<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="editorial">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7cXhHG3rKBCdzBp5MjMzH6b</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002700019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100100019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130137</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risco da ingesta exagerada de s&#243;dio na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de espessante para disfagia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Magalh&#227;es de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Germini</surname>
            <given-names>Michele F. Canfild</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kovacs</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Margaret N.G.F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magnoni</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda G.M.R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>e15</fpage>
      <lpage>e17</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Risco da ingesta exagerada de s&#243;dio na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de espessante para disfagia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tatiana Magalh&#227;es de Almeida; Michele F. Canfild Germini; Cristiane Kovacs; Ana Margaret N.G.F. Soares; Daniel Magnoni; Amanda G.M.R. Sousa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Transtornos de Degluti&#231;&#227;o /complica&#231;&#245;es, Ingest&#227;o de Alimentos, S&#243;dio na Dieta, Espessantes.</p>
    <p>A disfagia orofar&#237;ngea &#233; um dist&#250;rbio de degluti&#231;&#227;o decorrente de causas neurol&#243;gicas e/ou estruturais que pode ocasionar altera&#231;&#227;o da intera&#231;&#227;o social, prazer alimentar do indiv&#237;duo, desnutri&#231;&#227;o, desidrata&#231;&#227;o, quadros infecciosos pulmonares e outros de alta morbidade. Os pacientes com cardiopatias, de diferentes causas, apresentam riscos de desenvolverem disfagia orofar&#237;ngea.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes cardiopatas s&#227;o suscet&#237;veis a dist&#250;rbios neurol&#243;gicos como acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio que podem cursar com disfagia. Outros poss&#237;veis fatores de risco para a disfagia orofar&#237;ngea na popula&#231;&#227;o cardiopata s&#227;o: intuba&#231;&#227;o orotraqueal prolongada, depend&#234;ncia da ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica, presen&#231;a de c&#226;nula de traqueostomia, manipula&#231;&#227;o ou compress&#227;o de pares de nervos cranianos envolvidos no processo de degluti&#231;&#227;o, uso de medicamentos que potencializam a disfagia, al&#233;m das mudan&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas comuns nos pacientes idosos principalmente naqueles com comorbidades, podendo interferir nas diferentes fases da degluti&#231;&#227;o e contribuir para o aparecimento dos sintomas disf&#225;gicos<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O fonoaudi&#243;logo &#233; o profissional habilitado para avaliar e reabilitar a disfagia. Uma vez que a disfagia &#233; diagnosticada, deve ser tra&#231;ado um programa terap&#234;utico visando degluti&#231;&#227;o eficiente sem riscos de complica&#231;&#245;es pulmonares, nutricionais e psicol&#243;gicas.</p>
    <p>Prover uma degluti&#231;&#227;o segura para indiv&#237;duos disf&#225;gicos &#233; um desafio que pode ser facilitado com uso de recursos terap&#234;uticos como a adapta&#231;&#227;o das dietas, com mudan&#231;as na consist&#234;ncia, volume, temperatura e sabor. Essas estrat&#233;gias utilizadas pelos fonoaudi&#243;logos fazem parte da reabilita&#231;&#227;o da degluti&#231;&#227;o, pois as mesmas interferem no desempenho sens&#243;rio motor oral e no tr&#226;nsito orofar&#237;ngeo, minimizando os riscos de aspira&#231;&#227;o laringotraqueal<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mudan&#231;a na consist&#234;ncia dos alimentos &#233; uma importante ferramenta no tratamento da disfagia e deve ser modificada de acordo com o grau da disfagia, estado nutricional, aceita&#231;&#227;o alimentar e morbidade do paciente.</p>
    <p>O uso de espessante aliment&#237;cio &#233; um recurso utilizado para o espessamento de l&#237;quidos, conduta comum na pr&#225;tica fonoaudiol&#243;gica, pois a degluti&#231;&#227;o de alimentos l&#237;quidos exige maior controle oral do que outras. A chance de escape precoce do alimento &#233; um dos maiores riscos de penetra&#231;&#227;o e/ou aspira&#231;&#227;o laringotraqueal<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>De acordo com a padroniza&#231;&#227;o da National Dysphagia Diet (NDD)<sup>5</sup>, os l&#237;quidos podem ser espessados em tr&#234;s consist&#234;ncias n&#233;ctar, mel e pudim, essas s&#227;o definidas pelo fonoaudi&#243;logo de acordo com o grau da disfagia do paciente. A viscosidade dos l&#237;quidos espessados &#233; medida em centipoise (cP) e s&#227;o categorizadas segundo a NDD em: l&#237;quido fino 1-50 cP, n&#233;ctar 51-350 cP, mel 351-1750 cP e pudim superior 1750 cP.</p>
