<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZzP6bxRQr74xRCK3LWHhq9c</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002700006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100100006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130108</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efetividade de um protocolo assistencial para redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo porta-bal&#227;o da angioplastia prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabino</surname>
            <given-names>Michael</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Garcia</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Iracy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jacobs</surname>
            <given-names>Peter</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ronzoni</surname>
            <given-names>Liliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Bahia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>26</fpage>
      <lpage>34</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Tempo porta-bal&#227;o adequado (&lt; 120 minutos) &#233; a condi&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria para que a efic&#225;cia da angioplastia prim&#225;ria no infarto se traduza em efetividade. OBJETIVO: Descrever a efetividade de um protocolo de qualidade assistencial para redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo porta-bal&#227;o. M&#201;TODOS: Entre maio de 2010 e agosto de 2012, foram analisados todos os indiv&#237;duos que realizaram angioplastia prim&#225;ria em nosso hospital. O momento porta foi registrado eletronicamente, pela retirada de senha para atendimento na emerg&#234;ncia, o que antecede o preenchimento da ficha e a triagem. O momento bal&#227;o foi definido como o in&#237;cio da abertura da art&#233;ria (passagem do primeiro dispositivo). Os primeiros 5 meses de monitoramento corresponderam ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;-implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo. O protocolo se constituiu de defini&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de a&#231;&#245;es, desde a chegada do paciente ao hospital, a sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o da equipe quanto &#224; prioriza&#231;&#227;o do tempo e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica de parecer dos resultados e de poss&#237;veis inadequa&#231;&#245;es. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 50 indiv&#237;duos, divididos em cinco grupos de 10 pacientes sequenciais (um grupo pr&#233; e quatro grupos p&#243;s-protocolo). O tempo porta-bal&#227;o referente aos 10 casos registrados antes da implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo foi de 200 &#177; 77 minutos. Ap&#243;s a implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, houve progressiva melhora do tempo porta-bal&#227;o, para 142 &#177; 78 minutos nos 10 primeiros pacientes, seguida de 150&#177;50 minutos, 131&#177;37 minutos e, finalmente, 116 &#177; 29 minutos no tr&#234;s grupos sequenciais de 10 pacientes, respectivamente. Regress&#227;o linear entre pacientes sequenciais e tempo porta-bal&#227;o (r = - 0,41) evidenciou coeficiente de regress&#227;o de - 1,74 minutos. CONCLUS&#195;O: A implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo se mostrou efetiva na redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo porta-bal&#227;o.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Angioplastia coronariana com Bal&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Planejamento de Assist&#234;ncia ao Paciente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>24</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Efetividade de um protocolo assistencial para redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo porta-bal&#227;o da angioplastia prim&#225;ria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia<sup>I,II</sup>; Mariana Brito<sup>II</sup>; Felipe Kalil<sup>II</sup>; Michael Sabino<sup>II</sup>; Guilherme Garcia<sup>II</sup>; Felipe Ferreira<sup>II</sup>; Iracy Matos<sup>I</sup>; Peter Jacobs<sup>I</sup>; Liliana Ronzoni<sup>I</sup>; M&#225;rcia Noya-Rabelo<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Escola Bahiana de Medicina, Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Tempo porta-bal&#227;o adequado (&lt; 120 minutos) &#233; a condi&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria para que a efic&#225;cia da angioplastia prim&#225;ria no infarto se traduza em efetividade. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Descrever a efetividade de um protocolo de qualidade assistencial para redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo porta-bal&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Entre maio de 2010 e agosto de 2012, foram analisados todos os indiv&#237;duos que realizaram angioplastia prim&#225;ria em nosso hospital. O momento porta foi registrado eletronicamente, pela retirada de senha para atendimento na emerg&#234;ncia, o que antecede o preenchimento da ficha e a triagem. O momento bal&#227;o foi definido como o in&#237;cio da abertura da art&#233;ria (passagem do primeiro dispositivo). Os primeiros 5 meses de monitoramento corresponderam ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;-implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo. O protocolo se constituiu de defini&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de a&#231;&#245;es, desde a chegada do paciente ao hospital, a sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o da equipe quanto &#224; prioriza&#231;&#227;o do tempo e a apresenta&#231;&#227;o peri&#243;dica de parecer dos resultados e de poss&#237;veis inadequa&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram avaliados 50 indiv&#237;duos, divididos em cinco grupos de 10 pacientes sequenciais (um grupo pr&#233; e quatro grupos p&#243;s-protocolo). O tempo porta-bal&#227;o referente aos 10 casos registrados antes da implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo foi de 200 &#177; 77 minutos. Ap&#243;s a implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, houve progressiva melhora do tempo porta-bal&#227;o, para 142 &#177; 78 minutos nos 10 primeiros pacientes, seguida de 150&#177;50 minutos, 131&#177;37 minutos e, finalmente, 116 &#177; 29 minutos no tr&#234;s grupos sequenciais de 10 pacientes, respectivamente. Regress&#227;o linear entre pacientes sequenciais e tempo porta-bal&#227;o (r = - 0,41) evidenciou coeficiente de regress&#227;o de - 1,74 minutos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo se mostrou efetiva na redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo porta-bal&#227;o.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Angioplastia coronariana com Bal&#227;o / m&#233;todos, Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio / fisiopatologia, S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda, Planejamento de Assist&#234;ncia ao Paciente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Diversos servi&#231;os no Brasil adotam prioritariamente a estrat&#233;gia de angioplastia prim&#225;ria, em lugar da tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica, como tratamento de reperfus&#227;o do paciente com infarto e supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST<sup>1</sup>. A escolha da conduta de log&#237;stica mais complexa se baseia no conjunto de ensaios cl&#237;nicos que sugerem ser a angioplastia uma estrat&#233;gia mais eficaz do que a tromb&#243;lise<sup>2</sup>. No entanto, a efetividade da angioplastia depende de r&#225;pido in&#237;cio do tratamento, definido como tempo entre chegada do paciente ao hospital e in&#237;cio da angioplastia (<italic>tempo porta-bal&#227;o</italic>) &lt; 120 minutos<sup>3</sup>. O conceito de que a efetividade da angioplastia prim&#225;ria depende desse importante par&#226;metro parece ser pouco difundido no Brasil. Essa afirma&#231;&#227;o se baseia na prefer&#234;ncia sistem&#225;tica por angioplastia prim&#225;ria em detrimento da tromb&#243;lise qu&#237;mica, a despeito da aus&#234;ncia de estudos que retratem o tempo porta-bal&#227;o em nosso meio ou que avaliem a aplica&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias que garantam esse par&#226;metro de qualidade.</p>
    <p>Como medida de monitoramento da qualidade assistencial, nosso hospital passou a mensurar o tempo porta-bal&#227;o de seus pacientes de forma sistem&#225;tica, prospectiva e rigorosa a partir do ano de 2010. Ap&#243;s os 10 primeiros casos, percebeu-se uma inadequa&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, motivando a cria&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo baseado em evid&#234;ncias, voltado para a melhoria do tempo porta-bal&#227;o. O presente artigo relata o impacto pr&#225;tico (efetividade) desse protocolo nos par&#226;metros de tempo ao longo de 22 meses de seguimento ap&#243;s sua implementa&#231;&#227;o. Adicionalmente, an&#225;lise multivariada foi utilizada para identificar potenciais determinantes desse par&#226;metro de qualidade assistencial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre maio de 2010 e agosto de 2012, foram inclu&#237;dos, no protocolo, pacientes consecutivamente internados em nosso hospital em fase aguda de infarto, com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST, submetidos &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria. Essa estrat&#233;gia representa o m&#233;todo de reperfus&#227;o de escolha em nosso servi&#231;o. O diagn&#243;stico foi realizado no momento da admiss&#227;o do paciente no setor de emerg&#234;ncia, com base no julgamento conjunto de dois m&#233;dicos, o emergencista e o cardiologista da unidade coronariana que viria a receber o paciente. O crit&#233;rio cl&#237;nico de desconforto tor&#225;cico t&#237;pico a menos de 12 horas, associado a supradesn&#237;vel persistente (n&#227;o revers&#237;vel com nitrato) do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 0,1 mv, em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas, representava o principal par&#226;metro diagn&#243;stico. No entanto, a conduta final ficava a crit&#233;rio da impress&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos m&#233;dicos. Na presen&#231;a de bloqueio do ramo esquerdo de terceiro grau, o diagn&#243;stico se baseava eminentemente nos sintomas apresentados. O &#250;nico crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o pr&#233;-definido deste estudo foi a recusa do paciente em participar deste registro, o que n&#227;o ocorreu em nenhum caso.