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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XMn4WyLGRVsB45mKrcBXtwQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002700007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100100007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130124</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico e eventos card&#237;acos maiores em pacientes com ergometria normal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calasans</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Ricci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;bora Consuelo Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Carla Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sergipe</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia da Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>35</fpage>
      <lpage>42</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O teste ergom&#233;trico (TE), inicialmente indicado para diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), apresenta baixa sensibilidade, o que pode implicar em falha na detec&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com risco aumentado de eventos adversos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico (EEF) na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos maiores (ECM) e &#243;bitos por todas as causas em pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria de DAC e TE normal. M&#201;TODO: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo em que foram estudados 397 pacientes, com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria de DAC pelo m&#233;todo de Morise e TE normal, submetidos &#224; EEF. Dividiu-se em dois grupos: EEF negativo (G1) ou positivo (G2) para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Os desfechos avaliados foram mortalidade por qualquer causa e ECM, definidos como &#243;bito card&#237;aco e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) n&#227;o fatal. RESULTADOS: O grupo G1 constituiu-se de 329 (82,8%) pacientes. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 57,37 &#177; 11 anos e 44,1% eram do g&#234;nero masculino. Durante o seguimento m&#233;dio de 75,94 &#177; 17,24 meses, ocorreram 13 &#243;bitos, dentre eles tr&#234;s por causas card&#237;acas (IAM), al&#233;m de 13 IAM n&#227;o fatais. Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica permaneceu como preditor independente de ECM (RR 2,49; [IC] 95% 1,74-3,58). As vari&#225;veis preditoras de mortalidade por qualquer causa foram g&#234;nero masculino (RR 9,83; [IC] 95% 2,15-44,97) e idade &gt; 60 anos (RR 4,57; [IC] 95% 1,39-15,23). CONCLUS&#195;O: A EEF positiva &#233; preditora de ECM na amostra estudada, o que auxilia na identifica&#231;&#227;o de um subgrupo de pacientes sob maior risco de eventos adversos, apesar de apresentarem TE normal.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia sob Estresse</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico e eventos card&#237;acos maiores em pacientes com ergometria normal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fl&#225;via Ricci Calasans<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira Santos<sup>I</sup>; D&#233;bora Consuelo Rocha Silveira<sup>I</sup>; Ana Carla Pereira de Ara&#250;jo<sup>I</sup>; Luiza Dantas Melo<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto-Filho<sup>I</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I,II</sup>; Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia da Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas - ECOLAB, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O teste ergom&#233;trico (TE), inicialmente indicado para diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), apresenta baixa sensibilidade, o que pode implicar em falha na detec&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com risco aumentado de eventos adversos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico (EEF) na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos maiores (ECM) e &#243;bitos por todas as causas em pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria de DAC e TE normal. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODO:</bold> Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo em que foram estudados 397 pacientes, com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria de DAC pelo m&#233;todo de Morise e TE normal, submetidos &#224; EEF. Dividiu-se em dois grupos: EEF negativo (G1) ou positivo (G2) para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Os desfechos avaliados foram mortalidade por qualquer causa e ECM, definidos como &#243;bito card&#237;aco e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) n&#227;o fatal. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O grupo G1 constituiu-se de 329 (82,8%) pacientes. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 57,37 &#177; 11 anos e 44,1% eram do g&#234;nero masculino. Durante o seguimento m&#233;dio de 75,94 &#177; 17,24 meses, ocorreram 13 &#243;bitos, dentre eles tr&#234;s por causas card&#237;acas (IAM), al&#233;m de 13 IAM n&#227;o fatais. Isquemia mioc&#225;rdica permaneceu como preditor independente de ECM (RR 2,49; [IC] 95% 1,74-3,58). As vari&#225;veis preditoras de mortalidade por qualquer causa foram g&#234;nero masculino (RR 9,83; [IC] 95% 2,15-44,97) e idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 anos (RR 4,57; [IC] 95% 1,39-15,23). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A EEF positiva &#233; preditora de ECM na amostra estudada, o que auxilia na identifica&#231;&#227;o de um subgrupo de pacientes sob maior risco de eventos adversos, apesar de apresentarem TE normal.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana , Teste de Esfor&#231;o, Ecocardiografia sob Estresse.