<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="case-report">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">HH7fmGWgZb6wrd5BGJn3mgc</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002700017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100100017</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130135</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Eco 3D transesof&#225;gico na corre&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de refluxo paraprot&#233;tico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Costa de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Toledo</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Mello Guimar&#227;es de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barretto</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Bellio de Mattos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esteves</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Assef</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Guerra Moraes Rego</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>e8</fpage>
      <lpage>e10</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Eco 3D transesof&#225;gico na corre&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de refluxo paraprot&#233;tico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>David Costa de Souza Le Bihan; Leonardo Mello Guimar&#227;es de Toledo; Rodrigo Bellio de Mattos Barretto; Cesar Augusto Esteves; Jorge Eduardo Assef; Amanda Guerra Moraes Rego Sousa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ecocardiografia Transesofageana, Ecocardiografia Tridimensional, Valvas Card&#237;acas /cirurgia, Pr&#243;teses Valvulares Card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cerca de 210 mil cirurgias para troca valvar s&#227;o realizadas anualmente no mundo. Os refluxos paraprot&#233;ticos s&#227;o uma complica&#231;&#227;o que pode acontecer, especialmente em pr&#243;teses mec&#226;nicas e reopera&#231;&#245;es, atingindo uma preval&#234;ncia de 10 a 15% em estudos de <italic>follow-up</italic><sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico continua sendo a primeira escolha, especialmente quando h&#225; sintomas significativos e hem&#243;lise. Entretanto, devido &#224; alta mortalidade perioperat&#243;ria (6-14%)<sup>2,3</sup>, t&#233;cnicas percut&#226;neas para corre&#231;&#227;o dos refluxos paraprot&#233;ticos t&#234;m sido desenvolvidas, apesar de ainda n&#227;o existirem dispositivos espec&#237;ficos para a sua oclus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico tridimensional em tempo real (ECOTE3D) tem papel fundamental na realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento desde o diagn&#243;stico, quantifica&#231;&#227;o do refluxo, localiza&#231;&#227;o e medidas do orif&#237;cio regurgitante e guiando, em tempo real, o implante de pr&#243;teses percut&#226;neas.</p>
    <p>A experi&#234;ncia inicial de nosso servi&#231;o &#233; de quatro casos de oclus&#227;o de refluxo paraprot&#233;tico mitral por via percut&#226;nea. Embora n&#227;o se tenha conseguido resolu&#231;&#227;o completa do refluxo em tr&#234;s casos (dois permaneceram com refluxo moderado e um com refluxo discreto), vale ressaltar que os procedimentos transcorreram sem intercorr&#234;ncias e que todos os pacientes melhoraram a classe funcional ap&#243;s o implante. Com o intuito de discutir o papel da ecocardiografia neste contexto, relatamos o caso em que se conseguiu oclus&#227;o completa do defeito paraprot&#233;tico ap&#243;s o implante dos dispositivos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Paciente do sexo masculino, com 76 anos, atendido em agosto de 2010 com queixa de dispneia progressiva aos esfor&#231;os h&#225; dois anos, com piora h&#225; um m&#234;s, acompanhada de epis&#243;dios de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope. Foi diagnosticado com estenose a&#243;rtica importante e, em janeiro de 2011, submeteu-se &#224; cirurgia para substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva a&#243;rtica por biopr&#243;tese, recebendo alta no s&#233;timo dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, que transcorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>Em abril de 2011, foi hospitalizado com quadro de febre, disartria e sopro sist&#243;lico ejetivo em foco a&#243;rtico. A hip&#243;tese de endocardite infecciosa foi confirmada pelo ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico que evidenciou imagem de abscesso pr&#243;ximo ao anel anterior e vegeta&#231;&#245;es prot&#233;ticas, al&#233;m de insufici&#234;ncia mitral importante e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica discreta do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A hemocultura foi positiva para <italic>S. aureus</italic> e a tomografia de cr&#226;nio demonstrou les&#227;o hipodensa frontal &#224; esquerda (prov&#225;vel embolia s&#233;ptica). Recebeu tratamento com vancomicina, gentamicina e rifampicina. Foi submetido &#224; nova cirurgia com implante de pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas em posi&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rtica e mitral. Recebeu alta ap&#243;s dois meses de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s quatro meses, o paciente foi submetido a novo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico no qual se observou pr&#243;teses biol&#243;gicas com folhetos anatomicamente normais e a presen&#231;a de refluxo paraprot&#233;tico mitral de grau importante. Tal achado foi confirmado pelo