o di&#226;metro m&#233;dio do vaso de refer&#234;ncia foi de 2,9 &#177; 0,6 mm. O sucesso angiogr&#225;fico foi de 96,3%. A aus&#234;ncia de ECAM foi de 94,9% em 30 dias e 85,3% em um ano. </p>
    <p> No acompanhamento de um ano, a taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas foi de 3,7% (1,5% por mortes card&#237;acas), a taxa de IM foi de 3,7%, e a incid&#234;ncia de trombose de <bold>stent</bold> (TS) definitiva ou prov&#225;vel foi de 2,9%. O g&#234;nero feminino [risco relativo (RR), 4,40; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC), 1,81-10,66, p = 0,001) e ICP de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria n&#227;o direita (RR, 3,49; p = 0,006; IC 95%, 1,42-8,59) foram preditores independentes de ECAM em um ano. A aus&#234;ncia de eventos adversos em um ano foi maior em pacientes com angina est&#225;vel submetidos &#224; ICP (RR, 0,33; IC 95% 0,13-0,80, p = 0,014). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> A ICP utilizando FMJ com SF para les&#245;es muito longas foi eficaz, mas associada a uma alta taxa de TS em acompanhamento de um ano. No entanto, a taxa de mortalidade card&#237;aca, IM n&#227;o relacionado a procedimento, e ECAM foi relativamente baixa. ICP de vaso coron&#225;rio alvo, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, e g&#234;nero feminino s&#227;o novos fatores cl&#237;nicos contempor&#226;neos que parecem apresentar efeitos adversos sobre o resultado da ICP utilizando FMJ para les&#245;es longas.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea, <italic>Stents</italic> Farmacol&#243;gicos, Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria coronariana / m&#233;todos, Angioplastia coron&#225;ria les&#245;es longas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p><italic>Stents</italic> coron&#225;rios m&#250;ltiplos sobrepostos s&#227;o utilizados para o tratamento de les&#245;es longas ou les&#245;es em tandem. Recentemente, o comprimento do <italic>stent</italic> foi aumentado para a cobertura total da les&#227;o. No era de <italic>stent</italic> de metal descoberto, um segmento de <italic>stent</italic> mais longo resultou em maior risco de reestenose e foi dessa forma evitado<sup>1</sup>. Os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos (SF), posteriormente comprovaram diminuir a necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o, consequentemente, eles substitu&#237;ram os <italic>stents</italic> de metal descoberto (SMD) na interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) para les&#245;es longas complexas<sup>2</sup>. Alguns pequenos registros sugerem que a ICP utilizando <italic>full metal jacket</italic> (FMJ) com SF pode ser um procedimento seguro para o tratamento de les&#245;es coronarianas difusas, com desfechos cl&#237;nicos imediatos e tardios aceit&#225;veis<sup>3-6</sup>. Outros fatores relacionados ao di&#226;metro do vaso e &#224; localiza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o tamb&#233;m s&#227;o relatados com tendo impacto sobre a taxa de reestenose, incluindo o uso de enxerto de veia e a presen&#231;a de les&#227;o ostial e bifurca&#231;&#245;es<sup>7</sup>. Os efeitos cl&#237;nicos da implanta&#231;&#227;o de SF muito longa e sobreposta em ambientes cl&#237;nicos e angiogr&#225;ficos diferentes permanecem desconhecidos, al&#233;m disso, o risco de trombose de <italic>stent</italic> (TS) tem levantado preocupa&#231;&#245;es. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar os preditores de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores de longo prazo (ECAM) associados &#224; ICP utilizando FMJ, definido como a sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de SF medindo <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 mm de comprimento, para les&#245;es muito longas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A partir de um banco de dados dedicado de 5158 procedimentos de ICP consecutivos realizados entre 2003 e 2007 em um laborat&#243;rio de interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria de alto volume, n&#243;s identificamos retrospectivamente 136 pacientes (2,6%) que foram submetidos &#224; ICP com m&#250;ltiplas sobreposi&#231;&#245;es de SF medindo <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 mm de comprimento (FMJ) para les&#245;es difusas longas ou les&#245;es em tandem e dissec&#231;&#245;es extensas. Os pacientes foram considerados eleg&#237;veis se fossem &gt;18 anos de idade e apresentassem evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os pacientes que fizeram parte do banco de dados prospectivo. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Procedimento de implante de stent</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todas as interven&#231;&#245;es de ICP foram realizadas utilizando t&#233;cnicas padr&#245;es. A escolha da estrat&#233;gia de tratamento, sele&#231;&#227;o se SF (<italic>stents</italic> eluidor de paclitaxel, sirolimus, zotarolimus ou everolimus), o uso de inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb / IIIa, e a necessidade de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o foram deixados a crit&#233;rio do operador. Algum grau de sobreposi&#231;&#227;o entre os <italic>stents</italic> foi considerado como crit&#233;rio de qualifica&#231;&#227;o. O sucesso angiogr&#225;fico foi definido como a presen&#231;a de estenose residual &lt;30%.</p>
    <p>A reestenose intra-stent (RIS) foi definida como a presen&#231;a de uma les&#227;o esten&#243;tica ocupando &gt;50% do di&#226;metro do vaso em um segmento de stent anterior. A oclus&#227;o total cr&#244;nica (OTC) foi definida como uma art&#233;ria obstru&#237;da por mais de tr&#234;s meses, com tromb&#243;lise em infarto do mioc&#225;rdio grau 0 no in&#237;cio do procedimento. Uma bifurca&#231;&#227;o foi definida se os <italic>stents</italic> sobrepostos cobrissem um ramo lateral visualmente estimado como tendo &gt; 2 mm de di&#226;metro pelo operador.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram pr&#233;-tratados com clopidogrel (75 mg, caso j&#225; estivessem em terapia cr&#244;nica com o clopidogrel durante &gt;10 dias, e 300 ou 600 mg, caso n&#227;o). Depois a ICP, os pacientes foram prescritos com terapia de aspirina por tempo indeterminado (100 mg / dia) e clopidogrel (75 mg / dia) por no m&#237;nimo 6-12 meses.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Angiografia coron&#225;ria quantitativa (ACQ)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As medidas angiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas durante a di&#225;stole utilizando um cateter guia para calibrar a amplia&#231;&#227;o. Um sistema de an&#225;lise angiogr&#225;fica quantitativa (Siemens<sup>&#174;</sup>) foi utilizado para obter, registrar e analisar angiogramas coron&#225;rios de base utilizando uma &#250;nica proje&#231;&#227;o mostrando a estenose mais grave. A porcentagem da estenose de di&#226;metro, o di&#226;metro m&#237;nimo luminal, e o di&#226;metro do vaso de refer&#234;ncia foram medidos antes da dilata&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s o procedimento de implante de <italic>stent</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Defini&#231;&#227;o de desfecho e acompanhamento cl&#237;nico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Como desfecho prim&#225;rio, foi avaliada a incid&#234;ncia de ECAM, definida como uma composi&#231;&#227;o de todas as causas de morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo (RVA) em um ano. ECAM aos 30 dias foi utilizado para avaliar a seguran&#231;a aguda do procedimento.</p>
    <p>As mortes foram classificadas como card&#237;aca ou n&#227;o card&#237;aca, com todas as mortes consideradas card&#237;acas, a menos que uma causa n&#227;o card&#237;aca inequ&#237;voca pudesse ser estabelecida. O IM foi diagnosticado quando houve sintomas isqu&#234;micos ou novas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas acompanhadas por eleva&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica e queda gradual (para a troponina I) ou uma eleva&#231;&#227;o e queda mais r&#225;pidas (para CK-MB) nos n&#237;veis de marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica. IM periprocedimento foi definido como um aumento nos n&#237;veis de troponina ou CK-MB em mais de tr&#234;s vezes o limite superior de refer&#234;ncia nas primeiras 48 horas ap&#243;s a ICP<sup>8</sup>. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo (RLA) repetida incluiu a interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica repetidas no segmento previamente tratado, incluindo a regi&#227;o do implante do <italic>stent</italic> e uma zona de 5 mm proximal ou distal da extremidade do <italic>stent</italic>. RVA foi definido como ICP repetido ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) do vaso alvo. A falha do vaso alvo foi definida como morte card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou RLA que n&#227;o tenha sido atribu&#237;do a um vaso que n&#227;o o vaso alvo.</p>
