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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">8RpfgyhDZYSqkgNtPtbbFDM</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002700011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100100011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130113</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Medidas morfofuncionais do cora&#231;&#227;o obtidas por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica em brasileiros</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macedo</surname>
            <given-names>Robson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Lara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Andrade</surname>
            <given-names>Solange Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>K&#234;nio Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>&#193;lvaro Campos Cavalcanti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alves</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo Souza Pinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff04"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Ot&#225;vio Rizzi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Rosiane Viana Zuza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Norte</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff04">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Natal</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Norte</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Potiguar</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>68</fpage>
      <lpage>77</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Medidas ainda hoje utilizadas como refer&#234;ncia na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foram obtidas principalmente de estudos realizados em popula&#231;&#245;es norte-americanas e europeias. OBJETIVO: Obter medidas do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico, di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico, volume diast&#243;lico final, volume sist&#243;lico final, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e massa mioc&#225;rdica dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito em brasileiros. M&#201;TODOS: Foram submetidos &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, utilizando t&#233;cnica de precess&#227;o livre em estado de equil&#237;brio, 54 homens e 53 mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia de 43,4 &#177; 13,1 anos, assintom&#225;ticos, sem cardiopatias. RESULTADOS: As m&#233;dias e os desvios padr&#227;o dos par&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico = 4,8 &#177; 0,5 cm; di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico = 3,0 &#177; 0,6 cm; volume diast&#243;lico final = 128,4 &#177; 29,6 mL; volume sist&#243;lico final = 45,2 &#177; 16,6 mL; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o = 65,5 &#177; 6,3%; massa = 95,2 &#177; 30,8 g. Para o ventr&#237;culo direito, foram: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico = 3,9 &#177; 1,3 cm; di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico = 2,5 &#177; 0,5 cm; volume diast&#243;lico final = 126,5 &#177; 30,7 mL; volume sist&#243;lico final = 53,6 &#177; 18,4 mL; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o = 58,3 &#177; 8,0% e massa = 26,1 &#177; 6,1 g. As massas e os volumes foram significativamente maiores nos homens, exceto para o volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito foi significativamente maior nas mulheres. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e inversa do volume sist&#243;lico do volume direito com o aumento da idade. CONCLUS&#195;O: Este estudo descreveu, pela primeira vez, medidas card&#237;acas obtidas pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca em brasileiros assintom&#225;ticos, sem cardiopatias, mostrando diferen&#231;as de acordo com o g&#234;nero e a idade.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Valores de Refer&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventr&#237;culos do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Gen&#233;tica Populacional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas morfofuncionais do cora&#231;&#227;o obtidas por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica em brasileiros</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Robson Macedo<sup>I</sup>; Juliano Lara Fernandes<sup>II</sup>; Solange Souza Andrade<sup>III</sup>; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte<sup>III</sup>; K&#234;nio Costa Lima<sup>I</sup>; &#193;lvaro Campos Cavalcanti Maciel<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Cunha Maciel<sup>IV</sup>; Geraldo Souza Pinho Alves<sup>IV</sup>; Ot&#225;vio Rizzi Coelho<sup>II</sup>; Rosiane Viana Zuza Diniz<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP </p>
    <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade Potiguar, Natal, RN - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Medidas ainda hoje utilizadas como refer&#234;ncia na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca foram obtidas principalmente de estudos realizados em popula&#231;&#245;es norte-americanas e europeias. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Obter medidas do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico, di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico, volume diast&#243;lico final, volume sist&#243;lico final, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e massa mioc&#225;rdica dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito em brasileiros. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram submetidos &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, utilizando t&#233;cnica de precess&#227;o livre em estado de equil&#237;brio, 54 homens e 53 mulheres, com idade m&#233;dia de 43,4 &#177; 13,1 anos, assintom&#225;ticos, sem cardiopatias. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> As m&#233;dias e os desvios padr&#227;o dos par&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foram: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico = 4,8 &#177; 0,5 cm; di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico = 3,0 &#177; 0,6 cm; volume diast&#243;lico final = 128,4 &#177; 29,6 mL; volume sist&#243;lico final = 45,2 &#177; 16,6 mL; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o = 65,5 &#177; 6,3%; massa = 95,2 &#177; 30,8 g. Para o ventr&#237;culo direito, foram: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico = 3,9 &#177; 1,3 cm; di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico = 2,5 &#177; 0,5 cm; volume diast&#243;lico final = 126,5 &#177; 30,7 mL; volume sist&#243;lico final = 53,6 &#177; 18,4 mL; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o = 58,3 &#177; 8,0% e massa = 26,1 &#177; 6,1 g. As massas e os volumes foram significativamente maiores nos homens, exceto para o volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito foi significativamente maior nas mulheres. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e inversa do volume sist&#243;lico do volume direito com o aumento da idade. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Este estudo descreveu, pela primeira vez, medidas card&#237;acas obtidas pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca em brasileiros assintom&#225;ticos, sem cardiopatias, mostrando diferen&#231;as de acordo com o g&#234;nero e a idade.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-Chave:</bold> Imagem por Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica / m&#233;todos, Valores de Refer&#234;ncia, Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular / fisiopatologia, Ventr&#237;culos do Cora&#231;&#227;o / anatomia &amp; fisiopatologia, Gen&#233;tica Populacional.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros morfofuncionais do cora&#231;&#227;o como di&#226;metros, volumes, massa mioc&#225;rdica e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica s&#227;o essenciais para diagn&#243;stico, manejo e progn&#243;stico de cardiopatias<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica Card&#237;aca (RMC) tem sido aceita como m&#233;todo de refer&#234;ncia para obten&#231;&#227;o de medidas card&#237;acas, devido &#224; sua alta acur&#225;cia e reprodutibilidade<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estabelecimento de uma base de dados da RMC com valores de refer&#234;ncia &#233; essencial. A maioria dos estudos que estabeleceram valores de refer&#234;ncia obteve seus resultados a partir de popula&#231;&#245;es norte-americanas e europeias. Esses valores podem n&#227;o refletir a realidade para defini&#231;&#227;o dos agravos card&#237;acos em outras popula&#231;&#245;es como, por exemplo, a brasileira.</p>