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; a causa mais comum de morbimortalidade nos pa&#237;ses ocidentais<sup>1</sup>. A disponibilidade de op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas eficazes do ponto medicamentoso, intervencionista, assim como cir&#250;rgico, torna importante a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes sob risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>2</sup>. Dessa forma, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico &#233; essencial para selecionar o manejo apropriado dos pacientes com DAC conhecida ou suspeita<sup>3</sup>. Apesar de o padr&#227;o-ouro para o diagn&#243;stico de DAC ser a angiografia coron&#225;ria, t&#233;cnicas n&#227;o invasivas desempenham um importante papel no direcionamento para procedimentos diagn&#243;sticos e terap&#234;uticos invasivos, al&#233;m de estarem associadas &#224; menor morbidade e custo<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O teste ergom&#233;trico (TE) desempenha um importante papel no diagn&#243;stico e estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco dos pacientes com DAC conhecida ou suspeita<sup>5-8</sup>. Dos exames n&#227;o invasivos, continua como m&#233;todo mais utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica e progn&#243;stica de DAC, com valor reconhecido principalmente nos pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria<sup>9</sup>. Entretanto, est&#225; estabelecido na literatura que as altera&#231;&#245;es da motilidade segmentar do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, detectadas a partir da ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico (EEF), aparecem mais precocemente na cascata isqu&#234;mica do que a angina ou altera&#231;&#245;es do segmento ST<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Tem sido bem documentado que a isquemia decorrente de obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana pode ocorrer sem sinais clinicamente reconhec&#237;veis, como mudan&#231;as eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas ou sintomas como angina<sup>11,12</sup>, o que orienta a necessidade de reconhecimento e tratamento precoces com o objetivo de reduzir o risco subsequente<sup>13,14</sup>. Pacientes que n&#227;o desenvolvem angina ou anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas durante o TE podem apresentar um risco baixo para eventos card&#237;acos e &#243;bitos, entretanto, a menor sensibilidade desse exame na detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC obstrutiva pode implicar potencialmente uma falha na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de maior risco<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios t&#234;m indicado claramente o papel da EEF na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares e mortalidade em variados contextos cl&#237;nicos<sup>16-23</sup>, por&#233;m, n&#227;o existem na literatura trabalhos que abordem o valor progn&#243;stico da EEF em pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria de DAC e TE normal. O objetivo do presente trabalho &#233; avaliar o valor da EEF na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos e &#243;bitos por todas as causas nesse subgrupo de pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 397 pacientes consecutivos portadores de DAC suspeita com TE normal e probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria de DAC, estimada de acordo com o escore de Morise<sup>24,25</sup>. Esses pacientes foram encaminhados ao Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia da Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (Aracaju, Sergipe) para serem submetidos &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de EEF, no per&#237;odo compreendido entre janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2005. Foram definidos como crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: a) baixa ou alta probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC; b) diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de DAC; c) TE positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica d) presen&#231;a de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE) do feixe de His; e) recusa em participar da pesquisa; f) impossibilidade de estabelecer contato telef&#244;nico durante o <italic>follow-up</italic>. Os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos que regem a experimenta&#231;&#227;o humana foram cuidadosamente seguidos e todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento informado. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Sergipe (CAAE 1818.0.000.107-06).</p>
    <p>O protocolo consistiu na realiza&#231;&#227;o de investiga&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica completa, na qual foi registrada a ocorr&#234;ncia de sintomas pr&#233;vios, como dor tor&#225;cica ou dispneia, e de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a cardiovascular, seguida de eletrocardiograma (ECG) de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es e ecocardiograma de repouso. Em seguida, realizou-se o esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico em esteira rolante e, logo ap&#243;s, procedeu-se novamente &#224; aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Os dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos, assim como os resultados dos testes de esfor&#231;o, foram registrados no nosso banco de dados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste ergom&#233;trico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram examinados em per&#237;odo p&#243;s-prandial de refei&#231;&#227;o leve e mantiveram-se afastados de qualquer atividade f&#237;sica excessiva no dia em que foi realizado o exame. A investiga&#231;&#227;o foi conduzida com o indiv&#237;duo em respira&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea em ar atmosf&#233;rico, em sala com temperatura constante (20&#186;C a 24&#186;C). O protocolo de Bruce foi utilizado para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TE. Durante o teste, os indiv&#237;duos foram monitorizados continuamente mediante o ECG de tr&#234;s deriva&#231;&#245;es, sendo encorajados a alcan&#231;ar o seu pico m&#225;ximo de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico.</p>
    <p>O TE foi considerado positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica quando se constatava supradesnivelamento do segmento ST ou infradesnivelamento horizontal ou descendente igual ou superior a um mil&#237;metro por pelo menos 60 a 80 milissegundos do ponto J<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma foi realizado com equipamento Hewlett Packard/Phillips SONOS 5500, observando-se os aspectos t&#233;cnicos classicamente descritos por Schiller e cols.<sup>26</sup>. As imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas bidimensionais foram obtidas nas janelas ac&#250;sticas paraesternais e apicais, durante o repouso e imediatamente ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o, com o paciente em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico simult&#226;neo. As imagens foram gravadas em videocassete ou <italic>Display Video Digital</italic>.</p>