ECOTE3D, que ainda conseguiu localizar a posi&#231;&#227;o do vazamento e medir as dimens&#245;es do defeito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a17fig01">Figura 1A</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a17fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-00e8-30135-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o do alto risco cir&#250;rgico, optou-se pela corre&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea do refluxo paraprot&#233;tico em 30/11/2011. O procedimento foi realizado sob anestesia geral e teve in&#237;cio com a pun&#231;&#227;o da veia femoral direita e da art&#233;ria femoral esquerda. Posteriormente, foi realizada a pun&#231;&#227;o transeptal, com aux&#237;lio do ecocardiograma, que ajudou a localizar o cateter em posi&#231;&#227;o posterior, no intuito de facilitar o acesso &#224; valva mitral. O refluxo paraprot&#233;tico foi ent&#227;o localizado pelo ECOTE3D e medido em seu comprimento e di&#226;metro, para planejamento do n&#250;mero e da dimens&#227;o dos dispositivos a serem implantados. Posteriormente, o intervencionista tentou ultrapassar o defeito com aux&#237;lio do ECOTE3D. Nesse momento, o aux&#237;lio da ecocardiografia foi fundamental, uma vez que a tend&#234;ncia natural do cateter &#233; ultrapassar a pr&#243;tese pelo seu orif&#237;cio central. Com a confirma&#231;&#227;o da cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do defeito pelo ECOTE3D, foram introduzidos separadamente dois cateteres terap&#234;uticos e implantadas duas pr&#243;teses Amplatzer<sup>TM</sup> Vascular Plug III. O ECOTE3D orientou quanto ao correto posicionamento e libera&#231;&#227;o das pr&#243;teses. Ao final, demonstrou-se que o refluxo paraprot&#233;tico tinha desaparecido completamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a17fig01">Figura 1B</xref>). O procedimento ocorreu sem intercorr&#234;ncias. O paciente foi extubado dentro da sala de hemodin&#226;mica, mantido em observa&#231;&#227;o por cerca de duas horas e encaminhado &#224; enfermaria.</p>
    <p>Foi submetido &#224; ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico de controle ap&#243;s dois dias, que demonstrou biopr&#243;teses normais e aus&#234;ncia de refluxo mitral. Recebeu alta hospitalar neste mesmo dia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A experi&#234;ncia mundial com a corre&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea dos refluxos paraprot&#233;ticos ainda &#233; pequena. Em uma s&#233;rie de casos publicada em 2008, com 27 pacientes submetidos a implante dos dispositivos percut&#226;neos, 30% apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do refluxo paraprot&#233;tico, sem nenhum &#243;bito ou complica&#231;&#227;o significativa relacionada ao procedimento<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 2011, Sorajja e colaboradores mostraram os resultados da maior s&#233;rie de casos at&#233; o momento. Dos 126 pacientes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de refluxos paraprot&#233;ticos, 76% deixaram a sala de hemodin&#226;mica sem refluxo residual ou com refluxo leve. Neste grupo, durante o seguimento de tr&#234;s anos, a sobrevida livre de necessidade de cirurgia ou de morte cardiovascular foi de 64%, enquanto no grupo com refluxo residual moderado/importante, esta sobrevida foi significativamente menor (31%). N&#227;o houve nenhuma morte durante o procedimento, mas tr&#234;s mortes ocorreram nos 30 dias subsequentes, al&#233;m de dois epis&#243;dios de acidente vascular cerebral<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O ECOTE3D desempenha papel essencial como auxiliar do tratamento percut&#226;neo. Antes do procedimento, essa modalidade ecocardiogr&#225;fica permite confirmar o diagn&#243;stico, a gravidade do defeito e avaliar a probabilidade de sucesso, pela correta localiza&#231;&#227;o espacial do refluxo paraprot&#233;tico, o que &#233; de suma import&#226;ncia, pois nas maiores s&#233;ries publicadas evidenciou-se que defeitos posteriores apresentam maior taxa de sucesso ap&#243;s procedimento<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, o ECO3DTE permite planejar o n&#250;mero e tamanho dos dispositivos a serem implantados, por meio da defini&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es e forma do defeito, que s&#243; &#233; poss&#237;vel pela imagem tridimensional. Devemos lembrar que, ap&#243;s a libera&#231;&#227;o dos dispositivos, por conta da possibilidade de emboliza&#231;&#227;o, a nova cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do orif&#237;cio &#233; perigosa. Portanto, o intervencionista precisa saber de antem&#227;o quantos e quais dispositivos utilizar&#225; para conseguir uma oclus&#227;o completa.</p>
    <p>Durante o procedimento, o ECOTE3D ajuda a guiar o cateter para ultrapassar o defeito, pois a imagem angiogr&#225;fica bidimensional n&#227;o permite a localiza&#231;&#227;o espacial do vazamento e n&#227;o assegura ao intervencionista se o cateter est&#225; por dentro ou por fora do anel prot&#233;tico. Durante a libera&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo, h&#225; necessidade de monitora&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica, em tempo real, das complica&#231;&#245;es que podem ocorrer, tais como migra&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese e compress&#227;o de estruturas vizinhas. Por fim, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do resultado final ainda em sala, por meio da ECOTE3D, facilita o acompanhamento cl&#237;nico do paciente imediatamente ap&#243;s o implante dos dispositivos de oclus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Vale a pena ressaltar que ainda n&#227;o existem pr&#243;teses percut&#226;neas com a finalidade espec&#237;fica de corre&#231;&#227;o de refluxos paraprot&#233;ticos, que se ajustem &#224; "anatomia irregular" habitualmente encontrada nestes casos. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de dispositivos espec&#237;ficos e que possuam a propriedade de ser bem vis&#237;veis ao ecocardiograma certamente proporcionar&#225; melhores resultados.</p>
