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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">LhyjbD5jVLXqmPp5zV3nJ9w</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002800003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100200003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130131</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Angioplastia guiada por ultrassom intracoronariano: metan&#225;lise de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Iara Antonia Lustosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiro</surname>
            <given-names>Mabel Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Buehler</surname>
            <given-names>Anna Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Berwanger</surname>
            <given-names>Otavio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Luiz</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Maranh&#227;o</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>106</fpage>
      <lpage>116</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O impacto do uso do ultrassom intracoronariano (USIC) na implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents tem resultados inconclusivos. OBJETIVO: Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, com metan&#225;lise, do impacto do USIC na implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e angiogr&#225;fica. M&#201;TODOS: Efetuada busca nas bases Medline/Pubmed, CENTRAL, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus e Web of Science. Inclu&#237;dos estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR) que avaliaram o implante de stents, orientados pela USIC, comparados com aqueles utilizando a angiografia isoladamente (ANGIO). O intervalo m&#237;nimo de acompanhamento foi de seis meses, avaliados os desfechos: trombose, mortalidade, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea e cir&#250;rgica, eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM) e reestenose. Os desfechos bin&#225;rios foram apresentados considerando o n&#250;mero de eventos em cada grupo; as estimativas foram geradas por um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, considerando a estat&#237;stica de Mantel-Haenzel como ponderadora e magnitude de efeito ao risco relativo (RR) com seu respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%). Para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da consist&#234;ncia entre os resultados de cada estudo, utilizou-se o teste de inconsist&#234;ncia I&#178; de Higgins. RESULTADOS: Avaliados 2.689 artigos, inclu&#237;dos 8 ECR. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 27% na reestenose angiogr&#225;fica (RR: 0,73; IC 95%: 0,54 - 0,97; I&#178; = 51%) e redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa nas taxas de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;nea e geral (RR: 0,88; IC 95%: 0,51 - 1,53; I&#178; = 61% e RR: 0,73; IC 95%: 0,54 - 0,99; I&#178; = 55%), sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (RR: 0,95; IC 95%: 0,52 - 1,74; I&#178; = 0%) em favor do USIC vs. ANGIO. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nos demais desfechos na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as duas estrat&#233;gias. CONCLUS&#195;O: Angioplastias com implante de stents guiadas por USIC reduzem taxas de reestenose e de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o tendo impacto nos desfechos ECVM, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, mortalidade ou trombose.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Controlados Aleat&#243;rios como Assunto</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Angioplastia guiada por ultrassom intracoronariano: metan&#225;lise de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto<sup>I</sup>; Iara Antonia Lustosa Nogueira<sup>I</sup>; Mabel Fernandes Figueiro<sup>II</sup>; Anna Maria Buehler<sup>II</sup>; Otavio Berwanger<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Luiz, MA </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O impacto do uso do ultrassom intracoronariano (USIC) na implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents tem resultados inconclusivos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, com metan&#225;lise, do impacto do USIC na implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents quanto &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e angiogr&#225;fica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Efetuada busca nas bases Medline/Pubmed, CENTRAL, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus e Web of Science. Inclu&#237;dos estudos cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR) que avaliaram o implante de stents, orientados pela USIC, comparados com aqueles utilizando a angiografia isoladamente (ANGIO). O intervalo m&#237;nimo de acompanhamento foi de seis meses, avaliados os desfechos: trombose, mortalidade, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea e cir&#250;rgica, eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM) e reestenose. Os desfechos bin&#225;rios foram apresentados considerando o n&#250;mero de eventos em cada grupo; as estimativas foram geradas por um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, considerando a estat&#237;stica de Mantel-Haenzel como ponderadora e magnitude de efeito ao risco relativo (RR) com seu respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%). Para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da consist&#234;ncia entre os resultados de cada estudo, utilizou-se o teste de inconsist&#234;ncia I<sup>2</sup> de Higgins. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Avaliados 2.689 artigos, inclu&#237;dos 8 ECR. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 27% na reestenose angiogr&#225;fica (RR: 0,73; IC 95%: 0,54 - 0,97; I<sup>2</sup> = 51%) e redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa nas taxas de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;nea e geral (RR: 0,88; IC 95%: 0,51 - 1,53; I<sup>2</sup> = 61% e RR: 0,73; IC 95%: 0,54 - 0,99; I<sup>2</sup> = 55%), sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (RR: 0,95; IC 95%: 0,52 - 1,74; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%) em favor do USIC vs. ANGIO. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as nos demais desfechos na compara&#231;&#227;o entre as duas estrat&#233;gias. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Angioplastias com implante de stents guiadas por USIC reduzem taxas de reestenose e de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, n&#227;o tendo impacto nos desfechos ECVM, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, mortalidade ou trombose.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Angioplastia, Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana / ultrassonografia, Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Controlados Aleat&#243;rios como Assunto, Metan&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio (USIC) &#233; uma t&#233;cnica de acesso invasivo que permite a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens tomogr&#225;ficas din&#226;micas, <italic>in vivo</italic>, da luz e da parede vascular, sendo considerado um dos melhores m&#233;todos de imagem invasivos para a an&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas (quantitativas e qualitativas) da aterosclerose coron&#225;ria<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Teoricamente, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do USIC poderia melhorar os resultados, a longo prazo, de angioplastias com implante de stents. Estes melhores resultados decorreriam de pelo menos tr&#234;s fatores: a confirma&#231;&#227;o de que n&#227;o restou estenose residual significativa nem ocorreu dissec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria; a certeza de identifica&#231;&#227;o e remo&#231;&#227;o de placa calcificada que limitasse a expans&#227;o do stent; a visualiza&#231;&#227;o de um ganho luminal &#243;timo.</p>
    <p>Estudos que avaliaram o potencial benef&#237;cio de procedimentos percut&#226;neos guiados pelo IVUS, quando comparados com aqueles que utilizaram apenas angiografia (ANGIO) na redu&#231;&#227;o da reestenose, foram inconclusivos em demonstrar maior efic&#225;cia<sup>3-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, dados mais recentes sugerem que a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do USIC pode prevenir trombose dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas para implante de stents farmacol&#243;gicos guiadas pelo USIC, que permitiriam a identifica&#231;&#227;o e subsequente tratamento dos fatores de risco para a reestenose intra<italic>-</italic>stent, bem como para a trombose precoce, permanece um tema controverso quando comparadas &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#245;es percut&#226;neas guiadas pela ANGIO.</p>