    <p>A motilidade segmentar foi avaliada por ecocardiografistas experientes, com n&#237;vel III, conforme preconizado pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. O espessamento parietal segmentar do VE (ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) foi avaliado quantitativamente no repouso e, ap&#243;s o esfor&#231;o atrav&#233;s da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do modelo de 16 segmentos, graduado em: 1, normal; 2, hipocin&#233;tico; 3, acin&#233;tico; e 4, discin&#233;tico. O &#237;ndice de escore da motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IEMVE) foi calculado no repouso e durante o exerc&#237;cio como a soma dos escores conferidos a cada um dos 16 segmentos dividido pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos avaliados no dado momento. O IEMVE igual a um corresponde &#224; normalidade, de 1,1 a 1,6 representa disfun&#231;&#227;o leve, de 1,61 a 2, disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada. Valores maiores que 2 representam disfun&#231;&#227;o importante<sup>26</sup>. A diferen&#231;a entre o IEMVE de esfor&#231;o e de repouso &#233; chamada de &#916;IEMVE. O desenvolvimento de nova altera&#231;&#227;o na motilidade parietal ou piora de dissinergia existente (&#916;IEMVE &#8800; 0) foi considerado indicativo de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Seguimento e desfechos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O seguimento dos pacientes foi feito atrav&#233;s de entrevistas estruturadas obtidas por contato telef&#244;nico. Tamb&#233;m foram realizados contato com m&#233;dico assistente e revis&#227;o de registros m&#233;dicos. Foram considerados como desfechos do estudo &#243;bitos por todas as causas e eventos card&#237;acos maiores (ECM), definidos como &#243;bito card&#237;aco e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como porcentagens e analisadas atrav&#233;s do teste de qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram representadas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia +/- DP, e comparadas com aux&#237;lio do teste t n&#227;o pareado de Student ou teste de Mann-Whitney U, conforme apropriado. As curvas cumulativas de eventos foram estimadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e comparadas pelo teste de <italic>long-rank</italic>. Pacientes foram censurados no momento da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica para a an&#225;lise dos eventos card&#237;acos maiores, mas n&#227;o para mortalidade geral.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar os fatores de risco para ECM e &#243;bitos por todas as causas foi utilizada regress&#227;o de Cox de forma univariada e multivariada. As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado foram todas aquelas com p &lt; 0,1 na an&#225;lise univariada. Problemas de multicolinearilidade foram resolvidos antes da inser&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;ves no modelo. Foi utilizado o m&#233;todo forward de sele&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis. As vari&#225;veis que permaneceram no modelo foram testadas em busca de poss&#237;veis intera&#231;&#245;es. O pressuposto de proporcionalidade de risco foi testado atrav&#233;s dos res&#237;duos de Schoenfield para cada uma das vari&#225;veis que permaneceram no modelo final. Foram considerados significativos os valores de p &lt; 0,05. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram processadas por meio do programa <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (<italic>SPSS</italic>) vers&#227;o 17.0 (Chicago, IL).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dentre os 397 pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria de DAC e TE normal submetidos &#224; EEF, 175 (44,1%) eram do g&#234;nero masculino e a idade m&#233;dia foi de 57,4 &#177; 11 anos. O grupo G1 foi composto por 329 (82,8%) pacientes com resultado negativo e o grupo G2, de 68 (17,2%) pacientes com resultado positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF. O grupo G2 apresentava maior idade m&#233;dia, por&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o a g&#234;nero e presen&#231;a de precordialgia. Os dois grupos (G1 e G2) apresentaram frequ&#234;ncias semelhantes de comorbidades, como dislipidemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, diabetes melito, al&#233;m de hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4825tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4825tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0035-30124-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes com isquemia &#224; EEF apresentaram m&#233;dia de duplo produto ao esfor&#231;o mais baixa quando comparados ao grupo sem isquemia. Al&#233;m disso, as m&#233;dias do &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;pico e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de pico foram tamb&#233;m inferiores no grupo G2. Ao se considerar a m&#233;dia da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, observou-se diferen&#231;a entre os grupos com valores menores encontrados no grupo G2 (0,62 &#177; 0,07) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo G1 (0,67 &#177; 0,05). Foi observado que os pacientes do grupo G2 foram mais propensos ao desenvolvimento de arritmias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4825tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4825tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0035-30124-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold><italic>Follow up</italic> e Desfechos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o tempo de seguimento m&#233;dio de 75,94 &#177; 17,24 meses, ocorreram 13 &#243;bitos (9 no grupo G1 e 4 no G2), dentre eles, tr&#234;s por causas card&#237;acas (IAM), al&#233;m de 13 IAM n&#227;o fatais. Dos 16 ECM, 11 ocorreram no grupo G1 e cinco, no G2. Na an&#225;lise univariada, as vari&#225;veis g&#234;nero masculino, idade, duplo produto ao esfor&#231;o e EEF positiva para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade. As vari&#225;veis associadas ao desenvolvimento de ECM na an&#225;lise univariada foram idade, duplo produto ao esfor&#231;o, anormalidades de motilidade segmentar ao repouso, EEF positiva para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e o &#916;IEMVE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4825tab03">Tabela 3</xref>). No modelo final da an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas o &#916;IEMVE manteve signific&#226;ncia como preditor independente de ECM (RR 2,49; [IC] 95% 1,74-3,58). As vari&#225;veis preditoras de mortalidade por qualquer causa foram g&#234;nero masculino (RR 9,83; [IC] 95% 2,15-44,97) e idade maior ou igual a 60 anos (RR 4,57; [IC] 95% 1,39-15,23) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04">Tabela 4</xref>). As curvas de Kaplan-Meier dos &#243;bitos por todas as causas e de ECM est&#227;o representadas nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4825fig01">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4825fig02">2</xref>, respectivamente.