    <p>De qualquer forma, a corre&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea dos refluxos paraprot&#233;ticos nos pacientes de alto risco operat&#243;rio parece ser um m&#233;todo promissor &#224; medida que se adquire experi&#234;ncia com as imagens, com os dispositivos e com a t&#233;cnica. Cada vez mais os intervencionistas, os ecocardiografistas e os cirurgi&#245;es est&#227;o aprendendo a trabalhar em conjunto em procedimentos ditos h&#237;bridos. Isto parece ser uma tend&#234;ncia mundial, particularmente para as valvopatias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Le Bihan DCS, Toledo LMG, Barretto RBM, Esteves CA, Assef JE, Sousa AGMR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Le Bihan DCS, Toledo LMG, Barretto RBM, Esteves CA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Le Bihan DCS, Toledo LMG, Barretto RBM, Esteves CA, Assef JE, Sousa AGMR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Le Bihan DCS, Toledo LMG, Assef JE; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Le Bihan DCS, Toledo LMG, Assef JE, Sousa AGMR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Leonardo Mello Guimar&#227;es de Toledo </p>
        <p> Rua Botucatu, 261, ap 23, Vila Mariana </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo-SP, CEP 04023-061 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="leonardotoledo@cardiol.br">leonardotoledo@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="leonardotoledo_med@yahoo.com.br">leonardotoledo_med@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 09/07/12, revisado em 27/11/12, aceito em 04/01/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Ionescu A, Fraser AG, Butchart EG. Prevalence and clinical significance of incidental paraprosthetic valvar regurgitation: a prospective study using transoesophageal echocardiography. Heart. 2003;89(11):1316-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Prevalence and clinical significance of incidental paraprosthetic valvar regurgitation: a prospective study using transoesophageal echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1316</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ionescu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fraser</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butchart</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Potter DD, Sundt TM 3<sup>rd</sup>, Zehr KJ, Dearani JA, Daly RC, Mullany CJ, et al. Risk of repeat mitral valve replacement for failed mitral valve prostheses. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78(1):67-72.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Risk of repeat mitral valve replacement for failed mitral valve prostheses</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>67</fpage>
          <lpage>72</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Potter</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sundt 3rd</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zehr</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dearani</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daly</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mullany</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Toker ME, Kirali K, Balkanay M, Eren E, Ozen Y, Guler M, et al. Operative mortality after valvular reoperations. Heart Surg Forum. 2005;8(4):E280-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Operative mortality after valvular reoperations</article-title>
          <source>Heart Surg Forum</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>E280</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Toker</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirali</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balkanay</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eren</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ozen</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guler</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Cortes M, Garcia E, Garcia-Fernandez MA, Gomez JJ, Perez-David E, Fernandez-Aviles F. Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in percutaneous transcatheter repairs of paravalvular mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(3):382-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography in percutaneous transcatheter repairs of paravalvular mitral regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>382</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cortes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomez</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perez-David</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandez-Aviles</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Sorjja P, Cabalka AK, Hagler DJ, Rihal CS. Long-term follow-up of percutaneous repair of paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(21):2218-24.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term follow-up of percutaneous repair of paravalvular prosthetic regurgitation</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2218</fpage>