    <p>A quantidade de espessante indicada para cada consist&#234;ncia depender&#225; das diferentes marcas presentes no mercado.</p>
    <p>As equipes de sa&#250;de, mais especificamente, nutri&#231;&#227;o e m&#233;dica s&#227;o as respons&#225;veis pela dieta do paciente com objetivo de manter ou recuperar o estado nutricional. O paciente cardiopata muitas vezes necessita de restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio que deve ser feita com quantidade m&#225;xima de 5g de cloreto de s&#243;dio por dia, incluindo nesse valor toda a ingesta di&#225;ria. Os diferentes n&#237;veis de restri&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o norteados pelo diagn&#243;stico b&#225;sico, definindo a patologia, bem como, pelo momento cl&#237;nico de cada paciente. A restri&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio poder&#225; ser leve, moderada e severa, em caso de restri&#231;&#227;o moderada a ingesta dever&#225; ser de 2g sal por dia e na restri&#231;&#227;o severa sem adi&#231;&#227;o de sal, apenas com o sal intr&#237;nseco do alimento<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim, &#233; necess&#225;rio, no manuseio di&#225;rio dos pacientes, atentar-se &#224; informa&#231;&#227;o nutricional contida na dieta adaptada que ser&#225; associada ao l&#237;quido espessado, principalmente no que se refere ao paciente cardiopata.Essa normatiza&#231;&#227;o de qualidade se d&#225; pela presen&#231;a do mineral S&#243;dio na composi&#231;&#227;o dos espessantes.</p>
    <p>A quantidade de s&#243;dio presente nos espessantes n&#227;o &#233; homog&#234;nea nem padronizada, variando de acordo com as marcas dispon&#237;veis no mercado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela1</xref>).</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0e15-30137-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>O total de s&#243;dio na ingesta di&#225;ria do liquido espessado ir&#225; depender da consist&#234;ncia indicada pelo fonoaudi&#243;logo, do volume de liquido prescrito pela equipe m&#233;dica e da marca do espessante utilizada. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref> demonstra exemplos de diferentes marcas de espessante e o volume de s&#243;dio nas tr&#234;s consist&#234;ncias: n&#233;ctar, mel e pudim em uma ingesta di&#225;ria de 1.500 mL de l&#237;quidos.</p>
    <p>Apesar da quantidade de s&#243;dio di&#225;ria ingerida na oferta do l&#237;quido espessado, nas diferentes possibilidades, n&#227;o ser alta, conforme os exemplos da <xref ref-type="table" rid="a19tab02">tabela 2</xref>, esse acr&#233;scimo pode comprometer a ingesta total de S&#243;dio em restri&#231;&#245;es severas ou moderadas. Dessa forma,esse valor deve sempre ser considerado na dieta geral, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a restri&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 5g de cloreto de s&#243;dio, ou seja, 2.000 mg de s&#243;dio/dia<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a19tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0e15-30137-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; importante que o fonoaudi&#243;logo em parceria com a equipe m&#233;dica e de nutri&#231;&#227;o avalie cuidadosamente os pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quidos espessados, pensando se o valor de s&#243;dio acrescido pelo uso de espessante na dieta geral pode impactar de maneira negativa no quadro cl&#237;nico do paciente.</p>
    <p>Nos casos graves com restri&#231;&#245;es importantes da ingesta de S&#243;dio, a ingesta relacionada ao espessante, pode ser um fator de impacto significativo sendo essencial que a equipe envolvida considere esse aspecto para a melhor condu&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica do caso.</p>
    <p>O progn&#243;stico da retirada do espessante &#233; um ponto que deve ser avaliado, sendo o papel do fonoaudi&#243;logo identificar se o paciente tem indica&#231;&#227;o de interromper o uso do espessante, se far&#225; uso por tempo prolongado ou at&#233; cont&#237;nuo, devendo informar esse dado &#224; equipe m&#233;dica, que verificar&#225; o impacto em cada caso, correlacionando com o tempo de uso.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto que deve ser decidido em equipe &#233; a possibilidade do uso de espessantes naturais, como o uso de frutas que proporcionem uma consist&#234;ncia mais espessa no preparo de sucos e vitaminas; al&#233;m disso, &#233; poss&#237;vel tamb&#233;m que a equipe de nutri&#231;&#227;o adapte uma dieta que evite alimentos ricos em s&#243;dio,al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o da quantidade de sal no preparo dos alimentos, reduzindo assim o valor de s&#243;dio agregado.</p>
    <p>Alguns espessantes apresentam em seus r&#243;tulos aus&#234;ncia de s&#243;dio, podendo a equipe optar por essas marcas. No entanto, existem in&#250;meras controv&#233;rsias no aspecto de qualidade desses espessantes, visto que, o s&#243;dio participa ativamente do processo de espessamento.</p>
