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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">bgGPMX67VzYPrHRSQQhtTHx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002800001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100200001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130152</article-id>
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        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
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      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Epidemiologia cardiovascular: o legado de s&#243;lidos estudos nacionais e internacionais</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fuchs</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biolo</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>98</fpage>
      <lpage>100</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Epidemiologia cardiovascular: o legado de s&#243;lidos estudos nacionais e internacionais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sandra C. Fuchs<sup>I,II</sup>; Andreia Biolo<sup>I</sup>; Carisi A. Polanczyk<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de (IATS/CNPq), Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / epidemiologia, Armazenamento e Recupera&#231;&#227;o da Informa&#231;&#227;o / utiliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A express&#227;o "epidemiologia cardiovascular" tem sido muito usada em estudos observacionais que avaliam os fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Inclui, no entanto, pesquisa em biologia, comportamento, tratamento e preven&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Al&#233;m de explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre riscos de condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de e estados de doen&#231;a que n&#227;o podem ser testados em estudos experimentais, a epidemiologia fornece arsenal metodol&#243;gico para determinar rela&#231;&#245;es de causa e efeito, estabelecendo a base para a preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Grandes estudos de coorte forneceram informa&#231;&#227;o sobre a etiologia e a preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a cardiovascular, constituindo grande parte do atual conhecimento m&#233;dico. O t&#227;o conhecido <italic>Framingham Heart Study</italic> acha-se entre os estudos de coorte pioneiros<sup>1</sup>. Esse estudo foi realizado em Framingham, uma cidade de 28 mil habitantes localizada cerca de 33 km a oeste de Boston. O estudo arrolou 6 mil norte-americanos de classe m&#233;dia, entre 30 e 59 anos de idade, a maioria de cor branca, acompanhados por 20 anos. Aquele estudo investigou fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e cardiovascular, tendo sido exemplarmente planejado, conduzido e analisado, estabelecendo a base de grande parte do conhecimento sobre causa&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a cardiovascular. In&#250;meros estudos foram inspirados na experi&#234;ncia desenvolvida em Framingham, expandido a base te&#243;rica da epidemiologia de v&#225;rios fatores de risco e doen&#231;as. O estudo <italic>Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities</italic> (ARIC) investigou a etiologia da aterosclerose e seus desfechos cl&#237;nicos, e a varia&#231;&#227;o dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e doen&#231;a por ra&#231;a, sexo, lugar e tempo. Diferentemente do estudo <italic>Framingham</italic>, o ARIC foi conduzido em tr&#234;s comunidades com diversidade &#233;tnica - Forsyth County, na Carolina do Norte, em sub&#250;rbios de Minneapolis, em Minnesota, e em Washington County, em Maryland - e em uma comunidade negra - em Jackson, no Mississippi. Arrolou 4 mil adultos, com idade variando de 45 anos a 64 anos, de cada comunidade, os quais foram examinados duas vezes, com um intervalo de tr&#234;s anos<sup>2</sup>. Esse estudo inovou ao utilizar extensa avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial bioqu&#237;mica e ultrassom de car&#243;tida e art&#233;rias popl&#237;teas<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os estudos <italic>Nurses' Health Study</italic> (NHS)<sup>4</sup> e <italic>Health Professionals Follow-up Study</italic> (HPFS), realizados pela Universidade Harvard, em Boston, Massachusetts, come&#231;ou abordando quest&#245;es restritas a grupos profissionais de mulheres e homens. O estudo NHS foi planejado para investigar as consequ&#234;ncias a longo prazo do uso de contraceptivos orais em um grupo de mulheres altamente cooperativas e motivadas, as enfermeiras norte-americanas, com idades variando entre 30 e 55 anos, em 1976. Tais mulheres viviam em 11 estados mais populosos dos EUA - Calif&#243;rnia, Connecticut, Fl&#243;rida, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nova Jersey, Nova York, Ohio, Pensilv&#226;nia e Texas. Das 170 mil enfermeiras que foram contatadas por correio, cerca de 122 mil responderam ao question&#225;rio de base, sendo que, a cada dois anos, os membros receberam um question&#225;rio de acompanhamento com perguntas sobre doen&#231;as e condi&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; sa&#250;de, tais como tabagismo, uso de horm&#244;nios e menopausa. Em seguimentos subsequentes, dados sobre dieta e nutri&#231;&#227;o