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes deste estudo fizeram parte do Registro de S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas (RESCA) de nosso hospital e, para isso, assinaram Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Esse registro foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do hospital, estando de acordo com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e tendo como um dos objetivos predefinidos a mensura&#231;&#227;o do tempo porta-bal&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos analisados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os desfechos foram definidos <italic>a priori</italic> da realiza&#231;&#227;o do protocolo e mensurados de forma prospectiva durante o atendimento do paciente. O desfecho prim&#225;rio escolhido foi o tempo porta-bal&#227;o, descrito como vari&#225;vel num&#233;rica. A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com tempo porta-bal&#227;o adequado (&lt; 120 minutos) foi registrada como desfecho secund&#225;rio. Essas defini&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o de acordo com diretrizes de desempenho no atendimento do infarto com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST<sup>4-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tempo porta-bal&#227;o foi definido pelo per&#237;odo que transcorre entre a chegada do paciente ao hospital at&#233; o in&#237;cio do procedimento de reperfus&#227;o mec&#226;nica. O momento <italic>porta</italic> se caracteriza pela chegada do paciente ao hospital, marcada pela retirada da senha para atendimento (antes do cadastramento do paciente no setor), a qual &#233; registrada automaticamente pelo sistema de inform&#225;tica. O momento <italic>bal&#227;o</italic> se refere ao in&#237;cio do procedimento de reperfus&#227;o, definido pela inser&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea de qualquer dispositivo com finalidade de tratamento. Usualmente, este primeiro dispositivo &#233; o cateter guia para angioplastia. Dessa forma, o momento bal&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; registrado no in&#237;cio do procedimento diagn&#243;stico de coronariografia, mas sim no in&#237;cio do procedimento terap&#234;utico.</p>
    <p>Ainda como desfechos secund&#225;rios, foram definidos os seguintes componentes do tempo porta-bal&#227;o: <italic>tempo porta-diagn&#243;stico</italic>, o qual se inicia no momento da chegada do paciente ao setor de emerg&#234;ncia at&#233; a defini&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica da necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana prim&#225;ria; e tempo diagn&#243;stico-bal&#227;o, que transcorre entre a defini&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stico e o in&#237;cio do procedimento terap&#234;utico. O primeiro componente caracteriza a identifica&#231;&#227;o do candidato ao procedimento e o segundo componente caracteriza o preparo do paciente e a disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o da equipe de cardiologia intervencionista.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fluxo do protocolo de dor tor&#225;cica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A execu&#231;&#227;o do protocolo foi compartilhada entre tr&#234;s diferentes setores do hospital: setor de emerg&#234;ncia, respons&#225;vel pela identifica&#231;&#227;o e diagn&#243;stico; unidade coronariana, respons&#225;vel pelo preparo do paciente para procedimento e contato com equipe de cardiologia intervencionista; setor de cardiologia intervencionista, respons&#225;vel pela execu&#231;&#227;o do procedimento de reperfus&#227;o mec&#226;nica.</p>
    <p>O protocolo se inicia pela identifica&#231;&#227;o de um potencial infarto na porta da emerg&#234;ncia, a qual &#233; realizada pelo funcion&#225;rio administrativo da recep&#231;&#227;o. Esses funcion&#225;rios foram treinados para identificar dor tor&#225;cica ou equivalente, a partir da queixa do paciente ou da percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva. Uma vez identificado um potencial candidato, o funcion&#225;rio direciona o paciente para atendimento priorit&#225;rio pela enfermeira da triagem. Essa enfermeira, antes mesmo da avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica, realiza o eletrocardiograma. O eletrocardiograma &#233; encaminhado de imediato para o m&#233;dico emergencista, que avalia o paciente e discute o caso com o cardiologista da unidade coronariana. Uma vez definido se tratar de um infarto com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST em evolu&#231;&#227;o, a responsabilidade do gerenciamento do tempo passa a ser da equipe da unidade coronariana. A enfermeira dessa unidade inicia o contado com a equipe de cardiologia intervencionista e encaminha o paciente imediatamente para o laborat&#243;rio de interven&#231;&#227;o, onde ele ser&#225; preparado para o procedimento. Nesse setor, o paciente &#233; colocado na maca de procedimento e s&#227;o realizadas a tricotomia, a assepsia e a coloca&#231;&#227;o dos campos cir&#250;rgicos. Simultaneamente, s&#227;o administrados, via oral, aspirina 200 mg e tienopirid&#237;nico (clopidogrel 300 mg, nos anos 2010 e 2011, sendo modificado para ticagrelor 180 mg, em 2012). Nesse momento, objetiva-se que o paciente esteja pronto para o in&#237;cio do procedimento quando da chegada da equipe de cardiologia intervencionista, formada por m&#233;dico, t&#233;cnico de enfermagem e t&#233;cnico de radiologia. O in&#237;cio do procedimento deve ser imediatamente ao momento da chegada da equipe. Essa equipe se encontra no hospital durante hor&#225;rio comercial (7 &#224;s 17 horas) e fica de sobreaviso em domic&#237;lio durante hor&#225;rio noturno ou final de semana. Na primeira situa&#231;&#227;o, a equipe j&#225; estar&#225; a postos durante o preparo do paciente. Como metas a serem perseguidas durante o atendimento, o tempo porta-diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o deve ultrapassar 30 minutos e o tempo diagn&#243;stico-bal&#227;o n&#227;o deve ultrapassar 90 minutos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas implementadas para otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tempo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m da defini&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de atendimento aqui descrito, medidas espec&#237;ficas foram utilizadas para redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo porta-bal&#227;o, com base em estudos de efetividade<sup>7,8</sup> que definem preditores de sucesso de protocolos ou em aspectos peculiares de nosso hospital: (1) treinamento do funcion&#225;rio da recep&#231;&#227;o da emerg&#234;ncia para identifica&#231;&#227;o de potenciais candidatos ao protocolo; (2) autonomia da enfermeira da triagem para realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma sem o pedido m&#233;dico; (3) acionamento da equipe de cardiologia intervencionista pelo m&#233;dico que faz o diagn&#243;stico do infarto; (4) acionamento de cron&#244;metro no momento do diagn&#243;stico, para que o paciente esteja pronto para o in&#237;cio do procedimento em no m&#225;ximo 40 minutos; (5) sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o do cardiologista intervencionista para chegada r&#225;pida ao hospital e realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento com aten&#231;&#227;o no tempo; (6) sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o de toda equipe multidisciplinar do hospital para a import&#226;ncia do tempo porta-bal&#227;o; (7) defini&#231;&#227;o deste como principal protocolo de qualidade assistencial do hospital; (8) parecer do tempo porta-bal&#227;o de cada paciente, pela publica&#231;&#227;o de cartaz em todos os setores envolvidos indicando "&#250;ltimo tempo porta-bal&#227;o" em minutos; (8) reuni&#245;es mensais entre as equipes envolvidas a fim de discutir todos os casos inclu&#237;dos no protocolo, as eventuais falhas e as estrat&#233;gias de melhoria.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise dos dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os primeiros 5 meses de monitoramento (maio a setembro de 2010) corresponderam ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;-implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, enquanto os meses subsequentes corresponderam aos atendimentos p&#243;s-implementa&#231;&#227;o (outubro de 2010 a agosto de 2012). Assim, o per&#237;odo pr&#233;-protocolo, constitu&#237;do de 10 casos, representou a refer&#234;ncia para avaliar se o protocolo resultou em melhoria do tempo porta-bal&#227;o. Foi previamente definido que o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-protocolo seria dividido em subper&#237;odos de 10 casos consecutivos, a fim de avaliar a evolu&#231;&#227;o do tempo porta-bal&#227;o. Como os pacientes analisados correspondem a todo universo populacional de pacientes atendidos nesse per&#237;odo, a compara&#231;&#227;o dos tempos foi meramente descritiva, sem necessidade de testes estat&#237;sticos para estimar probabilidade do erro tipo I. O tempo porta-bal&#227;o de cada per&#237;odo foi descrito como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, foi realizada an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear, considerando o tempo porta-bal&#227;o de cada paciente como vari&#225;vel dependente e a sequ&#234;ncia temporal dos pacientes como vari&#225;vel independente. O coeficiente de regress&#227;o beta (&#946;) foi utilizado para estimar a varia&#231;&#227;o do tempo porta-bal&#227;o a cada paciente sequencial. Secundariamente, foram comparadas as propor&#231;&#245;es de tempo satisfat&#243;rio (&lt; 120 minutos) entre os per&#237;odos de 10 pacientes. Pelo mesmo motivo descrito no par&#225;grafo anterior, valores de p n&#227;o foram utilizados nessas an&#225;lises.</p>
    <p>No intuito de pesquisar os fatores determinantes do tempo porta-bal&#227;o, essa vari&#225;vel foi comparada entre subgrupos de pacientes divididos por caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e de circunst&#226;ncia de atendimento. Embora n&#227;o se trate de uma amostra, considerou-se o valor de p (&lt; 0,20) como crit&#233;rio de sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis a entrar no modelo multivariado. O modelo multivariado utilizado para determinar os preditores independentes do tempo porta-bal&#227;o foi an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia (ANCOVA). Nessa an&#225;lise, utilizou-se como crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia um valor de p &lt; 0,05. O <italic>software Statistical Package for the Social Science</italic> (SPSS), vers&#227;o 9,0, (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) foi utilizado para an&#225;lise dos dados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas da amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, 53 pacientes foram admitidos consecutivamente devido a infarto com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST e indica&#231;&#227;o de reperfus&#227;o. Destes, tr&#234;s pacientes foram submetidos a tromb&#243;lise, restando 50 indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria. Esses 50 pacientes constitu&#237;ram a popula&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo estudado, sendo a m&#233;dia de idade 60 &#177; 13 anos, com evidente predomin&#226;ncia do g&#234;nero masculino (78% da amostra) e 42% de negros ou mulatos. O tempo transcorrido entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a