    <p>Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, v&#225;rios estudos randomizados investigaram a utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineira do USIC na implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents, no entanto, os resultados foram inconclusivos<sup>3-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, avaliamos o impacto da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de rotina do USIC na implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents, por interm&#233;dio de revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica com metan&#225;lise, na sua evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e angiogr&#225;fica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo desta pesquisa seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas propostas pela Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane, bem como as demais recomenda&#231;&#245;es para revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Focalizaram-se ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR) que compararam angioplastias coronarianas com implante de stents utilizando o USIC, com angioplastias orientadas apenas angiograficamente (ANGIO), com per&#237;odo de seguimento de, pelo menos, seis meses.</p>
    <p>Foram avaliados os seguintes desfechos: trombose, mortalidade, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea e cir&#250;rgica, reestenose e eventos cardiovasculares maiores (ECVM), de acordo com a defini&#231;&#227;o de cada estudo. Apesar de pequenas varia&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o do ECVM, a maioria dos estudos definiu como desfecho combinado de mortalidade (IAM) e necessidade de qualquer outro procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o ao longo do seguimento. Sempre que poss&#237;vel, e reportados pelos estudos, os desfechos cl&#237;nicos que compuseram o desfecho combinado foram avaliados de forma individual.</p>
    <p>A recupera&#231;&#227;o dos artigos foi realizada de forma abrangente nas seguintes bases de dados eletr&#244;nicas: Medline / Pubmed, CENTRAL, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus e Web of Science. N&#227;o houve restri&#231;&#227;o de idioma e as bases foram pesquisadas desde a data de disponibilidade at&#233; novembro de 2010. Revis&#245;es pr&#233;vias foram consultadas para identifica&#231;&#227;o e adi&#231;&#227;o de demais poss&#237;veis estudos relevantes.</p>
    <p>As estrat&#233;gias foram elaboradas, sempre que poss&#237;vel, utilizando o vocabul&#225;rio controlado de descritores de assunto (Mesh/Medline, Emtree/Embase e DeCs/BVS). Al&#233;m disso, utilizaram-se palavras de texto Word, sin&#244;nimos, sintaxes, combinadas com os operadores boleanos "OR" para adi&#231;&#227;o e "AND" para rela&#231;&#227;o dos termos. Os descritores de assunto do MESH/Medline foram sensibilizados pela estrat&#233;gia da adi&#231;&#227;o dos "entry terms".</p>
    <p>Os principais termos para a busca foram: "Ultrasonography", "Ultrasonography, Interventional", "Coronary Artery Disease", "Angioplasty", "Coronary Angiography", "ultrassonografia", "ultrassom", "ultrassom de interven&#231;&#227;o", "ultrassonografia de interven&#231;&#227;o", "angiografia coron&#225;ria", "doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria", "angioplastia coron&#225;ria, transluminal percut&#226;nea".</p>
    <p>O filtro utilizado para recupera&#231;&#227;o apenas de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados foi o elaborado pela Cochrane, com alta sensibilidade.</p>
    <p>A soma das bases de dados pesquisadas totalizou 2.689 artigos. Inicialmente, 518 refer&#234;ncias foram exclu&#237;das por estarem em duplicata. Estas 2.171 refer&#234;ncias remanescentes tiveram sua elegibilidade confirmada pela leitura de t&#237;tulo e resumo (quando dispon&#237;vel).</p>
    <p>Duplas de revisores independentes realizaram esta sele&#231;&#227;o. Artigos sugestivos de inclus&#227;o, ou que n&#227;o possu&#237;am resumo, mas t&#237;tulos sugestivos, passavam ent&#227;o para a etapa seguinte de avalia&#231;&#227;o da elegibilidade por texto completo.</p>
    <p>Nesta etapa, 57 artigos tiveram sua elegibilidade avaliada pela leitura do artigo em forma de texto completo e guiada por uma ficha cl&#237;nica padronizada. Quando exclu&#237;dos, as raz&#245;es para exclus&#227;o ficaram registradas. Foram selecionados oito artigos para extra&#231;&#227;o de dados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5234fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5234fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada em duas etapas utilizando o m&#243;dulo Metaview do programa de computador Review Manager (RevMan, 2000), produzido pela Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane<sup>11</sup>. Na primeira etapa, procedeu-se a an&#225;lise descritiva das caracter&#237;sticas de base dos pacientes, defini&#231;&#245;es de desfechos e interven&#231;&#245;es utilizadas. Os desfechos bin&#225;rios foram apresentados considerando-se o n&#250;mero de eventos em cada grupo. Para os desfechos bin&#225;rios, as estimativas foram geradas por um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios, para tanto, considerou-se a estat&#237;stica de Mantel-Haenzel, como ponderador, e magnitude de efeito o risco relativo (RR) com seu respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%). Para quantifica&#231;&#227;o da consist&#234;ncia entre os resultados de cada estudo, utilizou-se o teste de inconsist&#234;ncia (I<sup>2</sup>) de Higgins.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade do estudo envolveu uma adequada sequ&#234;ncia de aloca&#231;&#227;o aleat&#243;ria, cegamento dos investigadores, cegamento dos participantes, cegamento dos desfechos, uso de an&#225;lise com inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar.</p>
    <p>Os resultados encontrados foram reportados como: "sim" "n&#227;o", "n&#227;o est&#225; claro" e "n&#227;o reportado", sendo realizada uma avalia&#231;&#227;o qualitativa da tabela gerada por estas informa&#231;&#245;es. A qualidade da evid&#234;ncia gerada pela metan&#225;lise para cada desfecho foi avaliada utilizando-se o programa GRADE profiler vers&#227;o 3.2.</p>
    <p>Para cada desfecho, a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia foi avaliada observando-se cinco aspectos: (1) limita&#231;&#227;o do desenho do estudo; (2) consist&#234;ncia dos resultados; (3) evid&#234;ncia direta; (4) precis&#227;o; (5) potencial de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados est&#227;o expostos e comentados nas tabelas e nos gr&#225;ficos de metan&#225;lises. As caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5234tab01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5234tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O desfecho mortalidade foi avaliado em todos os estudos<sup>6,7,9,14-18</sup>. E detectou-se que as angioplastias guiadas pelo USIC estiveram associadas com um aumento n&#227;o significante de 54% na mortalidade em raz&#227;o de todas as causas: RR: 1,54; IC 95%: 0,85 - 2,78; I<sup>2</sup> = 0% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5234fig02">Figura 2</xref>). A qualidade da evid&#234;ncia avaliada pelo Grade foi moderada devido ao fato de as estimativas de efeito variarem mais que 25% entre os estudos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5234fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Sete artigos<sup>6,7,14-18</sup> avaliaram o desfecho IAM. Como nem todos os artigos apresentaram de maneira precisa o tipo de IAM, optou-se, neste artigo, por descrever os resultados globais, incluindo aqueles infartos com e sem onda Q. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastias guiadas pelo USIC esteve associada com uma redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significante de 27% de IAM (RR: 0,73; IC 95%: 0,43 - 1,16; I<sup>2</sup> = 12%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5234fig03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5234fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A qualidade da evid&#234;ncia avaliada pelo Grade foi baixa em virtude das estimativas de efeito terem variado mais que 25% entre os estudos, e o estudo de maior peso na metan&#225;lise revelou tend&#234;ncia oposta de efeito em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais estudos inclu&#237;dos, gerando, por conseguinte, inconsist&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel analisar os desfechos pela terminologia revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo (RLA) e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso-alvo (RVA), pois as defini&#231;&#245;es variaram entre os estudos. Al&#233;m disso, alguns estudos indicaram resultados nos quais a diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es foi altamente significante, contudo sem especificar se a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica e em que art&#233;ria foi realizada. Assim, optou-se por uma an&#225;lise mais gen&#233;rica, especificada por tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o/procedimento. Considerou-se, como desfecho, procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o: cir&#250;rgico, ou por angioplastia.</p>