    <p>Popula&#231;&#245;es de origem latino-americana, como a brasileira, t&#234;m geralmente sido menos representadas na maior parte dos grandes estudos cl&#237;nicos, apesar de corresponderem a uma parcela crescente dos indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares no mundo<sup>6-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um dos maiores estudos norte-americanos j&#225; realizados na &#225;rea, o <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic> (MESA), obteve medidas cardiovasculares em mais de 6.000 participantes com etnias bastante diversas<sup>10-13</sup>. Apesar de os subestudos do MESA terem avaliado latino-americanos classificados como "hisp&#226;nicos", os dados foram limitados a indiv&#237;duos que moravam nos Estados Unidos, compartilhando, assim, dos mesmos h&#225;bitos de vida da popula&#231;&#227;o norte-americana.</p>
    <p>Desse modo, &#233; essencial obter medidas dos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos em RMC que possam servir de refer&#234;ncia para brasileiros, por exemplo, n&#227;o s&#243; para melhor avaliar clinicamente nossos pacientes, mas tamb&#233;m para que esses dados de refer&#234;ncia sirvam de base para outros ensaios cl&#237;nicos ou futuros estudos comparativos com popula&#231;&#245;es ou etnias diferentes.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da import&#226;ncia de se obterem par&#226;metros morfofuncionais do cora&#231;&#227;o por RMC, que servir&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, faz-se necess&#225;rio avaliar tamb&#233;m as poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as entre g&#234;nero e as influ&#234;ncias da idade nessas medidas.</p>
    <p>O objetivo desse estudo, ent&#227;o, foi obter medidas de par&#226;metros morfofuncionais do cora&#231;&#227;o, como Di&#226;metro Diast&#243;lico (Dd), Di&#226;metro Sist&#243;lico (Ds), Volume Diast&#243;lico (Vd), Volume Sist&#243;lico (Vs), Fra&#231;&#245;es de Eje&#231;&#245;es (FE) e Massa Mioc&#225;rdica (M) do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE) e do Ventr&#237;culo Direito (VD) em brasileiros participantes do estudo multic&#234;ntrico latino-americano de refer&#234;ncia em RMC (CMR-LAC Trial), bem como avaliar diferen&#231;as entre g&#234;nero e faixas et&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo multic&#234;ntrico latino-americano de refer&#234;ncia em RMC (CMR-LAC Registry)<sup>14</sup> consiste num estudo transversal, incluindo indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, sem cardiopatias estabelecidas, dos 20 a 80 anos de idade, com a participa&#231;&#227;o de centros de RMC em tr&#234;s pa&#237;ses (Brasil, Argentina e M&#233;xico), tendo como objetivo obter medidas de par&#226;metros morfofuncionais do VE e VD, como di&#226;metros, volumes, M mioc&#225;rdica e fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til, que possam ser utilizados como refer&#234;ncia em latino-americanos. </p>
    <p>Este estudo constitui um subestudo com participantes brasileiros do CMR-LAC Registry, que avaliou dados obtidos de indiv&#237;duos habitantes do nordeste e sudeste do pa&#237;s. Os dados foram coletados de tr&#234;s diferentes centros brasileiros, sendo um do nordeste (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN) e dois do sudeste (Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - InCor-HC-FMUSP; e Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp), das cidades de Natal (RN), S&#227;o Paulo (SP) e Campinas (SP), respectivamente.</p>
    <p>Cartazes com informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o registro brasileiro em RMC foram postados nas redes sociais, nos ambulat&#243;rios das tr&#234;s universidades e tamb&#233;m em cl&#237;nicas privadas das cidades participantes deste estudo. Indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos, com idades entre 20 e 80 anos, foram recrutados. Ap&#243;s entrevista m&#233;dica, indiv&#237;duos sem fatores de risco, sem cardiopatia estabelecida, exame f&#237;sico e eletrocardiogramas normais foram convidados para participar da pesquisa.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: tabagistas atuais ou tabagistas pr&#233;vios com menos de 10 anos de interrup&#231;&#227;o, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 120 mmHg ou diast&#243;lica &gt; 80 mmHg, glicemia de jejum &gt; 100 mg/dL e colesterol total &gt; 200 mg/dL. Portadores de marca-passo card&#237;aco, cardiodesfibriladores implant&#225;veis, corpos estranhos intraoculares ou claustrofobia tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos. Todas as medidas antropom&#233;tricas foram padronizadas em acordo com refer&#234;ncias previamente publicadas<sup>15</sup>. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado pela equa&#231;&#227;o peso/altura<sup>2</sup> (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e a superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea de acordo com a f&#243;rmula publicada por Mosteller [BSA (m<sup>2</sup>) = (<italic>height </italic>(cm) x <italic>weight </italic>(kg) / 3600) &#189;](15). A medida do Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Cerebral (BNP do ingl&#234;s <italic>Brain Natriuretic Peptid</italic>) s&#233;rico para excluir disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi obtida nos habitantes de Natal. Os dados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais foram coletados previamente ao exame da RMC. Esse estudo foi aprovado pelos respectivos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica locais e foi realizado conforme os padr&#245;es &#233;ticos da declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1964. Os participantes da pesquisa leram e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. O estudo tamb&#233;m foi registrado no <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov">www.clinicaltrials.gov</ext-link> com n&#250;mero identificador: NCT01030549.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo da RMC</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos realizaram os exames em aparelhos de 1.5 Tesla (<italic>Achieva, Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands Signa CV/I; GE Medical Systems, Waukesha, WI; e Avanto, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany</italic>). As imagens sincronizadas ao eletrocardiograma foram adquiridas em apneia expirat&#243;ria (pausa respirat&#243;ria de 15 segundos), utilizando bobinas card&#237;acas dedicadas colocadas anteriormente sobre o t&#243;rax do paciente. O tempo de protocolo do estudo teve dura&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 30 minutos. Imagens localizat&#243;rias em planos ortogonais, eixos longos vertical, horizontal e eixo curto do cora&#231;&#227;o foram realizadas. Posteriormente a essas sequ&#234;ncias de imagens localizat&#243;rias, imagens em modo cine, no plano quatro c&#226;maras (4ch) do cora&#231;&#227;o foram obtidas para prescrever o eixo curto, agora em modo cine, cobrindo todo o VE e VD desde a base (passando o anel atrioventricular) at&#233; o &#225;pice, utilizando a t&#233;cnica de Precess&#227;o Livre em Estado de Equil&#237;brio (SSFP, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Steady State Free Precession</italic>)<sup>16</sup>. Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram respeitados nos tr&#234;s centros participantes da pesquisa para a obten&#231;&#227;o do eixo curto do cora&#231;&#227;o em modo cine: espessura de corte de 8 mm, espa&#231;amento de 2 mm, resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal &lt; 50 msec, FOV 360-400mm, matriz de 256 x 128, <italic>flip angle</italic> 15-30&#186;, TE 3-5msec, TR 8-10msec, 1 NEX. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise das imagens</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise seguiu os padr&#245;es j&#225; amplamente estabelecidos na literatura, com altos &#237;ndices de reprodutibilidade inter- e intraobservador<sup>17</sup>. </p>