    <p>TS definitiva ou prov&#225;vel foi definida de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o de Academic Research and Consortium (ARC)<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O acompanhamento cl&#237;nico de todos os pacientes foi realizado por telefone utilizando uma entrevista pr&#233;-especificada; al&#233;m disso, registros cl&#237;nicos hospitalares foram revisados para os pacientes que foram readmitidos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas quanto &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o normal utilizando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e quanto &#224; igualdade de vari&#226;ncias pelo teste de Levene. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dias &#177; desvios-padr&#227;o (DPs) e foram comparadas utilizando um <italic>teste t</italic> de Student de amostras independentes. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparar os grupos quando as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o apresentaram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou igualdade de vari&#226;ncias. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o relatadas como porcentagens e foram comparadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher, conforme apropriado.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada foi utilizada para calcular o risco relativo (RR) para a ocorr&#234;ncia de ECAM em um ano. Al&#233;m disso, para determinar os preditores independentes do desfecho prim&#225;rio, foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada ap&#243;s o ajuste de caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, angiogr&#225;ficas e de procedimento significativas. As vari&#225;veis independentes para a entrada no modelo multivariado foram selecionadas de acordo com sua import&#226;ncia no teste univariado [p &lt; 0,1 e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% menores (CI)]. O modelo final foi constru&#237;do pela sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis de avan&#231;o gradativo com os crit&#233;rios de entrada e sa&#237;da em n&#237;veis de p = 0,05 e p = 0, respectivamente. A incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de eventos adversos foi calculada de acordo com o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e as diferen&#231;as foram avaliadas pelo teste de log-rank. Todos os testes foram bilaterais. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando SPSS Statistics para Windows, vers&#227;o 17.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, EUA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de base</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e de procedimento iniciais est&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5250tab01">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5250tab02">2</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi de 62 &#177; 10 anos, a propor&#231;&#227;o de mulheres e pacientes com diabetes mellitus foi de 26% e 38%, respectivamente. O procedimento de &#237;ndice foi realizado no contexto da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda em 35% dos pacientes (angina inst&#225;vel, n = 9; IM com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento TS, n = 19; IM com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento TS, n = 20). Um total de 23 pacientes (17%) apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt;50%) e 71% apresentavam doen&#231;a multiarterial. V&#225;rios pacientes apresentavam um hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a cardiovascular clinicamente manifesta, incluindo IM anterior (29%), e muitos haviam sido submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria pr&#233;via com ICP (39%) ou CRM (20%).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5250tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5250tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas processuais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>ICP foi realizada na art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda (ADAE), em 23% dos pacientes, na art&#233;ria esquerda circunflexa (AEC) em 8%, na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) em 65%, e em enxertos venosos em 4%. ICP foi realizada em RIS em 39% dos pacientes, OTC em 26%, e uma bifurca&#231;&#227;o maior em 6%. Somente 4% dos pacientes foram tratados por dissec&#231;&#227;o (n = 6). <italic>Stents</italic> eluidores de sirolimus ou paclitaxel foram utilizados em 112 pacientes (82%), enquanto <italic>stents</italic> de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o eluidores de zotarolimus ou everolimus foram utilizados nos 24 (18%) restantes. Inibidores da glicoprote&#237;na IIb / IIIa foram administrados durante 54% dos procedimentos. O comprimento m&#233;dio de <italic>stent</italic> por les&#227;o foi de 73 &#177; 12 mm (variando de 60-114 mm) e o di&#226;metro mediano do <italic>stent</italic> foi de 2,5 mm. O n&#250;mero mediano de sobreposi&#231;&#245;es de <italic>stent</italic> por les&#227;o foi de tr&#234;s (variando de 2-6). O sucesso angiogr&#225;fico foi de 96%. Entre os cinco pacientes com estenose de di&#226;metro angiogr&#225;fica final &gt;30%, dois apresentaram TS (uma aguda e uma tardia).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eventos cardiovasculares em acompanhamento de 30 dias</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em um m&#234;s de acompanhamento, tr&#234;s pacientes (2,2%) haviam morrido (um por causas cardiovasculares), dois (1,5%) haviam sofrido IM n&#227;o relacionado ao procedimento, e quatro (2,9%) foram submetidos a RVA, resultando em uma incid&#234;ncia combinada de ECAM de 5,1% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5250tab03">Tabela 3</xref>). A preval&#234;ncia de IM periprocedimento foi de 5,1%.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5250tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com a an&#225;lise univariada, os preditores de ECAM aos 30 dias foram s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, principalmente IM com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento TS no procedimento &#237;ndice (RR, 15,64; IC 95% 3,03-80,70, p = 0,001), ICP da ADAE (RR, 8,84, IC, 95% 1,71-45,55, p = 0,009), idade (RR, 1,09; IC 95% 1,00-1,18, p = 0,050) e o uso de <italic>stents</italic> de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o (RR, 6,50, IC 95%, 1,45-29,04, p = 0,014). ICP da ACD (RR, 0,09; CI 95%, 0,01-0,73, p = 0,024) esteve associado a um desfecho mais favor&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5250tab01">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5250tab02">2</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>ECAM em acompanhamento de um ano</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes estavam dispon&#237;veis no acompanhamento de um ano (m&#233;dia de 31 &#177; 18 meses). No acompanhamento de um ano, cinco pacientes (3,7%) morreram (dois por causas cardiovasculares), cinco (3,7%) haviam sofrido infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e 13 (9,6%) foram submetidos a RVA, resultando em uma incid&#234;ncia de combinada de ECAM de 14,7% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5250tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p>De acordo com a an&#225;lise univariada, ICP da ACD parece ser um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o contra eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos em longo prazo. A an&#225;lise univariada revelou o g&#234;nero feminino, a s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda no procedimento &#237;ndice e a ICP de enxerto venoso como preditores de ECAM em um ano. Em nosso estudo, ICP para OTC e ICP para RIS n&#227;o estiveram associados a ECAM conforme an&#225;lise univariada (taxa de ECAM relacionado a OTC versus n&#227;o relacionado a OTC, 6% versus 17%; p = 0,16; taxa de ECAM relacionado a RIS versus n&#227;o relacionado a RIS, 15% versus 15%, p = 0,92). A presen&#231;a de diabetes, o uso de SF de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o, o comprimento do <italic>stent</italic> e o di&#226;metro do vaso de refer&#234;ncia n&#227;o foram observados como preditores de eventos adversos no acompanhamento de um ano em nosso estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5250tab01">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5250tab02">2</xref>).