<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">c4587yRkmn959CfRB3VJG7w</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002700008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100100008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130112</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estudo piloto com Eco 3D das modifica&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas do VE ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Wercules Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordovil</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M&#244;naco</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udia Gianini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Afonso</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Edgar Bezerra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Perin</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Cl&#225;udio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morhy</surname>
            <given-names>Samira Saady</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>43</fpage>
      <lpage>51</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Remodelamento ventricular esquerdo (RVE) ap&#243;s IAM caracteriza fator de mau progn&#243;stico. H&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o na literatura sobre o RVE analisado com ecocardiografia tridimensional (ECO 3D) OBJETIVO: Analisar com ECO 3D as modifica&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas e volum&#233;tricas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) seis meses ap&#243;s IAM em pacientes submetidos a tratamento prim&#225;rio percut&#226;neo. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo com ECO 3D de 21 indiv&#237;duos (16 homens, 56 &#177; 12 anos), acometidos por IAM com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. Foi feita a an&#225;lise morfofuncional (VE) com ECO 3D (volumes, FEVE, &#237;ndice de esfericidade 3D) at&#233; sete dias e seis meses ap&#243;s o IAM. RVE foi considerado para aumento &gt; 15% do volume diast&#243;lico final do VE (VDFVE) ap&#243;s seis meses do IAM, comparado ao VDFVE at&#233; sete dias do evento. RESULTADOS: Oito (38%) pacientes apresentaram RVE. Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (n = 21 pacientes): I- at&#233; sete dias do IAM: 1- VDFVE: 92,3 &#177; 22,3 mL; 2- FEVE: 0,51 &#177; 0,01; 3- &#237;ndice de esfericidade: 0,38 &#177; 0,05; II- ap&#243;s seis meses: 1- VDFVE: 107,3 &#177; 26,8 mL; 2- FEVE: 0,59 &#177; 0,01; 3- &#237;ndice de esfericidade: 0,31 &#177; 0,05. Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (r) entre &#237;ndice de esfericidade at&#233; sete dias do IAM e VDFVE aos seis meses (n = 8) ap&#243;s o IAM: r: 0,74, p = 0,0007; (r) entre &#237;ndice de esfericidade ap&#243;s seis meses do IAM e VDFVE aos seis meses do IAM: r: 0,85, p &lt; 0,0001. CONCLUS&#195;O: Nesta s&#233;rie, foi observado RVE em 38% dos pacientes seis meses ap&#243;s IAM. O &#237;ndice de esfericidade tridimensional foi associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de RVE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Tridimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudo piloto com Eco 3D das modifica&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas do VE ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira; Wercules Antonio Oliveira; Adriana Cordovil; Ana Clara Tude Rodrigues; Cl&#225;udia Gianini M&#244;naco; T&#226;nia Afonso; Edgar Bezerra Lira Filho; Marco Perin; Cl&#225;udio Henrique Fischer; Samira Saady Morhy</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Remodelamento ventricular esquerdo (RVE) ap&#243;s IAM caracteriza fator de mau progn&#243;stico. H&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o na literatura sobre o RVE analisado com ecocardiografia tridimensional (ECO 3D) </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Analisar com ECO 3D as modifica&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas e volum&#233;tricas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) seis meses ap&#243;s IAM em pacientes submetidos a tratamento prim&#225;rio percut&#226;neo. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo prospectivo com ECO 3D de 21 indiv&#237;duos (16 homens, 56 &#177; 12 anos), acometidos por IAM com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST. Foi feita a an&#225;lise morfofuncional (VE) com ECO 3D (volumes, FEVE, &#237;ndice de esfericidade 3D) at&#233; sete dias e seis meses ap&#243;s o IAM. RVE foi considerado para aumento &gt; 15% do volume diast&#243;lico final do VE (VDFVE) ap&#243;s seis meses do IAM, comparado ao VDFVE at&#233; sete dias do evento. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Oito (38%) pacientes apresentaram RVE. Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (n = 21 pacientes): I- at&#233; sete dias do IAM: 1- VDFVE: 92,3 &#177; 22,3 mL; 2- FEVE: 0,51 &#177; 0,01; 3- &#237;ndice de esfericidade: 0,38 &#177; 0,05; II- ap&#243;s seis meses: 1- VDFVE: 107,3 &#177; 26,8 mL; 2- FEVE: 0,59 &#177; 0,01; 3- &#237;ndice de esfericidade: 0,31 &#177; 0,05. Coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (r) entre &#237;ndice de esfericidade at&#233; sete dias do IAM e VDFVE aos seis meses (n = 8) ap&#243;s o IAM: r: 0,74, p = 0,0007; (r) entre &#237;ndice de esfericidade ap&#243;s seis meses do IAM e VDFVE aos seis meses do IAM: r: 0,85, p &lt; 0,0001. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Nesta s&#233;rie, foi observado RVE em 38% dos pacientes seis meses ap&#243;s IAM. O &#237;ndice de esfericidade tridimensional foi associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de RVE.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ecocardiografia Tridimensional, Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio, Stents, Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o, Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O progn&#243;stico dos pacientes portadores de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdico (IAM) com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST est&#225; relacionado &#224; mec&#226;nica card&#237;aca, assim como &#224; geometria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE)<sup>1-5</sup>. O percentual de dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE (remodelamento ventricular) e a performance mioc&#225;rdica espelhada pela varia&#231;&#227;o dos volumes ventriculares (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o), s&#227;o aspectos de grande import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes ap&#243;s IAM<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise dos volumes, da geometria e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda tem sido realizada nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas com o emprego do ecocardiograma ecocardiografia (ECO 2D). No entanto, este m&#233;todo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; an&#225;lise morfofuncional das estruturas card&#237;acas em raz&#227;o da limita&#231;&#227;o dos planos espaciais de observa&#231;&#227;o, das infer&#234;ncias geom&#233;tricas para o c&#225;lculo dos volumes ventriculares e da possibilidade do encurtamento, "foreshortening", das formas geom&#233;tricas quando da aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas<sup>6-11</sup>. Nesse sentido, foi desenvolvido o ecocardiograma tridimensional (ECO 3D), que permite a an&#225;lise estrutural card&#237;aca a partir de m&#250;ltiplos planos espaciais de observa&#231;&#227;o. A an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica tridimensional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a an&#225;lise bidimensional, apresenta maior proximidade com as medidas obtidas com m&#233;todos de melhor resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial, como a tomografia ultrarr&#225;pida de 64 canais e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica nuclear<sup>8,12-14</sup>.</p>
    <p> A ecocardiografia tridimensional possibilita tamb&#233;m a an&#225;lise da modifica&#231;&#227;o geom&#233;trica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo atrav&#233;s da aferi&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de esfericidade tridimensional (IE3D)<sup>2,15</sup>. Este novo &#237;ndice relaciona o volume ventricular e o volume hipot&#233;tico ventricular esquerdo se o VE apresentar formato esf&#233;rico. Alguns estudos da literatura relacionaram este novo &#237;ndice de an&#225;lise geom&#233;trica ventricular ao remodelamento ventricular esquerdo ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>2,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objetivo do estudo foi analisar com o ECO 3D as modifica&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas e volum&#233;tricas do VE seis meses ap&#243;s IAM em pacientes submetidos a tratamento prim&#225;rio percut&#226;neo por implante de endopr&#243;tese coronariana (Stent).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e de exclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O paciente foi eleg&#237;vel ao estudo ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;dico assistente do pronto atendimento, tendo apresentado pelo menos dois dos seguintes crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio:</p>
    <p>1 - quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com IAM;</p>
    <p>2 - supradesnivelamento do seguimento ST &gt; 1mm em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es ao ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es;</p>
    <p>3 - dosagem de marcadores de necrose mioc&#225;rdica compat&#237;vel IAM;</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m dos crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de IAM, o paciente deveria apresentar:</p>