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4825tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0035-30124-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4825fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0035-30124-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4825fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0035-30124-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <table-wrap id="tab04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0035-30124-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo mostra que uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria de DAC e TE normal apresenta isquemia mioc&#225;rdica detectada pela EEF. Foi demonstrado que um em cada seis pacientes apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es indicativas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#224; EEF. Os resultados refletem as limita&#231;&#245;es do valor preditivo negativo do TE quando comparado &#224; EEF na popula&#231;&#227;o em que o TE tem seu valor principalmente reconhecido, a de probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria de DAC.</p>
    <p>Para o diagn&#243;stico de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, na interpreta&#231;&#227;o do resultado do TE, deve-se levar em considera&#231;&#227;o a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC, uma vez que os valores preditivos s&#227;o relacionados &#224; preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a na popula&#231;&#227;o considerada. O valor cl&#237;nico do TE &#233; reconhecido principalmente nos pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria de DAC. Isso se deve ao fato de serem esperados muitos resultados falsos positivos em grupos assintom&#225;ticos e de j&#225; ser esperada uma alta taxa de futuros eventos card&#237;acos em pacientes com alta probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de DAC, independentemente do resultado do TE<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A variabilidade da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do TE foi previamente estudada por duas metan&#225;lises<sup>27,28</sup>. Naqueles estudos, onde os pacientes foram submetidos aos dois procedimentos, TE e angiografia coron&#225;ria, a sensibilidade e especificidade aproximadas do infradesnivelamento retificado ou descendente do segmento ST &gt; 1,0 mm foi de 50% e 90%, respectivamente<sup>29-31</sup>. A EEF apresenta boa acur&#225;cia para detec&#231;&#227;o de DAC, com maior sensibilidade e especificidade para o seu diagn&#243;stico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao eletrocardiograma, ao TE e ao ecocardiograma em repouso, al&#233;m de apresentar valor adicional na localiza&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>32</sup>.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, a extens&#227;o da isquemia e a severidade das altera&#231;&#245;es de motilidade das paredes do mioc&#225;rdio, medidas no pico do esfor&#231;o do protocolo da EEF, s&#227;o consideradas preditores independentes e cumulativos do progn&#243;stico de pacientes com DAC conhecida ou suspeita, fornecendo informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica adicional ao TE padr&#227;o<sup>19</sup>. Estudos demonstram que a extens&#227;o e/ou severidade da isquemia induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio s&#227;o fortes preditores de IAM e &#243;bitos card&#237;acos<sup>18,33,34</sup>, o que corrobora os resultados deste estudo, no qual a isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, estimada pelo &#916;IEMVE, foi preditora de eventos card&#237;acos adversos.</p>
    <p>Percebe-se, portanto, que vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que refletem a extens&#227;o e severidade de DAC s&#227;o superiores para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos subsequentes, conforme observado por Arruda e colegas. Em uma coorte de 5.798 pacientes com DAC conhecida ou suspeita, o IEMVE apresentou valor progn&#243;stico significativo para ECM e foi mais fidedigno que a vari&#225;vel isquemia, definida no estudo como o desenvolvimento de nova altera&#231;&#227;o na motilidade parietal, ou piora de dissinergia existente.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica detectada pela EEF foi previamente descrita como preditora de eventos card&#237;acos adversos e mortalidade por qualquer causa em pacientes com TE normal. No estudo de uma coorte espanhola que abrangeu 4004 pacientes, dentre os quais 16,7% apresentaram isquemia &#224; EEF, o &#916;IEMVE foi um preditor independente de ECM e mortalidade<sup>15</sup>. No presente estudo, o &#916;IEMVE foi capaz de predizer o desenvolvimento de eventos card&#237;acos adversos, entretanto, n&#227;o foi preditor de mortalidade por todas as causas. &#201; importante ressaltar que na coorte espanhola foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes de alto risco para DAC, os quais foram exclu&#237;dos deste trabalho com o intuito de avaliar uma popula&#231;&#227;o que gera d&#250;vida de abordagem diagn&#243;stica.</p>
    <p>A import&#226;ncia da EEF na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade e eventos card&#237;acos supera as limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao TE e pode inclusive ser observada em pacientes com teste inconclusivo, a exemplo dos portadores de BRE. No acompanhamento de 609 pacientes com BRE, durante seguimento m&#233;dio de 4,6 &#177; 3,4 anos, foram observadas taxas de mortalidade e eventos card&#237;acos em cinco anos duas vezes maiores em pacientes que apresentaram isquemia &#224; EEF<sup>35</sup>. Em estudo com popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de portadores de BRE, a EEF tamb&#233;m foi preditora de eventos card&#237;acos maiores<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, foi observado que a EEF confere um bom progn&#243;stico em pacientes com resultado normal ao ecocardiograma. Essa evid&#234;ncia foi inicialmente descrita por Sawada e cols.