    <p>Houve redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significante de 27% no n&#250;mero de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, no grupo de angioplastias guiadas pelo USIC (RR: 0,73; IC 95%: 0,54 - 0,99; I<sup>2</sup> = 55%). Observou-se ainda redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significativa de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es por angioplastias no grupo USIC (RR: 0,88; IC 95%: 0,51 - 1,53; I<sup>2</sup> = 61% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5234fig04">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5234fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A qualidade da evid&#234;ncia avaliada pelo Grade foi moderada devido aos intervalos de confian&#231;a n&#227;o se sobreporem totalmente entre os estudos.</p>
    <p>Em sete estudos<sup>6,7,14-18</sup> foram relatados ECVM, sendo que o estudo AVID incluiu ainda o desfecho cl&#237;nico trombose de stent, que n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do nos demais estudos.</p>
    <p>Houve redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significante do ECVM, no grupo com angioplastias guiadas pelo USIC, de 14% (RR: 0,86; IC 95%: 0,70 - 1,07; I<sup>2</sup> = 55%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5234fig05">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5234fig05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A qualidade da evid&#234;ncia avaliada pelo Grade foi moderada em raz&#227;o dos intervalos de confian&#231;a n&#227;o se sobreporem totalmente entre os estudos.</p>
    <p>Em dois estudos<sup>15,16</sup> foram relatados o desfecho trombose. A angioplastia guiada pelo USIC esteve associada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significante de 10% dos casos de trombose (RR: 0,90; IC 95%: 0,37 - 2,22; I<sup>2</sup> = 0%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5234fig06">Figura 6</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5234fig06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf06.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A qualidade da evid&#234;ncia avaliada pelo Grade foi baixa porque os dois estudos que reportaram este desfecho apresentaram tend&#234;ncias opostas de medidas de efeitos, e apenas dois estudos reportaram dados para este desfecho.</p>
    <p>Em seis estudos<sup>6,7,9,14,17,18</sup> foram relatados o desfecho reestenose angiogr&#225;fica. Detectou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significante de 27% de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica no grupo com angioplastias guiadas pelo USIC (RR: 0,73; IC 95%: 0,54 - 0,97; I<sup>2</sup> = 51%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5234fig07">Figura 7</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5234fig07">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A presente metan&#225;lise demonstrou que angioplastias com implante de stents guiadas pelo USIC, quando comparadas com aquelas sem o seu uso, est&#227;o associadas com uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na necessidade de novas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es e reestenose angiogr&#225;fica, apresentando ainda uma redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significante nos desfechos de MACE, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e trombose de stent. No entanto, estiveram associadas com um aumento n&#227;o significante na mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho reestenose foi realizada em seis estudos<sup>6,7,9,14,17,18</sup>. A ocorr&#234;ncia de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica foi menor no grupo com angioplastia guiada pelo USIC, em cinco destes estudos. A redu&#231;&#227;o da reestenose variou de 64%<sup>18</sup> a 18%<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>A expans&#227;o sub&#243;tima do stent resultou em redu&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea transversal do stent, observada ao USIC, sendo um dos mais importantes preditores de reestenose ap&#243;s o implante de stents n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Devido a esses achados, v&#225;rios estudos avaliaram se o uso rotineiro do USIC, durante a implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents, traria benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico, assim, levando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de reestenose intra-stent.</p>
    <p>O primeiro destes estudos foi um estudo multic&#234;ntrico que comparou angioplastias guiadas por USIC ou por ANGIO. Foi observado benef&#237;cio utilizando o USIC na fase precoce do estudo, quando o grupo que utilizou o USIC teve uma maior p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com o uso de bal&#245;es maiores (reestenose aos seis meses de 9,2% <italic>vs</italic>. 22%; p = 0,04). Contudo n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na reestenose angiogr&#225;fica aos seis meses, na fase tardia do estudo, quando uma abordagem com menor p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o foi utilizada em raz&#227;o da mudan&#231;a na defini&#231;&#227;o da expans&#227;o &#243;tima do stent (22% <italic>vs. </italic>23,7%; p = 1,0). Apesar de ser um estudo observacional e n&#227;o randomizado, demonstrou, pela primeira vez, que a implanta&#231;&#227;o de stent guiado pelo USIC poderia resultar em estrat&#233;gia que melhoraria a evolu&#231;&#227;o destes pacientes<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em seguida, v&#225;rios pequenos estudos prospectivos assinalaram a superioridade de angioplastias guiadas pelo USIC sobre as angioplastias guiadas pela ANGIO, com redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de reestenose em seis meses de seguimento.</p>
    <p>O RESIST (REStenosis after IVUS-guided Stenting study) foi o primeiro estudo randomizado a investigar o impacto do USIC na evolu&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos a ANGIO. Ainda que tenha analisado apenas 155 pacientes, o estudo referiu tend&#234;ncia a uma menor taxa de reestenose no seguimento de seis meses no grupo que realizou angioplastia guiada pelo USIC<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estes resultados tamb&#233;m foram observados por Blasini e cols.<sup>4</sup>, que apontaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na taxa de reestenose angiogr&#225;fica no seguimento de seis meses com o uso do USIC (20,9% <italic>vs.</italic> 29,9%; p = 0,03), sendo a diferen&#231;a particularmente importante no grupo que preencheu os crit&#233;rios para uma &#243;tima libera&#231;&#227;o do stent, quando comparada &#224;queles que n&#227;o preencheram tais crit&#233;rios (13,6% <italic>vs.</italic> 28,3%; p = 0,04)<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O Estudo OPTICUS (The OPTimization with IVUS to reduce stent restenosis) foi o maior estudo randomizado para avaliar se a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do USIC reduziria a taxa de reestenose intra-stent. Os objetivos prim&#225;rios do estudo foram a taxa de reestenose intra-stent, o menor di&#226;metro luminal e a percentagem de estenose em seis meses de acompanhamento. O objetivo secund&#225;rio foi a taxa de ECVM aos seis e doze meses de seguimento. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a em nenhum dos objetivos entre os dois grupos, concluindo-se pela n&#227;o superioridade do uso do USIC no implante do stent<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O Estudo TULIP (The Thrombocyte activity evaluation and effects of Ultrasound guidance in Long Intracoronary stent Placement Study)<sup>7</sup> comparou de maneira randomizada a implanta&#231;&#227;o de stent guiada pelo USIC ou ANGIO, em les&#245;es longas (&gt; 20mm). Houve benef&#237;cio no grupo guiado pelo USIC, considerado de alto risco para reestenose intra-stent.</p>
    <p>De modo geral, esses estudos n&#227;o relataram, de maneira inequ&#237;voca, se o uso rotineiro do USIC no implante de stent era capaz de reduzir as taxas de reestenose intra-stent.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados est&#227;o provavelmente relacionados a fatores observados, nesses estudos, tais como o papel da insufla&#231;&#227;o com alta - press&#227;o para prevenir uma expans&#227;o n&#227;o adequada do stent (o que se relaciona com a reestenose), que foi progressivamente incorporado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, reduzindo, assim, o potencial benef&#237;cio do USIC.</p>