    <p>Localmente, as imagens foram transferidas dos magnetos para esta&#231;&#245;es de trabalho locais e analisadas por <italic>softwares</italic> dedicados (<italic>View Forum da Philips Medical e Argus da Siemens Medical Solutions</italic>). </p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s m&#233;dicos treinados em RMC analisaram todas as imagens. As medidas dos di&#226;metros dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito foram obtidas tra&#231;ando uma linha reta do septo interventricular at&#233; a parede lateral no plano 4ch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5261fig01">Figura 1</xref>). As medidas dos volumes do VE e do VD foram obtidas delineando semiautomaticamente os contornos das bordas endoc&#225;rdicas do VE e do VD no eixo curto do cora&#231;&#227;o, tanto em di&#225;stole como em s&#237;stole, desde a base at&#233; o &#225;pice. O corte da base do VE era selecionado se pelo menos 50% do volume de sangue estivesse circundado por tecido mioc&#225;rdico. O corte apical era definido como o &#250;ltimo corte a ter volume sangu&#237;neo intracavit&#225;rio. Os m&#250;sculos papilares foram exclu&#237;dos das medidas de volume e inclu&#237;dos para o c&#225;lculo da massa ventricular esquerda. Para o VD, os volumes abaixo da v&#225;lvula pulmonar foram inclu&#237;dos. Os volumes do VD foram exclu&#237;dos da via de entrada se a musculatura ao redor fosse fina e n&#227;o trabeculada, sugerindo de &#225;trio direito. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5261fig02">Figura 2</xref> mostra exemplos de imagens em eixo curto do cora&#231;&#227;o, na qual se observam os contornos endoc&#225;rdicos e epic&#225;rdicos do VE e do VD, em di&#225;stole e em s&#237;stole. Os volumes diast&#243;licos e sist&#243;licos finais do VE e do VD foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo da soma dos discos ou regra de Simpson (soma das &#225;reas delineadas em cada corte nos eixos curtos do VE e do VD multiplicado pela soma da espessura desses cortes com o espa&#231;amento deles)<sup>11</sup>. A FE foi calculada como Vd Final (VdF) menos o Vs Final (VsF) dividido pelo VdF. A M mioc&#225;rdica foi determinada pela soma da &#225;rea mioc&#225;rdica (diferen&#231;a entre os contornos epic&#225;rdicos dos endoc&#225;rdicos) vezes a espessura de corte mais o espa&#231;amento do corte em di&#225;stole multiplicado pela densidade mioc&#225;rdica de 1,05 gcm<sup>3 18</sup>. O volume de tecido foi obtido a partir dos contornos endoc&#225;rdicos e epic&#225;rdicos do VE e do VD em di&#225;stole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5261fig02">Figura 2</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5261fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5261fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Todas as medidas obtidas foram armazenadas num servidor central na Unicamp, acessado via <italic>internet</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cmrtrial.com">www.cmrtrial.com</ext-link>), por meio de de identifica&#231;&#227;o e senha fornecidas no in&#237;cio do estudo.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m das an&#225;lises locais, as imagens originais em DICOM foram anonimizadas e gravadas em m&#237;dia de CD/DVD, al&#233;m de enviadas eletronicamente por servidor <italic>web</italic> para o laborat&#243;rio central. As variabilidades intra e interobservador foram testadas com a participa&#231;&#227;o de dois observadores. Para a an&#225;lise da variabilidade intraobservador, o observador 1 mediu os mesmos par&#226;metros do VE e do VD duas vezes em 30 indiv&#237;duos, ap&#243;s intervalo de 30 dias. Para a an&#225;lise interobservador, o observador 2 obteve medidas dos mesmos 30 indiv&#237;duos de uma amostra aleat&#243;ria analisada previamente pelo observador 1.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a coleta, os dados foram transcritos para ficha padronizada e digitados em computador, para gerenciamento do banco de dados e an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica. A constru&#231;&#227;o do banco de dados e a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foram feitas no programa estat&#237;stico <italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 16.0 for Windows.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise descritiva, os dados categ&#243;ricos s&#227;o apresentados na forma de tabelas, por frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, enquanto que os dados quantitativos s&#227;o apresentados por m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Esses &#250;ltimos foram, inicialmente, submetidos ao teste de normalidade, comparando-os com a curva normal por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S), sendo todos classificados como param&#233;tricos.</p>
    <p>Em seguida, para comparar as m&#233;dias das medidas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero, foi realizado o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes. Para compara&#231;&#227;o das medidas em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade, foi realizada An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), seguida pelo p&#243;s-teste de Tukey. Realizou-se tamb&#233;m regress&#227;o linear simples para avaliar correla&#231;&#245;es entre a idade e par&#226;metros do VE e do VD, de acordo com o g&#234;nero.</p>
    <p>Nas an&#225;lises de concord&#226;ncias intra e interobservador foi utilizado o Coeficiente de Correla&#231;&#227;o Intraclasse (CCI).</p>
    <p>Em toda a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi considerado um p significante com valor padr&#227;o de 0,05 e Intervalo de Confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cento e oito indiv&#237;duos (55 homens), com idade m&#233;dia de 43,4 &#177; 13,1 anos, foram selecionados a partir dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, de um total de 300 entrevistas. O per&#237;odo de entrevistas ocorreu de maio de 2010 at&#233; maio de 2011. A UFRN incluiu 52 indiv&#237;duos, o InCor-USP incluiu 19 indiv&#237;duos e a Unicamp incluiu 37 indiv&#237;duos. Apenas um indiv&#237;duo foi exclu&#237;do por n&#227;o completar o protocolo da RMC, em raz&#227;o de claustrofobia. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos participantes desse estudo est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Foram obtidas medidas dos BNPs s&#233;ricos de apenas 40 indiv&#237;duos habitantes de Natal.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>As m&#233;dias e os DP das medidas dos par&#226;metros do VE e do VD foram, respectivamente: Dd VE = 4,8 &#177; 0,5 cm; Ds VE = 3,0 &#177; 0,6 cm; VdF VE = 128,4 &#177; 29,6 mL; VsF VE = 45,2 &#177; 16,6 mL; FE VE = 65,5 &#177; 6,3%; M mioc&#225;rdica do VE = 95,2 &#177; 30,8 g; Dd VD = 3,9 &#177; 1,3 cm; Ds VD = 2,5 &#177; 0,5 cm; VdF VD = 126,5 &#177; 30,7 mL; VsF VD = 53,6 &#177; 18,4 mL; FE VD = 58,3 &#177; 8,0% e M mioc&#225;rdica do VD = 26,1 &#177; 6,1 g. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5261tab02">Tabela 2</xref> mostra tamb&#233;m as m&#233;dias, DP e os respectivos IC95% de todos os par&#226;metros obtidos do VE e do VD das mulheres e dos homens. Os volumes e as massas do VE e do VD, em n&#250;meros absolutos, sem ajustes para superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, foram significativamente maiores nos homens. Os di&#226;metros do VE e do VD tamb&#233;m foram significativamente maiores nos homens, exceto para o Dd VD. Ap&#243;s ajustes para as superf&#237;cies corp&#243;reas, os volumes e as massas do VE e do VD permaneceram significativamente maiores nos homens, exceto para o Vs VE. A FE VD foi significativamente maior nas mulheres. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5261tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5261tab03">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5261tab04">4</xref> mostram as m&#233;dias, DP e IC95% de todos os par&#226;metros obtidos do VE e VD, tanto para as mulheres e quanto para homens, de acordo com as respectivas faixas et&#225;rias. Na faixa et&#225;ria acima dos 60 anos, considerando apenas medidas ajustadas pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, o Dd VD foi significativamente menor nas mulheres. Nos homens, tamb&#233;m na faixa et&#225;ria acima dos 60 anos e considerando apenas medidas ajustadas pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, os di&#226;metros e os volumes diast&#243;licos e sist&#243;licos finais do VD foram significantemente menores. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e inversa do VsF VD com o aumento da idade, sendo mais significativa nos homens (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5261fig03">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5261fig04">4</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5261tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5261tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5261fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5261fig04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A FE VE das mulheres e a FE VD nos homens foram significativamente maiores nas maiores faixas et&#225;rias. As massas do VE e VD n&#227;o foram diferentes entre as faixas et&#225;rias tanto em n&#250;meros absolutos quanto ap&#243;s ajustes para as superf&#237;cies corp&#243;reas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5261tab03">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5261tab04">4</xref>). </p>
    <p>Nas an&#225;lises de concord&#226;ncias intra e interobservador, foram encontrados valores de CCI elevados para todas as medidas do Ve e do VD, exceto para a massa do VD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5261tab05">Tabelas 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5261tab06">6</xref>). </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5261tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5261tab06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse estudo apresenta resultados preliminares das medidas de par&#226;metros morfofuncionais do VE e do VD obtidos por RMC, em brasileiros participantes do CMR-LAC Trial, descrevendo diferen&#231;as entre g&#234;nero e faixas et&#225;rias. </p>
    <p>Lorenz e cols.<sup>18</sup> foram um dos primeiros autores a relatar valores de refer&#234;ncia para RMC e a descrever diferen&#231;as entre g&#234;nero. De forma semelhante aos dados obtidos entre brasileiros deste estudo, os volumes e as massas ajustadas pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea, exceto para a massa do VD, foram significativamente maiores nos homens. As m&#233;dias e os DP das massas do VE e do VD ajustadas pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea (iMVE e iMVD) foram maiores que as dos brasileiros desse estudo (iMVE = 87 &#177; 12 g <italic>versus </italic>52,3 &#177; 14 g; iMVD = 26 &#177; 5g <italic>versus</italic> 15,2 &#177; 4,5 g). J&#225; a m&#233;dia e o DP VdF VE Ajustado (iVdF VE) foi maior nos brasileiros deste estudo (69 &#177; 15,1 mL <italic>versus</italic> 66 &#177; 12 mL), por&#233;m o Vd VD Ajustado (iVdF VD) foi maior entre os europeus (75 &#177; 13 mL <italic>versus</italic> 73,2 &#177; 16,4 mL). As diferen&#231;as podem ser justificadas pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens diferentes (FGRE <italic>versus</italic> SSFP). Moon e cols.<sup>19</sup>, Barkhausen e cols.<sup>20</sup> e Malayeri e cols.<sup>21</sup> compararam essas duas t&#233;cnicas e mostraram que as propriedades inerentes a cada uma podem levar a diferen&#231;as significativas nas medidas dos volumes e massas ventriculares entre elas. </p>
    <p>Salton e cols.<sup>22</sup> tamb&#233;m descreveram diferen&#231;as entre g&#234;nero para par&#226;metros do VE em indiv&#237;duos normotensos do <italic>Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort</italic><sup>23</sup>, mostrando que os volumes e as massas do VE eram significativamente maiores nos homens. As mulheres tiveram as maiores FE, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a significante. </p>
    <p>Maceira e cols.<sup>24,25</sup>, utilizando a mesma t&#233;cnica (SSFP) de aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens adotada neste estudo, publicaram par&#226;metros ajustados pela superf&#237;cies corp&#243;reas, tanto para o VE quanto para o VD, e descreveram n&#227;o s&#243; diferen&#231;as entre g&#234;nero, mas tamb&#233;m a influ&#234;ncia da idade nessas medidas. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, observou-se que o g&#234;nero influenciou de forma significativa os volumes e as massas do VE e do VD. De forma semelhante ao demonstrado aqui entre brasileiros, os volumes diminu&#237;ram de forma significativa com aumento da idade. Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a idade foi preditora independente dos volumes do VE e dos volumes e massas do VD. Hudsmith e cols.<sup>26</sup> demonstraram medidas da massa do VD e volumes do VE e VD significativamente menores em homens e mulheres acima de 35 anos comparadas a abaixo de 35 anos. Nikitin e cols.<sup>27</sup> publicaram, da mesma forma, volumes do VE menores entre as maiores idades, por&#233;m sem mudan&#231;as significativas da massa do VE. Este estudo mostrou que, al&#233;m dos volumes e di&#226;metros do VD serem menores significantemente, na faixa et&#225;ria acima de 60 anos, houve correla&#231;&#227;o do Vs VD com o aumento da idade, sendo mais significativa nos homens. Esses dados corroboram os resultados de Kawut e cols.<sup>12</sup>, que mostraram que o aumento da idade est&#225; associado a menores volumes e massas do VD, ao analisarem um n&#250;mero significativo de indiv&#237;duos (n = 5.098) do estudo MESA. </p>
    <p>Os volumes e as massas mioc&#225;rdicas do VE e VD publicados por Maceira e cols.<sup>24,25</sup> foram bastante semelhantes aos obtidos entre os brasileiros deste estudo. No entanto, era de se esperar que essas medidas fossem diferentes das obtidas entre os brasileiros, principalmente devido a diferen&#231;as entre estaturas, pesos e superf&#237;cies corp&#243;reas de americanos e europeus em rela&#231;&#227;o aos latino-americanos, especificamente brasileiros. Entretanto, em um dos subestudos do MESA, envolvendo 800 indiv&#237;duos, Natori e cols.<sup>11</sup> mostraram que diferen&#231;as significativas entre etnias para par&#226;metros do VE existiram apenas entre americanos "brancos" ou "negros" e americanos descendentes de asi&#225;ticos, principalmente chineses. Esse estudo mostrou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os volumes e as massas do VE dos americanos "brancos" ou "negros" e latino-americanos "hisp&#226;nicos". Em contrapartida, Kawut e cols.<sup>12</sup>, no estudo MESA, mostraram que a massa e o Vd VD de latino-americanos "hisp&#226;nicos" eram significativamente maiores do que dos americanos "brancos", "negros" ou "chineses". Assim, diferen&#231;as &#233;tnicas precisam ser consideradas, valores de refer&#234;ncia para uma popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica s&#227;o importantes e mais estudos em RMC e outros m&#233;todos devem ser feitos para que se possa compreender a influ&#234;ncia desses fatores &#233;tnicos em par&#226;metros tanto do VE como do VD. Os resultados da variabilidade intra e interobservador foram compar&#225;veis aos de Catalano e cols.<sup>28</sup>, exceto para a concord&#226;ncia intraobservador na obten&#231;&#227;o de M mioc&#225;rdica do VD. Paredes do VD s&#227;o mais finas do que as do VE. Erros podem ocorrer em procedimentos semiautom&#225;ticos de detec&#231;&#227;o de bordas endoc&#225;rdicas e epic&#225;rdicas das paredes VD. Como tal, as medidas de M mioc&#225;rdica do VD podem ser menos precisas e reprodut&#237;veis.</p>