foram coletados. Os estudos subsequentes <italic>Nurses' Health Study II </italic>e <italic>III</italic> avaliaram enfermeiras mais jovens, tendo expandido a investiga&#231;&#227;o para outras quest&#245;es<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo <italic>Health Professionals Follow-up Study</italic> arrolou 51.529 homens, a maioria dentistas e veterin&#225;rios, mas tamb&#233;m farmac&#234;uticos, optometristas, m&#233;dicos osteopatas e podiatras, incluindo uma pequena amostra de afro-americanos e americanos descendentes de asi&#225;ticos. O objetivo era investigar fatores nutricionais em homens com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de c&#226;ncer, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e outras doen&#231;as vasculares. A coleta de dados foi feita atrav&#233;s de question&#225;rios auto-preenchidos com perguntas sobre doen&#231;as, consumo de &#225;lcool, t&#243;picos relacionados &#224; sa&#250;de, como tabagismo, atividade f&#237;sica e uso de medicamentos, preenchidos a cada dois anos, sendo a informa&#231;&#227;o diet&#233;tica coletada a cada quatro anos<sup>6</sup>. Os estudos comentados anteriormente deram origem a mais de 7.700 publica&#231;&#245;es e in&#250;meras cita&#231;&#245;es, que constituem a base do atual conhecimento sobre doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Esses grandes estudos de coorte constituem alguns poucos exemplos de estudos muito caros, que exigiram longos acompanhamentos, tendo sido financiados pelo governo norte-americano. No Brasil, os estudos pioneiros foram totalmente financiados por ag&#234;ncias internacionais, como a coorte de nascimento de Pelotas, que arrolou mais de 5 mil rec&#233;m-nascidos e suas fam&#237;lias h&#225; cerca de 30 anos. A coorte tem mostrado o desenvolvimento de fatores de risco cardiovascular ligados aos desfechos perinatais<sup>7,8</sup>. Recentemente, o governo brasileiro come&#231;ou a financiar grandes estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos e cl&#237;nicos. Al&#233;m de responder importantes perguntas sobre a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, esses estudos contribuir&#227;o para o conhecimento universal sobre a causa, a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento da doen&#231;a cardiovascular. O <italic>Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de do Adulto</italic> (ELSA) &#233; um exemplo de grande coorte conduzida em uma popula&#231;&#227;o adulta brasileira<sup>9</sup>. Ele investiga fatores de risco e progn&#243;stico de diabetes e doen&#231;a cardiovascular em uma coorte de mais de 15 mil funcion&#225;rios de universidades e hospitais afiliados. Grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m tem sido patrocinados por ag&#234;ncias brasileiras, tais como o estudo PREVER-Preven&#231;&#227;o<sup>10</sup> e PREVER-Tratamento<sup>11</sup>, e os ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados sobre tratamento com c&#233;lulas-tronco para condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas<sup>12,13</sup>. Outros estudos cl&#237;nicos est&#227;o em andamento, como o ReHot, que investiga a preval&#234;ncia e o tratamento de hipertens&#227;o resistente. </p>
    <p>Tais estudos evidenciam a experi&#234;ncia dos pesquisadores brasileiros, que foram capazes de planej&#225;-los e conduzi-los. As associa&#231;&#245;es fortes detectadas em estudos observacionais e complementares aos ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados ampliam o conhecimento sobre os determinantes, a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento da doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Al&#233;m dos benef&#237;cios cient&#237;ficos, estamos superando barreiras, aperfei&#231;oando habilidades de coordena&#231;&#227;o e condu&#231;&#227;o de grandes estudos nacionais, formando jovens investigadores e orientando alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o nas &#225;reas cl&#237;nica e em pesquisa. O legado desses estudos s&#243;lidos certamente mudar&#225; a maneira como entendemos e praticamos a cardiologia.</p>
    <p>No I Simp&#243;sio sobre Epidemiologia Cardiovascular, recentemente realizado em Porto Alegre, professores, m&#233;dicos, p&#243;s-doutores, e estudantes de Medicina vivenciaram a integra&#231;&#227;o entre a pesquisa epidemiol&#243;gica cardiovascular brasileira e a internacional. Os palestrantes brasileiros e internacionais, incluindo Paul K. Whelton (ALLHAT PI)<sup>14</sup>, Peter Libby (que investiga inflama&#231;&#227;o, chefe da divis&#227;o de Cardiologia do Brigham Women' Hospital, da Universidade Harvard)<sup>15</sup>, Thomas Lee (que investiga pol&#237;ticas e condutas em sa&#250;de da Universidade Harvard)<sup>16</sup> e Lu Chi (Universidade Harvard)<sup>17</sup>, apresentaram seus principais projetos em andamento e v&#225;rias sess&#245;es de 'estado da arte', atualizando o conhecimento sobre epidemiologia cardiovascular. Essa edi&#231;&#227;o dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> cont&#233;m um suplemento com 72 resumos apresentados no referido simp&#243;sio, exemplificando os resultados da pesquisa cl&#237;nica e epidemiol&#243;gica no Brasil. O I Simp&#243;sio foi uma homenagem ao legado do Professor Jorge Pinto Ribeiro. O Professor Jorge deixou uma