    <p>Os stents farmacol&#243;gicos s&#227;o superiores &#224;queles n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s taxas de reestenose e subsequentes procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o<sup>8,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar dessas vantagens, a reestenose n&#227;o foi abolida, e as taxas de RLA alcan&#231;am 10% em dois anos de evolu&#231;&#227;o<sup>19</sup>. O aumento do uso dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos em pacientes mais graves e com les&#245;es complexas acarretou um significante aumento das taxas de reestenose, maior do que aquele observado nos estudos randomizados<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em virtude dos resultados encorajadores, observados com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastias guiadas pelo USIC com os stents n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos, estudos foram desenvolvidos para avaliarem o seu papel nas angioplastias, utilizando os stents farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
    <p>A n&#227;o expans&#227;o adequada do stent tem sido relatada como o mecanismo predominante na reestenose dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos. Com a supress&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o miointimal, alcan&#231;ada com os stents farmacol&#243;gicos, a n&#227;o expans&#227;o adequada do stent passou a ser o principal mecanismo na ocorr&#234;ncia da reestenose<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em um estudo com 499 pacientes (543 les&#245;es), acompanhados por seis meses, com controle angiogr&#225;fico ap&#243;s o implante de stents farmacol&#243;gicos, a &#225;rea m&#237;nima do stent p&#243;s-procedimento e o comprimento do stent ao USIC foram os fatores preditores para reestenose dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os pontos de corte que determinaram reestenoses foram: uma &#225;rea m&#237;nima do stent de 5,5mm e um comprimento de 40 mm. Resultado semelhante foi observado em estudo que utilizou o USIC no implante de stents farmacol&#243;gicos e avaliou 33 les&#245;es com 26 reestenoses intra-stents, encontrando uma &#225;rea m&#237;nima do stent de 5,0mm em 67% dos casos de reestenose<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em outro estudo, utilizando o USIC para implante de stents farmacol&#243;gicos, 82% dos casos de reestenoses apresentavam uma &#225;rea m&#237;nima p&#243;s-procedimento menor que 5 mm, sendo tamb&#233;m observadas &#225;reas transversais menores que 3 e 4 mm<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estes estudos sugerem uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre uma &#225;rea m&#237;nima transversal do stent e a ocorr&#234;ncia de reestenose. Ademais, quanto maior a &#225;rea m&#237;nima transversal p&#243;s-procedimento menor a sua ocorr&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>A n&#227;o cobertura adequada da les&#227;o pode tamb&#233;m contribuir para a reestenose dos stents farmacol&#243;gicos. Em um subestudo do SIRIUS, as bordas de 167 stents foram estudadas, sendo identificadas dezoito estenoses de bordas em um acompanhamento angiogr&#225;fico de oito meses, sugerindo que uma inadequada cobertura da placa pode determinar estenose da borda do stent, que poderia ser evitada com o uso do USIC<sup>26</sup>.</p>
    <p>O resultado desta metan&#225;lise &#233; concordante com metan&#225;lise realizada por Casella e cols.<sup>27</sup>, que detectaram redu&#231;&#227;o significante de 19% no desfecho reestenose angiogr&#225;fica.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em sete estudos<sup>6,7,14-18</sup>, sendo observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de 27% na necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o no grupo USIC, quando analisadas conjuntamente revasculariza&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas ou por angioplastia.</p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o foi significantemente menor no grupo com angioplastia guiada pelo USIC, em cinco destes estudos. Esta redu&#231;&#227;o variou de 60%<sup>7</sup> a 32%<sup>16</sup>, e manteve-se quando focadas apenas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es com angioplastias; j&#225; no grupo de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es com cirurgias houve menor n&#250;mero de procedimentos no grupo USIC, por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho de nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, entre os v&#225;rios estudos, apresenta algumas dificuldades:</p>
    <p>1&#170;. Precisa ser expresso quanto ao vaso que foi revascularizado e n&#227;o a outro vaso obstru&#237;do;</p>
    <p>2&#170;. Distinguir revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>Isso acontece com a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o porque alguns estudos mostram resultados nos quais a diminui&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es &#233; altamente significante sem especificar se percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica e em que art&#233;ria foi realizada.</p>
    <p>Considerou-se revasculariza&#231;&#227;o como requerimento cl&#237;nico ou de procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o: quer cir&#250;rgico, quer por angioplastia. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel analisar os desfechos pela terminologia RLA e RVA, pois as defini&#231;&#245;es variaram entre os estudos. Assim, optou-se por uma an&#225;lise mais gen&#233;rica, especificada por tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o/procedimento.</p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo est&#227;o de acordo com aqueles encontrados em outra metan&#225;lise<sup>27</sup>, a qual assinalou redu&#231;&#227;o significante pertinente &#224; necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o no grupo com angioplastia guiada pelo USIC, principalmente redu&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#245;es por angioplastias.</p>
    <p>Houve redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significante dos desfechos: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, ECVM e trombose de stent no grupo com angioplastias guiadas pelo USIC.</p>
    <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de ECVM &#233; vari&#225;vel de estudo a estudo, por&#233;m na maioria dos trabalhos &#233; uma combina&#231;&#227;o de morte, infarto n&#227;o fatal e RVA. Alguns estudos, todavia, incluem ainda: nova revasculariza&#231;&#227;o por angioplastia ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e trombose subaguda do stent.</p>
    <p>Metan&#225;lise recente<sup>27 </sup>revelou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de ECVM (18,7% <italic>vs</italic>. 15%; p &lt; 0,03) a favor do grupo USIC. Esta diferen&#231;a decorreu principalmente em virtude da redu&#231;&#227;o de RVA, observada no grupo USIC.</p>
    <p>Esses resultados est&#227;o de acordo com os encontrados no estudo em foco, no qual se detectou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 14% de ECVM no grupo USIC. Ainda que n&#227;o se tenha determinado especificamente as taxas de RVA, a redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de novas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es, tanto por angioplastias quanto por revasculariza&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas, na ordem de 27%, no grupo USIC, contribuiu para esta redu&#231;&#227;o do ECVM.</p>
    <p>Dois estudos<sup>15,16</sup> avaliaram o desfecho trombose do stent com redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significante de 10% favor&#225;vel ao grupo USIC. Esse resultado vai ao encontro daqueles de Casella e cols.<sup>27</sup>, que observou redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significante de 12% de trombose subaguda no grupo USIC. A trombose subaguda do stent foi uma limita&#231;&#227;o inicial no implante de stents, com uma incid&#234;ncia de 10-15%<sup>28,29</sup>. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o antiplaquet&#225;ria e a libera&#231;&#227;o do stent com altas press&#245;es reduziram a taxa de eventos tromb&#243;ticos p&#243;s-angioplastia para n&#237;veis de 0,9%<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>O primeiro estudo utilizando USIC para avaliar trombose subaguda do stent observou que a menor dimens&#227;o do l&#250;men e a dissec&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-procedimento foram preditores independentes para este desfecho, em an&#225;lise uni e multivariada, respectivamente<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um registro multic&#234;ntrico foi realizado para avaliar o papel do USIC em predizer trombose do stent, quando comparado &#224; angiografia. Este estudo incluiu pacientes que apresentaram trombose do stent ap&#243;s angioplastias guiadas pelo USIC.</p>
    <p>Ao menos um achado anormal observado pelo USIC (mau posicionamento do stent, dissec&#231;&#227;o, trombo ou expans&#227;o n&#227;o adequada) esteve presente em 94% dos 53 pacientes estudados. Altera&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas estiveram presentes em apenas 32% dos pacientes. Esses achados sugeriram que o uso do USIC era superior &#224; angiografia durante a angioplastia com implante de stents<sup>32</sup>. No entanto, n&#227;o foi realizado nenhum estudo avaliando se o uso rotineiro do USIC diminuiria as taxas de trombose do stent.</p>