chegada dos pacientes ao hospital foi relativamente prolongado, com mediana de 5 horas (intervalo interquartil = 1,1 - 6,0 horas). Apenas um pacientes teve atendimento pr&#233;-hospitalar, o qual gerou aviso pr&#233;vio de chegada do infarto ao hospital. Em torno da metade dos pacientes deu entrada no hospital em hor&#225;rio n&#227;o comercial, quando a equipe de cardiologia intervencionista n&#227;o se encontrava no setor. O escore de risco GRACE apresentou mediana de 139 e intervalo interquartil entre 114 e 158, indicando que a amostra foi predominantemente de risco intermedi&#225;rio. Demais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e circunst&#226;ncias do atendimento est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Influ&#234;ncia do protocolo assistencial no tempo porta-bal&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tempo porta-bal&#227;o referente aos 10 casos registrados antes da implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo foi de 200 &#177; 77 minutos, ou seja, acima do desejado. Ap&#243;s a implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, houve progressiva melhora do tempo porta-bal&#227;o, para 142 &#177; 78 minutos no 10 primeiros pacientes, seguido de 150 &#177; 50 minutos, 131 &#177; 37 minutos e, finalmente, 116 &#177; 29 minutos nos tr&#234;s per&#237;odos sequenciais de 10 pacientes, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5283fig01">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5283tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). Considerando a m&#233;dia observada no &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo de 10 pacientes, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;odo pr&#233;-protocolo, houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 42% no tempo porta-bal&#227;o. Al&#233;m da redu&#231;&#227;o da m&#233;dia, observou-se aumento progressivo da homogeneidade dos tempos em cada per&#237;odo, representado por queda dos coeficientes de variabilidade dos tempos porta-bal&#227;o (55%, 33%, 28% e 25%, respectivamente, nos quatro per&#237;odos ap&#243;s implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo). No per&#237;odo antes da implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, nenhum paciente apresentou tempo porta-bal&#227;o desejado (&lt; 120 minutos). Ap&#243;s o protocolo, 40%, 30%, 40% e, finalmente, 60% dos pacientes apresentaram tempo porta-bal&#227;o &lt; 120 minutos, respectivamente, nos quatro per&#237;odos sequenciais de 10 pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5283fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5283fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5283tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5283fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A melhora observada no tempo porta-bal&#227;o decorreu de melhora no tempo de diagn&#243;stico (tempo porta-diagn&#243;stico) e no preparo do paciente (tempo diagn&#243;stico-bal&#227;o). O primeiro era de 30 &#177; 6,9 minutos antes do protocolo, evoluindo para 11 &#177; 3,6 minutos, 15 &#177; 7,1 minutos, 10 &#177; 22 minutos e 8,5 &#177; 2,7 minutos no &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo (redu&#231;&#227;o de 72% observada no &#250;ltimo per&#237;odo em rela&#231;&#227;o a antes do protocolo). O tempo diagn&#243;stico-bal&#227;o evoluiu de 170 &#177; 70 minutos para 131 &#177; 78 minutos, 135 41 minutos, 109 12 minutos e, finalmente, 107 &#177; 7,9 minutos (37% de redu&#231;&#227;o), conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5283tab02">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p>Melhora cont&#237;nua do tempo porta-bal&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi observada quando considerou-se cada paciente individualmente, em ordem sequencial, por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear. Essa an&#225;lise demonstrou coeficiente de regress&#227;o (&#946;) de - 1,74, que corresponde &#224; estimativa de redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo porta-bal&#227;o a cada paciente na sequ&#234;ncia. A linearidade dessa associa&#231;&#227;o foi representada por coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o (r) de - 0,41 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5283fig03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5283fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Determinantes do tempo porta-bal&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tempo porta-bal&#227;o foi comparado de acordo com presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de diversas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e circunst&#226;ncias de atendimento dos pacientes. O tempo foi significativamente maior em mulheres, quando comparado aos homens (190 &#177; 86 minutos <italic>versus</italic> 136 &#177; 49 minutos; p = 0,01); no hor&#225;rio noturno, quando comparado ao diurno (174 &#177; 68 minutos <italic>versus</italic> 124 &#177; 49 minutos; p = 0,007); e no final de semana, quando comparado a dias de semana (174 &#177; 84 minutos <italic>versus </italic>138 &#177; 49 minutos; p = 0,08), conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5283tab03">Tabela 3</xref>. Da mesma forma, houve correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre tempo de sintoma e tempo porta-bal&#227;o (r = 0,40; p = 0,001), conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5283tab04">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5283tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5283tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Essas vari&#225;veis foram inseridas em modelo multivariado de an&#225;lise de covari&#226;ncia, tendo o tempo porta-bal&#227;o como vari&#225;vel dependente. Nessa an&#225;lise, g&#234;nero feminino (p = 0,11) e final de semana perderam valor preditor (p = 0,23), enquanto hor&#225;rio noturno (p = 0,008) e tempo de sintoma (p = 0,002) permaneceram preditores independentes. O coeficiente de determina&#231;&#227;o (R<sup>2</sup>) do modelo multivariado final foi 0,32.</p>
    <p>Dentre os 60 pacientes da amostra total, 33 apresentaram tempo porta-bal&#227;o &lt; 120 minutos. An&#225;lise causal do atraso em cada paciente identificou atraso do diagn&#243;stico em 15%, atraso no preparo do paciente/material/equipe em 49% e ambos em 36% dos casos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo representa a primeira evid&#234;ncia brasileira da efetividade de um programa de qualidade assistencial no aprimoramento do tempo de reperfus&#227;o mec&#226;nica de pacientes admitidos na fase aguda de infarto com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST. A implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, voltado para melhoria do tempo de diagn&#243;stico, tempo de preparo do paciente e das condi&#231;&#245;es log&#237;sticas do local, promoveu uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa e progressiva no tempo porta-bal&#227;o, ao longo de 22 meses. Esse aprimoramento gerou uma economia de 84 minutos na m&#233;dia do tempo porta-bal&#227;o, retirando a popula&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo de um patamar cuja a efetividade da estrat&#233;gia de reperfus&#227;o era question&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>Em centros que disp&#245;em de laborat&#243;rio intervencionista, a angioplastia prim&#225;ria tem sido adotada como estrat&#233;gia preferencial de reperfus&#227;o desde a d&#233;cada de 1990, com base em ensaios cl&#237;nicos que demonstraram modesta superioridade dessa abordagem, quando comparada &#224; tromb&#243;lise, na preven&#231;&#227;o de morte em pacientes com infarto com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST<sup>2,9</sup>. An&#225;lises de meta-regress&#227;o desses estudos indicaram que essa superioridade dependia da realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia prim&#225;ria em curto per&#237;odo de tempo da chegada do paciente<sup>3,10</sup>. Em meados dos anos 2000, dados do Registro Nacional de Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio nos Estados Unidos demonstraram que o tempo porta-bal&#227;o era insatisfat&#243;rio na maioria dos centros daquele pa&#237;s<sup>11</sup>. A partir dessa constata&#231;&#227;o, foi lan&#231;ada, em 2008, a campanha em <italic>Door-to-Balloon, An Alliance for Quality</italic><sup>8</sup>. No &#250;ltimo ano, dados do registro nacional indicaram melhora significativa do tempo porta-bal&#227;o nos Estados Unidos, assumindo m&#233;dia em torno de 60 minutos<sup>12</sup>. Da mesma forma, estudos de centros espec&#237;ficos compararam o tempo porta-bal&#227;o antes e ap&#243;s a implementa&#231;&#227;o de protocolos, demonstrando a efetividade dessa abordagem no aprimoramento do tempo<sup>13,14</sup>. Ao contr&#225;rio da &#234;nfase americana nesse tema, n&#227;o h&#225; dados publicados no Brasil sobre o tempo porta-bal&#227;o, nem estudos demonstrando efetividade de protocolos espec&#237;ficos. Este estudo representa a primeira evid&#234;ncia brasileira de que um protocolo foi efetivo em redu&#231;&#227;o substancial do tempo porta-bal&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As medidas adotadas na campanha <italic>Alliance for Quality </italic>foram baseadas em um estudo seminal que analisou 365 hospitais e em an&#225;lise multivariada, que identificou cinco preditores independentes de melhor desempenho no tempo porta-bal&#227;o que se aplicam a pacientes n&#227;o atendidos previamente por servi&#231;o m&#243;vel: m&#233;dico da emerg&#234;ncia ativa o acionamento do laborat&#243;rio intervencionista; essa ativa&#231;&#227;o &#233; feita por uma &#250;nica liga&#231;&#227;o para uma telefonista central; presen&#231;a de meta de tempo para chegada da equipe intervencionista ao hospital; presen&#231;a de cardiologista de plant&#227;o no hospital em todos os momentos; parecer dado a todos os membros da equipe quanto ao tempo porta-bal&#227;o de cada caso<sup>7</sup>. O presente protocolo incorporou todas essas medidas, exceto a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de telefonista para acionamento da equipe, por dificuldades log&#237;sticas. Al&#233;m disso, medidas adicionais foram implementadas no intuito de r&#225;pido diagn&#243;stico, como treinamento dos recepcionistas e realiza&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma pela enfermeira, independentemente de pedido m&#233;dico. Por fim, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do cron&#244;metro teve como intuito enfatizar a import&#226;ncia do r&#225;pido preparo do paciente para in&#237;cio do procedimento. Dessa forma, na confec&#231;&#227;o do protocolo, utilizou-se uma combina&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias comprovadamente efetivas, com medidas intuitivas relacionadas &#224; realidade do servi&#231;o.</p>