enorme contribui&#231;&#227;o para a ci&#234;ncia e uma legi&#227;o de &#243;rf&#227;os acad&#234;micos, como pode ser visto por alguns dos seus &#250;ltimos artigos publicados<sup>18-28</sup>. Seu trabalho s&#243;lido e sua compet&#234;ncia ajudaram a aperfei&#231;oar a pesquisa e a pr&#225;tica da cardiologia, n&#227;o apenas localmente, mas em escala nacional. O Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) vai homenage&#225;-lo dando seu nome ao Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica. Al&#233;m disso, tr&#234;s pr&#234;mios foram institu&#237;dos com o seu nome: de Cientista destaque, aquele que deu a maior contribui&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica; de Jovem Investigador excepcional; e de Formulador de Pol&#237;ticas, que ajudou o HCPA a alcan&#231;ar seu objetivo de excel&#234;ncia em assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de e qualidade no cuidado. Esperamos que os leitores dos <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> apreciem a alta qualidade dos resumos apresentados no I Simp&#243;sio de Epidemiologia Cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Sandra C. Fuchs </p>
        <p> Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre </p>
        <p> Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica, 5&#186; andar - Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 </p>
        <p> CEP 90.035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="scfuchs@terra.com.br">scfuchs@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 27/06/13; revisado em 27/06/13; aceito em 27/06/13</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular epidemiology: the legacy of sound national and international studies</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Cardiovascular epidemiology: the legacy of sound national and international studies</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Sandra C. Fuchs<sup>I,II</sup>; Andreia Biolo<sup>I</sup>; Carisi A. Polanczyk<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia - Faculdade de Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de Tecnologias em Sa&#250;de (IATS/CNPq), Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiovascular Diseases / epidemiology, Information Storage and Retrieval / utilization.</p>
      <p>The expression "Cardiovascular Epidemiology" has been widely used in observational studies that assess risk factors for cardiovascular disease. However, it includes research in biology, behavior, treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. In addition to exploring the relationship between risks of health conditions and states of diseases that can be hardly tested in experimental studies, epidemiology provides methodological arsenal to launch cause-effect connections, establishing the basis for cardiovascular prevention. </p>
      <p> Large cohort studies have provided information on the etiology and prevention of cardiovascular disease that built a great part of the current medical knowledge. The well-known Framingham Heart Study is among the pioneer cohort studies<sup>1</sup>. This study was conducted in Framingham, a 28,000 inhabitant's town located 21 miles west of Boston. The study enrolled 6,000 medium class Americans, 30 to 59 years old, mostly white, who were followed for 20 years. The study focused on risk factors for coronary heart and cardiovascular disease. It was exemplary planned, conducted and analyzed, establishing the basis of much that we know about causation of cardiovascular disease. Countless studies were inspired by the Framingham experience, expanding the epidemiological framework of several risk factors and diseases. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study investigated the etiology of atherosclerosis and its clinical outcomes, and variation in cardiovascular risk factors, medical care, and disease by race, sex, place, and time. In a different way of the Framingham study, this cohort was conducted in three ethnically mixed communities - Forsyth County, North Carolina, and suburbs of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Washington County, Maryland - and in one black community - in Jackson, Mississippi - enrolling 4,000 adults, aged 45-64 years, from each community, who were examined twice, three years apart<sup>2</sup>. An extensive laboratory with biochemistry assessment and ultrasound scanning of carotid and popliteal arteries were innovative methods investigated in this study<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>The Nurses' Health Study (NHS)<sup>4</sup> and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS), led by Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, started addressing restricted questions among professional groups of women and men. The NHS was planned to investigate the long-term consequences of the use of oral contraceptives among a highly cooperative motivated group of women, the American registered nurses, aged 30 to 55, in 1976, who lived in the 11 most populous states of the US - California, Connecticut, Florida, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas. Approximately 122,000 nurses, out of the 170,000 mailed, responded the baseline questionnaire, and every two years members received a follow-up questionnaire with questions about