    <p>O valor de s&#243;dio agregado ao uso do espessante n&#227;o deve ser um fator analisado isoladamente, e sim considerando a ingesta total de s&#243;dio ao longo de todo o dia; a equipe necessita assistir o paciente em uso de espessante de maneira mais rigorosa, estar atenta e apta para analisar cada caso separadamente, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o aspectos como as doen&#231;as b&#225;sicas e a condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>O tratamento ideal para o paciente disf&#225;gico n&#227;o visa apenas garantir uma ingesta segura, mas tamb&#233;m um correto aporte nutricional e h&#237;drico, al&#233;m da consequente melhora do quadro cl&#237;nico geral do paciente; para isso &#233; necess&#225;ria a integra&#231;&#227;o da equipe visando uma assist&#234;ncia de qualidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Almeida TM, Germini MFC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Kovacs C, Soares AMNGF; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Almeida TM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Magnoni D; Apoio institucional: Sousa AGMR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Tatiana Magalh&#227;es de Almeida </p>
        <p> Instituto Dante Pazzanese/Setor de fonoaudiologia </p>
        <p> Avenida Dr. Dante Pazzanese,500 Vila Mariana </p>
        <p> cep:04012909 S&#227;o Paulo-SP </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="tatianamagalhaesalmeida@yahoo.com.br">tatianamagalhaesalmeida@yahoo.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="tatiana.almeida@dantepazzanese.org.br">tatiana.almeida@dantepazzanese.org.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 25/02/13; revisado em 25/02/13; aceito em 03/04/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Barker J, Martino R, Reichardt B, Hickey EJ,Ralph-Edwards A. Incidence and impact of dysphagia in patients receiving prolonged endotracheal intubation after cardiac surgery. Can J Surg.2009;52(2):119-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Incidence and impact of dysphagia in patients receiving prolonged endotracheal intubation after cardiac surgery</article-title>
          <source>Can J Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>119</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barker</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martino</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reichardt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hickey</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ralph-Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Skoretz SA, Rebeyka DM. Dysphagia following cardiovascular surgery: a clinical overview.Can J CardiovascNurs.2009;19(2):10-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Dysphagia following cardiovascular surgery: a clinical overview.Can</article-title>
          <source>J CardiovascNurs</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>10</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Skoretz</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rebeyka</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Ding R, Logemann JA, Larson CR, Rademaker AW. The effects of taste and consistency on swallow physiology in younger and older healthy individuals: a surface electromyographic study. J Speech Lang Hear Res.2003;46(4):977-89.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The effects of taste and consistency on swallow physiology in younger and older healthy individuals: a surface electromyographic study</article-title>
          <source>J Speech Lang Hear Res</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>977</fpage>
          <lpage>89</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ding</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Logemann</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larson</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rademaker</surname>
              <given-names>AW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Ozaki K, Kagaya H, Yokoyama M, Saitoh E, Okada S, Gonz&#225;lez-Fern&#225;ndez M, et al. The risk of penetration or aspiration during videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing varies depending on food types. Tohoku J Exp Med.2010;220(1):41-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The risk of penetration or aspiration during videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing varies depending on food types</article-title>
          <source>Tohoku J Exp Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>41</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>220</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ozaki</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kagaya</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yokoyama</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saitoh</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okada</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonz&#225;lez-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. The National Dysphagia Diet (NDD). Standardization for optimal care, United States of America: American Dietetic Association; 2002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Standardization for optimal care,</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Bocchi EA, Marcondes-Braga FG, Ayub-Ferreira SM,Rohde LE, Oliveira WA, Almeida DR, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. III Diretrizbrasileira de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica. ArqBrasCardiol.2009;93(1 supl.1):1-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>III Diretrizbrasileira de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica</article-title>