    <p>1 - Realiza&#231;&#227;o de tratamento coronariano percut&#226;neo prim&#225;rio com tempo de 'porta-bal&#227;o' de at&#233; 90 minutos;</p>
    <p>2 - Estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica no momento da realiza&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea;</p>
    <p>3 - Assinatura do consentimento livre e informado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
    <p>Como crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o ao estudo foram observados:</p>
    <p>1 - Imagem considerada inadequada &#224; an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica tridimensional;</p>
    <p>2 - Presen&#231;a de grande irregularidade do ritmo card&#237;aco pr&#233;-interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea (p. ex: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, em decorr&#234;ncia da dificuldade &#224; an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica tridimensional).</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram analisados quanto a evid&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, tabagismo, hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, de acordo com crit&#233;rios previamente determinados<sup>16-20</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram realizadas a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica bidimensional, com Doppler convencional e tecidual, e a an&#225;lise transtor&#225;cica tridimensional em tempo real. Os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos bidimensionais foram realizados de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>21,22</sup>, em equipamento comercialmente dispon&#237;vel (Philips IE33, Philips Medical System, Andover, MA, EUA), equipado com transdutor de 2-5 MHZ, e transdutor matricial X3 para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens tridimensionais. O programa utilizado para a an&#225;lise de imagens de ecocardiografia tridimensional foi Q-Lab, vers&#227;o 5.0, Philips Medical System, Andover, MA, EUA. Foram estudados os seguintes par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos:</p>
    <p>I - Ecocardiograma Bidimensional:</p>
    <p>Volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VDFVE); 2- Volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSFVE); 3- Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), m&#233;todo de Simpson.</p>
    <p>Foram aferidos os di&#226;metros ventriculares esquerdos com o emprego do modo unidimensional guiado pela ecocardiografia bidimensional.</p>
    <p>Foi tamb&#233;m calculado o &#237;ndice de esfericidade bidimensional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os eixos longo e curto do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (proje&#231;&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras, em di&#225;stole)<sup>23</sup>, e o &#237;ndice de contratilidade segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, considerando-se modelo de 17 segmentos ventriculares.</p>
    <p>II- Ecocardiografia Tridimensional:</p>
    <p>VDFVE; 2- VSFVE; 3- FEVE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5159fig01">Figura 1</xref>); 4- &#237;ndice de dissincronia tridimensional ventricular esquerda % (ID3D); 5- IE 3D (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5159fig02">Figura 2</xref>). O &#237;ndice de dissincronia tridimensional corresponde ao desvio padr&#227;o % da m&#233;dia do tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica final dos segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, para modelo matem&#225;tico de 17 segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5159fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5159fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O &#237;ndice de esfericidade tridimensional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo corresponde &#224; raz&#227;o entre o VDFVE e o volume que o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo apresentaria se o seu formato fosse esf&#233;rico, de acordo com a express&#227;o abaixo:</p>
    <p>&#205;ndice de esfericidade tridimensional do VE: VDFVE 4/3 &#960; (D/2)<sup>3</sup> onde, VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (aferido com eco 3D);.</p>
    <p>D: di&#226;metro do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo mensurado na proje&#231;&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras.</p>
    <p>A aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens tridimensionais foi realizada ap&#243;s o estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico bidimensional. As imagens tridimensionais foram obtidas com o emprego de transdutor matricial, estando o paciente em apneia expirat&#243;ria, com a imagem acoplada ao registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico. As imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas tridimensionais foram adquiridas a partir de pontos de refer&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tomando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o anel valvar mitral e o &#225;pice ventricular, em proje&#231;&#245;es sagital e coronal. Os pontos de refer&#234;ncia do anel mitral observaram pontos espec&#237;ficos do anel mitral, considerando-se a conflu&#234;ncia do anel com o septo, a parede lateral, a parede inferior e a parede anterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Considerou-se a maior densidade poss&#237;vel de linhas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas para o delineamento dos elementos volum&#233;tricos (<italic>voxels</italic>) durante a aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens. As imagens foram armazenadas em disco r&#237;gido do equipamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico e analisadas "off-line" em software espec&#237;fico do pr&#243;prio aparelho. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas por dois observadores independentes (MLCV e WAO).</p>
    <p>Remodelamento ventricular esquerdo (RVE) foi considerado quando da ocorr&#234;ncia de aumento <underline>&gt;</underline> 15% do VDFVE ap&#243;s seis meses do IAM, comparado ao VDFVE at&#233; sete dias do evento<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>O primeiro exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico (bidimensional e tridimensional) foi feito em at&#233; sete dias ap&#243;s o IAM e o segundo exame, ap&#243;s seis meses do IAM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise laboratorial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados marcadores s&#233;ricos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica (considerando-se seus maiores valores durante a evolu&#231;&#227;o do IAM), e do pept&#237;deo atrial natriur&#233;tico (BNP). Desta forma, foram analisados:</p>
    <p>1 - Creatina cinase (CK) fra&#231;&#227;o MB e CK-MB massa;</p>
    <p>2 - Mioglobina;</p>
    <p>3 - Troponina I;</p>
    <p>4 - BNP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi feita pela descri&#231;&#227;o dos valores m&#237;nimos e m&#225;ximos, e do c&#225;lculo das m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram calculadas as frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre os achados bioqu&#237;micos e os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos bidimensionais e tridimensionais foi realizada empregando-se o m&#233;todo de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson (r), 95% de intervalo de confian&#231;a. Foram calculadas varia&#231;&#227;o intra e interobservador para os par&#226;metros tridimensionais aferidos, p &lt; 0,05. Os dados foram processados com o sistema de an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica MedCalc, Mariakerke, B&#233;lgica.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisas do Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil, e protocolado no Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein - IIEPAE , sob n&#250;mero 293-07.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No per&#237;odo de mar&#231;o de 2007 a dezembro de 2008 foram estudados de forma prospectiva 23 pacientes, com exclus&#227;o posterior de 2/23 (8,7%) pacientes da casu&#237;stica inicial em decorr&#234;ncia de imagem considerada inadequada &#224; an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Dessa forma, dos 21 pacientes considerados ao estudo, 16 (76%) homens, com m&#233;dia et&#225;ria de 56 &#177; 12 (41-87) anos de idade, que foram acometidos por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, receberam tratamento por interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (implante de endopr&#243;tese coronariana - <italic>Stent</italic>).</p>