<sup>37</sup>, e confirmada posteriormente por outros estudos. Em uma coorte de 1.325 pacientes cujo <italic>status</italic> coronariano era desconhecido, o progn&#243;stico ap&#243;s uma EEF normal foi considerado excelente. A taxa de sobrevida livre de eventos card&#237;acos em um, dois e tr&#234;s anos, foi de 99,2%, 97,8% e 97,4%, respectivamente, com progn&#243;stico favor&#225;vel mesmo nos pacientes com probabilidade pr&#233;-teste intermedi&#225;ria ou alta<sup>38</sup>. Segundo estudo envolvendo 437 pacientes com angina e sem hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IAM ou revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, pacientes com teste normal apresentam baixa taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos e podem ser dispensados de procedimentos invasivos durante os tr&#234;s anos que se seguem a um teste normal<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>As implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas favor&#225;veis da EEF negativa para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica est&#227;o de acordo com recente meta-an&#225;lise publicada, na qual o valor preditivo negativo da EEF para IAM e &#243;bito card&#237;aco foi de 98,4% ([IC95%] 97,9 - 98,9) em 33 meses de seguimento, valor semelhante ao da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, 98,8% ([IC95%] 98,5 - 99,0), em 36 meses de seguimento<sup>39</sup>.</p>
    <p>No que se refere &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es do trabalho, destacamos aquela inerente a estudos observacionais, onde vari&#225;veis n&#227;o mensuradas podem corroborar para a diferen&#231;a de progn&#243;stico entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>Apesar de atualmente recomendado como exame inicial para avalia&#231;&#227;o de DAC, quando comparado &#224; EEF, o TE apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es quanto a seu valor preditivo negativo. Atrav&#233;s da EEF, foi poss&#237;vel identificar um subgrupo de pacientes de maior risco para o desenvolvimento de eventos card&#237;acos adversos, ainda que apresentassem TE normal. Entretanto, estudos adicionais de custo-efetividade s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para definir se o incremento no valor progn&#243;stico fornecido pela EEF justifica sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o como exame inicial. Essa estrat&#233;gia poderia implicar redu&#231;&#227;o de potenciais custos a partir da sele&#231;&#227;o adequada de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas, al&#233;m de permitir refer&#234;ncia apropriada para indica&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coron&#225;ria aos pacientes de maior risco.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A EEF positiva para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica &#233; preditora de ECM na amostra estudada, o que auxilia na identifica&#231;&#227;o de um subgrupo de pacientes sob maior risco de eventos adversos, apesar de apresentar TE normal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Calasans FR, Santos BFO, Silveira DCR, Ara&#250;jo ACP, Melo LD, Barreto-Filho JA, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luzia Menezes Oliveira </p>
        <p> Pra&#231;a Graccho Cardoso, 76/402, S&#227;o Jos&#233; </p>
        <p> CEP 49015-180, Aracaju, SE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="jlobelem@cardiol.br">jlobelem@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="joselinasergipe@ig.com.br">joselinasergipe@ig.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 13/04/12, revisado em 05/07/12; aceito em 17/12/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Stress echocardiography and major cardiac events in patients with normal exercise test</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Exercise test (ET) is the preferred initial noninvasive test for the diagnosis and risk stratification of coronary artery disease (CAD), however, its lower sensitivity may fail to identify patients at greater risk of adverse events. OBJECTIVE: To assess the value of stress echocardiography (SE) for predicting all-cause mortality and major cardiac events (MACE) in patients with intermediate pretest probability of CAD and a normal ET. METHODS: 397 patients with intermediate CAD pretest probability , estimated by the Morise score, and normal ET who underwent SE were studied. The patients were divided into two groups according to the absence (G1) or presence (G2) of myocardial ischemia on SE .End points evaluated were all-cause mortality and MACE, defined as cardiac death and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI). RESULTS: G1 group was comprised of 329 (82.8%) patients. The mean age of the patients was 57.37 &#177; 11 years and 44.1% were male. During a mean follow-up of 75.94 &#177; 17.24 months, 13 patients died, three of them due to cardiac causes, and 13 patients suffered nonfatal AMI. Myocardial ischemia remained an independent predictor of MACE (HR 2.49; [CI] 95% 1.74-3.58). The independent predictors for all-cause mortality were male gender (HR 9.83; [CI] 95% 2.15-44.97) and age over 60 years (HR 4.57; [CI] 95% 1.39-15.23). CONCLUSION: Positive SE for myocardial ischemia is a predictor of MACE in the studied sample, which helps to identify a subgroup of patients at higher risk of events despite having normal ET.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Stress echocardiography and major cardiac events in patients with normal exercise test</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Fl&#225;via Ricci Calasans<sup>I</sup>; Bruno Fernandes de Oliveira Santos<sup>I</sup>; D&#233;bora Consuelo Rocha Silveira<sup>I</sup>; Ana Carla Pereira de Ara&#250;jo<sup>I</sup>; Luiza Dantas Melo<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto-Filho<sup>I</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I,II</sup>; Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, SE</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Ecocardiografia da Cl&#237;nica e Hospital S&#227;o Lucas - ECOLAB, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Exercise test (ET) is the preferred initial noninvasive test for the diagnosis and risk stratification of coronary artery disease (CAD), however, its lower sensitivity may fail to identify patients at greater risk of adverse events.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the value of stress echocardiography (SE) for predicting all-cause mortality and major cardiac events (MACE) in patients with intermediate pretest probability of CAD and a normal ET.