    <p>Observou-se melhora substancial da m&#233;dia de tempo porta-bal&#227;o desde os primeiros 10 casos, indicando que a n&#227;o sistematiza&#231;&#227;o do processo tinha grande impacto negativo na qualidade, o que n&#227;o se percebia subjetivamente. Por outro lado, ap&#243;s essa evolu&#231;&#227;o inicial, houve estagna&#231;&#227;o nos dois per&#237;odos seguintes, alcan&#231;ando-se um tempo ideal apenas no per&#237;odo correspondente aos 10 &#250;ltimos pacientes. Essa &#250;ltima evolu&#231;&#227;o provavelmente decorreu da cont&#237;nua atividade de sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o da equipe e da discuss&#227;o conjunta de cada novo caso, com foco em falhas que poderiam ser corrigidas. Assim, a presente experi&#234;ncia demonstra que alcan&#231;ar um tempo ideal &#233; um desafio a ser superado progressivamente. Vale salientar que a melhora observada no tempo decorreu tanto da redu&#231;&#227;o no tempo de diagn&#243;stico, quando no tempo entre o diagn&#243;stico e o procedimento, indicando que ambos os componentes s&#227;o sens&#237;veis &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o do protocolo.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m de descrever o impacto do protocolo assistencial, foi utilizada an&#225;lise multivariada para identificar poss&#237;veis determinantes do tempo porta-bal&#227;o. V&#225;rias caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e de circunst&#226;ncia do atendimento foram analisadas, sendo dois os preditores independentes: o momento de atendimento (diurno ou noturno) e a dura&#231;&#227;o do sintoma. A aus&#234;ncia de associa&#231;&#227;o com preditores de gravidade sugere que os m&#233;dicos est&#227;o cientes da import&#226;ncia do tempo, independentemente das caracter&#237;sticas do paciente. O fato de o principal determinante ter sido o hor&#225;rio de atendimento indica que a quest&#227;o log&#237;stica &#233; o que prepondera. Em segundo lugar, houve associa&#231;&#227;o com o tempo de sintoma, podendo-se inferir que quanto mais precoce o paciente, mais motivada a equipe fica para agir rapidamente. Embora isso pare&#231;a natural, pode ser um sinal de que, em pacientes menos precoces, a motiva&#231;&#227;o &#233; abaixo da desejada. Isso sugere a necessidade de medidas no intuito de determinar motiva&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima, independentemente do quanto precoce for o paciente.</p>
    <p>Adicionalmente ao resultado de efetividade do protocolo aplicado, o valor deste estudo se faz evidente desde as medidas basais do tempo porta-bal&#227;o. No hospital em que se realizou o presente estudo, havia um cren&#231;a de atendimento de alto padr&#227;o, por&#233;m houve surpresa quando a medida do tempo foi realizada de forma sistem&#225;tica. A m&#233;dia de 200 &#177; 77 minutos refletiu uma realidade antes impercept&#237;vel, o que fez inferir que a no&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de qualidade n&#227;o &#233; acurada, sendo necess&#225;rias medidas sistematizadas do tempo.</p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de tempo porta-bal&#227;o registrada no presente estudo antes e ap&#243;s o protocolo est&#225; bastante acima do que &#233; descrito em registros americanos<sup>12-14</sup>. Deve se salientado que, pelo menos em parte, os resultados deste trabalho decorrem de um m&#233;todo mais rigoroso de mensura&#231;&#227;o do tempo, voltado para evitar subestimativa dessa vari&#225;vel. Em primeiro lugar, n&#227;o houve sele&#231;&#227;o de casos, sendo inclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes consecutivos que foram submetidos &#224; angioplastia prim&#225;ria. Nos registros americanos, os hospitais podem excluir casos em que julguem justific&#225;veis um atraso do tempo porta-bal&#227;o<sup>12</sup> e, de fato, a frequ&#234;ncia dessas exclus&#245;es tem aumentado nos &#250;ltimos anos<sup>15</sup>. Em segundo lugar, essas medidas foram realizadas prospectivamente durante o procedimento, evitando o vi&#233;s de aferi&#231;&#227;o, que pode ocorrer quando esses dados temporais s&#227;o registrados via revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio. Houve tamb&#233;m especial aten&#231;&#227;o para uma defini&#231;&#227;o realista de tempo porta-bal&#227;o. O principal risco de subestimativa est&#225; em definir o momento porta como o registro do paciente na emerg&#234;ncia (ou momento do diagn&#243;stico), quando se sabe que existe uma lacuna temporal entre a chegada ao hospital e o cadastramento do paciente. Por esse motivo, houve a preocupa&#231;&#227;o em mensurar eletronicamente (retirada da senha para atendimento) o momento em que o paciente entra na sala de espera, antes mesmo de qualquer recepcionista iniciar seu cadastro. O segundo potencial erro na estimativa do tempo &#233; considerar o in&#237;cio do procedimento intervencionista como o momento bal&#227;o. Cuidou-se para considerar esse momento como a inser&#231;&#227;o do primeiro dispositivo, com intuito de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Utilizou-se como par&#226;metro de qualidade um tempo porta-bal&#227;o &lt; 120 minutos, o que est&#225; de acordo com o atraso aceit&#225;vel pela diretriz da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia<sup>6</sup>, por&#233;m acima do recomendado pela diretriz americana (&lt; 90 minutos)<sup>5</sup>. No entanto, o texto desse documento reconhece, que possivelmente, o limite de tempo para garantir benef&#237;cio est&#225; al&#233;m dos 90 minutos, tal como sugerido por an&#225;lises de meta-regress&#227;o. Considerando os aspectos j&#225; mencionados de maior rigorosidade da medida de tempo deste estudo, houve prefer&#234;ncia por se definir como satisfat&#243;rio um tempo &lt; 120 minutos. Quanto &#224; Diretriz Brasileira, esta sugere um tempo &lt; 90 minutos ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico<sup>4</sup>, o que, provavelmente, representa um tempo entre 90 e 120 minutos do momento da chegada do paciente ao hospital, indicando que estamos tamb&#233;m condizentes com a recomenda&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
    <p>Ao passo em que este estudo sugere a efetividade de um protocolo de qualidade assistencial na melhoria do tempo porta-bal&#227;o, deve-se reconhecer que a aus&#234;ncia de um grupo controle n&#227;o permitiu afastar o fen&#244;meno de regress&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia como explica&#231;&#227;o da melhoria obtida ap&#243;s o protocolo. Por outro lado, essa limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica inerente de estudos de efetividade, que partem da premissa de que j&#225; existe prova do conceito de que um protocolo promove melhora assistencial. O car&#225;ter n&#227;o controlado e observacional deste trabalho &#233; comum a todos os grandes trabalhos internacionais que demonstraram o resultado de um protocolo na melhoria do tempo porta-bal&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, n&#227;o h&#225; estat&#237;sticas de monitoramento no tempo porta-bal&#227;o, nem campanhas de aprimoramento desse par&#226;metro de qualidade. Isso nos deixa cegos quanto &#224; efetividade da angioplastia prim&#225;ria em nosso meio. De forma pioneira, este estudo demonstrou que a mensura&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica do tempo porta-bal&#227;o pode revelar inadequa&#231;&#227;o do processo, e que a ado&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo baseado em evid&#234;ncias pode melhorar nosso desempenho. Este estudo deve servir de motiva&#231;&#227;o para registros locais e nacionais voltados para o tempo porta-bal&#227;o, seguidos da implementa&#231;&#227;o de campanhas, se os resultados dos registros indicarem necessidade de melhoria na qualidade.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Correia LCL, Matos I, Jacobs P, Noya-Rabelo M; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Brito M, Kalil F, Sabino M, Garcia G, Ferreira F, Noya-Rabelo M; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Correia LCL, Noya-Rabelo M; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Correia LCL; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Correia LCL, Noya-Rabelo M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Matos I, Jacobs P, Ronzoni L, Noya-Rabelo M.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo est&#225; vinculado ao Grupo de Pesquisa RESCA, sediado na p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o da Escola Bahiana de Medicina.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia </p>
        <p> Avenida Princesa Leopoldina, 19/402, Gra&#231;a </p>
        <p> CEP 40150-080, Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lccorreia@cardiol.br">lccorreia@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lccorreia@terra.com.br">lccorreia@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 23/11/12; revisado em 6/12/12; aceito em 14/2/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Mattos LA, Sousa AG, Pinto IM, Campos Neto Cde M, Labrunie A, Alves CR, et al; Central Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es Cardiovasculares, Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista. Primary coronary angioplasty in 9,434 patients during acute myocardial infarction: predictors of major in- hospital adverse events from 1996 to 2000 in Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002;79(4):405-18.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Primary coronary angioplasty in 9,434 patients during acute myocardial infarction: predictors of major in- hospital adverse events from 1996 to 2000 in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>405</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mattos</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos Neto</surname>
              <given-names>Cde M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Labrunie</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alves</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. French JK, Canborn TA, Sleeper LA. Primary coronary angioplasty versus thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. Lancet. 2003;361(9365):1303-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Primary coronary angioplasty versus thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1303</fpage>
          <lpage>4</lpage>
          <issue>9365</issue>
          <volume>361</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>French</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canborn</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sleeper</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Pinto DS, Kirtane AJ, Nallamothu BK, Murphy SA, Cohen DJ, Laham RJ, et al. Hospital delays in reperfusion for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: implications when selecting a reperfusion strategy. Circulation. 2006;114(19):2019-25.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hospital delays in reperfusion for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: implications when selecting a reperfusion strategy</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2019</fpage>