</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s ajuste multivariado, os &#250;nicos preditores independentes de ECAM em um ano foram o g&#234;nero feminino e ICP n&#227;o ACD. ICP no contexto da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda no procedimento &#237;ndice e a ICP de enxerto da veia safena n&#227;o foram preditores de ECAM em um ano, de acordo com a an&#225;lise multivariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5250tab04">Tabela 4</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5250tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de vaso alvo em acompanhamento de um ano</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de RVA foi de 9,6% ao final de um ano. De acordo com a an&#225;lise univariada, ICP da ACD foi o &#250;nico preditor de um resultado favor&#225;vel. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox multivariada revelou tamb&#233;m a ICP da ACD como sendo um preditor independente de um desfecho favor&#225;vel. Al&#233;m disso, o g&#234;nero feminino foi um preditor independente de RVA em um ano (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5250tab05">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5250tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>TS</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de um ano, quatro pacientes (2,9%) sofreram pelo menos uma TS, dois sendo agudas e dois sendo TS tardia. De acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o da ARC, tr&#234;s pacientes tiveram TS definida e um teve TS prov&#225;vel. O vaso tratado foi a ACD em dois pacientes, a ADAE em um, e uma enxerto da veia safena em um. TS ocorreu ap&#243;s IM como indica&#231;&#227;o da ICP &#237;ndice (0 e 343 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento &#237;ndice) em tr&#234;s pacientes e no contexto da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel em um (64 dias ap&#243;s a ICP). Todas as TSs ocorreram enquanto os pacientes ainda estavam recebendo terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla. Todos os quatro pacientes estavam vivos no acompanhamento de um ano.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise do subconjunto</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Enxerto de veia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>ICP para enxerto de deriva&#231;&#227;o de veia foi realizado em apenas seis pacientes em nosso estudo, no entanto, a taxa de ECAM no acompanhamento de um ano foi maior (67%) com este procedimento do que com a ICP em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nativas (12%, p = 0,004, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5250fig01">Figura 1A</xref>).</p>
    <p><fig id="aop_5250fig01"/>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="aop_5250fig01a">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="aop_5250fig01xfig01b"/><fig id="aop_5250fig01b"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gf02.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="aop_5250fig01xfig01c"/><fig id="aop_5250fig01c"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gf03.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vasos coron&#225;rios nativos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>ICP da ADAE afetou negativamente os resultados cl&#237;nicos, com uma clara separa&#231;&#227;o das curvas de sobrevida livres de eventos durante a fase aguda ap&#243;s a ICP (16% dos pacientes apresentaram ECAM em 30 dias). Esta separa&#231;&#227;o foi mantida durante o acompanhamento (23% de ECAM em um ano; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5250fig01">Figura 1A</xref>). Entre estes pacientes, 71% tinham doen&#231;a multiarterial e 42% tinham s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No que diz respeito &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no procedimento &#237;ndice, a taxa de ECAM (25% versus 9%, p = 0,02), todas as causas de mortalidade (10% versus 0%, p = 0,01) e IM n&#227;o fatal (8% versus 1% de IM n&#227;o fatal, p = 0,05) no acompanhamento de um ano foram maiores para os pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda do que para os pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5250fig01">Figura 1B</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>G&#234;nero</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Finalmente, verificou-se que o g&#234;nero feminino esteve associado a uma maior taxa de reestenose no acompanhamento de um ano em compara&#231;&#227;o com o g&#234;nero masculino (17% versus 4%, p = 0,02). No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nas taxas de morte ou IM entre homens e mulheres. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens, as mulheres que se submeteram a ICP em nosso estudo eram mais velhas (&gt; 75 anos de idade, 26% versus 7%, p = 0,01) e um pouco mais propensas a serem diab&#233;ticas (49% versus 34%, p = 0. 16). Al&#233;m disso, as mulheres apresentaram uma maior incid&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda no procedimento &#237;ndice em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens (54% versus 29%, p = 0,01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5250fig01">Figura 1C</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudos anteriores relataram que o tratamento de longos segmentos com SMD esteve associado a um maior risco de reestenose e deve ser evitado<sup>1</sup>. Uma vez que os SFs foram comprovados como sendo eficazes na diminui&#231;&#227;o de RIS e a necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o<sup>10</sup>, eles come&#231;aram a substituir o SMD na ICP, principalmente para les&#245;es complexas com alto risco de reestenose<sup>11</sup>, tal como les&#245;es longas<sup>1</sup>. No entanto, apesar de ser eficaz na diminui&#231;&#227;o de RIS e RVA, os SFs estiveram associadas a um risco elevado de TS, principalmente a TS tardia<sup>12</sup>. O comprimento do <italic>stent</italic> foi inicialmente visto como um preditor de TS devido ao contato incompleto mais frequente com a parede do vaso<sup>12</sup> e ao aumento do risco de mau posicionamento tardio do <italic>stent</italic>, que foi causado geralmente por remodelamento positivo ou implante sub&#243;tima do <italic>stent</italic><sup>13</sup>, embora a trombogenicidade associado ao pol&#237;mero e a cura vascular tardia tamb&#233;m possam ter desempenhado um papel<sup>14</sup>. Alguns registros pequenos sugerem que a ICP utilizando FMJ com SF pode ser segura para o tratamento de les&#245;es coronarianas difusas, com resultados cl&#237;nicos imediatos e tardios aceit&#225;veis<sup>3-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, os pacientes que foram submetidos a ICP utilizando FMJ com SF apresentaram uma baixa taxa de ECAM (14,7%) no acompanhamento de um ano, com uma taxa morte card&#237;aca em um ano de 1,5%, taxa de IM de 3,7%, e taxa de RVA de 9,6% no mesmo per&#237;odo de tempo. Estes resultados est&#227;o de acordo com outros resultados publicados<sup>3,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma condi&#231;&#227;o frequente associada ao uso de m&#250;ltiplos <italic>stents</italic> sobrepostos para a doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria difusa &#233; a elevada incid&#234;ncia de IM periprocedimento, embora sua signific&#226;ncia permane&#231;a desconhecida. Em nosso estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de IM periprocedimento foi de 5,1%, o que foi menor do que a relatada por Lee e cols.<sup>4</sup> (19,6%) e Sharp e cols.<sup>6</sup> (9,5% para os procedimentos de um &#250;nico vaso e 19,0% para procedimentos multiarteriais) e maior do que a relatada por Aoki e cols.<sup>3</sup> (4,0%). No entanto, a baixa mortalidade card&#237;aca em um ano e as taxas de IM n&#227;o relacionadas ao procedimento em nossa coorte com les&#245;es complexas foi um resultado positivo.</p>