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 397 patients with intermediate CAD pretest probability , estimated by the Morise score, and normal ET who underwent SE were studied. The patients were divided into two groups according to the absence (G1) or presence (G2) of myocardial ischemia on SE .End points evaluated were all-cause mortality and MACE, defined as cardiac death and nonfatal acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> G1 group was comprised of 329 (82.8%) patients. The mean age of the patients was 57.37 &#177; 11 years and 44.1% were male. During a mean follow-up of 75.94 &#177; 17.24 months, 13 patients died, three of them due to cardiac causes, and 13 patients suffered nonfatal AMI. Myocardial ischemia remained an independent predictor of MACE (HR 2.49; [CI] 95% 1.74-3.58). The independent predictors for all-cause mortality were male gender (HR 9.83; [CI] 95% 2.15-44.97) and age over 60 years (HR 4.57; [CI] 95% 1.39-15.23).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Positive SE for myocardial ischemia is a predictor of MACE in the studied sample, which helps to identify a subgroup of patients at higher risk of events despite having normal ET.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Coronary Artery Disease; Exercise Test; Echocardiography, Stress.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in Western countries<sup>1</sup>. The availability of effective treatment options from the medical, interventional and surgical point of view becomes important in identifying patients at increased risk of cardiovascular events<sup>2</sup>. Thus, the assessment of prognosis is essential to select the appropriate management of patients with suspected or known CAD<sup>3</sup>. Although the gold standard for the diagnosis of CAD is coronary angiography, noninvasive techniques play an important role in directing invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and are associated with lower morbidity and cost<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Exercise test (ET) plays an important role in the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with known or suspected CAD<sup>5-8</sup> . Among noninvasive tests, it continues to be the most commonly used method for diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of CAD, with recognized value particularly in patients with intermediate pretest probability<sup>9</sup>. However, it is established in the literature that left ventricle wall motion abnormalities detected by Stress Echocardiography (SE) appear earlier in the ischemic cascade than angina or ST segment changes<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>It has been well documented that ischemia resulting from coronary obstruction may occur without clinically recognizable signs, such as electrocardiographic changes or symptoms, such as angina<sup>11,12</sup>, which underlines the need for early recognition and treatment, with the objective to reduce subsequent risk<sup>13,14</sup>. Patients who do not develop angina or electrocardiographic abnormalities on ET may have a low risk for cardiac events and deaths; however, the lower sensitivity of this test in detecting obstructive CAD may potentially result in failure to identify patients at higher risk<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have clearly indicated the role of SE in predicting cardiovascular events and mortality in various clinical settings<sup>16-23</sup>; however, there are no studies in the literature addressing the prognostic value of SE in patients with intermediate pretest probability for CAD and normal ET. The objective of this study is to assess the value of SE in predicting cardiac events and deaths from all causes in this subgroup of patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 397 consecutive patients with suspected CAD, normal ET and intermediate pretest probabilities of CAD were included. Pretest probability was estimated in accordance with Morise's score<sup>24,25</sup>. These patients were referred to the Clinical Echocardiography Laboratory at Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (Aracaju, Sergipe) to undergo SE in the period from January, 2001 to December, 2005. The exclusion criteria were defined as: a) low or high pretest probability of CAD; b) prior diagnosis of CAD; c) positive ET for myocardial ischemia; d) presence of left bundle branch block (LBBB) of the His bundle, e) refusal to participate in the research; and f) inability to establish telephone contact during follow-up. The ethical principles governing human experimentation were carefully followed and all patients signed an informed consent form. The study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Federal University of Sergipe (CAAE 1818.0.000.107-06).</p>
      <p>The protocol consisted of complete clinical research, in which previous symptoms were recorded, such as chest pain or dyspnea, and risk factors for cardiovascular disease were evaluated, followed by 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and resting echocardiogram. Also included was a physical exertion test using a treadmill and, following, we proceeded back to the acquisition of echocardiography images. Clinical and demographic data, as well as the results of the stress tests, were recorded in our database.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exercise test</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients were examined in the postprandial period after a light meal and were instructed to avoid any excessive physical activity on the day the examination was conducted. The investigation was conducted with the person breathing room air, with the testing room at a constant temperature (20&#186; C to 24&#186; C). Bruce protocol was followed in conducting the ET. During the test, the subjects were monitored continuously by a three-lead ECG and were encouraged to reach their peak physical effort.</p>
      <p>The ET was considered positive for myocardial ischemia when ST segment elevation or horizontal or descending negative deflection equal to or higher than one millimeter for at least 60-80 milliseconds from the J<sup>9</sup> point was noted.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Stress Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Echocardiography was carried out with a Hewlett Packard/Phillips SONOS 5500, observing the technical aspects classically described by Schiller et al<sup>26</sup>. The two-dimensional echocardiography images were obtained in the parasternal and apical acoustic windows during rest and immediately after exercise, with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position and electrocardiographic recordings captured simultaneously. The images were recorded on a VCR or digital video display (DVD).</p>