    <p> As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas, os achados hemodin&#226;micos pr&#233; e ap&#243;s tratamento percut&#226;neo prim&#225;rio da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5159tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. A maioria dos pacientes do estudo apresentava hist&#243;ria pregressa de hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (52%), e cerca de &#188; deles apresentava diabetes mellitus, ou hist&#243;ria de dislipidemia ou de tabagismo. A ocorr&#234;ncia de hist&#243;ria familiar de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica tamb&#233;m foi expressiva (43%). Os pacientes apresentaram evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em grupo I de Killip e Kimball: 18/21 (86%); ou em grupo II: 3/21 (14%), durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5159tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p> As medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas bidimensionais e tridimensionais e as dosagens s&#233;ricas de marcadores enzim&#225;ticos e de BNP do grupo de pacientes que apresentou remodelamento reverso do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (n = 8 pacientes) e do grupo de pacientes que n&#227;o apresentou remodelamento reverso (n = 13) s&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5159tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. A evolu&#231;&#227;o do VDFVE da popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo (n = 21) ap&#243;s seis meses do IAM &#233; demonstrada no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5159gra01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref>. No grupo de pacientes com remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, observou-se aumento de 15,7%, p &lt; 0,05, do VDFVE (an&#225;lise com ECO 3D), e de 9,5% do VDFVE com a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica bidimensional, ap&#243;s seis meses do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. No grupo de pacientes sem remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, observou-se aumento de 6,1%, do VDFVE (an&#225;lise com ECO 3D), e de 9,6% do VDFVE com a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica bidimensional, ap&#243;s seis meses do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Os pacientes (n = 21) apresentaram padr&#227;o diast&#243;lico de altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento ventricular (n = 7) e fluxo pseudonornal (n = 4) at&#233; sete dias ap&#243;s IAM, e padr&#227;o diast&#243;lico de altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento ventricular (n = 8) e fluxo pseudonormal (n = 2) seis meses ap&#243;s IAM. N&#227;o foi evidenciada associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e RVE. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de esfericidade 2D, o &#237;ndice de contratilidade segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o remodelamento ventricular ap&#243;s 6 meses do IAM. O tempo m&#233;dio de realiza&#231;&#227;o do primeiro exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico (bidimensional e tridimensional) ap&#243;s o IAM foi de 2 &#177; 0,4 dias.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5159tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5159gra01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice de esfericidade tridimensional (3D) do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo at&#233; sete dias e ap&#243;s seis meses (6M) do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio da popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo (n=21) &#233; demonstrada no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5159gra02">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref>. A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o (Pearson: r) entre o &#205;ndice de Esfericidade Tridimensional (3D) e os volumes diast&#243;licos finais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VDFVE), at&#233; sete dias e ap&#243;s seis meses (6M) do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), na popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo (n=21), &#233; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5159tab03">Tabela 3</xref>. Foi observado remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 38% dos pacientes acometidos por IAM. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de esfericidade 3D aferido at&#233; sete dias do IAM e o VDFVE em seis meses foi de 0,69, p = 0,007. Para o grupo de pacientes com remodelamento reverso do VE, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de esfericidade 3D aferido at&#233; sete dias do IAM e o VDFVE em seis meses foi de 0,74, p = 0,001. Para o grupo de pacientes com remodelamento reverso do VE, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de esfericidade 3D aferido em seis meses do IAM e o VDFVE em seis meses foi de 0,85, p = 0,001. Para o grupo de pacientes sem remodelamento reverso do VE, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de esfericidade 3D aferido at&#233; sete dias do IAM e o VDFVE em seis meses foi de 0,54, p = 0,001. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre os marcadores s&#233;ricos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica e a ocorr&#234;ncia de remodelamento ventricular esquerdo. N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de dissincronia ventricular tridimensional e o remodelamento ventricular esquerdo.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5159gra02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5159tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o intraobservador para a aferi&#231;&#227;o do VDFVE com ECO 3D foi 0,94 (IC 95%: 0,81-0,97); o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o interobservador para a aferi&#231;&#227;o do VDFVE com ECO 3D foi 0,92 (IC 95%: 0,80-0,96). O coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o intraobservador para a aferi&#231;&#227;o do IE 3D foi 0,93 (IC 95%: 0,80-0,95), e o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o interobservador para a aferi&#231;&#227;o do IE 3D foi 0,91(IC 95%: 0,77-0,94).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O remodelamento ventricular esquerdo ap&#243;s a ocorr&#234;ncia de IAM reflete as modifica&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas de adapta&#231;&#227;o do VE frente ao evento isqu&#234;mico, sendo fator de importante progn&#243;stico na evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos pacientes<sup>1-5</sup>. A dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, assim como a redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de BNP e a classe funcional representam importantes fatores de mau progn&#243;stico relacionados &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s IAM. No presente estudo, 38% dos pacientes apresentaram evid&#234;ncias ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de remodelamento ventricular, apesar de apresentarem pequena redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE no per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar (0,49 &#177; 0,02 ao ECO 3D, 0,51 &#177; 0,05 ao ECO 2D), da evid&#234;ncia de eleva&#231;&#227;o discreta do BNP (269 &#177; 121 pg/mL), e de estarem todos em classe I ou II de Killip e Kimball. Este percentual de remodelamento ventricular esquerdo foi semelhante aos achados de estudo com 33 pacientes em que a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica tridimensional identificou RVE em 13 (39%) dos pacientes estudados<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Constatou-se tamb&#233;m que o RVE n&#227;o teria sido diagnosticado se a an&#225;lise volum&#233;trica tivesse sido realizada com o emprego da ecocardiografia bidimensional (observou-se aumento m&#233;dio de 9,5% do VDFVE com a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica bidimensional). A possibilidade da detec&#231;&#227;o precoce do remodelamento ventricular esquerdo ganha import&#226;ncia no sentido do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico mais agressivo para a preven&#231;&#227;o da progress&#227;o da dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Na an&#225;lise intra-hospitalar de 23 pacientes acometidos por IAM (os 21 pacientes do estudo atual faziam parte desta casu&#237;stica), observou-se tamb&#233;m maior associa&#231;&#227;o entre a libera&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de BNP e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo aferida com o ECO 3D do que com a ecocardiografia bidimensional (r: - 0,7427, p&lt;0,0001; - 0,5478, p=0,001, respectivamente)<sup>25</sup>. Observa-se, ent&#227;o, a maior associa&#231;&#227;o entre a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica tridimensional e os eventos celulares (espelhados pela libera&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de BNP) e o efeito morfofuncional do infarto no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (demonstrados pela FEVE e pelo remodelamento ventricular), quando comparados com a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica bidimensional.</p>
    <p> Com rela&#231;&#227;o aos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tridimensionais novos destinados ao estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o e da geometria do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (&#237;ndice de sincronia tridimensional e &#237;ndice de esfericidade tridimensional), foi observado comportamento diverso em rela&#231;&#227;o ao remodelamento ventricular esquerdo em seis meses ap&#243;s IAM. N&#227;o foi detectada associa&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de dissincronia ventricular (o que poderia representar o desacoplamento eletromec&#226;nico intraventricular esquerdo) e o remodelamento ventricular esquerdo. No entanto, foi verificada a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o &#237;ndice de esfericidade tridimensional e o RVE, de forma semelhante em dois estudos anteriores com 19 e 33 pacientes acometidos por IAM<sup>2,15</sup>. No estudo com 33 pacientes, demonstrou-se que valores acima de 0,25 para o &#237;ndice de esfericidade tridimensional apresentavam sensibilidade de 100%, especificidade de 90%, valor preditivo positivo de 87% e valor preditivo negativo de 100%, para a predi&#231;&#227;o de RVE<sup>2</sup>. No presente estudo, no grupo de pacientes com remodelamento do VE, a correla&#231;&#227;o (r) entre o &#237;ndice de esfericidade 3D aferido at&#233; sete dias do IAM e o VDFVE em seis meses foi de 0,74, p=0,001. A diferen&#231;a temporal entre os dois estudos &#233; relacionada ao per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s IAM - no estudo com 33 pacientes a an&#225;lise foi realizada ap&#243;s 12 meses do evento e em nosso estudo a an&#225;lise foi ap&#243;s seis meses.</p>