    <p>Em recente registro, avaliando pacientes submetidos &#224; angioplastia com implante de stents farmacol&#243;gicos, foram comparados os pacientes que realizaram angioplastias guiadas pelo USIC com aqueles guiados pela ANGIO. Houve uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o na trombose subaguda (0,5% <italic>vs.</italic> 1,4%; p &lt; 0,045), bem como ao final de doze meses de acompanhamento (0,7% <italic>vs.</italic> 2%; p &lt; 0,014), no grupo que utilizou o USIC<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem poucos estudos avaliando os achados do USIC em pacientes com trombose tardia do stent. Os mecanismos para trombose tardia dos stents s&#227;o multifatoriais e os achados observados durante o procedimento n&#227;o se correlacionam com os eventos tardios. Estudo caso-controle observou uma grande preval&#234;ncia do mau posicionamento do stent em pacientes apresentando trombose tardia (&gt;12 meses)<sup>33</sup>.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de aposi&#231;&#227;o incompleta do stent foi de 77% na trombose tardia e de 12% no grupo-controle (p &lt; 0,001). Ainda que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre mau posicionamento do stent e trombose tardia permane&#231;a controversa, o uso do USIC durante a angioplastia pode evitar o mau posicionamento do stent, o que reduziria a trombose tardia do stent.</p>
    <p>Os nossos dados est&#227;o de acordo com duas metan&#225;lises recentes. Aquela realizada por Parise e cols.<sup>34</sup>, com resultados semelhantes, diferindo apenas no benef&#237;cio observado no uso do USIC na redu&#231;&#227;o dos casos de ECVM (OR 0,72, IC 95%: 0,52 - 0,99), que n&#227;o foi apresentado na presente an&#225;lise. Quanto &#224; metan&#225;lise realizada por Sbruzzi e cols.<sup>35</sup>, os resultados deste estudo s&#227;o semelhantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do USIC na realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastias, quando comparada com angioplastias guiadas por ANGIO quantitativa, reduz com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica a necessidade de novas revasculariza&#231;&#245;es e reestenose angiogr&#225;fica.</p>
    <p>A sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se associa &#224; diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa nos desfechos mortalidade, trombose, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e ECVM, quando comparado a angioplastias com implante de stents realizados sem a sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o se evidenciaram vantagens cl&#237;nicas claras da utiliza&#231;&#227;o rotineira do USIC para guiar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastias com implante de stents.</p>
    <p>Para a confirma&#231;&#227;o definitiva dos dados apresentados, torna-se necess&#225;ria a realiza&#231;&#227;o de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados no novo cen&#225;rio de stents farmacol&#243;gicos e o uso de potentes estrat&#233;gias de antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o de stents.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Figueiredo Neto JA, Nogueira IAL, Berwanger O; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Figueiredo Neto JA, Nogueira IAL, Figueiro MF, Buehler AM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Figueiro MF, Buehler AM, Berwanger O; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Figueiredo Neto JA, Nogueira IAL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Figueiredo Neto J&#193;; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Figueiredo Neto JA, Figueiro MF, Buehler AM, Berwanger O.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por MCT, CNPq, CT-Sa&#250;de, SCT1E e DECIT.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jos&#233; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto </p>
        <p> Rua Rui Ribeiro Mesquita, Ed. Dom Gabriel, Apto 402, Calhau </p>
        <p> CEP 65075-260, S&#227;o Luiz, MA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="jafneto@cardiol.br">jafneto@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jafneto@terra.com.br">jafneto@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 28/10/12; revisado em 24/11/12; aceito em 06/03/13.</p>
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              <surname>Berwanger</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Plentz</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Angioplasty guided by intravascular ultrasound: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The impact of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) use on stenting has shown inconclusive results. OBJECTIVE: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of IVUS on stenting regarding the clinical and angiographic evolution. METHODS: A search was performed in Medline/Pubmed, CENTRAL, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus and Web of Science databases. It included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that evaluated the implantation of stents guided by IVUS, compared with those using angiography alone (ANGIO). The minimum follow-up duration was six months and the following outcomes were assessed: thrombosis, mortality, myocardial infarction, percutaneous and surgical revascularization, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and restenosis. The binary outcomes were presented considering the number of events in each group; the estimates were generated by a random effects model, considering Mantel-Haenszel statistics as weighting agent and magnitude of effect for the relative risk (RR) with its respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Higgins I&#178; test was used to quantify the consistency between the results of each study. RESULTS: A total of 2,689 articles were evaluated, including 8 RCTs. There was a 27% reduction in angiographic restenosis (RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54-0.97, I&#178; = 51%) and statistically significant reduction in the rates of percutaneous revascularization and overall (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.51 to 1.53, I&#178; = 61%, RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.99, I&#178; = 55%), with no statistical difference in surgical revascularization (RR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.52-1.74, I&#178; = 0%) in favor of IVUS vs. ANGIO. There were no differences regarding the other outcomes in the comparison between the two strategies. CONCLUSION: Angioplasty with stenting guided by IVUS decreases the rates of restenosis and revascularization, with no impact on MACE, acute myocardial infarction, mortality or thrombosis outcomes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Angioplasty guided by intravascular ultrasound: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de Figueiredo Neto<sup>I</sup>; Iara Antonia Lustosa Nogueira<sup>I</sup>; Mabel Fernandes Figueiro<sup>II</sup>; Anna Maria Buehler<sup>II</sup>; Otavio Berwanger<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o, S&#227;o Luiz, MA</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The impact of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) use on stenting has shown inconclusive results.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of IVUS on stenting regarding the clinical and angiographic evolution.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A search was performed in Medline/Pubmed, CENTRAL, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus and Web of Science databases. It included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) that evaluated the implantation of stents guided by IVUS, compared with those using angiography alone (ANGIO). The minimum follow-up duration was six months and the following outcomes were assessed: thrombosis, mortality, myocardial infarction, percutaneous and surgical revascularization, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and restenosis. The binary outcomes were presented considering the number of events in each group; the estimates were generated by a random effects model, considering Mantel-Haenszel statistics as weighting agent and magnitude of effect for the relative risk (RR) with its respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI). Higgins I<sup>2</sup> test was used to quantify the consistency between the results of each study.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 2,689 articles were evaluated, including 8 RCTs. There was a 27% reduction in angiographic restenosis (RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54-0.97, I<sup>2</sup> = 51%) and statistically significant reduction in the rates of percutaneous revascularization and overall (RR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.51 to 1.53, I<sup>2</sup> = 61%, RR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.99, I<sup>2</sup> = 55%), with no statistical difference in surgical revascularization (RR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.52-1.74, I<sup>2</sup> = 0%) in favor of IVUS vs. ANGIO. There were no differences regarding the other outcomes in the comparison between the two strategies.