          <lpage>24</lpage>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sorjja</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabalka</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hagler</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rihal</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Garcia-Fernandez MA, Cort&#233;s M, Garc&#237;a-Robles JA, Diego JJ, Perez-David E, Garc&#237;a E. Utility of real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in evaluating the success of percutaneous transcatheter closure of mitral paravalvular leaks. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(1):26-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Utility of real-time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in evaluating the success of percutaneous transcatheter closure of mitral paravalvular leaks</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>26</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia-Fernandez</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cort&#233;s</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garc&#237;a-Robles</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diego</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perez-David</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garc&#237;a</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">3D transesophageal echo in percutaneous correction of paraprosthetic regurgitation</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>3D transesophageal echo in percutaneous correction of paraprosthetic regurgitation</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>David Costa de Souza Le Bihan; Leonardo Mello Guimar&#227;es de Toledo; Rodrigo Bellio de Mattos Barretto; Cesar Augusto Esteves; Jorge Eduardo Assef; Amanda Guerra Moraes Rego Sousa</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Echocardiography, Transesophageal; Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; Heart Valves /surgery; Heart Valve Prosthesis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>About 210,000 valve replacement surgeries are performed annually worldwide. Paraprosthetic regurgitations are a complication that can happen, especially in mechanical prostheses and reoperations, reaching a prevalence of 10 to 15% in follow-up studies<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>Surgical treatment remains the first choice, especially when there are significant symptoms and hemolysis. However, due to high perioperative mortality (6-14%)<sup>2,3</sup>, percutaneous techniques for correction of paraprosthetic regurgitation have been developed, although there are not yet specific occlusion devices.</p>
      <p>Real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEECHO) plays a fundamental role in the procedure since diagnosis, quantification of regurgitation, location and measurements of the regurgitant orifice, guiding in real-time the implantation of percutaneous prostheses.</p>
      <p>The initial experience of our service is four cases of occlusion of mitral paraprosthetic regurgitation percutaneously. Although we have not achieved complete resolution of regurgitation in three cases (two remained with moderate regurgitation and one with discreet regurgitation), it is worth noting that the procedures were conducted without complications and all patients improved functional class after implantation. In order to discuss the role of echocardiography this context, we describe a case where the complete occlusion of the paraprosthetic defect was achieved after implantation of the devices.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Male patient, aged 76, assisted in August 2010, complaining of progressive dyspnea on exertion for two years, which had worsened one month before, accompanied by episodes of presyncope. The patient was diagnosed with severe aortic stenosis and, in January 2011, he underwent surgery for aortic valve replacement with a bioprosthesis and was discharged on the seventh postoperative day, which was uneventful.</p>
      <p>In April 2011, he was hospitalized with fever, dysarthria and ejection systolic murmur in the aortic area. The hypothesis of infective endocarditis was confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography that showed an image of an abscess near the anterior annulus and prosthetic vegetations, and severe mitral regurgitation and mild left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Blood cultures were positive for <italic>S. aureus</italic> and brain computed tomography scan showed left front hypodense lesion (probably septic embolism). The patient received treatment with vancomycin, gentamicin and rifampicin. He underwent further surgery with implantation of bioprostheses in aortic and mitral positions. He was discharged after two months of hospitalization.</p>