    <p> Dessa forma, com a progress&#227;o do desenvolvimento e do uso mais rotineiro da an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica tridimensional, acredita-se que esta t&#233;cnica de imagem possa vir a substituir a investiga&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica bidimensional no acompanhamento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes acometidos por infarto do mioc&#225;rdico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O n&#250;mero de pacientes estudados foi pequeno, necessitando de outras an&#225;lises com n&#250;mero maior de pacientes. Ainda h&#225; necessidade da presen&#231;a de imagem ecocardiogr&#225;fica considerada boa para que a an&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica tridimensional possa ser realizada (dois pacientes, 8,7% da casu&#237;stica inicial, foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo). Foram estudados pacientes acometidos por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em diferentes segmentos ventriculares (acometimento de diferentes leitos vasculares), o que pode ter ocasionado heterogeneidade e n&#227;o uniformidade nos dados obtidos para a an&#225;lise. O aspecto temporal &#233; importante para as altera&#231;&#245;es morfofuncionais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. O estudo dever&#225; ser repetido em per&#237;odo mais longo (12 e 24 meses) ap&#243;s o evento isqu&#234;mico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nesta s&#233;rie de pacientes acometidos por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST, tratados por via percut&#226;nea, foi observado remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 38% dos pacientes acometidos por IAM. O &#237;ndice de esfericidade tridimensional foi associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Vieira MLC, Oliveira WA, Rodrigues ACT, M&#244;naco CG, Afonso T; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Vieira MLC, Oliveira WA, Cordovil A, Rodrigues ACT, M&#244;naco CG, Lira Filho EB, Perin M, Fischer CH, Morhy SS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Vieira MLC, Oliveira WA, Cordovil A, Rodrigues ACT, M&#244;naco CG, Afonso T, Lira Filho EB, Perin M, Fischer CH, Morhy SS; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Vieira MLC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Vieira MLC, Oliveira WA, Rodrigues ACT, M&#244;naco CG; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Vieira MLC, Oliveira WA, Cordovil A, Afonso T.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira </p>
        <p> Rua Cardoso de Melo, 463, Apto 21, Vila Ol&#237;mpia </p>
        <p> CEP 04548-060, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="mlvieira@cardiol.br">mlvieira@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mluiz766@terra.com.br">mluiz766@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 24/09/12; revisado em 08/10/12; aceito em 25/03/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Kapetanakis S, Kearney MT, Siva A, Gall N, Cooklin M, Monaghan MJ. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: a novel technique to quantify global left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony. Circulation. 2005;112(7):992-1000.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography: a novel technique to quantify global left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>992</fpage>
          <lpage>1000</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>112</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kapetanakis</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kearney</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siva</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gall</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cooklin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monaghan</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Mannaerts HF, van der Heide JA, Kamp O, Stoel MG, Twisk J, Visser CA. Early identification of left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction, assessed by transthoracic 3D echocardiography. Eur Heart J. 2004;25(8):680-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Early identification of left ventricular remodelling after myocardial infarction, assessed by transthoracic 3D echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>680</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mannaerts</surname>
              <given-names>HF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van der Heide</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamp</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stoel</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Twisk</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Visser</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Korup E, Dalsgaard D, Nyvad O, Jensen TM, Toft E, Berning J. Comparison of degrees of left ventricular dilation within three hours and up to six days after onset of first acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80(4):449-53.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of degrees of left ventricular dilation within three hours and up to six days after onset of first acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>449</fpage>
          <lpage>53</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Korup</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dalsgaard</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nyvad</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toft</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berning</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Erlebacher JA, Weiss JL, Eaton LW, Kallman C, Weisfeldt ML, Bulkley BH. Late effects of acute infarct dilation on heart size: a two dimensional echocardiographic study. Am J Cardiol. 1982;49(5):1120-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Late effects of acute infarct dilation on heart size: a two dimensional echocardiographic study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1982</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1120</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Erlebacher</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weiss</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eaton</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kallman</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weisfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bulkley</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Sharpe N, Smith H, Murphy J, Greaves S, Hart H, Gamble G. Early prevention of left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition. Lancet. 1991;337(8746):872-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Early prevention of left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>1991</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>872</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>8746</issue>
          <volume>337</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sharpe</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Greaves</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hart</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gamble</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Ahmad M. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in assessment of heart disease. Echocardiography. 2001;18(1):73-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in assessment of heart disease</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>73</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmad</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Hotta VT, Martinelli Filho M, Mady C, Mathias W Jr, Vieira ML. Comparison between 2D and 3D echocardiography in the evaluation of reverse remodeling after CRT. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(2):111-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison between 2D and 3D echocardiography in the evaluation of reverse remodeling after CRT</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hotta</surname>
              <given-names>VT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martinelli Filho</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mady</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mathias Jr</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Vieira ML, Nomura CH, Tranchesi B Jr, de Oliveira WA, Naccarato G, Serpa BS, et al. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic left ventricular systolic assessment: side-by-side comparison with 64-slice multi-detector cardiac computed tomography. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11(3):257-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic left ventricular systolic assessment: side-by-side comparison with 64-slice multi-detector cardiac computed tomography</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>257</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nomura</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tranchesi Jr</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naccarato</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Serpa</surname>
              <given-names>BS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Gimenes VM, Vieira ML, Andrade MM, Pinheiro J Jr, Hotta VT, Mathias W Jr. Standard values for real-time transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiographic dyssynchrony indexes in a normal population. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21(11):1229-35.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Standard values for real-time transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiographic dyssynchrony indexes in a normal population</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1229</fpage>
          <lpage>35</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gimenes</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinheiro Jr</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hotta</surname>