          <lpage>25</lpage>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirtane</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nallamothu</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murphy</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cohen</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laham</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Piegas LS, Feitosa G, Mattos LA, Nicolau JC, Rossi Neto JM, Timerman A, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2009;93(6 supl.2):e179-e264.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Diretriz da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>e179</fpage>
          <lpage>e264</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Piegas</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feitosa</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattos</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolau</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossi Neto</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Timerman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Kushner FG, Hand M, Smith SC Jr, King SB 3rd, Anderson JL, Antman EM, et al. 2009 Focused Updates: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (updating the 2004 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update) and ACC/AHA/SCAI Guidelines on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (updating the 2005 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2009;120(22):2271-306. Erratum in: Circulation. 2010;121(12):e257.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>2009 Focused Updates: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (updating the 2004 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update) and ACC/AHA/SCAI Guidelines on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (updating the 2005 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2271</fpage>
          <lpage>306</lpage>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kushner</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hand</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith Jr</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>King 3rd</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antman</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Steg PG, James SK, Atar D, Badano LP, Lundqvist CB, Borger MA, et al; The Task Force on the management of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(20):2569-619.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2569</fpage>
          <lpage>619</lpage>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steg</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>James</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atar</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badano</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lundqvist</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Borger</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Bradley EH, Herrin J, Wang Y, Barton BA, Webster TR, Mattera JA, et al. Strategies for reducing the door-to-balloon time in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(22):2308-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Strategies for reducing the door-to-balloon time in acute myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2308</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <volume>355</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bradley</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barton</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webster</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattera</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Krumholz HM, Bradley EH, Nallamothu BK, Ting HH, Batchelor WB, Kline-Rogers E, et al. A campaign to improve the timeliness of primary percutaneous coronary intervention: Door-to-Balloon: An Alliance for Quality. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008;1(1):97-104.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A campaign to improve the timeliness of primary percutaneous coronary intervention: Door-to-Balloon: An Alliance for Quality</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>97</fpage>
          <lpage>104</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>1</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krumholz</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bradley</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nallamothu</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ting</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Batchelor</surname>
              <given-names>WB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kline-Rogers</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Grines C, Patel A, Zijlstra F, Weaver WD, Granger C, Simes RJ; PCAT Collaborators. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Primary coronary angioplasty compared with intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: six-month follow up and analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials. Am Heart J. 2003;145(1):47-57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Primary coronary angioplasty compared with intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: six-month follow up and analysis of individual patient data from randomized trials</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>47</fpage>
          <lpage>57</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>145</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Grines</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zijlstra</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Weaver</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granger</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simes</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>PCAT Collaborators</surname>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Nallamothu BK, Bates ER. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: is timing (almost) everything? Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(7):824-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Percutaneous coronary intervention versus fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: is timing (almost) everything?</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>824</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>92</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nallamothu</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bates</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Magid DJ, Wang Y, Herrin J, McNamara RL, Bradley EH, Curtis JP, et al. Relationship between time of day, day of week, timeliness of reperfusion, and in-hospital mortality for patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2005;294(7):803-12.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Relationship between time of day, day of week, timeliness of reperfusion, and in-hospital mortality for patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>803</fpage>
          <lpage>12</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>294</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Magid</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNamara</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bradley</surname>
              <given-names>EH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Curtis</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Krumholz HM, Herrin J, Miller LE, Drye EE, Ling SM, Han LF, et al. Improvements in door-to-balloon time in the United States, 2005 to 2010. Circulation. 2011;124(9):1038-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Improvements in door-to-balloon time in the United States, 2005 to 2010</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1038</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>124</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krumholz</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herrin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drye</surname>
              <given-names>EE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ling</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Nestler DM, Noheria A, Haro LH, Stead LG, Decker WW, Scanlan-Hanson LN, et al. Sustaining improvement in door-to-balloon time over 4 years: the Mayo clinic ST-elevation myocardial infarction protocol. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2(5):508-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sustaining improvement in door-to-balloon time over 4 years: the Mayo clinic ST-elevation myocardial infarction protocol</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>508</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nestler</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Noheria</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haro</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stead</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Decker</surname>
              <given-names>WW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanlan-Hanson</surname>
              <given-names>LN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Parikh SV, Treichler DB, DePaola S, Sharpe J, Valdes M, Addo T, et al. Systems-based improvement in door-to-balloon times at a large urban teaching hospital: a follow-up study from Parkland Health and Hospital System. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2(2):116-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Systems-based improvement in door-to-balloon times at a large urban teaching hospital: a follow-up study from Parkland Health and Hospital System</article-title>
          <source>Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>116</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Parikh</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Treichler</surname>
              <given-names>DB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DePaola</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharpe</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valdes</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Addo</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Haut ER, Pronovost PJ. Surveillance bias in outcomes reporting. JAMA. 2011;305(23):2462-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Surveillance bias in outcomes reporting</article-title>
          <source>JAMA</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2462</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue>23</issue>
          <volume>305</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Haut</surname>