      <p>The wall motion was assessed by experienced level III echocardiographers, as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography. The segmental parietal thickening of the LV (left ventricle) was quantitatively evaluated at rest and after exercise by using the 16-segment model, ranked at: 1, normal; 2, hypokinetic, 3, akinetic and 4, dyskinetic. The left ventricular wall motion score index (LVWMSI) was calculated at rest and during exercise as the sum of the scores given to each of the 16 segments, divided by the number of segments evaluated at a given time. An LVWMSI equal to one corresponds to normal, from 1.1 to 1.6 represents a mild disorder; from 1.61 to 2 indicates moderate dysfunction. Values greater than 2 represent significant dysfunction<sup>26</sup>. The difference between the LVWMSI under stress and at rest is known as &#916;LVWMSI. The development of new alterations in parietal motility or the worsening of existing dyssynergia (&#916;LVWMSI &#8800; 0) was considered indicative of myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Follow-up and outcomes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patient follow-up was performed through structured interviews obtained by telephone contact. Contact was also made with the assisting physician and a revision of medical records was performed. Deaths from all causes and major cardiac events (MACE), defined as cardiac death and non-fatal acute myocardial infarction, were considered as outcomes of the study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Categorical variables were presented as percentages and analyzed using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Continuous variables were represented as mean +/- SD and compared with the aid of the unpaired t test or Mann-Whitney U test, whichever was appropriate. The cumulative event curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the long-rank test. Patients were censored at the time of myocardial revascularization for analysis of major cardiac events, but not for general mortality.</p>
      <p>To evaluate the risk factors for MACE and deaths from all causes, Cox regression was utilized (univariate and multivariate). The variables included in the multivariate model were all those with p &lt; 0.1 in the univariate analysis. Multicolinearility problems were solved before variables were inserted into the model. The method used was forward variable selection. The variables that remained in the model were tested for possible interactions. The assumption of proportional risk was tested through waste by Schoenfield for each of the variables that remained in the final model. The values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. The statistical analyses were processed by means of the <italic>Statistical Package for the Social Sciences</italic> (<italic>SPSS</italic>) program, version 17.0 (Chicago, IL).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical characteristics of the study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Among the 397 patients with intermediate pretest probability of CAD and normal ET undergoing SE, 175 (44.1%) were male and the mean age was 57.4 &#177; 11 years. Group G1 was comprised of 329 (82.8%) patients with negative results and group G2 contained 68 (17.2%) patients who tested positive for myocardial ischemia by SE. Group G2 had a higher average age, but there was no difference between groups in relation to gender and presence of precordialgia. The two groups (G1 and G2) showed similar frequencies of comorbidities such as dyslipidemia, systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and family history of CAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4825tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4825tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0035-30124-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hemodynamic and echocardiography parameters</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with ischemia on SE had a lower mean double product when compared to the group without ischemia. In addition, the averages of the chronotropic rate and peak cardiac rate were also lower in Group G2. In terms of the average of the ejection fraction, Group G2 (0.62 &#177; 0.07) had a lower ejection fraction in relation to Group G1 (0.67 &#177; 0.05). It was noted that the patients from Group G2 were more prone to developing arrhythmias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4825tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4825tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0035-30124-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Follow-up and Outcomes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the mean follow-up of 75.94 &#177; 17.24 months, there were 13 deaths (nine in G1 and four in G2), including three deaths from cardiac causes (AMI), as well as 13 non-fatal AMIs. Of the 16 MACE, eleven occurred in G1 and five in G2. In the univariate analysis, the variables male gender, age, double product at peak exercise and positive SE for myocardial ischemia were associated with mortality. Variables associated with the development of MACE in the univariate analysis were age, double product at peak exercise, wall motion abnormalities at rest, positive SE for myocardial ischemia and &#916;LVWMSI (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4825tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). In the final model of the multivariate analysis, only the &#916;LVWMSI continued to show significance as an independent predictor of MACE (HR 2.49; [CI] 95% 1,74-3,58). The variables predicting mortality from any cause were male gender (HR 9,83; [CI] 95% 2,15-44,97) and age older than or equal to 60 years (HR 4,57; [CI] 95% 1,39-15,23) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>). Kaplan-Meier curve for all-cause death and MACE are represented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4825fig01-body2">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4825fig02-body2">2</xref>, respectively.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4825tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0035-30124-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4825fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0035-30124-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4825fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0035-30124-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <table-wrap id="tab04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0035-30124-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study shows that a significant proportion of patients with intermediate pretest probability of CAD and normal ET presents myocardial ischemia detected on SE. It was shown that one in six patients had changes indicative of myocardial ischemia on SE. The results reflect the limitations of the negative predictive value of ET when compared to SE in the population where ET has its value primarily recognized in the intermediate pretest probability of CAD.</p>