              <given-names>VT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mathias Jr</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Endo Y, Maddukuri PV, Vieira ML, Pandian NG, Patel AR. Quantification of right ventricular volumes and function by real time three-dimensional echocardiographic longitudinal axial plane method: validation in the clinical setting. Echocardiography. 2006;23(10):853-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Quantification of right ventricular volumes and function by real time three-dimensional echocardiographic longitudinal axial plane method: validation in the clinical setting</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>853</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Endo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maddukuri</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pandian</surname>
              <given-names>NG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Oliveira W, Campos O, Cintra F, Matos L, Vieira ML, Rollim B, et al. Impact of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on left atrial volume and function in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea assessed by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Heart. 2009;95(22):1872-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Impact of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on left atrial volume and function in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea assessed by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1872</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cintra</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matos</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rollim</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Mannaerts HF, Van Der Heide JA, Kamp O, Papavassiliu T, Marcus JT, Beek A, et al. Quantification of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction using freehand transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2003;16(2):101-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Quantification of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction using freehand transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiography: comparison with magnetic resonance imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>101</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mannaerts</surname>
              <given-names>HF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Van Der Heide</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamp</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Papavassiliu</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcus</surname>
              <given-names>JT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beek</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Qi X, Cogar B, Hsiung MC, Nanda NC, Miller AP, Yelamanchili P, et al. Live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, and mass compared with magnetic resonance imaging. Echocardiography. 2007;24(2):166-73.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Live/real time three-dimensional transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction, and mass compared with magnetic resonance imaging</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>166</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Qi</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cogar</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsiung</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nanda</surname>
              <given-names>NC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yelamanchili</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Ferencik M, Gregory SA, Butler J, Achenbach S, Yeh RW, Hoffmann U, et al. Analysis of cardiac dimensions, mass and function in heart transplant recipients using 64-slice multi-detector computed tomography. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007;26(5):478-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Analysis of cardiac dimensions, mass and function in heart transplant recipients using 64-slice multi-detector computed tomography</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Lung Transplant</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>478</fpage>
          <lpage>84</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferencik</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gregory</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Achenbach</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yeh</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Yang NI, Hung MJ, Cherng WJ, Wang CH, Cheng CW, Kuo LT. Analysis of left ventricular changes after acute myocardial infarction using transthoracic real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. Angiology. 2009;59(6):688-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Analysis of left ventricular changes after acute myocardial infarction using transthoracic real-time three-dimensional echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Angiology</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>688</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>59</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>NI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hung</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cherng</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuo</surname>
              <given-names>LT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia /Sociedade Brasileira de Hipertens&#227;o /Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia. VI Diretrizes brasileiras de hipertens&#227;o. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(1 supl.1):1-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>VI Diretrizes brasileiras de hipertens&#227;o</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>95</volume>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Sposito AC, Caramelli B, Fonseca FA, Bertolami MC, Afiune Neto A, Souza AD, et al.; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. IV Diretriz brasileira sobre dislipidemias e preven&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88(supl 1):1-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>IV Diretriz brasileira sobre dislipidemias e preven&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sposito</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caramelli</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bertolami</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afiune Neto</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Brand&#227;o AP, Brand&#227;o AA, Nogueira AR, Suplicy H, Guimar&#227;es JI, Oliveira JEP, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. I Diretriz brasileira de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005;84(supl 1):1-28.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>I Diretriz brasileira de diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suplicy</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>JEP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Reichert J, Ara&#250;jo AJ, Gon&#231;alves CM, Godoy I, Chatkin JM, Sales MP, et al. Diretrizes para cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo. J Bras Pneumol. 2008;34(10):845-80.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diretrizes para cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo</article-title>
          <source>J Bras Pneumol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>845</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reichert</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Godoy</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chatkin</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sales</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Kannel WB, McGee D, Gordon TA. General cardiovascular risk profile: the Framingham Study. Am J Cardiol. 1976;38(1):46-51.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>General cardiovascular risk profile: the Framingham Study</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1976</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>46</fpage>
          <lpage>51</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kannel</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGee</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gordon</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Henry WL, de Maria A, Gramiak R, King DL, Kisslo JA, Popp RL. Report of the American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Nomenclature and Standards in Two-Dimensional Echocardiography. Circulation. 1980;62(2):212-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Report of the American Society of Echocardiography Committee on Nomenclature and Standards in Two-Dimensional Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1980</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>212</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>62</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Henry</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>de Maria</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gramiak</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>King</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kisslo</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Popp</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;18(12):1440-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1440</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bierig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flachskampf</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellikka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Lowes BD, Gill EA, Abraham WT, Larrain JR, Robertson AD, Bristow MR, et al. Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular mass, chamber geometry, and mitral regurgitation in chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(8):1201-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular mass, chamber geometry, and mitral regurgitation in chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1201</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lowes</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gill</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abraham</surname>