    <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo esteve relacionada &#224; dificuldade na certeza da inclus&#227;o apenas de indiv&#237;duos livres de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, principalmente entre idosos. Esse fato n&#227;o invalida os resultados, principalmente porque, at&#233; ent&#227;o, adotavam-se valores de refer&#234;ncia de estudos publicados nos Estados Unidos e na Europa que, inclusive utilizaram, crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o de suas amostras muito semelhante aos deste subestudo. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o se referiu ao fato de que esse subestudo brasileiro do CMR-LAC Registry n&#227;o foi desenhado para detectar diferen&#231;as entre etnias nos par&#226;metros analisados. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse subestudo brasileiro do <italic>CMR-LAC Registry</italic> descreveu, pela primeira vez, medidas de par&#226;metros morfofuncionais do cora&#231;&#227;o obtidas por RMC em indiv&#237;duos sem fatores de risco e sem cardiopatias estabelecidas, observando-se diferen&#231;as em medidas do VE e VD em fun&#231;&#227;o da idade e g&#234;nero. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este projeto foi financiado pela Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (Fapesp), com protocolo n&#250;mero 2009/09513-5.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Macedo R, Fernandes JL, Rochitte CE, Coelho OR, Diniz RVZ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Macedo R, Fernandes JL, Andrade SS, Rochitte CE, Maciel FC, Alves GSP, Diniz RVZ; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Macedo R, Fernandes JL, Andrade SS, Rochitte CE, Diniz RVZ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Macedo R, Fernandes JL, Rochitte CE, Lima KC, Maciel ACC, Diniz RVZ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Macedo R, Fernandes JL, Rochitte CE, Diniz RVZ.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Robson de Macedo Filho pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Robson de Macedo Filho </p>
        <p> Rua Ismael Pereira da Silva, 1.515, apto 901, Torre Norte - Capim Macio </p>
        <p> CEP 59082-000, Natal, RN - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="robmacedo@yahoo.com">robmacedo@yahoo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 8/11/12; revisado em 16/12/12; aceito em 20/3/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Morphological and functional measurements of the heart obtained by magnetic resonance imaging in Brazilians</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Still today, measurements used as a reference in the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging have been obtained mainly from studies carried out in North-American and European populations. OBJECTIVE: To obtain measurements of the diastolic diameter, systolic diameter, end diastolic volume, end systolic volume, ejection fraction, and myocardial mass of the left and right ventricles in Brazilians. METHODS: 54 men and 53 women, with mean age of 43.4 &#177; 13.1 years, asymptomatic, with no cardiomyopathies, have been subjected to the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, using a balanced steady state free precession technique. RESULTS: The averages and the standard deviations of the parameters for the left ventricle have been: diastolic diameter = 4.8 &#177; 0.5 cm; systolic diameter = 3.0 &#177; 0.6 cm; end diastolic volume = 128.4 &#177; 29.6 mL; end systolic volume = 45.2 &#177; 16.6 mL; ejection fraction = 65.5 &#177; 6.3%; mass = 95.2 &#177; 30.8 g. For the right ventricle, they have been: diastolic diameter = 3.9 &#177; 1.3 cm; systolic diameter = 2.5 &#177; 0.5 cm; end diastolic volume = 126.5 &#177; 30.7 mL; end systolic volume = 53.6 &#177; 18.4 mL; ejection fraction = 58.3 &#177; 8.0%, and mass = 26.1 &#177; 6.1 g. The masses and the volumes were significantly greater in the men, except for the end systolic volume of the left ventricle. The ejection fraction of the right ventricle has been significantly greater in the women. There has been a significant and inverted correlation of the systolic volume of the right volume with the progression of the age. CONCLUSION: This study has described, for the first time, cardiac measurements obtained through the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in Brazilians, asymptomatic, with no cardiomyopathies, showing differences in accordance with gender and age.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Reference Values</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Ventricle</kwd>
        <kwd>Genetics, Population</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Morphological and functional measurements of the heart obtained by magnetic resonance imaging in <bold>B</bold>razilians</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Robson Macedo<sup>I</sup>; Juliano Lara Fernandes<sup>II</sup>; Solange Souza Andrade<sup>III</sup>; Carlos Eduardo Rochitte<sup>III</sup>; K&#234;nio Costa Lima<sup>I</sup>; &#193;lvaro Campos Cavalcanti Maciel<sup>I</sup>; Fernanda Cunha Maciel<sup>IV</sup>; Geraldo Souza Pinho Alves<sup>IV</sup>; Ot&#225;vio Rizzi Coelho<sup>II</sup>; Rosiane Viana Zuza Diniz<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP</p>
      <p><sup>IV</sup>Universidade Potiguar, Natal, RN - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Still today, measurements used as a reference in the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging have been obtained mainly from studies carried out in North-American and European populations.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To obtain measurements of the diastolic diameter, systolic diameter, end diastolic volume, end systolic volume, ejection fraction, and myocardial mass of the left and right ventricles in Brazilians.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 54 men and 53 women, with mean age of 43.4 &#177; 13.1 years, asymptomatic, with no cardiomyopathies, have been subjected to the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, using a balanced steady state free precession technique.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The averages and the standard deviations of the parameters for the left ventricle have been: diastolic diameter = 4.8 &#177; 0.5 cm; systolic diameter = 3.0 &#177; 0.6 cm; end diastolic volume = 128.4 &#177; 29.6 mL; end systolic volume = 45.2 &#177; 16.6 mL; ejection fraction = 65.5 &#177; 6.3%; mass = 95.2 &#177; 30.8 g. For the right ventricle, they have been: diastolic diameter = 3.9 &#177; 1.3 cm; systolic diameter = 2.5 &#177; 0.5 cm; end diastolic volume = 126.5 &#177; 30.7 mL; end systolic volume = 53.6 &#177; 18.4 mL; ejection fraction = 58.3 &#177; 8.0%, and mass = 26.1 &#177; 6.1 g. The masses and the volumes were significantly greater in the men, except for the end systolic volume of the left ventricle. The ejection fraction of the right ventricle has been significantly greater in the women. There has been a significant and inverted correlation of the systolic volume of the right volume with the progression of the age.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This study has described, for the first time, cardiac measurements obtained through the cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in Brazilians, asymptomatic, with no cardiomyopathies, showing differences in accordance with gender and age.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Magnetic Resonance Imaging / methods; Reference Values; Ventricular Function / physiopathology; Heart Ventricles / anatomy &amp; physiology; Genetics, Population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The determination of morphological and functional parameters of the heart - such as diameters, volumes, myocardial mass, and systolic function - are essential to the diagnosis, handling, and prognosis of cardiomyopathies<sup>1-4</sup>. </p>
      <p>The cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) has been accepted as a reference method for the obtaining of cardiac measurements, given its high accuracy and reproducibility<sup>5</sup>. </p>
      <p>The establishment of a database of the CMR with reference values is essential. The majority of the studies which established reference values has acquired their results from North-American and European populations. Those values may not reflect the reality for the definition of the cardiac aggravations in other populations - such as, for example, the Brazilian.</p>
