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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">vJ3YBrzk8ZYL89DXPX95NHn</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002700005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100100005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130115</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compara&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda em cirurgia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>M&#225;ximo</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Alberto Gon&#231;alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montenegro</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Diandro Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Tatiana Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianco</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos Mugayar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amodeo</surname>
            <given-names>Celso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <institution content-type="orgname">Department of Hypertension and Nephrology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>18</fpage>
      <lpage>25</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: H&#225; grande controv&#233;rsia quanto ao diagn&#243;stico de Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Aguda (IRA), existindo mais de 30 diferentes defini&#231;&#245;es. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incid&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de IRA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca de acordo com os crit&#233;rios RIFLE, AKIN e KDIGO, e comparar o poder progn&#243;stico desses crit&#233;rios. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de corte transversal que incluiu 321 pacientes (62 [53 - 71] anos, 140 homens) consecutivamente submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca entre junho de 2011 e janeiro de 2012. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 30 dias, com vistas ao desenvolvimento de um desfecho composto (mortalidade, necessidade de di&#225;lise e interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada). RESULTADOS: A incid&#234;ncia de IRA variou de 15% - 51%, conforme o crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico adotado. Enquanto a idade se associou ao risco de IRA nos tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios, houve varia&#231;&#227;o nos demais determinantes. Durante o acompanhamento, 89 pacientes apresentaram o desfecho e todos os crit&#233;rios se associaram ao risco aumentado na an&#225;lise Cox univariada e ap&#243;s o ajuste para idade, sexo, diabetes e tipo de cirurgia. Contudo, ap&#243;s novo ajuste para tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e presen&#231;a de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, apenas o diagn&#243;stico de IRA pelo crit&#233;rio KDIGO manteve esta associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (HR= 1,89 [95% IC: 1,18 - 3,06]). CONCLUS&#213;ES: A incid&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco para IRA p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca t&#234;m grande varia&#231;&#227;o de acordo com os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos utilizados. Em nossa an&#225;lise, o crit&#233;rio KDIGO se mostrou superior ao AKIN e ao RIFLE quanto ao seu poder progn&#243;stico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fal&#234;ncia Renal Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemodi&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>11</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Compara&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda em cirurgia card&#237;aca </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#225;rcio Campos Sampaio<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Alberto Gon&#231;alves M&#225;ximo<sup>I</sup>; Carolina Moreira Montenegro<sup>I</sup>; Diandro Marinho Mota<sup>I</sup>; Tatiana Rocha Fernandes<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Mugayar Bianco<sup>II</sup>; Celso Amodeo<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Cordeiro<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology - Department of Hypertension and Nephrology </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology - Intensive Care Unit, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> H&#225; grande controv&#233;rsia quanto ao diagn&#243;stico de Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Aguda (IRA), existindo mais de 30 diferentes defini&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a incid&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de IRA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca de acordo com os crit&#233;rios RIFLE, AKIN e KDIGO, e comparar o poder progn&#243;stico desses crit&#233;rios. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo de corte transversal que incluiu 321 pacientes (62 [53 - 71] anos, 140 homens) consecutivamente submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca entre junho de 2011 e janeiro de 2012. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 30 dias, com vistas ao desenvolvimento de um desfecho composto (mortalidade, necessidade de di&#225;lise e interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A incid&#234;ncia de IRA variou de 15% - 51%, conforme o crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico adotado. Enquanto a idade se associou ao risco de IRA nos tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios, houve varia&#231;&#227;o nos demais determinantes. Durante o acompanhamento, 89 pacientes apresentaram o desfecho e todos os crit&#233;rios se associaram ao risco aumentado na an&#225;lise Cox univariada e ap&#243;s o ajuste para idade, sexo, diabetes e tipo de cirurgia. Contudo, ap&#243;s novo ajuste para tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea e presen&#231;a de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, apenas o diagn&#243;stico de IRA pelo crit&#233;rio KDIGO manteve esta associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (HR= 1,89 [95% IC: 1,18 - 3,06]). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> A incid&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco para IRA p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca t&#234;m grande varia&#231;&#227;o de acordo com os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos utilizados. Em nossa an&#225;lise, o crit&#233;rio KDIGO se mostrou superior ao AKIN e ao RIFLE quanto ao seu poder progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fal&#234;ncia Renal Aguda; Cirurgia Card&#237;aca; Hemodi&#225;lise; Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Anualmente em torno de um milh&#227;o de cirurgias card&#237;acas s&#227;o realizadas em todo o mundo, e essas cirurgias acarretam altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas em diversos &#243;rg&#227;os. Esse fato &#233; ainda agravado pelo progressivo envelhecimento da popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, trazendo consigo um aumento da preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas que fazem aumentar o risco cir&#250;rgico<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A probabilidade de desenvolvimento de Insufici&#234;ncia Renal Aguda (IRA) ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma cirurgia card&#237;aca varia de 1% - 30 %, de acordo com o crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico adotado e o tipo de cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup>2,3</sup>. O desenvolvimento de IRA traz profundo impacto no progn&#243;stico de pacientes submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca, com mortalidade estimada em 15% - 30%; sendo interessante observar que mesmo pequenos aumentos da creatinina plasm&#225;tica se associam significativamente &#224; mortalidade<sup>3-8</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o progn&#243;stico se torna ainda mais reservado nos pacientes que necessitam de terapia dial&#237;tica, havendo um aumento de aproximadamente oito vezes no risco de morte, mesmo ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o para outras comorbidades e complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar da reconhecida import&#226;ncia da insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, um dos grandes problemas na condu&#231;&#227;o de estudos sobre o tema &#233; a falta de um consenso quanto ao seu diagn&#243;stico, de forma a haver mais de 30 diferentes defini&#231;&#245;es<sup>9</sup>. Atualmente, destacam-se tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de IRA: RIFLE (do acr&#244;nimo "Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage renal failure")<sup>9</sup>; AKIN ("Acute Kidney Injury Network")<sup>10</sup>; e KDIGO ("Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes")<sup>11</sup>. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a incid&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco para desenvolvimento de IRA no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca de acordo com cada um dos crit&#233;rios descritos, bem como comparar o poder progn&#243;stico desses crit&#233;rios. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizamos um estudo de corte transversal com acompanhamento prospectivo, que incluiu 321 pacientes (62 [53 - 71] anos, 140 homens) submetidos a cirurgia card&#237;aca, para troca valvar, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, ou ambas (cirurgia combinada), no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia; entre 3 de junho de 2011 e 23 de janeiro de 2012. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos todos os pacientes, entre 18 e 80 anos, consecutivamente submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, troca valvular ou ambos os procedimentos (cirurgia combinada) no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia (IDPC). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram idade inferior a 18 ou superior a 80 anos, cirurgias para corre&#231;&#227;o de cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, cirurgias para corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta e pacientes com creatinina plasm&#225;tica igual ou superior a 2,5 mg/dL no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Os pacientes foram abordados a partir do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e acompanhados, a partir de ent&#227;o, por um per&#237;odo de 30 dias, com vistas &#224; identifica&#231;&#227;o dos casos de IRA, bem como necessidade de hemodi&#225;lise, interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada e &#243;bito. A dosagem de creatinina foi realizada no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, diariamente, por um per&#237;odo de sete dias, pelo Laborat&#243;rio Central do IDPC. O ritmo de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular foi determinado pela equa&#231;&#227;o de Cockroft-Gault. Os dados pr&#233; e transoperat&#243;rios foram coletados mediante revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio / descri&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e os pesquisadores n&#227;o exerceram nenhuma influ&#234;ncia na condu&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes. O estudo foi avaliado e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do IDPC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Defini&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada, baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada foi feita com base na mediana e percentis (8 [6 - 14] dias) do tempo decorrido entre a cirurgia card&#237;aca e a alta hospitalar dos participantes do estudo; dessa forma, definimos como "pacientes com interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada" aqueles com per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica igual ou superior a 15 dias. O diagn&#243;stico de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco foi feito com base na necessidade de uso de pelo menos tr&#234;s agentes vasoativos ou suporte hemodin&#226;mico por meio de bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico durante admiss&#227;o na unidade de terapia intensiva<sup>12</sup>. O diagn&#243;stico de IRA se baseou nas varia&#231;&#245;es da creatinina s&#233;rica no per&#237;odo de sete dias, segundo tr&#234;s diferentes crit&#233;rios, quais sejam:</p>
    <p>AKIN: Eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatinina igual ou superior a 0,3 mg/dL; ou igual ou superior a 1,5 vezes a creatinina basal em intervalos "m&#243;veis" de 48 horas<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>RIFLE: Eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatinina igual ou superior a 1,5 vezes a creatinina basal em um intervalo de at&#233; sete dias<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>KDIGO: Eleva&#231;&#227;o da creatinina igual ou superior a 0,3 mg / dL em 48h; ou igual ou superior a 1,5 vezes a creatinina basal em um intervalo de at&#233; sete dias<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis foram representadas por m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, mediana e percentis (25 - 75), ou valor absoluto (n) e relativo (%), conforme apropriado. Compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis entre dois grupos distintos foram realizadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney, quando de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas; e qui-quadrado de Pearson, quando de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Realizamos an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica uni e multivariadas para determinar os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de IRA por cada um dos m&#233;todos estudados. An&#225;lises de sobrevida foram realizadas pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier e pelo modelo de risco proporcional de Cox, tendo-se adotado um desfecho composto (morte ou necessidade de di&#225;lise nos trinta primeiros dias de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, ou interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada). Todas as probabilidades de signific&#226;ncia (valores de p) apresentadas s&#227;o do tipo bicaudal e valores menores que 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o software <italic>SPSS 13.0 </italic>(SPSS Inc., Chicago IL, 2004). </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e incid&#234;ncia de IRA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo est&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01">tabela 1</xref>. &#201; interessante ressaltar que foi utilizada Circula&#231;&#227;o Extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) em todos os pacientes estudados e a incid&#234;ncia de IRA variou de 15% - 51%, conforme o crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico adotado.</p>
    <table-wrap id="tab01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0018-30115-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    <p>
      <bold>Fen&#243;tipo dos pacientes de acordo com o diagn&#243;stico de IRA pelos diferentes crit&#233;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5280tab02">tabela 2</xref> compara as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes de acordo com o desenvolvimento ou n&#227;o de inj&#250;ria renal, por cada um dos crit&#233;rios avaliados. Em resumo, quando utilizado o crit&#233;rio AKIN, os pacientes que desenvolveram IRA tinham idade mais avan&#231;ada e menor ritmo de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (RFG), al&#233;m de maior preval&#234;ncia do uso de insulina, da realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia valvar e/ou combinada e do desenvolvimento de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Pelo crit&#233;rio RIFLE, os pacientes que apresentaram IRA diferiam dos demais apenas pela idade mais avan&#231;ada e maior preval&#234;ncia de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Por fim, quando aplicado o crit&#233;rio