              <given-names>WT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larrain</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Robertson</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Yu CM, Gorcsan J 3rd, Bleeker GB, Zhang Q, Schalij MJ, Suffoletto MS, et al. Usefulness of tissue Doppler velocity and strain dyssynchrony for predicting left ventricular reverse remodeling response after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(8):1263-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Usefulness of tissue Doppler velocity and strain dyssynchrony for predicting left ventricular reverse remodeling response after cardiac resynchronization therapy</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1263</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gorcsan 3rd</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bleeker</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schalij</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suffoletto</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Vieira ML, Oliveira WA, Cury AF, Cordovil A, Rodrigues ACT, Naccarato G, et al. Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica tridimensional e bidimensional em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST tratados por via percut&#226;nea. Einstein. 2010;8(1):53-61.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre a an&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica tridimensional e bidimensional em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST tratados por via percut&#226;nea</article-title>
          <source>Einstein</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>53</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cury</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cordovil</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>ACT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Naccarato</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">3D Echo pilot study of geometric Left Ventricular changes after acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Left ventricular remodeling (LVR) after AMI characterizes a factor of poor prognosis. There is little information in the literature on the LVR analyzed with three-dimensional echocardiography (3D ECHO). OBJECTIVE: To analyze, with 3D ECHO, the geometric and volumetric modifications of the left ventricle (VE) six months after AMI in patients subjected to percutaneous primary treatment. METHODS: Prospective study with 3D ECHO of 21 subjects (16 men, 56 &#177; 12 years-old), affected by AMI with ST segment elevation. The morphological and functional analysis (LV) with 3D ECHO (volumes, LVEF, 3D sphericity index) was carried out up to seven days and six months after the AMI. The LVR was considered for increase &gt; 15% of the end diastolic volume of the LV (LVEDV) six months after the AMI, compared to the LVEDV up to seven days from the event. RESULTS: Eight (38%) patients have presented LVR. Echocardiographic measurements (n = 21 patients): I- up to seven days after the AMI: 1- LVEDV: 92.3 &#177; 22.3 mL; 2- LVEF: 0.51 &#177; 0.01; 3- sphericity index: 0.38 &#177; 0.05; II- after six months: 1- LVEDV: 107.3 &#177; 26.8 mL; 2- LVEF: 0.59 &#177; 0.01; 3- sphericity index: 0.31 &#177; 0.05. Correlation coefficient (r) between the sphericity index up to seven days after the AMI and the LVEDV at six months (n = 8) after the AMI: r: 0.74, p = 0.0007; (r) between the sphericity index six months after the AMI and the LVEDV at six months after the AMI: r: 0.85, p &lt; 0.0001. CONCLUSION: In this series, LVR has been observed in 38% of the patients six months after the AMI. The three-dimensional sphericity index has been associated to the occurrence of LVR.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Stents</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>Balloon, Coronary</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Left</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>3D Echo pilot study of geometric Left Ventricular changes after acute myocardial infarction</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira; Wercules Antonio Oliveira; Adriana Cordovil; Ana Clara Tude Rodrigues; Cl&#225;udia Gianini M&#244;naco; T&#226;nia Afonso; Edgar Bezerra Lira Filho; Marco Perin; Cl&#225;udio Henrique Fischer; Samira Saady Morhy</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Left ventricular remodeling (LVR) after AMI characterizes a factor of poor prognosis. There is little information in the literature on the LVR analyzed with three-dimensional echocardiography (3D ECHO).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To analyze, with 3D ECHO, the geometric and volumetric modifications of the left ventricle (VE) six months after AMI in patients subjected to percutaneous primary treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Prospective study with 3D ECHO of 21 subjects (16 men, 56 &#177; 12 years-old), affected by AMI with ST segment elevation. The morphological and functional analysis (LV) with 3D ECHO (volumes, LVEF, 3D sphericity index) was carried out up to seven days and six months after the AMI. The LVR was considered for increase &gt; 15% of the end diastolic volume of the LV (LVEDV) six months after the AMI, compared to the LVEDV up to seven days from the event.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Eight (38%) patients have presented LVR. Echocardiographic measurements (n = 21 patients): I- up to seven days after the AMI: 1- LVEDV: 92.3 &#177; 22.3 mL; 2- LVEF: 0.51 &#177; 0.01; 3- sphericity index: 0.38 &#177; 0.05; II- after six months: 1- LVEDV: 107.3 &#177; 26.8 mL; 2- LVEF: 0.59 &#177; 0.01; 3- sphericity index: 0.31 &#177; 0.05. Correlation coefficient (r) between the sphericity index up to seven days after the AMI and the LVEDV at six months (n = 8) after the AMI: r: 0.74, p = 0.0007; (r) between the sphericity index six months after the AMI and the LVEDV at six months after the AMI: r: 0.85, p &lt; 0.0001.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>In this series, LVR has been observed in 38% of the patients six months after the AMI. The three-dimensional sphericity index has been associated to the occurrence of LVR.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; Myocardial Infarction; Stents; Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; Ventricular Function, Left.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The prognosis of the patients bearing acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with ST segment elevation is related to the cardiac mechanics, and to the geometry of the left ventricle (LV) as well<sup>1-5</sup>. The percentage of dilatation of the LV (ventricular remodeling) and the myocardial performance mirrored by the variation of the ventricular volumes (ejection fraction) are aspects of great prognostic importance in the clinical evolution of the patients after AMI<sup>1-5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The analysis of the volumes, of the geometry, and of the left ventricular function has been carried out over the past decades with the use of the two-dimensional echocardiogram /echocardiography (2D ECHO). However, this method presents limitations related to the morphological and functional analysis of the cardiac structures by virtue of the limitation of the spatial planes of observation, of the geometric inferences for the calculation of the ventricular volumes and of the possibility of shortening - "foreshortening" - of the geometric forms upon the rendering of the echocardiographic images<sup>6-11</sup>. In that sense, the three-dimensional echocardiogram (3D ECHO) has been developed - which allows for the structural analysis of the heart from multiple spatial planes of observation. The three-dimensional echocardiographic analysis of the left ventricle, when compared to the two-dimensional analysis, presents a finer proximity with the measurements obtained with methods of a better spatial resolution, such as the 64-channel ultra-rapid computed tomography and the nuclear magnetic resonance<sup>8,12-14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The three-dimensional echocardiography also provides for the analysis of the geometric modification of the left ventricle through the gauging of the three-dimensional sphericity index (3D SI)<sup>2,15</sup>. This new index relates the ventricular volume to the hypothetical left ventricular volume should the LV present a spherical shape. A number of studies in the literature have related this new index of ventricular geometric analysis to the left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction<sup>2,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objective</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The purpose of the study has been that of analyzing - with the 3D ECHO - the geometric and volumetric modifications of the LV six months after AMI in patients subjected to percutaneous primary treatment by implantation of coronary endoprosthesis (Stent).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Method</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Criteria of inclusion and of exclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was eligible for the study after evaluation by the assistant doctor of the emergency services, having presented at least two of the following criteria for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction:</p>