      <p>Populations of a Latin-American origin, such as the Brazilian, have generally been represented to a lesser degree in the most part of the major clinical studies, in spite of their corresponding to a growing portion of the subjects with cardiovascular diseases in the world<sup>6-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>One of the largest North-American studies ever carried out in the area - the <italic>Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis</italic> (MESA) - has obtained cardiovascular measurements in more than 6,000 participants with quite diverse ethnicities<sup>10-13</sup>. In spite of the MESA sub-studies having evaluated Latin-Americans classified as "Hispanics", the data would be limited to subjects who lived in the United States, thus sharing the same living habits of the North-American population. </p>
      <p>That way, it is essential to obtain measurements of the cardiac parameters in CMR which may serve as a reference for Brazilians, for example, not only for the sake of a better clinical evaluation of our patients, but also in order for those reference data to serve as a foundation for other clinical trials or future comparative studies with different populations or ethnicities.</p>
      <p>Apart from the importance of obtaining morphological and functional parameters of the heart by means of CMR - which will serve as a reference for the Brazilian population, it is also necessary to evaluate the possible differences between gender and the influences of the age on those measurements. </p>
      <p>Then, the purpose of this study has been that of obtaining measurements of morphological and functional parameters of the heart, such as Diastolic diameter (Dd), Systolic diameter (Sd), Diastolic Volume (Dv), Systolic volume (Sv), Ejection Fractions (EF), and Myocardial mass (M) of the left ventricle (LV) and of the Right ventricle (RV) in Brazilian participants of the Latin_American, Multi-Center, reference study of CMR (CMR-LAC Trial), as well as that of evaluating the differences between gender and age groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The Latin-American, Multi-Center, reference study of CMR (CMR-LAC Registry)<sup>14</sup> consists of a transversal study, including asymptomatic subjects, with no cardiomyopathies established, between 20 and 80 years of age, with the participation of CMR centers in three countries (Brazil, Argentina, and Mexico), with the purpose of obtaining measurements of morphological and functional parameters of the LV and RV, such as diameters, volumes, myocardial M, and contractile function, which may be used as a reference in Latin-Americans. </p>
      <p>This study composes a sub-study with Brazilian participants of the CMR-LAC Registry, which evaluated data obtained from subjects dwelling in the North-East and the South-East regions of the country. The data has been collected from three different Brazilian centers, one being from the North-East (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN) and two from the South-East (Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - InCor-HC-FMUSP; and Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Unicamp), of the cities of Natal (RN), S&#227;o Paulo (SP), and Campinas (SP), respectively.</p>
      <p>Signs with information on the Brazilian record in CMR have been posted on the social networks, in the ambulatories of the three universities and, also, in private-owned clinics of the cities taking part in this study. Asymptomatic subjects, with ages between 20 and 80 years-old, have been recruited. After a medical interview, the subjects with no factors of risk, no established cardiomyopathy, with normal physical examination and electrocardiograms were invited to take part in the research. </p>
      <p>The criteria of exclusion were: current smokers or previous smokers with less than 10 years of interruption, systolic arterial pressure &gt; 120 mmHg or diastolic &gt; 80 mmHg, fasting glycemia &gt; 100 mg/dL, and total cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL. Bearers of cardiac pacemaker, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, intraocular foreign bodies or claustrophobia have also been excluded. All of the anthropometric measurements have been standardized in accordance with previously published references<sup>15</sup>. The body mass index (BMI) has been calculated by means of the equation weight / height<sup>2</sup> (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and the body surface area in accordance with the formula published by Mosteller [BSA (m<sup>2</sup>) = (<italic>height </italic>(cm) x <italic>weight </italic>(kg) / 3600) &#189;](15). The measurement of the serum Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) to rule out the cardiac dysfunction has been obtained in the inhabitants of Natal. The clinical and laboratory data were collected before the CMR exam. This study has been approved by the respective local ethics committees and has been conducted in conformity with the ethical standards of the Helsinki declaration of 1964. The participants of the research have read and signed the Informed Consent Form. The study has also been registered at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov">www.clinicaltrials.gov</ext-link> with the identification number: NCT01030549.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Protocol of the CMR</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The subjects have undergone examination in devices of 1.5 Tesla (Achieva, Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands Signa CV/I; GE Medical Systems, Waukesha, WI; and Avanto, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany). The images synchronized with the electrocardiogram have been acquired upon expiratory apnea (respiratory pause of 15 seconds), using dedicated cardiac coils previously placed on the thorax of the patient. The protocol time of the study has had the duration of approximately 30 minutes. Localizing images in orthogonal planes, vertical and horizontal long axes, and short axis of the heart have been carried out. After those sequences of localizing images, images in cine mode, in the four chamber plane (4ch) of the heart have been obtained to prescribe the short axis, now in cine mode, covering the entire LV and RV from the base (passing the atrioventricular ring) up to the apex, using the balanced steady state free precession technique (SSFP)<sup>16</sup>. The following parameters have been respected in the three centers taking part in the research for the obtaining of the short axis of the heart in cine mode: slice thickness of 8 mm, spacing of 2 mm, temporal resolution &lt; 50 msec, FOV 360-400mm, matrix of 256 x 128, <italic>flip angle</italic> 15 - 30&#186;, TE 3-5msec, TR 8-10msec, 1 NEX. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Analysis of the images</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The method of analysis has followed the standards already widely established in the literature, with high indices of reproducibility inter- and intra-observer reproducibility<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>Locally, the images have been transferred from the magnetos to the local work stations, and analyzed by means of <italic>dedicated software</italic> (View Forum of Philips Medical and Argus of the Siemens Medical Solutions). </p>