    <p>A taxa de RLA no acompanhamento de um ano em nosso estudo foi menor (7,4%) do que a relatada por Sharp e cols.<sup>6</sup>. O acompanhamento angiogr&#225;fico n&#227;o foi realizado em nosso estudo, o que pode ser uma poss&#237;vel causa para essa diferen&#231;a. Na era do SMD, o tratamento de les&#245;es coronarianas difusas, muitas vezes contou com a cirugia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por causa do alto risco de reestenose associado &#224; ICP utilizando tecnologia de <italic>stents</italic> extremamente longos<sup>15</sup>. A taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o repetida (23,4%) e ECAM (27%) no acompanhamento de um ano foram maior nos ensaios ADVANCE<sup>16</sup> e TULIP<sup>17</sup>, onde les&#245;es longas foram tratadas com SMD, do que em nosso estudo. SF foram ent&#227;o comprovados como sendo redutores da necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No estudo atual, a taxa global de TS (definitiva / prov&#225;vel) foi de 2,9% no acompanhamento de um ano, similar aos resultados do maior estudo de FMJ publicada at&#233; o presente momento<sup>6</sup>, relatando uma incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de 1,1% e 2,0% de TS em 30 dias e um ano, respectivamente. De acordo com dados reunidos a partir de oito ensaios sobre <italic>stents</italic> eluidores de sirolimus e paclitaxel<sup>18</sup>, TS ocorreu com menor frequ&#234;ncia (0,5% para ambos os stents em 30 dias e 0,6% e 0,9% para <italic>stents</italic> eluidores de sirolimus e paclitaxel, respectivamente, em um ano). No entanto, a incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de TS em pacientes de cadastros n&#227;o randomizados sempre foi maior porque os resultados da ICP se expandiram para les&#245;es mais complexas e pacientes<sup>19</sup>. A consequ&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica da TS em nosso estudo foi o IM n&#227;o fatal em todos os pacientes.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos sobre SMD mostraram que um segmento mais longo de <italic>stent</italic><sup>20,21</sup>, um di&#226;metro pequeno do vaso de refer&#234;ncia<sup>20</sup>, e a presen&#231;a de diabetes<sup>22,23</sup> foram preditores independentes de reestenose. No entanto, o comprimento do <italic>stent</italic>, o di&#226;metro dos vasos e a presen&#231;a de diabetes n&#227;o foram preditivos de RVA em nosso estudo. Esta falta de efeito do comprimento total do <italic>stent</italic> est&#225; em conformidade com a conclus&#227;o dos estudos anteriores sobre procedimento de FMJ<sup>3-6</sup>. O fato de que o comprimento do <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o mais prediz a reestenose ap&#243;s ICP utilizando SF pode ser uma poss&#237;vel explica&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, mais estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para esclarecer este assunto. O aumento do comprimento do <italic>stent</italic> para melhorar a cobertura da les&#227;o e evitar omiss&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas pode contribuir para a diminui&#231;&#227;o da taxa de reestenose em alguns casos. Al&#233;m disso, verificou-se que o n&#250;mero de <italic>stents</italic> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi preditivo de desfecho cl&#237;nico tardio ou RVA, similar aos achados do estudo de Kornowsky e cols.<sup>15</sup>. Isto sugere que esta estrat&#233;gia para tratar longas les&#245;es difusas &#233; vi&#225;vel. O fato da RVA n&#227;o ter sido prevista pelo di&#226;metro do vaso e a presen&#231;a da diabetes foi controverso, com uma grande disparidade entre os resultados obtidos em estudos anteriores<sup>4,6</sup>. &#201; importante observar que os resultados do presente estudo foram obtidos para vasos relativamente grandes, com um di&#226;metro m&#233;dio de 2,9 mm.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na taxa de eventos cl&#237;nicos adversos no acompanhamento de um ano entre os pacientes tratados com <italic>stents</italic> de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o e aqueles tratados com <italic>stents</italic> de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o. Estes resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os de outros estudos<sup>24,25</sup>, sugerindo que ambos os modelos de SF podem ser igualmente eficazes para o tratamento destas les&#245;es complexas.</p>
    <p>Descobriu-se que a localiza&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica, a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica no procedimento &#237;ndice e o g&#234;nero desempenharam um papel importante na obten&#231;&#227;o de desfechos favor&#225;veis de tratamento com m&#250;ltiplos <italic>stents</italic> de sobreposi&#231;&#227;o para les&#245;es coronarianas difusas.</p>
    <p>Neste registro, FMJ com SF foi implantado com mais frequ&#234;ncia na ACD, e este procedimento de ICP parece estar associada a menos efeitos adversos cl&#237;nicos agudos e em longo prazo. Embora FMJ tenha sido colocado em enxertos de veia em apenas 4% dos pacientes em nosso estudo, o procedimento esteve associado a uma maior taxa de ECAM no acompanhamento de um ano (67% em pacientes com enxerto de veia tratados versus 12% em pacientes com vasos coron&#225;rios nativos tratados). Este resultado est&#225; alinhado aos de estudos anteriores que mostram uma maior taxa de reestenose em enxertos de veias do que em art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias nativas<sup>26</sup>. Uma meta-an&#225;lise recente sugeriu que o SF est&#225; associado a uma menor necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o e uma menor taxa de mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com SMD, em pacientes submetidos a ICP para enxertos de veias<sup>27</sup>. No entanto, o SF n&#227;o demonstra vantagens em longo prazo nestes pacientes<sup>28</sup>. A amostra de pacientes que receberam FMJ em enxertos de veia em nosso estudo foi muito pequena, o que limita a nossa capacidade de tirar conclus&#245;es definitivas a esse respeito.</p>
    <p>No que diz respeito &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos SF sobrepostos para o tratamento de doen&#231;a difusa da ADAE existe apenas um estudo publicado relatando bons desfechos cl&#237;nicos em m&#233;dio prazo, no entanto, a incid&#234;ncia de reestenose foi de 19,6% no referido estudo<sup>29</sup>. Em nosso estudo, o uso de FMJ na ADAE afetou negativamente os resultados cl&#237;nicos. A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a difusa na ADAE normalmente &#233; uma contraindica&#231;&#227;o para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e est&#225; geralmente associada a uma carga maior de aterosclerose coron&#225;ria; isto pode explicar em parte os desfechos ruins neste grupo de pacientes em nosso estudo.</p>
    <p>Nossos dados sugerem que FMJ utilizado no contexto da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda est&#225; associado a maiores taxas de ECAM, elevando ent&#227;o as preocupa&#231;&#245;es de seguran&#231;a. Estes resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os de estudos anteriores onde o risco de ECAM foi maior em pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana aguda do que em pacientes com doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica est&#225;vel<sup>30,31</sup>. Uma poss&#237;vel raz&#227;o pode ser a propens&#227;o aumentada para complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas agudas ap&#243;s a ICP.</p>
    <p>Descobriu-se tamb&#233;m que as mulheres apresentaram maiores taxas de reestenose no acompanhamento de um ano em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens, embora n&#227;o houvesse diferen&#231;as de g&#234;nero na taxa de morte ou IM. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens, as mulheres em nosso estudo eram mais velhas, mais propensas a serem diab&#233;ticas, e apresentavam maior incid&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda no procedimento &#237;ndice. Estudos anteriores relatando aumento das taxas de eventos adversos em mulheres que se submeteram &#224; ICP para les&#245;es complexas, tamb&#233;m demonstraram que as mulheres apresentavam caracter&#237;sticas de base piores<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar das vari&#225;veis recentemente identificadas, dados adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar os piores cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos onde a ICP utilizando m&#250;ltiplos SF sobrepostos para les&#245;es coronarianas difusas deve ser evitada. Registros multic&#234;ntricos em larga escala s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar com seguran&#231;a os resultados cl&#237;nicos da ICP utilizando FMJ com SF para les&#245;es coronarianas difusas e para avaliar o risco de TS, morte e IM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo possui v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, esta foi uma avalia&#231;&#227;o retrospectiva de uma pequena coorte de pacientes de uma &#250;nica institui&#231;&#227;o. O pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes pode ser parcialmente explicado pela baixa taxa de incid&#234;ncia destas les&#245;es complexas na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral e pelo fato de que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ser o m&#233;todo mais comumente selecionado para o tratamento de pacientes com les&#245;es longas, particularmente aquelas na ADAE. O pequeno n&#250;mero de eventos limita nossa capacidade de descartar outros poss&#237;veis preditores de eventos. Em segundo lugar, este foi um ensaio cl&#237;nico n&#227;o randomizado e sem um grupo controle. Em terceiro lugar, a escolha do SF foi deixada ao crit&#233;rio do operador, levando a um poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, uma vez que as taxas de reestenose em les&#245;es com diferentes tipos de <italic>stents</italic> podem variar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A ICP utilizando FMJ com SF para les&#245;es coronarianas difusas foi eficaz, mas associada a uma alta taxa de TS no acompanhamento de um ano. No entanto, a taxa de mortalidade card&#237;aca, IM n&#227;o relacionado ao procedimento e ECAM foram relativamente baixos com este procedimento. A IPC de vaso coron&#225;ria alvo (n&#227;o ACD), a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas) e o g&#234;nero feminino s&#227;o novos fatores cl&#237;nicos contempor&#226;neos que parecem apresentar efeitos adversos sobre o resultado da ICP utilizando FMJ para les&#245;es longas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Teles RC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cale R, Ros&#225;rio I, Sousa P, Brito J; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cale R, Almeida M; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cale R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cale R; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Teles RC, Almeida M, Raposo L, Gon&#231;alves P, Gabriel H, Mendes M</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rita Cal&#233; </p>