diseases and health-related conditions including smoking, hormone use and menopausal status. In subsequent follow-up inquiries, diet and nutrition data were collected. The subsequent Nurses' Health Study II and III investigated younger nurses and expanded the investigation to other research questions<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>The Health Professionals Follow-up Study enrolled 51,529 men - mostly dentists and veterinarians, but also pharmacists, optometrists, osteopath physicians, and podiatrists, including a small sample of African- and Asian-Americans. The aim was to investigate men's health associated to nutritional factors over the incidence of cancer, heart disease, and other vascular diseases. The data collection was carried out using self-answered questionnaires with questions about diseases and alcohol consumption, health-related topics like smoking, physical activity, and medications taken every two years, and dietary information each four-year intervals<sup>6</sup>. The studies commented above gave origin to more than 7,700 papers and countless citations, which are the foundation for the current cardiovascular disease knowledge.</p>
      <p>These large cohort studies are a few examples of very expensive studies, which demanded long follow-up periods, supported by the American government agencies. In Brazil, pioneer studies were fully funded by international agencies, as the Pelotas birth cohort study, which enrolled more than 5,000 newborns and their families at about 30 years ago. It has shown the development of cardiovascular risk factors linked to perinatal outcomes<sup>7,8</sup>. The Brazilian government has recently started to fund large epidemiologic and clinical studies. Beside to answering relevant questions to the Brazilian population, these studies will contribute for the universal knowledge of cardiovascular disease causation, prevention and treatment. The ELSA study (<italic>Estudo Longitudinal da Saude do Adulto</italic>) is an example of a large cohort study being conducted in the adult Brazilian population<sup>9</sup>. It is investigating the risks and prognosis of diabetes and cardiovascular disease in a cohort of more 15,000 employees of universities and affiliated hospitals. Large clinical trials have been sponsored as well by Brazilian agencies, such as the PREVER Prevention<sup>10</sup> and Treatment<sup>11</sup> trials, and the Stem Cell Therapy Trials for the management of cardiac conditions<sup>12,13</sup>. Other clinical studies as the ReHot, which is investigating the prevalence and treatment of resistant hypertension, are on the way currently. </p>
      <p>These studies are evidences of the experience of Brazilian investigators, who could plan and conduct such kind of studies. The complementary strengths of observational studies and randomized clinical trials expands the knowledge of cardiovascular disease determinants, prevention, and treatment. Besides the scientific benefits, we are breaking down barriers, improving skills in coordination and conduction of large national studies, fomenting junior investigators, and mentoring clinical and research fellows. The legacy of these sound studies will certainly change the way we understand and practice cardiology.</p>
      <p>In the I Symposium of Cardiovascular Epidemiology, recently carried out in Porto Alegre, Professors, physicians, post-doctoral fellows, graduate and medical students experienced integration between the Brazilian and the international cardiovascular epidemiology research. Brazilian and international speakers, including Paul K. Whelton (ALLHAT PI)<sup>14</sup>, Peter Libby (Inflammation investigator, Chief of Cardiology Division of Brigham Women' Hospital, Harvard University)<sup>15</sup>, Thomas Lee (Health Policy and Management investigator, Harvard University)<sup>16</sup>, and Lu Chi (Harvard University)<sup>17</sup>, presented their main ongoing projects and several sessions of state of art updating the knowledge on cardiovascular epidemiology. This issue of the Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia has a supplement with 72 abstracts presented at the Symposium, examples of the products of clinical and epidemiological research in our country. Three of them were awarded: two randomized clinical trials and a cost-effectiveness analysis study (see the stars in the abstracts). The Symposium was also conducted in honor of Professor Jorge Pinto Ribeiro legacy. Professor Jorge left an enormous contribution to science and a legion of academic orphans, as can be seen by some of his last articles published<sup>18-28</sup>. His sound work and competence helped to improve research and cardiology practice, not only locally, but nationwide. Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) will honor him naming the Clinical Research Building on Professor Jorge Pinto Ribeiro behalf. In addition, three prizes were instituted on his name: for leading scientists, who made major academic contributions, an outstanding young investigator, and a policy maker, who helped the HCPA to achieve its aims in excellence of health assistance and quality of care. We hope that the Arquivo's readers enjoy the high quality of the abstracts presented at the Symposium. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