      <p>Three doctors trained in CMR have analyzed all of the images. The measurements of the diameters of the left and right ventricles have been obtained by plotting a straight line from the inter-ventricular septum to the lateral wall in the plane 4ch (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5261fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The measurements of the volumes of both the LV and the RV have been obtained by semi-automatically plotting the contours of the endocardial edges of both the LV and the RV in the short axis of the heart, both in diastole and in systole as well, from the base up to the apex. The base cut-off of the LV would be selected if at least 50% of the volume of blood were surrounded by myocardial tissue. The apical slice was defined as the last slice to have intra-cavity blood volume. The papillary muscles have been excluded from the measurements of volume and included for the calculation of the left ventricular mass. For the RV, the volumes below the pulmonary valve were included. The volumes of the RV have been excluded from the entrance pathway should the muscles around be fine instead of trabecular, suggesting that of the right atrium. The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5261fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref> shows examples of images in short axis of the heart, in which the endocardial and epicardial outlines of both the LV and the RV, in diastole and in systole, may be observed. The end diastolic and systolic volumes of both the LV and the RV have been determined through the method of the summation of the discs or Simpson's rule (summation of the areas outlined in each slice in the short axes of both the LV and the RV multiplied by the summation of the thickness of those slices with their spacing)<sup>11</sup>. The EF has been calculated as the End Dv (EDv) minus the End Sv (ESv) divided by the EDv. The Myocardial M has been determined by the summation of the myocardial area (difference between the epicardial outlines and those of the of the endocardial outlines) multiplied by the slice thickness plus the spacing of the slice in diastole multiplied by the myocardial density of 1.05 gcm<sup>3 18</sup>. The tissue volume has been obtained from the endocardial and epicardial outlines of both the LV and the RV in diastole (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5261fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5261fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5261fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>All of the measurements obtained have been stored in a mainframe server at Unicamp, accessed via the <italic>internet</italic> (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.cmrtrial.com">www.cmrtrial.com</ext-link>), by means of identification and password provided in the beginning of the study.</p>
      <p>Apart from the local analyses, the original images in DICOM have been rendered anonymous and recorded in CD/DVD media, apart from being sent electronically by a <italic>web</italic> server top the central laboratory. As intra- and inter-observer variabilities have been tested with the participation of two observers. For the analysis of the intra-observer variability, the observer 1 has measured the same parameters of both the LV and the RV twice in 30 subjects, after an interval of 30 days. For the inter-observer analysis, the observer 2 has obtained measurements of the same 30 subjects from a random sample previously analyzed by the observer 1.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After the collection, the data have been transcribed to the standardized form and typed in computer, for the sake of database management and statistical analysis. The build-up of the database and the statistical analysis have been made in statistics software <italic>Statistical Package for Social Science</italic> (SPSS), version 16.0 for Windows.</p>
      <p>In the descriptive analysis, the categorical data are presented in the form of tables, per absolute and relative frequencies, whilst the quantitative data are presented per average and standard deviation (SD). The latter have initially been subjected to the normality test, comparing them to the normal curve by means of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test, all of them being classified as parametric. </p>
      <p>Next, to compare the averages of the measurements in relation to the gender, the Student's <italic>t</italic> test has been carried out for independent samples. For the comparison of the measurements as a function of the age, the Variance Analysis (ANOVA) has been carried out, followed by the Tukey's post-test. A simple linear regression has also been carried out so as to evaluate correlations between age and parameters of both the LV and the RV, in accordance with gender.</p>
      <p>In the analyses of intra- and inter-observer agreements the Intraclass Correlation coefficient (ICC) has been used. </p>
      <p>Throughout the entire statistical analysis, a significant p has been considered with a standard value of 0.05 and a Confidence Interval (CI) of 95%. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred eight subjects (55 men), with mean age of 43.4 &#177; 13.1 years, have been screened through the criteria of inclusion and exclusion from a total of 300 interviews. The period of interviews took place from May, 2010 until May, 2011. The UFRN has included 52 subjects, the InCor-USP has included 19 subjects, and the Unicamp has included 37 subjects. Only one subject has been excluded for not completing the protocol of the CMR, by virtue of claustrophobia. The clinical characteristics of the participants of this study are demonstrated in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Measurements of the Serum BNPs have been obtained from only 40 subjects, inhabitants of Natal.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>The averages and the SD of the measurements of the parameters of both the LV and the RV have been, respectively: Dd LV = 4.8 &#177; 0.5 cm; Sd LV = 3.0 &#177; 0.6 cm; EDv LV = 128.4 &#177; 29.6 mL; ESv LV = 45.2 &#177; 16.6 mL; EF LV = 65.5 &#177; 6.3%; Myocardial M of the LV = 95.2 &#177; 30.8 g; Dd RV = 3.9 &#177; 1.3 cm; Sd RV = 2.5 &#177; 0.5 cm; EDv RV = 126.5 &#177; 30.7 mL; ESv RV = 53.6 &#177; 18.4 mL; EF RV = 58.3 &#177; 8.0%; and Myocardial M of the RV = 26.1 &#177; 6.1 g. Also, the <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5261tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the averages, SD and the respective CI 95% of all the parameters obtained of both the LV and the RV - both of the women and the men. The volumes and the masses of both the LV and the RV - in absolute numbers, with no adjustments for body surface area - have been significantly greater in men. The diameters of both the LV and the RV have also been significantly greater in men, except for the Dd RV. After adjustments for the body surfaces, the volumes and the masses of both the LV and the RV have remained significantly greater in men, except for the Sv LV. The EF RV has been significantly greater in women. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5261tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5261tab03-body2">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5261tab04-body2">4</xref> show the averages, SD and CI 95% of all the parameters obtained from the LV and RV, both for women and men, in accordance with the respective age groups. In the age group above 60 years-old, considering only measurements adjusted for the body surface area, the Dd RV has been significantly lower in women. In men, also in the age group above 60 years-old, and considering only measurements adjusted for the body surface area, the diameters and the end diastolic and systolic volumes of the RV have been significantly lower. There has been a significant and inverted correlation of the ESv RV with the progression of the age, being more significant in the men (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5261fig03-body2">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5261fig04-body2">4</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5261tab03-body2">
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      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5261tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5261fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5261fig04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0068-30113-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The EF LV of the women and the EF RV in the men have been significantly greater in the higher age groups. The masses of the LV and RV have not been different among the age groups - both in absolute numbers and after adjustments for the body surfaces (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5261tab03-body2">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5261tab04-body2">4</xref>). </p>