      <p>1 - clinical picture that is compatible with AMI;</p>
      <p>2 - elevation of the ST segment &gt; 1mm in at least two derivations upon ECG of 12 derivations;</p>
      <p>3 - dosage of markers of myocardial necrosis compatible with AMI;</p>
      <p>Apart from the criteria for the diagnosis of AMI, the patient should present:</p>
      <p>1- Realization of primary percutaneous coronary treatment with a 'door-to-balloon' time of up to 90 minutes;</p>
      <p>2- Hemodynamic stability upon realization of the percutaneous coronary intervention;</p>
      <p>3- Signing of the free informed consent form for the realization of the study.</p>
      <p>As criteria of exclusion from the study, there had been observed:</p>
      <p>Image deemed to be inadequate upon the three-dimensional echocardiographic analysis;</p>
      <p>Presence of great irregularity of the cardiac rhythm prior to percutaneous intervention (i. e.: atrial fibrillation, as a result of the difficulty upon the three-dimensional echocardiographic analysis).</p>
      <p>The patients have been analyzed for the evidence of systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, smoking, family history of coronary artery disease, in accordance with previously established criteria<sup>16-20</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The two-dimensional echocardiographic analysis - with conventional and tissue Doppler - and the real-time trans thoracic three-dimensional analysis have been performed. The two-dimensional echocardiographic exams were carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>21,22</sup>, in commercially available equipment (Philips IE33, Philips Medical System, Andover, MA, USA), equipped with transducer of 2-5 MHZ, and X3 matrix transducer for the rendering of the three-dimensional images. The software used for the analysis of the three-dimensional echocardiographic imagery was Q-Lab, version 5.0, Philips Medical System, Andover, MA, USA. The following echocardiographic parameters have been studied:</p>
      <p>I - Two-dimensional echocardiogram:</p>
      <p>End diastolic volume of the left ventricle (LVEDV); 2- End systolic volume of the left ventricle (LVESV); 3- Ejection fraction of the left ventricle (LVEF), Simpson's rule method.</p>
      <p>1 - The left ventricular diameters have been measured by using the one-dimensional mode guided by the two-dimensional echocardiography.</p>
      <p>2 - The two-dimensional sphericity index of the left ventricle has also been calculated, taking in consideration the relation between the long and short axes of the left ventricle (apical four chamber projection, in diastole)<sup>23</sup>, and the segmental contractility index of the left ventricle, considering the model of 17 ventricular segments.</p>
      <p>II- Three-dimensional echocardiography:</p>
      <p>1 - LVEDV; 2- LVESV; 3- LVEF (Picture 1); 4- index of three-dimensional left ventricular dyssynchrony % (3D DI); 5- 3D SI (Picture 2). O three-dimensional dyssynchrony index corresponds to the standard deviation % of the average of the end systolic contraction time of the segments of the left ventricle, for a mathematical model of 17 segments of the left ventricle.</p>
      <p>2 - The three-dimensional sphericity index of the left ventricle corresponds to the ratio between the LVEDV and the volume which the left ventricle would present had its shape been spherical, in accordance with the expression below:</p>
      <p>Three-dimensional sphericity index of the LV: LVEDV 4/3 &#960; (D/2)<sup>3</sup>where, LVEDV: end diastolic volume of the left ventricle (measured with 3D ECHO);</p>
      <p>D: diameter of the left ventricle measured in the apical four chamber projection.</p>
      <p>The acquisition of the three-dimensional images has been carried out after the two-dimensional echocardiographic study. The three-dimensional images have been obtained with the use of a matrix transducer - the patient being in expiratory apnea - with the image attached to the electrocardiographic record. The three-dimensional echocardiographic images have been acquired from reference points of the left ventricle, whilst taking in consideration the mitral valve ring and the ventricular apex, in sagittal and coronal projections. The reference points of the mitral valve ring have observed specific points of the mitral valve ring, whilst considering the confluence of the ring with the septum, the lateral wall, the lower wall, and the anterior wall of the left ventricle. The greatest density possible of echocardiographic lines has been considered for the outlining of the volumetric elements (<italic>voxels</italic>) during the acquisition of the images. The images have been stored in the hard disc of the echocardiographic equipment and analyzed "off-line", in specific software of the very device. The analyses have been carried out by two independent observers (MLCV and WAO).</p>
      <p>The left ventricular remodeling (LVR) has been considered upon the occurrence of increase <underline>&gt;</underline> 15% of the LVEDV six months after the AMI, as compared to the LVEDV up to seven days after the event<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5159fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5159fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5159fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5159fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The first echocardiographic exam (two-dimensional and three-dimensional) has been carried out within up to seven days after the AMI and the second exam, six months after the AMI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Laboratory analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Serum markers of myocardial necrosis (whilst considering their highest values during the progression of the AMI) and of the atrial natriuretic peptide (BNP) have been studied. Thus, there have been analyzed:</p>
      <p>1 - Creatine kinase (CK) MB fraction and CK-MB mass;</p>
      <p>2 - Myoglobin;</p>
      <p>3 - Troponin I;</p>
      <p>4 - BNP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The statistical analysis of the quantitative variables has been carried out through the description of the minimum and maximum values, and of the calculation of the standard deviations and averages. In relation to the qualitative variables, the absolute and relative frequencies have been calculated. The analysis of correlation between the biochemical findings and the two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiographic findings has been carried out by using the Pearson's correlation method (r), 95% of confidence interval. The intra- and the inter-observer variations have been calculated for the three-dimensional parameters measured, p &lt; 0.05. The data have been processed with the MedCalc system of statistical analysis, Mariakerke, Belgium.</p>
      <p>This study has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the <italic>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</italic>, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, and registered in the <italic>Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein</italic> - IIEPAE [The Albert Einstein Israeli Institute of Education and Research], under the number 293-07.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Within the period between March, 2007 and December, 2008, 23 patients have been studied in a prospective fashion, with the later exclusion of 2/23 (8.7%) patients from the initial series as a result of image deemed as inadequate upon the echocardiographic analysis. Thus, out of the 21 patients considered for the study, 16 (76%) men, with a mean age range of 56 &#177; 12 (41-87) years, which have been affected by Acute Myocardial Infarction with elevation of the ST segment, have received treatment by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (implantation of coronary endoprosthesis - <italic>Stent</italic>).</p>
      <p>The demographic and clinical characteristics, the hemodynamic findings - before and after the primary percutaneous treatment - of the population studied are demonstrated in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5159tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. The majority of the patients of the study presented a previous history of systemic arterial hypertension (52%), and close to &#188; of them presented diabetes mellitus, or a history of dyslipidemia or of smoking. The occurrence of a family history of atherosclerotic disease has also been expressive (43%). The patients have presented clinical evolution in group I of Killip and Kimball: 18/21 (86%); or in group II: 3/21 (14%), during the period of hospitalization.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5159tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiographic measurements, and the serum dosages of enzymatic markers and of BNP from the group of patients who has presented reverse remodeling of the left ventricle (n = 8 patients) and from the group of patients who has not presented reverse remodeling (n = 13) are demonstrated in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5159tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. The progression of the LVEDV of the total population of the study (n = 21) six months after the AMI is demonstrated in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5159cha01-body2">Chart 1</xref>. In the group of patients with remodeling of the left ventricle, we have observed an increase of 15.7%, p &lt; 0.05, of the LVEDV (analysis with 3D ECHO), and of 9.5% of the LVEDV with a two-dimensional echocardiographic analysis, six months after the myocardial infarction. In the group of patients with no remodeling of the left ventricle, we have observed an increase of 6.1% in the LVEDV (analysis with 3D ECHO), and of 9.6% in the LVEDV with a two-dimensional echocardiographic analysis, six months after the myocardial infarction. The patients (n = 21) have presented a diastolic standard of alteration of the ventricular relaxation (n = 7) and pseudonornal flow (n = 4) up to seven days after the AMI, and diastolic standard of alteration of the ventricular relaxation (n = 8) and pseudonornal flow (n = 2) six months after the AMI. No association between the diastolic dysfunction and the LVR has been made evident. Likewise, no association has been observed between the sphericity index 2D, the segmental contractility index of the left ventricle, and the ventricular remodeling 6 months after the AMI. The average time for realization of the first echocardiographic exam (two-dimensional and three-dimensional) after the AMI has been 2 &#177; 0.4 days.