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Angioplasty with stenting guided by IVUS decreases the rates of restenosis and revascularization, with no impact on MACE, acute myocardial infarction, mortality or thrombosis outcomes.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart Failure; Angioplasty; Coronary Artery Disease /ultrasonography; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Meta-Analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is an invasive access technique that allows the dynamic acquisition of tomographic imaging, <italic>in vivo</italic>, of the vascular lumen and wall, being considered one of the best invasive imaging methods for the analysis of characteristics (qualitative and quantitative) of coronary atherosclerosis<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In theory, the use of IVUS could improve the long-term results of angioplasty with stent implantation. These better results derive from at least three factors: the confirmation that there is no significant residual stenosis or that artery dissection did not occur; definite identification and removal of the calcified plaque that limits stent expansion; visualization of an optimal luminal gain.</p>
      <p>Studies that evaluated the potential benefit of percutaneous procedures guided by IVUS, when compared with those that used only angiography (ANGIO) in reducing restenosis, were inconclusive in demonstrating greater efficacy<sup>3-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>In addition, more recent data suggests that the use of IVUS can prevent thrombosis of drug-eluting stents<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Performing percutaneous interventions for the implantation of drug-eluting stents guided by IVUS, which allow the identification and subsequent treatment of risk factors for in-stent restenosis, as well as for early thrombosis, remains a controversial issue when compared to the performance of percutaneous interventions guided by ANGIO.</p>
      <p>In the last decade, several randomized studies investigated the routine use of IVUS in stent implantation; however, the results have been inconclusive<sup>3-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, we evaluated the impact of the routine use of IVUS in stenting through a systematic review with meta-analysis, regarding the clinical and angiographic evolution.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study followed the guidelines for performing systematic reviews proposed by the Cochrane Collaboration, as well as other recommendations for systematic reviews<sup>11-13</sup>.</p>
      <p>We focused on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared coronary angioplasties with stenting using IVUS, with angioplasties guided by angiography only (ANGIO), with a follow-up period of at least six months.</p>
      <p>The following outcomes were assessed: thrombosis, mortality, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), percutaneous and surgical revascularization, restenosis and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), according to the definition of each study. Despite minor variations on the definition of MACE, most studies defined them as the combined endpoint of mortality (AMI) and the need for any other revascularization procedure during follow-up. Whenever possible, and when reported by the studies, clinical outcomes that comprised the combined endpoint were evaluated individually.</p>
      <p>Article search was carried out comprehensively in the following electronic databases: Medline /Pubmed, CENTRAL, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus and Web of Science. There was no language restriction and the databases were searched from the date of availability up to November 2010. Previous reviews were consulted for identification and possible addition of other relevant studies.</p>
      <p>The strategies were designed, whenever possible, using the controlled vocabulary of subject key words (Mesh /Medline, Emtree /Embase and DeCs /BVS). In addition, we used Word text words, synonyms and syntaxes combined with the Boolean operators "OR" for addition and "AND" for list of terms. The subject key words of the MESH /Medline strategy were sensitized by the addition of the "entry terms".</p>
      <p>The main terms used in the search were: "Ultrasonography", "Ultrasonography, Interventional", "Coronary Artery Disease", "Angioplasty", "Coronary Angiography", "Coronary Angiography, transluminal percutaneous" and their equivalent in Portuguese language.</p>
      <p>The filter used for the identification of randomized clinical trials only was prepared by Cochrane, with high sensitivity.</p>
      <p>The sum of the database article search totaled 2,689 articles. Initially, 518 references were excluded, as they were in duplicate. The remaining 2,171 references had their eligibility confirmed by reading titles and abstracts (when available).</p>
      <p>Two independent reviewers performed the selection. Articles suggestive of inclusion or that did not have an Abstract, but had suggestive titles, went to the next step of eligibility assessment through full-text reading.</p>
      <p>At this phase, 57 articles had their eligibility assessed by reading the article in full-text form and guided by a standardized clinical record. When articles were excluded, the reasons for exclusion were recorded. Eight articles were selected for data extraction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5234fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5234fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed in two steps using the Metaview module of the Review Manager software program (RevMan 2000), created by Cochrane Collaboration<sup>11</sup>. At the first step, the descriptive analysis of baseline characteristics of patients was performed, as well as definitions of outcomes and interventions used. The binary outcomes were obtained considering the number of events in each group. For binary outcomes, the estimates were generated by a random effects model, considering Mantel-Haenszel statistics as weighting agent and the magnitude of effect for the relative risk (RR) with its respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI).</p>
      <p>To quantify the consistency between the results of each study, we used the test of inconsistency (I2) of Higgins.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of the study quality involved an adequate random allocation sequence, blinding of investigators, blinding of participants, blinding of outcomes and use of intention-to-treat analysis.</p>
      <p>The results were reported as "yes" "no", "unclear" and "not reported" and a qualitative assessment of the table generated by this information was performed. The quality of evidence generated by the meta-analysis for each outcome was assessed using the program GRADE profiler release 3.2.</p>
      <p>For each outcome, the quality of evidence was evaluated by observing five aspects: (1) limitation of the study design; (2) consistency of results; (3) direct evidence; (4) precision; (5) potential publication bias.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results are shown and discussed in the tables and charts of meta-analyses. The characteristics of the included studies are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5234tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5234tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The mortality outcome was assessed in all studies<sup>6,7,9,14-18</sup>. It was observed that IVUS-guided angioplasty were associated with a non-significant increase of 54% in mortality due to all causes: RR: 1.54, 95% CI: 0.85-2.78, I2 = 0 % (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5234fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The quality of evidence evaluated by Grade was moderate, due to the fact that the effect estimates varied more than 25% between studies.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5234fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Seven articles<sup>6,7,14-18</sup> assessed the AMI outcome. As not all the articles precisely defined the type of AMI, we chose in this study to describe the overall results, including those AMI with and without Q-wave. The performance of IVUS-guided angioplasty was associated with a nonsignificant reduction of 27% in AMI (RR: 0.73; 95%CI: 0.43-1.16; I2=12%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5234fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5234fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The quality of evidence evaluated by Grade was low because the effect estimates varied more than 25% between studies and the study with the highest weight in the meta-analysis showed an opposite trend of effects, when compared to the other included studies, therefore generating inconsistency.</p>