      <p>In the analyses of intra- and inter-observer agreements, there have been found elevated ICC values for all of the measurements of the LV and of the RV, except for the mass of the RV (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5261tab05-body2">Tables 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5261tab06-body2">6</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5261tab05-body2">
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      </p>
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        <table-wrap id="en_aop5261tab06-body2">
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study presents preliminary results of the measurements of morphological and functional parameters of both the LV and the RV obtained by CMR, in Brazilian participants of the CMR-LAC Trial, describing differences between gender and age groups. </p>
      <p>Lorenz et al<sup>18</sup> have been some of the first authors to report reference values for CMR and to describe differences between genders. In a similar fashion as that of the data obtained among Brazilians of this study, the volumes and the masses adjusted for the body surface area, except for the mass of the RV, have been significantly greater in men. The averages and the SD of the masses of both the LV and the RV adjusted for the body surface area (LVMi and RVMi) have been greater than those of the Brazilians in this study (LVMi = 87 &#177; 12 g <italic>versus </italic>52.3 &#177; 14 g; RVMi = 26 &#177; 5 g <italic>versus</italic> 15.2 &#177; 4.5 g). Yet, the average and the Adjusted SD EDv LV (iVdF LV) has been greater in the Brazilians of this study (69 &#177; 15.1 mL <italic>versus</italic> 66 &#177; 12 mL), but the Adjusted Dv RV (iVdF RV) has been greater among the Europeans (75 &#177; 13 mL <italic>versus</italic> 73.2 &#177; 16.4 mL). The differences may be justified by the use of different techniques of image acquisition (FGRE <italic>versus</italic> SSFP). Moon et al<sup>19</sup>, Barkhausen et al<sup>20</sup>, and Malayeri et al<sup>21</sup> have compared those two techniques and demonstrated that the properties which are inherent to each of them may lead to significant differences in the measurements of the ventricular volumes and masses amidst them. </p>
      <p>Salton et al<sup>22</sup> have also described differences between genders for parameters of the LV in normotensive subjects of the Framingham Heart Study Offspring Cohort<sup>23</sup>, demonstrating that the volumes and the masses of the LV would be significantly greater in men. The women have had the greatest EF, though with no significant difference. </p>
      <p>Maceira et al<sup>24,25</sup> - using the same technique (SSFP) of imaging acquisition as adopted in this study - have published parameters adjusted for the body surfaces both for the LV and the RV, further describing not only differences between genders but, also, the influence of the age on those measurements. In the multivariate analysis, we have observed that the gender has significantly influenced the volumes and the masses of both the LV and the RV. In a similar fashion as demonstrated here, among Brazilians, the volumes have significantly decreased with the progression of age. In the multivariate analysis, the age has been an independent predictor of the volumes of the LV and of the volumes and masses of the RV. Hudsmith et al<sup>26</sup> have demonstrated measurements of the mass of the RV and volumes of the LV and RV significantly lower in men and women above 35 years of age when compared to the ones below 35 years of age. Nikitin et al<sup>27</sup> have published, likewise, volumes of the LV that were lower among the highest ages, though with no significant changes in the mass do LV. This study has shown that, apart from the volumes and diameters of the RV being significantly lower in the age group above 60 years-old, there has been a correlation of the Sv RV with the progression of the age, being more significant in the men. Those data corroborate with the results by Kawut et al<sup>12</sup>, which have demonstrated that the progression of age is associated to lower volumes and masses of the RV, upon analyzing a significant number of subjects (n = 5.098) from the MESA study. </p>
      <p>The myocardial volumes and the masses of the LV and RV published by Maceira et al<sup>24,25</sup> have been quite similar to those obtained among the Brazilians of this study. However, it should be expected that those measurements were different from the ones obtained amidst the Brazilians, mainly due to differences among heights, weights, and body surfaces of Americans and Europeans in relation to the Latin-Americans, specifically Brazilians. However, in one of the MESA sub-studies, involving 800 subjects, Natori et al<sup>11</sup> have shown that significant differences between ethnicities for parameters of the LV would exist only between "white" or "black" Americans and Asian-descendant Americans, mainly Chinese. This study has shown that there have not been significant differences between the volumes and the masses of the LV of the "white" or "black" Americans and "Hispanic" Latin-Americans. In contrast, Kawut et al<sup>12</sup>, in the MESA study, have shown that the mass and the Dv RV of "Hispanic" Latin-Americans would be significantly greater than those of the 'white", "black" or "Chinese" Americans. Thus, ethnic differences need to be considered, reference values for one specific population are important, and further studies on CMR and other methods should be carried out so that there may be an understanding of the influence played by those ethnic factors on parameters both of the LV and the RV. The results of the intra- and inter-observer variability have been comparable to those by Catalano et al<sup>28</sup>, except for the intra-observer agreement in the obtaining of Myocardial M of the RV. Walls of the RV are thinner than those of the LV. Errors may take place in semi-automatic procedures of detection of epicardial and endocardial edges of the RV walls. As such, the measurements of Myocardial M of the RV may be less accurate and reproducible.</p>
      <p>The main limitation of this study has been related to the difficulty upon the certainty of the inclusion only of subjects free from cardiovascular diseases, mainly amidst the elderly. That fact does not void the results, mainly because, until then, there would be adopted reference values of studies published in the United States and in Europe which, by the way, have used screening criteria of their samples which were very similar to those of this sub-study. Another limitation regarded the fact that this Brazilian sub-study of the CMR-LAC Registry had not been designed to detect differences between ethnicities in the parameters analyzed. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This Brazilian sub-study of the <italic>CMR-LAC Registry</italic> has described, for the first time, measurements of morphological and functional parameters of the heart obtained by CMR in subjects with no factors of risk and with no cardiomyopathies established, whilst differences in the measurements of the LV and RV were observed as a function of age and gender. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgement</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This project has been funded by the <italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> (Fapesp), with protocol number 2009/09513-5.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Obtaining funding: Macedo R, Fernandes JL, Rochitte CE, Coelho OR, Diniz RVZ; Acquisition of data: Macedo R, Fernandes JL, Andrade SS, Rochitte CE, Maciel FC, Alves GSP, Diniz RVZ; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Macedo R, Fernandes JL, Andrade SS, Rochitte CE, Diniz RVZ; Statistical analysis: Macedo R, Fernandes JL, Rochitte CE, Lima KC, Maciel ACC, Diniz RVZ; Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Macedo R, Fernandes JL, Rochitte CE, Diniz RVZ.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FAPESP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Robson de Macedo Filho, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