        <p> Rua Jo&#227;o Chagas Urbaniza&#231;&#227;o Alto dos Moinhos, 4, n&#250;cleo Z 6 &#186; Esq </p>
        <p> CEP 1500-493, Lisboa, Portugal </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="ritacale@hotmail.com">ritacale@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo Recebido em 03/11/12; Revisado em 03/11/12, aceito em 14/02/13.</p>
  </body>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dirschinger</surname>
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              <surname>Hausleiter</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Elezi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wehinger</surname>
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      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Sheiban I, La Spina C, Cavallero E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Colombo F, Palmerini T, et al. Sex-related differences in patients undergoing percutaneous unprotected left main stenting. EuroIntervention. 2010;5(7):795-800.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sex-related differences in patients undergoing percutaneous unprotected left main stenting</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>795</fpage>
          <lpage>800</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sheiban</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>La Spina</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cavallero</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
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              <surname>Biondi-Zoccai</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
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              <surname>Colombo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
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              <surname>Palmerini</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Percutaneous coronary intervention using a full metal jacket with drug-eluting stents: major adverse cardiac events at one year</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The clinical benefit of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for long coronary lesions is unclear; furthermore, concerns have been raised about its safety. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the predictors of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) associated with PCI using a full metal jacket (FMJ), defined as overlapping drug-eluting stents (DES) measuring &gt;60 mm in length, for very long lesions. METHODS: We enrolled 136 consecutive patients with long coronary lesions requiring FMJ in our single-center registry. The primary endpoint included the combined occurrence of all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), and target vessel revascularization (TVR). Demographic, clinical, angiographic, and procedural variables were evaluated using stepwise Cox regression analysis to determine independent predictors of outcome. RESULTS: The mean length of stent per lesion was 73.2 &#177; 12.3 mm and the mean reference vessel diameter was 2.9 &#177; 0.6 mm. Angiographic success was 96.3%. Freedom from MACE was 94.9% at 30 days and 85.3% at one year. At the one-year follow-up, the all-cause mortality rate was 3.7% (1.5% cardiac deaths), the MI rate was 3.7%, and the incidence of definite or probable stent thrombosis (ST) was 2.9%. Female gender [hazard ratio (HR), 4.40; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.81-10.66; p = 0.001) and non-right coronary artery PCI (HR, 3.49; 95%CI, 1.42-8.59; p = 0,006) were independent predictors of MACE at one year. Freedom from adverse events at one year was higher in patients with stable angina who underwent PCI (HR, 0.33; 95%CI, 0.13-0.80; p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: PCI using FMJ with DES for very long lesions was efficacious but associated with a high rate of ST at the one-year follow-up. However, the rate of cardiac mortality, nonprocedure-related MI, and MACE was relatively low. Target coronary vessel PCI, clinical presentation, and female gender are new contemporary clinical factors that appear to have adverse effects on the outcome of PCI using FMJ for long lesions.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug-Eluting Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary angioplasty for long lesions</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Percutaneous coronary intervention using a full metal jacket with drug-eluting stents: major adverse cardiac events at one year</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Rita Cal&#233;; Rui Campante Teles; Manuel Almeida; Ingrid do Ros&#225;rio; Pedro Jer&#243;nimo Sousa; Jo&#227;o Brito; Lu&#237;s Raposo; Pedro de Ara&#250;jo Gon&#231;alves; Henrique Mesquita Gabriel; Miguel Mendes</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Department of Interventional Cardiology, Hospital Santa Cruz, CHLO, Lisboa, Portugal</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The clinical benefit of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for long coronary lesions is unclear; furthermore, concerns have been raised about its safety.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To evaluate the predictors of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) associated with PCI using a full metal jacket (FMJ), defined as overlapping drug-eluting stents (DES) measuring &gt; 60 mm in length, for very long lesions.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We enrolled 136 consecutive patients with long coronary lesions requiring FMJ in our single-center registry. The primary endpoint included the combined occurrence of all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), and target vessel revascularization (TVR). Demographic, clinical, angiographic, and procedural variables were evaluated using stepwise Cox regression analysis to determine independent predictors of outcome.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The mean length of stent per lesion was 73.2 &#177; 12.3 mm and the mean reference vessel diameter was 2.9 &#177; 0.6 mm. Angiographic success was 96.3%. Freedom from MACE was 94.9% at 30 days and 85.3% at one year. At the one-year follow-up, the all-cause mortality rate was 3.7% (1.5% cardiac deaths), the MI rate was 3.7%, and the incidence of definite or probable stent thrombosis (ST) was 2.9%. Female gender [hazard ratio (HR), 4.40; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.81-10.66; p = 0.001) and non-right coronary artery PCI (HR, 3.49; 95%CI, 1.42-8.59; p = 0,006) were independent predictors of MACE at one year. Freedom from adverse events at one year was higher in patients with stable angina who underwent PCI (HR, 0.33; 95%CI, 0.13-0.80; p = 0.014).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> PCI using FMJ with DES for very long lesions was efficacious but associated with a high rate of ST at the one-year follow-up. However, the rate of cardiac mortality, nonprocedure-related MI, and MACE was relatively low. Target coronary vessel PCI, clinical presentation, and female gender are new contemporary clinical factors that appear to have adverse effects on the outcome of PCI using FMJ for long lesions.