              <given-names>ER</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pronovost</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effectiveness of a myocardial infarction protocol in reducing door-to-ballon time</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: An adequate door-to-balloon time (&lt;120 minutes) is the necessary condition for the efficacy of primary angioplasty in infarction to translate into effectiveness. OBJECTIVE: To describe the effectiveness of a quality of care protocol in reducing the door-to-balloon time. METHODS: Between May 2010 and August 2012, all individuals undergoing primary angioplasty in our hospital were analyzed. The door time was electronically recorded at the moment the patient took a number to be evaluated in the emergency room, which occurred prior to filling the check-in forms and to the triage. The balloon time was defined as the beginning of artery opening (introduction of the first device). The first 5 months of monitoring corresponded to the period of pre-implementation of the protocol. The protocol comprised the definition of a flowchart of actions from patient arrival at the hospital, the team's awareness raising in relation to the prioritization of time, and provision of a periodic feedback on the results and possible inadequacies. RESULTS: A total of 50 individuals were assessed. They were divided into five groups of 10 sequential patients (one group pre- and four groups post-protocol). The door-to-balloon time regarding the 10 cases recorded before protocol implementation was 200 &#177; 77 minutes. After protocol implementation, there was a progressive reduction of the door-to-balloon time to 142&#177;78 minutes in the first 10 patients, then to 150&#177;50 minutes, 131&#177;37 minutes and, finally, 116&#177;29 minutes in the three sequential groups of 10 patients, respectively. Linear regression between sequential patients and the door-to-balloon time (r = - 0.41) showed a regression coefficient of - 1.74 minutes. CONCLUSION: The protocol implementation proved effective in the reduction of the door-to-balloon time.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Angioplasty Balloon, coronary</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Care Planning</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Effectiveness of a myocardial infarction protocol in reducing door-to-ballon time</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Luis Cl&#225;udio Lemos Correia<sup>I,II</sup>; Mariana Brito<sup>II</sup>; Felipe Kalil<sup>II</sup>; Michael Sabino<sup>II</sup>; Guilherme Garcia<sup>II</sup>; Felipe Ferreira<sup>II</sup>; Iracy Matos<sup>I</sup>; Peter Jacobs<sup>I</sup>; Liliana Ronzoni<sup>I</sup>; M&#225;rcia Noya-Rabelo<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Escola Bahiana de Medicina, Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> An adequate door-to-balloon time (&lt;120 minutes) is the necessary condition for the efficacy of primary angioplasty in infarction to translate into effectiveness.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To describe the effectiveness of a quality of care protocol in reducing the door-to-balloon time.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Between May 2010 and August 2012, all individuals undergoing primary angioplasty in our hospital were analyzed. The door time was electronically recorded at the moment the patient took a number to be evaluated in the emergency room, which occurred prior to filling the check-in forms and to the triage. The balloon time was defined as the beginning of artery opening (introduction of the first device). The first 5 months of monitoring corresponded to the period of pre-implementation of the protocol. The protocol comprised the definition of a flowchart of actions from patient arrival at the hospital, the team's awareness raising in relation to the prioritization of time, and provision of a periodic feedback on the results and possible inadequacies.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 50 individuals were assessed. They were divided into five groups of 10 sequential patients (one group pre- and four groups post-protocol). The door-to-balloon time regarding the 10 cases recorded before protocol implementation was 200 &#177; 77 minutes. After protocol implementation, there was a progressive reduction of the door-to-balloon time to 142&#177;78 minutes in the first 10 patients, then to 150&#177;50 minutes, 131&#177;37 minutes and, finally, 116&#177;29 minutes in the three sequential groups of 10 patients, respectively. Linear regression between sequential patients and the door-to-balloon time (r = - 0.41) showed a regression coefficient of - 1.74 minutes.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The protocol implementation proved effective in the reduction of the door-to-balloon time.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Angioplasty Balloon, coronary / methods; Myocardial Infarction / physiopathology; Acute Coronary Syndrome, Patient Care Planning</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Several health services in Brazil prefer to adopt primary angioplasty instead of chemical thrombolysis as the reperfusion treatment of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)<sup>1</sup>. The choice of an approach that has a more complex logistics is based on a series of clinical studies suggesting that angioplasty is a more efficient strategy than thrombolysis<sup>2</sup>. However, the effectiveness of angioplasty depends on a rapid initiation of therapy, defined as an interval between patient arrival at the hospital and the beginning of angioplasty (door-to-balloon time) &lt; 120 minutes<sup>3</sup>. The concept that the effectiveness of primary angioplasty depends on this important parameter seems not to be widespread in Brazil. This statement is based on the systematic preference for primary angioplasty over chemical thrombolysis, despite the absence of studies showing the door-to-balloon time in our midst, or studies assessing the application of strategies to ensure this quality parameter.</p>
      <p>As a measure for monitoring the quality of care, the door-to-balloon time of our patients started to be measured in a systematic, prospective and rigorous manner as from 2010. After the first 10 cases, the inadequacy of outcomes was noted, and this encouraged the creation of an evidence-based protocol aiming at improving the door-to-balloon time. The present study reports the practical impact (effectiveness) of this protocol on time parameters throughout the 22 months of follow-up after its implementation. Additionally, multivariate analysis was carried out to identify potential determinants of this quality of care parameter.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patient selection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between May 2010 and August 2012, patients consecutively admitted in our hospital in the acute phase of STEMI who would undergo primary angioplasty were included in the protocol. This strategy represents the preferred reperfusion method in our service. The diagnosis was made at the moment of patient admission in the emergency service, based on the joint opinion of two physicians - the emergency medicine physician and the cardiologist of the coronary unit where the patient would further be transferred to. The clinical criterion of typical chest discomfort for less than 12 hours associated with persistent ST-segment elevation <underline>&gt;</underline> 0.1 mV (not reversible with nitrate) in two contiguous leads was the main diagnostic parameter. However, the final approach was left at the discretion of the physicians, according to their clinical impression. In the presence of complete left bundle branch block, the diagnosis was mainly based on the patient's symptoms. The only pre-defined exclusion criterion of this study was patient refusal to participate in this registry, which did not happen in any case.</p>
      <p>The study patients took part of our hospital's Acute Coronary Syndromes Registry (<italic>Registro de S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas - </italic>RESCA), for which they gave written informed consent. This registry was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee, and is in accordance with Resolution 196/96 of the Ministry of Health. One of its pre-defined objectives was to measure the door-to-balloon time.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Endpoints analyzed</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The endpoints were defined before the protocol was carried out, and were prospectively measured during patient's care. The primary endpoint chosen was the door-to-balloon time, which was described as a numeric variable. The proportion of patients with an adequate door-to-balloon time (&lt; 120 minutes) was recorded as a secondary endpoint. These definitions are in accordance with performance guidelines in the treatment of STEMI<sup>4-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The door-to-balloon time was defined as the period of time elapsed between patient arrival at the hospital and the beginning of the mechanical reperfusion procedure. The <italic>door </italic>time is characterized by the patient arrival at the hospital, signaled by the moment they took a number to be evaluated (before the patient is checked-in in that hospital area), which is automatically recorded by the information system. The <italic>balloon</italic> time refers to the beginning of the reperfusion procedure, defined by the percutaneous insertion of any device with therapeutic purposes. Usually, this first device is the angioplasty guide catheter. Thus, the balloon time is not recorded at the beginning of the diagnostic procedure of coronary angiography, but rather at the beginning of the therapeutic procedure.</p>
      <p>Also, as secondary endpoints, the following components of the door-to-balloon time were defined: <italic>door-to-diagnosis time</italic>, which starts at the moment of patient arrival at the emergency service and ends at the moment the need for a primary coronary intervention is diagnosed; and <italic>diagnosis-to-balloon time</italic>, which elapses between the diagnostic definition and the beginning of the therapeutic procedure. The first component characterizes the identification of a patient eligible for the procedure, and the second component characterizes patient preparation and activation of the interventional cardiology team.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Chest pain protocol flowchart</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The protocol was performed by three different hospital areas: the emergency area, in charge of the identification and diagnosis; the coronary unit, in charge of patient preparation for the procedure and activation of the interventional cardiology team; and the interventional cardiology area, in charge of the performance of the mechanical reperfusion procedure.</p>