          <source>ArqBrasCardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ayub-Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Gravina CF, Rosa RF, Franken RA, Freitas EV, Liberman A, et al;Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. II Diretrizes brasileiras em cardiogeriatria. ArqBrasCardiol.2010;95(3 supl.2):1-112.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>II Diretrizes brasileiras em cardiogeriatria</article-title>
          <source>ArqBrasCardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>112</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gravina</surname>
              <given-names>CF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>RF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Franken</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>EV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liberman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Point of View</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Risk of excessive sodium intake in the use of a thickener for dysphagia</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>VIEWPOINT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Risk of excessive sodium intake in the use of a thickener for dysphagia</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Tatiana Magalh&#227;es de Almeida; Michele F. Canfild Germini; Cristiane Kovacs; Ana Margaret N.G.F. Soares; Daniel Magnoni; Amanda G.M.R. Sousa</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Deglution Disorders /complications; Eating; Sodium, Dietary; Thickeners.</p>
      <p>Oropharyngeal dysphagia is a deglutition disorder resulting from neurological and/or structural impairment that may result in in decreased social interaction, loss of pleasure in food consumption, malnutrition, dehydration, infectious pulmonary processes and other high morbidity processes. Patients with heart disease from various causes present a risk of developing oropharyngeal dysphagia.</p>
      <p>Heart patients are susceptible to neurological disorders such as stroke and transient ischemic attack that may be present with dysphagia. Other possible risk factors for oropharyngeal dysphagia in people with heart disease are: prolonged tracheal intubation, dependence on mechanical ventilation, presence of a tracheostomy tube, manipulation or compression of cranial nerve pairs involved in swallowing and use of drugs that increase dysphagia, in addition to the physiological changes common in elderly patients, especially those with comorbidities, that may interfere in the different phases of deglutition and contribute to the emergence of dysphagic symptoms<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The speech therapist is the most qualified professional to assess and rehabilitate patients with dysphagia. Once dysphagia is diagnosed, a therapeutic program must be designed to regain efficient swallowing without the risk of pulmonary, nutritional and psychological complications.</p>
      <p>Promoting safe swallowing for individuals with dysphagia is a challenge that can be facilitated using therapeutic resources such as diet adaptation, with changes in consistency, volume, temperature and flavor. These strategies used by speech therapists are part of swallowing rehabilitation because they interfere with sensorimotor oral performance and oropharyngeal transit, minimizing the risk of <italic>laryngotracheal</italic> aspiration<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>A change in the consistency of food is an important tool in the treatment of dysphagia, and foods should be modified according to the degree of dysphagia, the patient's nutritional condition, food intake acceptance and patient morbidity.</p>
      <p>Food thickener is used for liquid thickening, a common practice in speech therapy, since liquid swallowing requires greater control than swallowing of foods with a thicker consistency. The chance of premature spillage of food is one of the biggest risks of penetration and/or <italic>larygotracheal</italic> aspiration<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to the standardization of the National Dysphagia Diet (NDD)<sup>5</sup>, liquids may be thickened into three consistencies: nectar, honey and pudding, which are prescribed by the speech therapist according to the degree of the patient's dysphagia. The viscosity of thickened liquids is measured in centipoises (cP) and is categorized according to the NDD as: thin liquid 1-50 cP, nectar 51-350 cP, honey 351-1750 cP and higher, and pudding 1750 cP.</p>
      <p>The amount of thickener indicated for each consistency will depend on the makeup of the different brands available on the market.</p>