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Drug-Eluting Stents; Coronary Artery Disease / therapy; Coronary angioplasty for long lesions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Multiple overlapping coronary stents are used for the treatment of long lesions or tandem lesions. Recently, the stent length has been increased for full lesion coverage. In the bare metal stent era, a longer stented segment resulted in a higher risk of restenosis and was thus avoided<sup>1</sup>. Drug-eluting stents (DES) subsequently proved to decrease the need for reintervention; consequently, they replaced bare metal stents (BMS) in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for complex long lesions<sup>2</sup>. A few small registries have suggested that PCI using a full metal jacket (FMJ) with DES may be a safe procedure for the treatment of diffuse coronary lesions, with acceptable immediate and late clinical outcomes<sup>3-6</sup>. Other factors related to vessel diameter and lesion location are also reported to impact the rate of restenosis, including the use of vein grafts and the presence of ostial lesions and bifurcations<sup>7</sup>. The clinical effects of very long and overlapping DES implantation in different clinical and angiographic settings remain unknown; furthermore, the risk of stent thrombosis (ST) has raised concerns. This study was performed to evaluate the predictors of long-term major adverse cardiac events (MACE) associated with PCI using FMJ, defined as overlapping DES measuring <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 mm in length, for very long lesions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patient population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From a dedicated database of 5158 consecutive PCI procedures performed between 2003 and 2007 at a high-volume coronary intervention laboratory, we retrospectively identified 136 patients (2.6%) who underwent PCI with multiple overlapping DES measuring <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 mm in length (FMJ) for diffuse long lesions or tandem lesions and extensive dissections. Patients were considered eligible if they were &gt;18 years of age and had clinical evidence of myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>Written informed consent was obtained from all patients who were part of the prospective database.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Stenting procedure</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All PCI interventions were performed using standard techniques. The choice of treatment strategy, DES selection (paclitaxel-, sirolimus-, zotarolimus-, or everolimus-eluting stents), the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, and the need for post-dilatation were left to the operator&#180;s discretion. Some degree of overlap between stents was considered as qualifying criteria. Angiographic success was defined as the presence of &lt;30% residual stenosis.</p>
      <p>In-stent restenosis (ISR) was defined as the presence of a stenotic lesion occupying &gt;50% of the vessel diameter in a previous stented segment. Chronic total occlusion (CTO) was defined as an artery occluded for more than three months, with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade 0 flow at the start of the procedure. A bifurcation was defined if the overlapping stents covered a side branch visually estimated to be &gt;2 mm in diameter by the operator.</p>
      <p>All patients were pre-treated with clopidogrel (75 mg if already in chronic therapy with clopidogrel for &gt;10 days, and 300 or 600 mg if not). After PCI, the patients were prescribed indefinite aspirin (100 mg/day) therapy and clopidogrel (75 mg/day) therapy for minimum<sup>6-12</sup> months.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Angiographic measurements were made during diastole using a guiding catheter to calibrate magnification. A quantitative angiographic analysis system (Siemens<sup>&#174;</sup>) was used to obtain, record, and analyze baseline coronary angiograms using the single projection showing the most severe stenosis. The percentage of diameter stenosis, minimal lumen diameter, and reference vessel diameter were measured before dilatation and after the stenting procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Endpoint definition and clinical follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>As a primary endpoint, we assessed the incidence of MACE, defined as a composite of all-cause death, MI, and target vessel revascularization (TVR) at one year. MACE at 30 days was used to assess the acute safety of the procedure. </p>
      <p>Deaths were classified as cardiac or noncardiac, with all deaths considered cardiac unless an unequivocal noncardiac cause could be established. MI was diagnosed when there were ischemic symptoms or new electrocardiographic changes accompanied by a typical rise and gradual fall (for troponin I) or a more rapid rise and fall (for CK-MB) in the levels of biochemical markers for myocardial necrosis. Periprocedural MI was defined as an increase in troponin or CK-MB levels to more than three times the upper reference limit in the first 48 h after PCI<sup>8</sup>. Repeat target lesion revascularization (TLR) included repeat percutaneous or surgical intervention in the previously treated segment, including the region of the implanted stent and a region 5 mm proximal or distal to the edge of the stent. TVR was defined as repeat PCI or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) of the target vessel. Target vessel failure was defined as cardiac death, MI, or TLR that was not attributable to a vessel other than the target vessel.</p>
      <p>Definite or probable ST was defined according to the Academic Research and Consortium (ARC) definition<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Clinical follow-up of all patients was conducted via telephone using a pre-specified interview; in addition, clinical hospital records were reviewed for patients who were re-admitted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analyses</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables were tested for normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov's test and for equality of variances using the Levene's test. Continuous variables are reported as means &#177; standard deviations (SDs) and were compared using an independent sample Student's <italic>t-</italic>test. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare groups when variables did not display a normal distribution or equality of variances. Categorical variables are reported as percentages and were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher exact test as appropriate.</p>
      <p>Univariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) for the occurrence of MACE at one year. In addition, to determine independent predictors of the primary endpoint, we performed multiple logistic regression analysis after adjusting for significant demographic, angiographic, and procedural characteristics. The independent variables for entry into the multivariate model were selected according to their significance in univariate testing [p &lt; 0.1 and shorter 95% confidence intervals (CI)]. The final model was built by forward stepwise variable selection with entry and exit criteria at the p = 0.05 and p = 0.1 levels, respectively. The cumulative incidence of adverse events was calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method and differences were assessed using the log-rank test. All tests were two-sided. A p value of &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 17.0 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Baseline clinical characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Baseline clinical and procedural characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5250tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5250tab02-body2">2</xref>. The mean patient age was 62 &#177; 10 years, and the proportion of females and patients with diabetes mellitus was 26% and 38%, respectively. The index procedure was performed in the setting of acute coronary syndrome for 35% patients (unstable angina, n = 9; MI with non-ST segment elevation, n = 19; MI with ST segment elevation, n = 20). A total of 23 patients (17%) had left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction, &lt;50%) and 71% had multivessel disease. Several patients had a history of clinically overt cardiovascular disease, including prior MI (29%), and many had undergone previous coronary revascularization with PCI (39%) or CABG (20%).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5250tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5250tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Procedural characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>PCI was peformed for the left anterior descending (LAD) in 23% patients, the left circumflex (LCX) artery in 8%, the right coronary artery (RCA) in 65%, and a vein bypass graft in 4%. PCI was performed for ISR in 39% patients, CTO in 26%, and a major bifurcation in 6%. Only 4% patients were treated for dissection (n = 6). Sirolimus- or paclitaxel-eluting stents were used for 112 patients (82%) while second-generation zotarolimus- or everolimus-eluting stents were used for the remaining 24 (18%). Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were administered during 54% procedures. The mean length of stent per lesion was 73 &#177; 12 mm (range, 60-114 mm) and the median stent diameter was 2.5 mm. The median number of stent overlaps per lesion was three (range, 2-6). Angiographic success was 96%. Among the five patients with final angiographic diameter stenosis &gt;30%, two experienced ST (one acute and one late).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiovascular events at the 30-day follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>At the one-month follow-up, three patients (2.2%) had died (one from cardiovascular causes), two (1.5%) had suffered non-procedure related MI, and four (2.9%) had undergone TVR, resulting in a combined MACE incidence of 5.1% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5250tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). The prevalence of periprocedural MI was 5.1%.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5250tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>According to univariate analysis, the predictors of MACE at 30 days were acute coronary syndrome, mainly MI with ST segment elevation at the index procedure (HR, 15.64; 95%CI, 3.03-80.70; p = 0.001), LAD PCI (HR, 8.84; 95%CI, 1.71-45.55; p = 0.009), age (HR, 1.09; 95%CI, 1.00-1.18; p = 0.050), and the use of second-generation stents (HR, 6.50; 95%CI, 1.45-29.04; p = 0.014). RCA PCI (HR, 0.09; 95%CI, 0.01-0,73; p = 0.024) was associated with a more favourable outcome (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5250tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5250tab02-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>MACE at the one-year follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Follow-up at one year was available for all patients (mean, 31 &#177; 18 months). At the one-year follow-up, five patients (3.7%) had died (two from cardiovascular causes), five (3.7%) had suffered MI, and 13 (9.6%) had undergone TVR, resulting in a combined MACE incidence of 14.7% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5250tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>According to univariate analysis, RCA PCI appeared to be a protective factor against long-term adverse clinical events. Univariate analysis revealed female gender, acute coronary syndrome at the index procedure, and bypass graft PCI as predictors of MACE at one year. In our study, PCI for CTO and PCI for ISR were not associated with MACE as per univariate analysis (CTO- vs. non-CTO-related MACE rate, 6% vs. 17%; p = 0.16; ISR- vs. non-ISR-related MACE rate, 15% vs. 15%; p = 0.92). The presence of diabetes, the use of first-generation DES, stent length, and reference vessel diameter were not found to be predictors of adverse events at the one-year follow-up in our study (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5250tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5250tab02-body2">2</xref>).</p>
      <p>After multivariate adjustment, the only independent predictors of MACE at one year were female gender and non-RCA PCI. PCI in the setting of acute coronary syndrome at the index procedure and PCI of saphenous vein grafts were not predictors of MACE at one year according to multivariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5250tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5250tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Target vessel revascularization at the one-year follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of TVR was 9.6% at the end of one year. As per univariate analysis, RCA PCI was the only predictor of a favorable outcome. Multivariate Cox regression analysis also revealed RCA PCI to be an independent predictor of a favorable outcome. In addition, female gender was an independent predictor of TVR at one year (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5250tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5250tab05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ST</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the one-year follow-up period, four patients (2.9%) suffered at least one ST, with two being acute and two being late ST. As per the ARC definition, three patients had definite ST and one had probable ST. The treated vessel was the RCA in two patients, the LAD in one, and a bypass graft in one. ST occurred after MI as the index PCI indication (0 and 343 days after the index procedure) in three patients and in the setting of stable coronary artery disease in one (64 days after PCI). All STs occurred while the patients were still receiving dual antiplatelet therapy. All four patients were alive at the one-year follow-up.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Subset analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Vein graft</bold>
      </p>
      <p>PCI for a vein bypass graft was performed in only six patients in our study; however, the rate of MACE at the one-year follow-up was higher (67%) with this procedure than with PCI in native coronary vessels (12%, p = 0.004; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5250fig01-body2">Figure 1A</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="html"><fig id="en_aop_5250fig01-body2"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/v6Ygh4NmtdQ3QF9yhM4FgdQ/fe377985ca8ced240bebbbf37fb65e2911c7572e.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/v6Ygh4NmtdQ3QF9yhM4FgdQ/941aef95b4c8a6ee85d1f9416d6d2bcbcd20a5ab.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0117-30139-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Native coronary vessels</bold>
      </p>
      <p>LAD PCI affected clinical outcomes negatively, with a clear separation of event-free survival curves during the acute phase after PCI (16% patients experienced MACE at 30 days). This separation was maintained throughout follow-up (23% MACE at one year; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5250fig01-body2">Figure 1A</xref>). Among these patients, 71% had multivessel disease and 42% had acute coronary syndrome.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical presentation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>With regard to clinical presentation at the index procedure, the rate of MACE (25% vs. 9%, p = 0.02), all-cause mortality (10% vs. 0%, p = 0.01) and nonfatal MI (8% vs. 1% of non-fatal MI, p = 0.05) at the one-year follow-up was higher for patients with acute coronary syndrome than for patients with stable coronary disease (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5250fig01-body2">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Gender</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Finally, we found that the female gender was associated with a higher restenosis rate at the one-year follow-up compared with the male gender (17% vs. 4%; p = 0.02). However, there was no difference in the rate of death or MI between men and women. Compared with men, women who underwent PCI in our study were older (&gt;75 years of age, 26% vs. 7%, p = 0.01) and slightly more likely to be diabetic (49% vs. 34%, p = 0.16). In addition, women exhibited a higher incidence of acute coronary syndrome at the index procedure compared with men (54% vs. 29%, p = 0.01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5250fig01-body2">Figure 1C</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Previous studies reported that the treatment of long segments with BMS was associated with a higher risk of restenosis and should be avoided<sup>1</sup>. Once DES were proved effective in decreasing ISR and the need for reintervention<sup>10</sup>, they began to replace BMS in PCI, mostly for complex lesions at high risk of restenosis<sup>11</sup>, such as long lesions<sup>1</sup>. However, despite being effective in decreasing ISR and TVR, DES were associated with a high risk of ST, mostly late ST<sup>12</sup>. Stent length was initially perceived as a predictor of ST due to more frequent incomplete contact with the vessel wall<sup>12</sup> and the increased risk of late stent malapposition that was usually caused by positive remodelling or suboptimal stent implantation<sup>13</sup>, although polymer-associated thrombogenicity and delayed vascular healing could also play a role<sup>14</sup>. A few small registries suggested that PCI using FMJ with DES may be safe for the treatment of diffuse coronary lesions, with acceptable immediate and late clinical outcomes<sup>3-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, patients that underwent PCI using FMJ with DES exhibited a low rate of MACE (14.7%) at the one-year follow-up, with one-year cardiac death rate of 1.5%, MI rate of 3.7%, and TVR rate of 9.6% in the same period of time. These results are in agreement with other published results<sup>3,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>A frequent condition associated with the use of multiple overlapping stents for diffuse coronary disease is the high incidence of periprocedural MI, although its significance remains unknown. In our study, the prevalence of periprocedural MI was 5.1%, which was lower than that reported by Lee et al<sup>4</sup> (19.6%) and Sharp et al<sup>6</sup> (9.5% for single-vessel procedures and 19.0% for multivessel procedures) and higher than that reported by Aoki et al<sup>3 </sup>(4.0%). However, the low one-year cardiac mortality and nonprocedure-related MI rates in our cohort with complex lesions was a positive outcome.</p>