      <p>It was not possible to analyze the outcomes using target-lesion revascularization (TLR) and target-vessel revascularization (TVR) terminology, because definitions varied between studies. Furthermore, some studies indicated results in which the decrease in the number of revascularizations was highly significant, but without specifying whether the revascularization was surgical or percutaneous, as well as in which artery it was performed. Thus, we chose a more generic analysis, specified by type of intervention/procedure. Revascularization procedure was considered as the outcome, either surgical or by angioplasty.</p>
      <p>There was a statistically significant reduction of 27% in the number of revascularizations in angioplasty guided by IVUS group (RR: 0.73, 95%CI: 0.54-0.99, I2 = 55%). There was also a non-significant reduction of revascularizations by angioplasty in the IVUS group (RR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.51-1.53, I2 = 61% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5234fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5234fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The quality of evidence evaluated by Grade was moderate because the confidence intervals did not completely overlap between studies.</p>
      <p>MACE were reported in seven studies<sup>6,7,14-18</sup>, with the AVID study also including the clinical outcome of stent thrombosis, which was not included in the others.</p>
      <p>There was a non-significant reduction in MACE of 14% in the group with IVUS-guided angioplasty (RR: 0.86, 95%CI: 0.70-1.07, I2 = 55%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5234fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5234fig05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The quality of evidence evaluated by Grade was moderate because the confidence intervals did not completely overlap between studies.</p>
      <p>Two studies<sup>15,16 </sup>reported the thrombosis outcome. IVUS-guided angioplasty was associated with a nonsignificant reduction of 10% in cases of thrombosis (RR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.37-2.22, I2 = 0%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5234fig06-body2">Figure 6</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5234fig06-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf06-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The quality of evidence evaluated by Grade was low because the two studies that reported this outcome showed opposite trends of effect measurement and only two studies reported data for this outcome.</p>
      <p>Six studies<sup>6,7,9,14,17,18</sup> reported the angiographic restenosis outcome. We detected a nonsignificant reduction of 27% in angiographic restenosis in the group with IVUS-guided angioplasty (RR: 0.73, 95%CI: 0.54-0.97, I2 = 51%) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5234fig07-body2">Figure 7</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5234fig07-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-02-0106-30131-gf07-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This meta-analysis demonstrated that angioplasty with stenting guided by IVUS, when compared with those without IVUS, are associated with a significant reduction in the need for new revascularizations and occurrence of angiographic restenosis, also showing a nonsignificant reduction in MACE, myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis outcomes. However, they were associated with a non-significant increase in mortality from all causes.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of the restenosis outcome was performed in six studies<sup>6,7,9,14,17,18</sup>. The occurrence of angiographic restenosis was lower in the group with IVUS-guided angioplasty in five of these studies. The reduction in restenosis ranged from 64%<sup>18</sup> to 18%<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Suboptimal stent expansion resulted in reduced cross-sectional stent area observed at IVUS, being one of the most important predictors of restenosis after bare-metal stent implantation<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Considering these findings, several studies have assessed whether the routine use of IVUS during stent implantation would result in clinical benefit, thus leading to the reduction of in-stent restenosis rate.</p>
      <p>The first of these studies was a multicenter study that compared angioplasty guided by IVUS or ANGIO. The benefit of using IVUS was observed in the early phase of the study, when the group that used IVUS had a higher post-dilatation when using larger balloons (restenosis at six months was 9.2% vs. 22%, p = 0.04). However, there was no difference in angiographic restenosis at six months, in the late phase of the study, when an approach with lower post-dilation was used due to the changes in the definition of optimal stent expansion (22% vs. 23.7%, p = 1.0). Despite being a non-randomized observational study, it demonstrated for the first time that stenting guided by IVUS could result in a strategy that would improve patient outcome<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Then, several small prospective studies indicated the superiority of the IVUS-guided angioplasty over angioplasty guided by ANGIO, with a reduced restenosis rate at the six-month follow-up.</p>
      <p>The RESIST (REStenosis after IVUS-guided Stenting) study was the first randomized study to investigate the impact of IVUS on the evolution of patients undergoing ANGIO. Although it analyzed only 155 patients, the study reported a tendency to a lower rate of restenosis at the six-month follow-up in the group that underwent angioplasty guided by IVUS<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>These results were also observed by Blasini et al<sup>4</sup>, who showed a significant reduction in the rate of restenosis at the six-month follow-up of patients that used IVUS (20.9% vs. 29.9%, p = 0.03), with the difference being particularly important in the group that met criteria for optimal stent release, when compared to those that did not meet these criteria (13.6% vs. 28.3%, p = 0.04)<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The OPTICUS (OPTimization with IVUS to reduce stent restenosis) study was the largest randomized study to evaluate the use of IVUS to reduce the rate of in-stent restenosis. The primary study objective was the rate of in-stent restenosis, the lowest luminal diameter and percent of stenosis at the six-month follow-up. The secondary objective was the rate of MACE at six and twelve months of follow-up. No difference was observed in any of the objectives between the two groups, suggesting the non-superiority of IVUS use in stenting<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The TULIP (The Thrombocyte activity evaluation and effects of Ultrasound guidance in Long Intracoronary stent Placement) study<sup>7</sup> randomly compared stent implantation guided by IVUS or ANGIO in long lesions (&gt; 20 mm). Benefits were observed in the IVUS-guided group, which was considered at high risk for in-stent restenosis. In general, these studies did not clearly report that the routine use of IVUS in stenting was able to reduce in-stent restenosis rates.</p>
      <p>These results are probably related to certain factors observed in these studies, such as the role of high-pressure insufflation to prevent inadequate stent expansion (which is related to restenosis), which was gradually incorporated into clinical practice, thus reducing potential IVUS benefits.</p>
      <p>Drug-eluting stents are superior to bare-metal ones regarding restenosis rates and subsequent revascularization procedures<sup>8,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite these advantages, restenosis has not been eliminated and TLR rates reach 10% within two years of evolution<sup>19</sup>. The increased use of drug-eluting stents in patients with more severe and complex lesions has resulted in a significant increase in restenosis rates, greater than that observed in randomized trials<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Given the encouraging results observed with the performance of IVUS-guided angioplasty with bare-metal stents, studies were designed to evaluate its role in angioplasties using drug-eluting stents.</p>
      <p>Inadequate stent expansion has been reported as the predominant mechanism of restenosis in drug-eluting stents. With the suppression of myointimal proliferation achieved with drug-eluting stents, inadequate stent expansion became the main mechanism in the occurrence of restenosis<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a study of 499 patients (543 lesions), followed by six months with angiographic control after drug-eluting stent implantation, the minimum stent area after the procedure and stent length at the IVUS were predictors for restenosis of DES<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>The cutoff points that determined restenosis were a minimum stent area of 5.5 mm and length of 40 mm.</p>