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5159tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5159cha01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The variation of the three-dimensional sphericity index (3D) of the left ventricle up to seven days and six months (6M) after the myocardial infarction for the total population of the study (n = 21) is demonstrated in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5159cha02-body2">Chart 2</xref>. The analysis of correlation (Pearson: r) between the three-dimensional sphericity index (3D) and the end diastolic volumes of the left ventricle (LVEDV), up to seven days and six months (6M) after the myocardial infarction (AMI), in the total population of the study (n = 21), is demonstrated in the <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5159tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. Remodeling of the left ventricle has been observed in 38% of the patients affected by AMI. The correlation between the 3D sphericity index measured up to seven days after the AMI and the LVEDV within six months has been 0.69, p = 0.007. For the group of patients with reverse remodeling of the LV, the correlation between the 3D sphericity index measured up to seven days after the AMI and the LVEDV within six months has been 0.74, p = 0.001. For the group of patients with reverse remodeling of the LV, the correlation between the 3D sphericity index measured within six months after the AMI and the LVEDV within six months has been 0.85, p = 0.001. For the group of patients with no reverse remodeling of the LV, the correlation between the 3D sphericity index measured up to seven days after the AMI and the LVEDV within six months has been 0.54, p = 0.001. There has been no association between the serum markers of myocardial necrosis and the occurrence of left ventricular remodeling. No association has been observed between the index of three-dimensional ventricular dyssynchrony and the left ventricular remodeling.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5159cha02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5159tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0043-30112-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The coefficient of intra-observer variation for the measuring of the LVEDV with 3D ECHO has been 0.94 (CI 95%: 0.81-0.97); the coefficient of inter-observer variation for the measuring of the LVEDV with 3D ECHO has been 0.92 (CI 95%: 0.80-0.96). The coefficient of intra-observer variation for the measuring of the 3D SI has been 0.93 (CI 95%: 0.80-0.95), and the coefficient of inter-observer variation for the measuring of the 3D SI has been 0.91(CI 95%: 0.77-0.94).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The left ventricular remodeling after the occurrence of AMI reflects the mechanical modifications of adaptation of the LV in the face of the ischemic event, being a factor of important prognosis in the clinical evolution of the patients<sup>1-5</sup>. The left ventricular dilatation, as well as the reduction in the ejection fraction of the LV, the serum levels of BNP and the functional class represent important factors of poor prognosis related to the heart failure after AMI. In the present study, 38% of the patients have presented pieces of echocardiographic evidence of ventricular remodeling, in spite of their presenting a small reduction of the LVEF within the hospitalization period (0.49 &#177; 0.02 upon 3D ECHO, 0.51 &#177; 0.05 upon 2D ECHO), of the evidence of discrete elevation of the BNP (269 &#177; 121 pg /mL), and of their all being within a class I or II of Killip and Kimball. This percentage of left ventricular remodeling has been similar to the findings of a study with 33 patients in which the three-dimensional echocardiographic analysis has identified LVR in 13 (39%) of the patients studied<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>It has also been verified that the LVR would not have been diagnosed should the volumetric analysis had been carried out with the use of the two-dimensional echocardiography (we have observed an average increase of 9.5% in the LVEDV with the two-dimensional echocardiographic analysis). The possibility of an early detection of the left ventricular remodeling takes on importance in the sense of a more aggressive pharmacological treatment for the prevention of the progression of the ventricular dilatation. In the intra-hospital analysis of 23 patients affected by AMI (the 21 patients of the current study were a part of this series), we have also observed a greater association between the serum release of BNP and the ejection fraction of the left ventricle measured with the 3D ECHO when compared to the two-dimensional echocardiography (r: - 0.7427, p &lt; 0.0001; - 0.5478, p = 0.001, respectively)<sup>25</sup>. Then, it is observed a greater association between the three-dimensional echocardiographic analysis and the cellular events (mirrored by the serum release of BNP) and the morphological and functional effect of the infarction in the left ventricle (demonstrated by the LVEF and by the ventricular remodeling), when compared to the two-dimensional echocardiographic analysis.</p>
      <p>In relation to the new three-dimensional echocardiographic indices meant for the study of the function and of the geometry of the left ventricle (index of three-dimensional synchrony and three-dimensional sphericity index), a diverse behavior has been observed in relation to the left ventricular remodeling within six months after the AMI. No association has been detected between the index of ventricular dyssynchrony (which could represent the left intraventricular electromechanical decoupling) and the left ventricular remodeling. However, it has been verified the association between the three-dimensional sphericity index and the LVR, in a similar fashion in two previous studies with 19 and 33 patients affected by AMI<sup>2,15</sup>. In the study with 33 patients, it has been demonstrated that values above 0.25 for the three-dimensional sphericity index would present a sensibility of 100%, a specificity of 90%, a positive predictive value of 87%, and a negative predictive value of 100%, for the forecast of RVE<sup>2</sup>. In the present study, in the group of patients with remodeling of the LV, the correlation (r) between the 3D sphericity index measured up to seven days after the AMI and the LVEDV in six months has been 0.74, p = 0.001. The time difference between the two studies is related to the observation period after the AMI - in the study with 33 patients, the analysis has been carried out 12 months after the event and, in our study, the analysis has been made after six months.</p>
      <p>Thus, with the progression of the development and of a more uneventful use of the three-dimensional echocardiographic analysis, it is believed that this technique of imagery might replace the two-dimensional echocardiographic investigation in the clinical follow-up of the patients affected by myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitation of the study</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The number of patients studied has been small, thus calling for other analyses with a larger number of patients. There is still a need for the presence of echocardiographic imagery deemed to be good in order for the three-dimensional echocardiographic analysis to be carried out (two patients, 8.7% of the initial series, have been excluded from the study). Patients affected by myocardial infarction in different ventricular segments have been studied (involvement of different vascular beds), which may have provoked the heterogeneity and non uniformity in the data obtained for the analysis. The temporal aspect is important for the morphological and functional alterations of the left ventricle. The study shall be repeated in a longer period (12 and 24 months) after the ischemic event.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this series of patients affected by Acute Myocardial Infarction with ST segment elevation, treated by percutaneous approach, the remodeling of the left ventricle has been observed in 38% of the patients affected by AMI. The three-dimensional sphericity index has been associated to the occurrence of remodeling of the left ventricle.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Vieira MLC, Oliveira WA, Rodrigues ACT, M&#244;naco CG, Afonso T; Acquisition of data: Vieira MLC, Oliveira WA, Cordovil A, Rodrigues ACT, M&#244;naco CG, Lira Filho EB, Perin M, Fischer CH, Morhy SS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Vieira MLC, Oliveira WA, Cordovil A, Rodrigues ACT, M&#244;naco CG, Afonso T, Lira Filho EB, Perin M, Fischer CH, Morhy SS; Statistical analysis: Vieira MLC; Writing of the manuscript: Vieira MLC, Oliveira WA, Rodrigues ACT, M&#244;naco CG; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Vieira MLC, Oliveira WA, Cordovil A, Afonso T.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