      <p>Nutrition (dietary) and medical teams are responsible for the patient's diet in order to maintain or restore the patient's nutritional status. The heart patient often requires sodium restriction, which must be achieved with a maximum amount of 5 g of sodium chloride per day, which is the value of the entire daily intake. The different restriction levels are guided by the patient's individual pathology and the clinical path of each patient. Sodium restriction may be mild, moderate or severe; in the case of moderate restriction, intake should be 2g of salt per day and in the case of severe restriction the patient should eat no added salt, only the salt that is intrinsic in their food<sup>6,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Thus, it is necessary in daily interaction with patients to pay attention to the nutritional information of the adapted diet, especially in regards to thickened liquids and the heart patient. This quality standardization is achieved by the presence of mineral sodium in the composition of the thickeners.</p>
      <p>The amount of sodium present in the thickeners is not uniform or standardized, varying according to brands available on the market (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0e15-30137-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The total daily intake of sodium in the thickened liquid will depend on the consistency indicated by the speech therapist, the volume of liquid prescribed by the medical team and the brand of the thickener used. <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows samples of different brands of thickener and the amount of sodium in the three consistencies: nectar, honey and pudding, for a daily intake of 1500 ml of liquids.</p>
      <p>Despite the amount of daily sodium intake in the supply of the thickened liquid at the different consistencies, this amount is not high. However, according to the samples in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a19tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>, this amount could compromise the total sodium intake in moderate or severely restricted diets. Thus, this value must always be considered in the overall diet, taking into account the minimum restriction of 5g sodium chloride; that is, 2,000 mg sodium/day<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a19tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0e15-30137-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>It is important that the speech therapist, in partnership with medical staff and dietary staff, carefully evaluate the patients who are prescribed thickened liquids, considering that the value of sodium added by the use of thickener in the general diet is liable to impact negatively on the patient's clinical condition.</p>
      <p>In cases with significant restrictions of sodium intake, the intake related to the thickener can be a significant impact factor. It is essential that the team involved considers this aspect towards better therapeutic management of the case.</p>
      <p>An opportunity to discontinue the thickener should be evaluated, and the role of the speech therapist is to identify if the patient is able to discontinue use of the thickener, if he will be using it for a long time or even continuously, and to inform the medical staff who will check into the impact in terms of sodium in each case, correlating it with the time of use.</p>
      <p>Another aspect that should be decided as a team is the possibility of using natural thickeners, such as the use of fruit that provides a thicker consistency in the preparation of juices and vitamins; in addition, it is also possible for the nutrition team to adapt a diet that avoids foods rich in sodium, as well as a reduction in the amount of salt used in the preparation of food, thus reducing the value of the added sodium.</p>
      <p>Some thickeners show an absence of sodium on their labels and the team may opt for these brands. However, there are many controversies regarding the quality of these thickeners, since sodium participates actively in the process of thickening.</p>
      <p>The amount of sodium added to the thickener should not be a factor considered separately, but should be considered in the total sodium intake throughout the day. The team needs to observe the patient using thickener closely and be aware of the need to analyze each case separately, taking into account aspects such as basic disease and clinical condition.</p>
      <p>The optimal treatment for the patient with dysphagia does not aim at guaranteeing the safe intake of food, but also an optimal nutritional and water intake, in addition to consequent improvement of the clinical condition of the patient. For this to occur, it is necessary to have the cooperation of the entire team, aimed at quality care.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Almeida TM, Germini MFC; Acquisition of data: Kovacs C, Soares AMNGF; Analysis and interpretation of the dataand Writing of the manuscript: Almeida TM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Magnoni D; Institutional support: Sousa AGMR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