      <p>The protocol starts with the identification of a potential infarction case at the emergency door, which is made by the management employee at the front desk. These employees were trained to identify chest pain or equivalent, from the patient's complaint or their subjective perception. Once a potential eligible patient is identified, the employee refers the patient for priority care delivered by the triage nurse. This nurse performs an electrocardiogram, even before medical evaluation. The electrocardiogram is immediately sent to an emergency medicine physician, who examines the patient and discusses the case with the coronary unit cardiologist. Once defined that it is an ongoing case of STEMI, the coronary unit team takes charge of the time management. The unit's nurse starts counting with the interventional cardiology team, and immediately refers the patient to the catheterization laboratory, where he will be prepared for the procedure. In this area, the patient is placed on the procedure bed and shaving, asepsis and placement of surgical sheets are carried out. Simultaneously, oral acetylsalicylic acid 200 mg and thienopyridine derivatives (clopidogrel 300 mg, in years 2010 and 2011, then replaced for ticagrelor 180 mg, in 2012) are administered. At this moment, the objective is that the patient be ready to undergo the procedure as soon as the interventional cardiology team arrives; this team comprises a physician, a nursing technician, and a radiology technician. The procedure should start immediately after team arrival. This team is on site during office hours (7 am to 5 pm) and on call during night shifts or weekends. In the first situation, the team will be ready during patient preparation. The goals to be achieved during patient care are a door-to-diagnosis time no longer than 30 minutes and diagnosis-to-balloon time no longer than 90 minutes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Measures implemented for time optimization</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In addition to the definition of the patient care flowchart described here, specific measures were used to reduce the door-to-balloon time, based on effectiveness studies<sup>7,8</sup>, which define predictors of a protocol success, or on peculiarities of our hospital: (1) training of the emergency service front-desk employees for the identification of potential patients eligible to the protocol; (2) empowerment of the triage nurse to perform an electrocardiogram without a medical request form; (3) activation of the interventional cardiology team by the physician who diagnoses infarction; (4) activation of the stopwatch at the moment of diagnosis, so that the patient will be ready for the procedure to start within 40 minutes at most; (5) awareness raising of the interventional cardiologist to arrive quickly at the hospital and perform the procedure while paying attention to timing; (6) awareness raising of all the hospital multidisciplinary team for the importance of the door-to-balloon time; (7) definition of this protocol as being the hospital's main quality of care protocol; (8) feedback on each patient's door-to-balloon time, by displaying posters showing the "last door-to-balloon time" in minutes, in all areas involved; (9) monthly meetings of the teams involved in order to discuss all cases included in the protocol, occasional flaws and improvement strategies.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The first five months of monitoring (May to September 2010) corresponded to the period of protocol pre-implementation, whereas the subsequent months corresponded to post-implementation cases (October 2010 to August 2012). Thus, the pre-protocol period, which included 10 cases, represented the reference used to evaluate whether the protocol had resulted in improvement of the door-to-balloon time. It had been previously defined that the post-protocol period would be divided into subperiods of 10 consecutive cases each, in order to evaluate the evolution of the door-to-balloon time. Since the patients analyzed correspond to the whole population universe of patients seen in this period, the comparison of times was merely descriptive, with no need for statistical tests to estimate the type-I error probability. The door-to-balloon time of each period was described as a mean and standard deviation.</p>
      <p>Linear regression analysis was also carried out, considering each patient's door-to-balloon time as a dependent variable and the time sequence of patients as an independent variable. The beta (&#946;) regression coefficient was used to estimate the variation of door-to-balloon time at each sequential patient. Secondarily, the proportions of satisfactory time (&lt; 120 minutes) were compared between the periods of 10 patients. For the same reason described in the previous paragraph, p values were not used in these analyses.</p>
      <p>In order to analyze the factors determining the door-to-balloon time, this variable was compared between subgroups of patients divided by demographic and clinical characteristics, and circumstances of care. Although this was not a sample, the o value (&lt; 0.20) was considered as the selection criteria for the variables to be included in the multivariate model. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was the multivariate model used to determine the independent predictors of the door-to-balloon time. In this analysis, p values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software program, version 9.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) was used for data analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the study period, 53 patients were consecutively admitted due to STEMI and indication for reperfusion. Of these, three patients underwent thrombolysis, and the remaining 50 individuals underwent primary angioplasty. These 50 patients comprised the population of the study period. Their mean age was 60 &#177; 13 years, with a clear predominance of the male gender (78% of the sample), and 42% of blacks or mixeds. The time elapsed between the onset of symptoms and patient arrival at the hospital was relatively long, with a median of 5 hours (interquartile interval = 1.1 - 6.0 hours). Only one patient had received prehospital treatment, which generated an advance warning of arrival of an infarct case at the hospital. Approximately half of our patients were admitted to the hospital out of business hours, when the interventional cardiology team was no longer in the area. The GRACE risk score showed a median of 139 and interquartile interval between 114 and 158, thus indicating that the sample was predominantly at an intermediary risk. Other clinical characteristics and circumstances of care are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Influence of the care protocol in the door-to-balloon time</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The door-to-balloon time regarding the 10 cases recorded before the protocol implementation was 200 &#177; 77 minutes, i.e., above the desired values. After the protocol implementation, there was a progressive reduction of the door-to-balloon time, to 142 &#177; 78 minutes in the first 10 patients, followed by 150 &#177; 50 minutes, 131 &#177; 37 minutes and, finally, 116 29 minutes in the three sequential periods of 10 patients, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5283fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5283tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Considering the mean observed in the last period of 10 patients, in relation to the pre-protocol period, there was a reduction by 42% in the door-to-balloon time. In addition to a reduction of the mean, a progressive increase in the homogeneity of times in each period was also observed, represented by a decrease in the coefficients of variability of the door-to-balloon times (55%, 33%, 28%, and 25%, respectively, in the four periods after protocol implementation). In the period before protocol implementation, no patient showed a desired door-to-balloon time (&lt; 120 minutes). After the protocol, 40%, 30%, 40% and, finally, 60% of patients showed a door-to-balloon time &lt; 120 minutes, respectively, in the four sequential periods of 10 patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5283fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5283fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5283tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5283fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The reduction observed in the door-to-balloon time resulted from an improved time for diagnosis (door-to-diagnosis time) and for patient preparation (diagnosis-to-balloon time). The first one was 30 &#177; 6.9 minutes prior to the protocol, going to 11 &#177; 3.6 minutes, 15 &#177; 7.1 minutes, 10 &#177; 22 minutes and 8.5 &#177; 2.7 minutes in the last period (a reduction by 72% observed in the last period in relation to the period prior to the protocol). The diagnosis-to-balloon time went from 170 &#177; 70 minutes to 131 &#177; 78 minutes, 135 &#177; 41 minutes, 109 &#177; 12 minutes and, finally, 107 &#177; 7.9 minutes (a 37% reduction), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5283tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>A continuous improvement of the door-to-balloon time was also observed when each patient was considered individually, in a sequential order, by linear regression analysis. This analysis demonstrated a coefficient of regression (&#946;) of - 1.74, which corresponds to the estimate of door-to-balloon time reduction at each patient in the sequence. The linearity of this association was represented by a correlation coefficient (r) of - 0.41 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5283fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5283fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Determinants of the door-to-balloon time</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The door-to-balloon time was compared according to the presence or absence of several clinical characteristics and circumstances of patient care. Time was significantly longer in women, when compared to men (190 &#177; 86 minutes versus 136 &#177; 49 minutes; p = 0.01); in night shifts, when compared to day shifts (174 &#177; 68 minutes versus 124 &#177; 49 minutes; p = 0.007); and on weekends, when compared to weekdays (174 &#177; 84 minutes versus 138 &#177; 49 minutes; p = 0.08), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5283tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. Likewise, there was a positive correlation between the time of onset of symptoms and the door-to-balloon time (r = 0.40; p = 0.001), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5283tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5283tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5283tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0026-30108-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>These variables were included in a multivariate analysis of covariance model, using the door-to-balloon time as a dependent variable. In this analysis, the female gender (p = 0.11) and weekends (p = 0.23) lost their predictive value, whereas night shifts (p = 0.008) and time of onset of symptoms (p = 0.002) remained as independent predictors. The coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) of the final multivariate model was 0.32.</p>