      <p>For the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia, when interpreting the results of ET one should take into account the pretest probability of CAD, since the predictive values are related to the prevalence of the disease in the population considered. The clinical value of ET is recognized mainly in patients with intermediate pretest probability of CAD. This is due to the fact that many false positive results are expected in asymptomatic groups and a high rate of future cardiac events can already be expected in patients with high pretest probability of CAD, regardless of the outcome of ET<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The variability of ET diagnostic accuracy was previously studied by two meta-analyses<sup>27,28</sup>. In these studies, patients underwent both procedures (ET and coronary angiography). The approximate sensitivity and specifity of ST segment rectified or descending depression &gt; 1.0mm was 50% and 90%, respectively<sup>29-31</sup>. The SE shows good accuracy in the detection of CAD, with higher sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis in relation to electrocardiogram ET and echocardiogram at rest, and presents additional value in the localization and quantification of myocardial ischemia<sup>32</sup>.</p>
      <p>Furthermore, the extent of ischemia and severity of myocardial wall motility disorders, measured at the peak of the SE exercise protocol, are considered independent and cumulative predictors of prognosis in patients with known or suspected CAD, providing additional prognostic information to the standard ET<sup>19</sup>. Studies show that the extent and severity of ischemia induced by exercise are strong predictors of AMI and cardiac death<sup>18,33,34</sup>, which confirms the results of this study in which myocardial ischemia, estimated by &#916;LVWMSI, has been a predictor of adverse cardiac events.</p>
      <p>It is clear, therefore, that echocardiography variables that reflect the extent and severity of CAD are superior for risk assessment of subsequent events, as observed by Arruda and colleagues. In a cohort of 5,798 patients with known or suspected CAD, the LVWMSI had significant prognostic value for MACE and was more reliable than the variable ischemia, defined in the study as the development of a new change in parietal motility or worsening of existing dyssynergia.</p>
      <p>The presence of myocardial ischemia detected by SE was previously described as a predictor of adverse cardiac events and mortality from any cause in patients with normal ET. In the study of a Spanish cohort that included 4004 patients, of whom 16.7% had ischemia on SE, the &#916;LVWMSI was an independent predictor of mortality and MACE<sup>15</sup>. In the present study, &#916;LVWMSI was able to predict the development of adverse cardiac events; however, it was not a predictor of mortality from all causes. Importantly, the Spanish cohort included patients at high risk for CAD who were excluded from the study in order to evaluate a population that typically generates doubts in terms of the diagnostic approach.</p>
      <p>The importance of SE in predicting mortality and adverse cardiac events overcomes the limitations inherent in the ET, and can even be observed in patients with inconclusive tests, just as in patients with LBBB. During the follow-up of 609 patients with LBBB (average follow up of 4.6 &#177; 3.4 years), five-year mortality and cardiac events were twice as high in patients who had ischemia on SE<sup>35</sup>. In a study of a Brazilian population with LBBB, the SE was also a predictor of major cardiac events<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, it was observed that SE confers a good prognosis in patients with normal results on echocardiography. This evidence was first described by Sawada et al<sup>37</sup> and was later confirmed by other studies. In a cohort of 1,325 patients whose coronary status was unknown, the prognosis after a normal SE was considered excellent. The rate of survival free of cardiac events over one, two and three years was 99.2%, 97.8% and 97.4%, respectively, with a favorable prognosis even in patients with intermediate pretest or high<sup>38</sup> probability. According to a study involving 437 patients with angina and no previous history of AMI or myocardial revascularization, patients with normal tests have a low rate of occurrence of events and may be exempted from invasive procedures for three years following a normal test<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The favorable prognostic implications of negative SE for myocardial ischemia are consistent with a recent published meta-analysis in which the negative predictive value of SE for AMI and cardiac death was 98.4% ([95% CI] 97.9 to 98.9) over 33 months of follow-up, a value similar to that of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, which was found to be 98.8% ([CI 95%] 98.5 - 99.0), over 36 months of follow-up<sup>39</sup>.</p>
      <p>With regard to the limitations of the study, we highlight the limitation inherent in observational studies, in which non-measured variables can corroborate the difference in prognosis between groups.</p>
      <p>Although currently recommended as the initial test for evaluation of CAD compared to SE, ET has limitations regarding its negative predictive value. Through SE it was possible to identify a subgroup of patients at higher risk for developing adverse cardiac events, although they presented with a normal ET. However, additional studies of cost-effectiveness are needed to determine whether the increase in prognostic value provided by SE justifies its use as an initial test. This strategy could involve reducing potential costs through the proper selection of therapeutic strategies to enable appropriate referral for coronary angiography for patients at higher risk.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A positive SE for myocardial ischemia is a predictor of MACE in the sample studied, which helps to identify a subgroup of patients at higher risk of adverse events, despite presenting a normal ET.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript, Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Calasans FR, Santos BFO, Silveira DCR, Ara&#250;jo ACP, Melo LD, Barreto-Filho JA, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