      <p>The TLR rate at the one-year follow-up in our study was lower (7.4%) than that reported by Sharp et al<sup>6</sup>. Angiographic follow-up was not performed in our study, which may be a possible cause for this difference. In the era of BMS, the treatment of diffuse coronary lesions often relied on bypass surgery because of the high risk of re-stenosis associated with PCI using extremely long stents<sup>15</sup>. The rate of repeat revascularization (23.4%) and MACE (27%) at the one-year follow-up was higher in the ADVANCE<sup>16</sup> and TULIP<sup>17</sup> trials, where in long lesions were treated with BMS, than in our study. DES have thus been proven to decrease the need for repeat revascularization. </p>
      <p>In the current study, the overall rate of ST (definite/probable) was 2.9% at the one-year follow-up, similar to the findings from the largest study of FMJ published till date<sup>6</sup>, which reported a 1.1% and 2.0% cumulative incidence of ST at 30 days and one year, respectively. According to data pooled from eight trials on sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents<sup>18</sup>, ST occurred less frequently (0.5% for both stents at 30 days and 0.6% and 0.9% for sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents, respectively, at one year). However, the cumulative incidence of ST in nonrandomized registry patients was always higher because the results of PCI expanded to more complex lesions and patients<sup>19</sup>. The clinical consequence of ST in our study was nonfatal MI in all patients.</p>
      <p>Several studies on BMS showed that a longer stented segment<sup>20,21</sup>, a small reference vessel diameter<sup>20</sup>, and the presence of diabetes<sup>22,23</sup> were independent predictors of restenosis. However, stent length, vessel diameter, and the presence of diabetes were not predictive of TVR in our study. This lack of effect of total stent length is in accordance with the finding from previous studies on FMJ procedures<sup>3-6</sup>. The fact that stent length no longer predicts restenosis after PCI using DES may be one possible explanation; however, further studies are required to clarify this. Increasing stent length to optimize lesion coverage and avoid geographical overlooks may contribute to the decrease in the restenosis rate in some cases. Moreover, we found that the number of stents was also not predictive of late clinical outcome or TVR, similar to the findings from the study by Kornowsky et al<sup>15</sup>. This suggests that this strategy to treat diffuse long lesions is feasible. The fact that TVR was not predicted by vessel diameter and the presence of diabetes has been controversial, with a disparity among results in previous studies<sup>4,6</sup>. It is important to note that the results of the present study were obtained for relatively large vessels with an average diameter of 2.9 mm.</p>
      <p>In our study, there was no difference in the rate of adverse clinical events at the one-year follow-up between patients treated with first-generation stents and those treated with second-generation stents. These results are in agreement with those of other studies<sup>24,25</sup>, suggesting that both DES designs can be equally effective for the treatment of these complex lesions.</p>
      <p>We found that anatomic location, clinical presentation at index procedure, and gender played an important role in achieving favourable outcomes of treatment with multiple overlapping stents for diffuse coronary lesions.</p>
      <p>In this registry, FMJ with DES was implanted more often in the RCA, and this PCI procedure appeared to be associated with lower acute and long-term adverse clinical events. Although FMJ was placed in vein grafts in only 4% patients in our study, the procedure was associated with a higher rate of MACE at the one-year follow-up (67% in patients with treated vein grafts vs. 12% in patients with treated native coronary vessels). This finding is in line with those of previous studies that showed a higher restenosis rate in vein bypass grafts than in native coronary arteries<sup>26</sup>. A recent meta-analysis suggested that DES is associated with a lower need for reintervention and a lower mortality rate compared with BMS in patients who undergo PCI for vein bypass grafts<sup>27</sup>. However, DES does not show long-term advantages in these patients<sup>28</sup>. The sample of patients who received FMJ in vein grafts in our study was too small, thus limiting our ability to draw definite conclusions in this regard.</p>
      <p>With regard to the use of multiple overlapping DES for the treatment of diffuse disease in the LAD, there is only one published study that has reported good midterm clinical outcomes; however, the incidence of restenosis was 19.6% in that study<sup>29</sup>. In our study, the use of FMJ in the LAD negatively affected clinical outcomes. The presence of diffuse disease in the LAD is normally a contraindication for CABG and is usually associated with a higher atherosclerosis coronary burden; this can partially explain the poor outcomes in this patient group in our study.</p>
      <p>Our data suggests that FMJ used in the setting of acute coronary syndrome is associated with higher rates of MACE, thus raising safety concerns. These findings are in agreement with those of previous studies where the risk of MACE was higher in patients with acute coronary disease than in those with chronic stable disease<sup>30,31</sup>. A possible reason may be the increased propensity for acute thrombotic complications after PCI.</p>
      <p>We also found that women showed higher restenosis rates at the one-year follow-up compared with men, although there were no gender differences in the rate of death or MI. Compared with men, women in our study were older, more likely to be diabetic, and had a higher incidence of acute coronary syndrome at the index procedure. Previous studies that reported increased rates of adverse events in women who underwent PCI for complex lesions also showed that women had worse baseline characteristics<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the newly identified variables, additional data is required to determine the worst clinical scenarios where PCI using multiple overlapping DES for diffuse coronary lesions should be avoided. Large-scale multicenter registries are necessary to reliably determine the clinical outcomes of PCI using FMJ with DES for diffuse coronary lesions and assess the risk of ST, death, and MI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study has several limitations. First, this was a retrospective evaluation of a small cohort of patients from a single institution. The small number of patients can be partly explained by the low incidence rate of these complex lesions in the general population and the fact that surgical revascularization is the most commonly selected method to treat patients with long lesions, particularly those in the LAD. The small number of events limits our ability to rule out other potential predictors of events. Second, this was a nonrandomized clinical trial lacking a control group. Third, the choice of DES was left to the operator, leading to possible selection bias as restenosis rates in lesions with different types of stents may vary.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>PCI using FMJ with DES for diffuse coronary lesions was efficacious but associated with a high rate of ST at the one-year follow-up. However, the rate of cardiac mortality, nonprocedure-related MI, and MACE was relatively low with this procedure. Target coronary vessel PCI (non-RCA), clinical presentation (acute coronary syndromes), and female gender are new contemporary clinical factors that appear to have adverse effects on the outcome of PCI using FMJ for long lesions.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Teles RC; Acquisition of data: Cale R, Ros&#225;rio I, Sousa P, Brito J; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cale R, Almeida M; Statistical analysis: Cale R; Writing of the manuscript: Cale R; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Teles RC, Almeida M, Raposo L, Gon&#231;alves P, Gabriel H, Mendes M.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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