      <p>Among the 60 patients of the total sample, 33 had a door-to-balloon time &lt; 120 minutes. The analysis of the cause for the delay for each patient identified delayed diagnosis in 15%, delayed patient/material/team preparation in 49%, and both in 36% of the cases.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present study represents the first Brazilian evidence of the effectiveness of a quality of care program in improving the mechanical reperfusion time of patients admitted in the acute phase of STEMI. The protocol implementation, whose aim was to improve diagnosis time, patient preparation time, and logistic conditions of the premises, provided a significant and progressive reduction of the door-to-balloon time throughout 22 months. This improvement saved 84 minutes in the mean door-to-balloon time, taking the present study population out of a level in which the effectiveness of the reperfusion strategy was questionable.</p>
      <p>In health centers in which a catheterization laboratory is available, primary angioplasty has been adopted as the preferred reperfusion strategy since the 1990's, based on clinical studies demonstrating a modest superiority of this approach, in comparison to thrombolysis, in the prevention of death in patients with STEMI<sup>2,9</sup>. Meta-regression analyses of these studies indicated that this superiority depended on the performance of primary angioplasty within a short period of time from patient arrival<sup>3,10</sup>. In the mid-2000's, data from the National Registry of Myocardial Infarction in the United States showed that the door-to-balloon time was unsatisfactory in most of the health centers in that country<sup>11</sup>. From this finding, the campaign Door-to-Balloon: an Alliance for Quality<sup>8</sup> was launched in 2008. In the past year, data from the national registry showed a significant improvement of the door-to-balloon time in the United States, reaching a mean of approximately 60 minutes<sup>12</sup>. Likewise, studies from specific health centers compared the door-to-balloon time before and after protocol implementation, showing the effectiveness of this approach in time reduction<sup>13,14</sup>. Unlike the American emphasis on this issue, in Brazil there are no data published on the door-to-balloon time or studies demonstrating the effectiveness of specific protocols. This study represents the first Brazilian evidence that a protocol was effective in reducing the door-to-balloon time substantially.</p>
      <p>The measures adopted in the Alliance for Quality campaign were based on a seminal study, which analyzed 365 hospitals, and on multivariate analysis, which identified five independent predictors of a better performance in the door-to-balloon time that apply to patients not previously treated by emergency medical services: having emergency medicine physicians activate the catheterization laboratory; having a single phone call to a central page operator to activate the laboratory; having a time goal for arrival of the interventional team at the hospital; having an attending cardiologist always on site; having all staff members use feedback data on the door-to-balloon time of each case<sup>7</sup>. The present protocol incorporated all these measures, except for the use of a central operator to activate the team, due to logistic difficulties. Also, additional measures were implemented aiming at a prompt diagnosis, such as the training of receptionists and performance of electrocardiogram by the nurse, without the need for a medical request. Finally, the purpose of the use of a stopwatch was to emphasize the importance of a quick patient preparation to have the procedure started. Thus, the elaboration of the protocol included a combination of strategies proved effective, with intuitive measures related to our real-life conditions.</p>
      <p>A substantial reduction of the mean door-to-balloon time was observed from the first 10 cases, thus indicating that the non-systematization of the process had a great negative impact on quality, which was not subjectively perceived. On the other hand, after an initial improvement, there was stagnation in the two following periods, and an optimal time was achieved only in the period corresponding to the last 10 patients. The last improvement observed probably resulted from a continuous awareness of the team and joint discussions of each new case, focusing on flaws that could be corrected. Thus, the present study demonstrates that achieving an optimal time is a challenge to be met progressively. It should be pointed out that the time reduction observed was a result both from the reduction in diagnosis time, and in the time between diagnosis and the procedure, thus indicating that both components are sensitive to the protocol implementation.</p>
      <p>In addition to describing the impact of the care protocol, multivariate analysis was used to identify possible determinants of the door-to-balloon time. Several clinical characteristics and circumstances of care were analyzed, and two independent predictors were identified: the moment of treatment (day or night) and the time of onset of symptoms. The absence of an association with predictors of severity suggests that physicians are aware of the importance of time, regardless of the patient's characteristics. The fact that the main determinant was the time of treatment indicates that the logistic issue preponderates. Secondly, there was an association with time of onset of symptoms; thus, it can be presumed that the shortest the onset of symptoms, the more motivated is the team to quickly take action. Although this seems natural, it may be a sign that, in patients with a longer duration of symptoms, the motivation is below the desired. This suggests the need for measures aiming at determining maximum motivation, regardless of how short is the duration of symptoms.</p>
      <p>In addition to the effectiveness result of the protocol applied, the value of this study becomes evident from the baseline measurements of the door-to-balloon time. In the hospital where the present study was carried out, it was believed that a high-standard care was delivered. However, there was surprise when the time was measured systematically. The mean of 200 &#177; 77 minutes reflected a reality previously unnoticed, which led to the conclusion that the subjective notion of quality is not accurate, and systematic time measurements are necessary.</p>
      <p>The mean door-to-balloon time recorded in the present study before and after the protocol is high above that described in American registries<sup>12-14</sup>. We should point out that, at least in part, the results of this study derive from a more strict method of time measuring, which was used to prevent underestimation of this variable. First, there was no case selection, with all consecutive patients undergoing primary angioplasty being included. In American registries, the hospitals may exclude cases for which a long door-to-balloon time is justified<sup>12</sup> and, in fact, the frequency of these cases has increased in the past few years<sup>15</sup>. Second, these measurements were taken prospectively during the procedure, thus preventing a measurement bias, which can occur when these time data are retrieved from medical record review. Special attention was also paid to define a realistic door-to-balloon time. The main risk of underestimating time lies in defining the door time as the moment of patient check-in in the emergency service (or diagnosis time), when a time lapse between the patient arrival at the hospital and patient check-in is known to exist. For this reason, we sought to make an electronic record of the moment at which the patients enter the waiting room (when they take a number to be evaluated), even before the receptionist starts their check-in procedures. The second potential error in the time estimate is to consider the beginning of the intervention procedure as the balloon time. We took care to consider this moment as that when the first device aimed at reperfusion is inserted.</p>
      <p>The parameter of quality used was a door-to-balloon time &lt; 120 minutes, which is an acceptable delay, according to the guideline of the European Society of Cardiology<sup>6</sup>, although it is above the time recommended by the American guideline (&lt; 90 minutes)<sup>5</sup>. However, this document acknowledges that the limit of time to ensure benefit is possibly beyond the 90 minutes, as suggested by meta-regression analyses. Considering the aspects previously mentioned with respect to the more strict time measurement in this study, we chose to define a door-to-balloon time &lt; 120 minutes as satisfactory. The Brazilian Guideline suggests time &lt; 90 minutes after the diagnosis<sup>4</sup>, which probably represents time between 90 and 120 minutes from the moment of patient arrival at the hospital, thus indicating that we are in accordance with the Brazilian recommendation.</p>
      <p>While this study suggests the effectiveness of a quality of care protocol in the improvement of the door-to-balloon time, we should recognize that the absence of a control group did not allow the regression toward the mean phenomenon to be ruled out as an explanation for the improvement obtained after the protocol. On the other hand, this limitation is an inherent characteristic of studies on effectiveness, which are based on the assumption that the proof of the concept that a protocol provides improved care already exists. The non-controlled and observational character of this study is common to all large international studies, which demonstrated the effect of a protocol on the reduction of the door-to-balloon time.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, there are no statistics on door-to-balloon time monitoring or campaigns to improve this quality parameter. This makes us blind in relation to the effectiveness of primary angioplasty in our midst. This study was the first to demonstrate that the systematic measurement of the door-to-balloon time can reveal inadequacies in the process, and that the adoption of a protocol based on evidence may improve our performance. This study should serve as motivation for local and national registries on door-to-balloon time to be created, with further implementation of campaigns, should the results of the registries show the need for quality improvement.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Correia LCL, Matos I, Jacobs P, Noya-Rabelo M; Acquisition of data: Brito M, Kalil F, Sabino M, Garcia G, Ferreira F, Noya-Rabelo M; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Correia LCL, Noya-Rabelo M; Statistical analysis: Correia LCL; Writing of the manuscript: Correia LCL, Noya-Rabelo M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Matos I, Jacobs P, Ronzoni L, Noya-Rabelo M.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is linked to Grupo de Pesquisa RESCA, basead in post-graduation of Escola Bahiana de Medicina.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