      <p>After four months, the patient underwent transthoracic echocardiography that revealed bioprostheses with anatomically normal leaflets and the presence of severe mitral paraprosthetic regurgitation. This finding was confirmed by 3DTEECHO, which found the location of the leak and measured the dimensions of the defect (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a17fig01-body2">Figure 1A</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a17fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-00e8-30135-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Due to the high surgical risk, percutaneous correction of the paraprosthetic regurgitation was chosen on November 30, 2011. The procedure was performed under general anesthesia and started with the puncture of the right femoral vein and left femoral artery. Subsequently, transseptal puncture was performed with the aid of echocardiography, which helped find the catheter in position in order to allow access to the mitral valve. Paraprosthetic regurgitation was then found by 3DTEECHO and measured in its length and diameter to plan the number and size of devices to be deployed. Subsequently, the interventionist tried to cross the defect assisted by 3DTEECHO. At this time, the echocardiography was crucial, since the natural tendency of the catheter is to cross the prosthesis through its center hole. Once the catheterization of the defect was confirmed by 3DTEECHO, two therapeutic catheters were separately introduced and two Amplatzer<sup>TM</sup> Vascular Plugs III were implanted. 3DTEECHO guided as to the correct position and release of the prostheses. At the end, it was demonstrated that the paraprosthetic regurgitation had completely disappeared (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a17fig01-body2">Figure 1B</xref>). The procedure was uneventful. The patient was extubated in the catheterization laboratory and remained under observation for about two hours and taken to the infirmary.</p>
      <p>The patient underwent control transthoracic echocardiography after two days, which revealed normal bioprostheses and no mitral regurgitation. He was discharged on the same day.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Worldwide experience with percutaneous correction of paraprosthetic regurgitation is still small. In a case series published in 2008, with 27 patients who underwent implantation of percutaneous devices, 30% showed a significant reduction in paraprosthetic regurgitation without any deaths or significant complications related to the procedure<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 2011, Sorajja et al showed the results of the largest case series to date. Of the 126 patients that underwent percutaneous correction of paraprosthetic regurgitation, 76% left the catheterization laboratory without residual regurgitation or mild regurgitation. In this group, during follow-up of three years, survival free of surgery or cardiovascular death was 64%, while in the group with moderate/severe residual regurgitation, this survival was significantly lower (31%). There were no deaths during the procedure, but three deaths occurred within 30 days, in addition to two episodes of cerebrovascular accident<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>3DTEECHO plays an essential role as an aid to the percutaneous treatment. Before the procedure, this type of echocardiography allows confirming the diagnosis, the severity of the defect, and assessing the likelihood of success by accurately placing the paraprosthetic regurgitation, which is of paramount importance, because the largest case series published showed that subsequent defects present a higher success rate after the procedure<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, 3DTEECHO allows planning the number and size of the devices to be implanted by defining the size and shape of the defect, which is only possible by three-dimensional imaging. Note that after the release of the devices, because of the possibility of embolization, a new catheterization of the orifice is dangerous. Therefore, the interventionist needs to know in advance how many and which devices will be used to achieve complete occlusion.</p>
      <p>During the procedure, 3DTEECHO helps guiding the catheter to cross the defect, because the two-dimensional angiographic image does not allow finding the leak and does not enable the interventionist to make sure whether the catheter is inside or outside the prosthetic ring. During release of the device, real time echocardiographic monitoring is necessary to monitor the complications that may occur, such as prosthesis migration and compression of adjacent structures. Finally, evaluation of the result at the catheterization laboratory through 3DTEECHO facilitates the patient's clinical follow-up immediately after implantation of occlusion devices.</p>
      <p>It is worth mentioning that there are no percutaneous prostheses for the specific purpose of correcting paraprosthetic regurgitation that fit the "irregular anatomy" usually found in these cases. Therefore, the development of specific devices that can be visible on echocardiography will certainly provide the best results.</p>
      <p>Anyway, percutaneous correction of paraprosthetic regurgitation in patients at high surgical risk seems to be a promising method as experience with images, with the devices and with the technique is gained. Interventionists, echocardiographers and surgeons are increasingly learning to work together in the so-called hybrid procedures. This seems to be a global trend, particularly for valve diseases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Le Bihan DCS, Toledo LMG, Barretto RBM, Esteves CA, Assef JE, Sousa AGMR; Acquisition of data: Le Bihan DCS, Toledo LMG, Barretto RBM, Esteves CA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Le Bihan DCS, Toledo LMG, Barretto RBM, Esteves CA, Assef JE, Sousa AGMR; Writing of the manuscript: Le Bihan DCS, Toledo LMG, Assef JE; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Le Bihan DCS, Toledo LMG, Assef JE, Sousa AGMR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