      <p>Similar results were observed in a study that used IVUS for DES implantation and assessed 33 lesions with 26 intra-stent restenosis, showing a minimum stent area of 5.0 mm in 67% of restenosis cases<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>In another study that used IVUS for DES implantation, 82% of restenosis cases showed a minimum post-procedural area &lt; 5 mm, also showing cross-sectional areas &lt; 3 and 4 mm<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>These studies suggest an association between a minimum cross-sectional stent area and occurrence of restenosis. Moreover, the higher the minimum cross-sectional area after the procedure, the lower the occurrence of restenosis.</p>
      <p>The lack of adequate lesion coverage may also contribute to restenosis of drug-eluting stents. In a substudy of the SIRIUS study, the edges of 167 stents were studied, and 18 edge stenoses were identified during an eight-month angiographic follow-up, suggesting that inadequate plaque coverage may determine stent edge stenosis, which could be prevented by using IVUS<sup>26</sup>.</p>
      <p>The result of this meta-analysis is consistent with a meta-analysis performed by Casella et al<sup>27</sup>, who detected a significant reduction of 19% in the angiographic restenosis outcome.</p>
      <p>The revascularization outcome evaluation was performed in seven studies<sup>6,7,14-18</sup>, and showed a significant reduction of 27% in the need for revascularization in the IVUS group, when analyzing together angioplasty or surgical revascularization.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of revascularization was significantly lower in the group with IVUS-guided angioplasty in five of these studies. This reduction ranged from 60%<sup>7</sup> to 32%<sup>16</sup>, and remained when considering only revascularizations with angioplasty, whereas in the surgical revascularization group there were fewer procedures in the IVUS group, but without statistical significance.</p>
      <p>The evaluation of the new revascularization outcome among several studies shows some difficulties:</p>
      <p>1<sup>st</sup>. It must to be expressed regarding the vessel that was revascularized and not another blocked vessel;</p>
      <p>2<sup>nd</sup>. It is necessary to differentiate between percutaneous and surgical revascularization.</p>
      <p>This occurs with revascularization because some studies show results in which the decrease in the number of revascularizations is highly significant, without specifying whether it is percutaneous or surgical and in which artery it was performed.</p>
      <p>Revascularization was considered as clinical necessity or need for revascularization procedure, either surgical or by angioplasty. It was not possible to analyze outcomes using the TLR and TVR terminology, because definitions varied between studies. Thus, a more generic analysis was chose, specified by type of intervention /procedure.</p>
      <p>The results of this study are consistent with those found in another meta-analysis<sup>27</sup>, which showed a significant reduction relevant to the need for revascularization in the group with IVUS-guided angioplasty, mainly the reduction of revascularizations by angioplasty.</p>
      <p>There was a non-significant decrease of the outcomes: myocardial infarction, MACE and stent thrombosis in the group with IVUS-guided angioplasty.</p>
      <p>The definition of MACE varies from study to study, but in most of them it is a combination of death, nonfatal AMI, and TVR. Some studies, however, include new revascularization by angioplasty or surgical revascularization and subacute stent thrombosis.</p>
      <p>A recent meta-analysis<sup>27 </sup>showed a significant reduction in MACE (18.7% vs. 15%, p &lt; 0.03) in favor of the group submitted to IVUS. This difference was primarily due to the reduction of in TVR observed in the IVUS group.</p>
      <p>These results are consistent with those found in the present study, which detected a 14% MACE reduction in the IVUS group. Although TVR rates were not specifically determined, a significant decrease in new revascularizations, both by angioplasty and surgical revascularizations, of 27% in the IVUS group, contributed to this reduction in MACE.</p>
      <p>Two studies<sup>15,16 </sup>evaluated the outcome of stent thrombosis with nonsignificant reduction of 10% in favor of the IVUS group. This result is consistent with those of Casella et al<sup>27</sup>, who observed nonsignificant reduction of 12% of subacute thrombosis in the IVUS group. The subacute stent thrombosis was an initial limitation to stent implantation, with an incidence of 10-15%<sup>28,29</sup>. The use of dual antiplatelet therapy and high-pressure stent implantation reduced the rate of thrombotic events after angioplasty to 0.9 %<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>The first study using IVUS to evaluate subacute stent thrombosis observed that a smaller lumen and post-procedure dissection were independent predictors for this outcome in univariate and multivariate analysis, respectively<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>A multicenter registry was performed to evaluate the role of IVUS in predicting stent thrombosis when compared to angiography. This study included patients who had stent thrombosis after angioplasty guided by IVUS.</p>
      <p>At least one abnormal finding observed by IVUS (bad stent placement, dissection, thrombus or inadequate expansion) was present in 94% of 53 patients studied. Angiographic changes were present in only 32% of patients. These findings suggest that the use of IVUS was superior to angiography during angioplasty with implantation of stents<sup>32</sup>. However, there has been no study evaluating whether the routine use of IVUS decreases the rates of stent thrombosis.</p>
      <p>In a recent registry, when evaluating patients undergoing angioplasty with implantation of drug-eluting stents, patients who underwent IVUS-guided angioplasty were compared with those guided by ANGIO. There was a significant reduction in sub-acute thrombosis (0.5% vs. 1.4%, p &lt; 0.045), as well as at the end of the twelve-month follow-up (0.7% vs. 2%, p &lt; 0.014) in the group that used IVUS<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>There have been few studies evaluating IVUS findings in patients with late stent thrombosis. The late stent thrombosis mechanisms are multifactorial and the findings observed during the procedure do not correlate with late events. A case-control study showed a high prevalence of bad stent placement in patients with late thrombosis (&gt; 12 months)<sup>33</sup>.</p>
      <p>The incidence of incomplete stent apposition was 77% in late thrombosis and 12% in the control group (p &lt; 0.001). Although the association between bad stent placement and late thrombosis remains controversial, the use of IVUS during angioplasty may prevent bad stent placement, which would reduce late stent thrombosis.</p>
      <p>Our data are consistent with two recent meta-analyses: the one performed by Parise et al<sup>34</sup>, with similar results, differing only regarding the benefit observed in the use of IVUS in reducing the incidence of MACE (OR 0.72, 95% CI: 0.52-0.99), which was not demonstrated in this analysis. As for the meta-analysis performed by Sbruzzi et al<sup>35</sup>, the results of this study are similar.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The use of IVUS when performing angioplasty compared with angioplasty guided by quantitative ANGIO, shows a statistically significant decrease in the need for new revascularization and angiographic restenosis.</p>
      <p>Its use is not associated with a statistically significant difference in mortality, thrombosis, myocardial infarction and MACE outcomes when compared to angioplasty with stenting performed without IVUS.</p>
      <p>There were no clear clinical benefits regarding the routine use of IVUS to guide the performance of angioplasties with stent implantation.</p>
      <p>The definitive confirmation of the data presented here requires the performance of randomized clinical trials in a new scenario of drug-eluting stents and use of potent antiplatelet strategies after stenting.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Figueiredo Neto JA, Nogueira IAL, Berwanger O; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Figueiredo Neto JA, Nogueira IAL, Figueiro MF, Buehler AM; Statistical analysis: Figueiro MF, Buehler AM, Berwanger O; Obtaining funding: Figueiredo Neto JA, Nogueira IAL; Writing of the manuscript: Figueiredo Neto JA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Figueiredo Neto JA, Figueiro MF, Buehler AM, Berwanger O.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by MCT, CNPq, CT-Sa&#250;de, SCT1E and DECIT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