KDIGO, al&#233;m da idade mais avan&#231;ada, os pacientes que desenvolveram insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda tamb&#233;m apresentavam maior preval&#234;ncia do uso de insulina e do desenvolvimento de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5280tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0018-30115-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Determinantes de IRA ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Buscando determinar os fatores independentemente associados ao desenvolvimento de IRA pelos diferentes crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos estudados, desenvolvemos uma s&#233;rie de an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, como apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5280tab03">tabela 3</xref>. Dessa forma, observamos que os fatores independentemente associados ao risco de desenvolvimento de IRA pelo crit&#233;rio AKIN foram idade, uso de insulina e cirurgia valvar (pura e combinada). No crit&#233;rio RIFLE, os fatores de risco identificados foram idade, tempo de CEC e desenvolvimento de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Quando o desenvolvimento de IRA foi determinado pelo crit&#233;rio KDIGO, os fatores que se associaram ao maior risco foram a idade, o uso de insulina e o baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5280tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0018-30115-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre diagn&#243;stico de IRA e eventos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o acompanhamento houve 11 mortes (sete por septicemia e quatro por choque cardiog&#234;nico), seis pacientes necessitaram de hemodi&#225;lise e 75 tiveram interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada, computando-se um total de 92 eventos combinados em 89 pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5280tab02">tab. 2</xref>). Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IRA pelos crit&#233;rios AKIN, RIFLE e KDIGO apresentaram risco aumentado para o desenvolvimento de eventos na an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5280fig01">fig. 1</xref>). Na an&#225;lise de Cox univariada, os pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IRA pelos crit&#233;rios AKIN (HR: 1,99 [95% IC: 1,29 - 3,08]), RIFLE (HR: 2,15 [95% IC: 1,32 - 3,51]) e KDIGO (HR: 2,45 [95% IC: 1,57 - 3,82] apresentaram risco aumentado para desenvolvimento de eventos; e essa associa&#231;&#227;o persistiu mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para idade, sexo, diabetes e tipo de cirurgia. Contudo, ap&#243;s novo ajuste para o tempo de CEC e a presen&#231;a de baixo d&#233;bito, apenas o diagn&#243;stico de IRA pelo crit&#233;rio KDIGO manteve essa associa&#231;&#227;o significativa (HR = 1,89 [95% IC: 1,18 - 3,06]), como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5280tab04">tabela 4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5280fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0018-30115-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5280tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0018-30115-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o foi de 15% pelo crit&#233;rio RIFLE<sup>9</sup>; 19% pelo KDIGO<sup>11</sup> e 51% pelo AKIN<sup>10</sup>. Nossos dados demonstram que existem importantes diferen&#231;as entre os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos neste que acreditamos ter sido o primeiro estudo a compar&#225;-los nesse tipo de popula&#231;&#227;o. Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IRA, independentemente do crit&#233;rio utilizado, apresentaram maior mortalidade e maior risco de eventos combinados (morte, necessidade de di&#225;lise e/ou interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada); nossos resultados refor&#231;am e v&#227;o ao encontro &#224;s evid&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias quanto ao mau progn&#243;stico associado ao desenvolvimento de IRA<sup>4,13-16</sup>. &#201; interessante ressaltar, contudo, que dois pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IRA pelo crit&#233;rio AKIN, mas sem inj&#250;ria renal pelos crit&#233;rios RIFLE e KDIGO, necessitaram de terapia renal substitutiva no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Apesar de todo avan&#231;o no conhecimento da patog&#234;nese e tratamento da IRA, essa ainda &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o relativamente comum em pacientes graves e se associa &#224; mortalidade de forma independente de outros fatores de risco<sup>4,9,17</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, ainda existem v&#225;rias controv&#233;rsias a respeito do assunto, especialmente no que tange &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o de IRA<sup>18</sup>. A falta de consenso leva &#224; imprecis&#227;o nos dados sobre a incid&#234;ncia dessa complica&#231;&#227;o, como pode ser comprovado na grande varia&#231;&#227;o (1% - 30%) das descri&#231;&#245;es na incid&#234;ncia de IRA p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca<sup>3</sup>. De fato, a incid&#234;ncia relatada em nosso estudo teve grande varia&#231;&#227;o (15% - 51%) de acordo com o crit&#233;rio utilizado. Objetivando comparar as incid&#234;ncias de IRA aqui descritas com a de outras popula&#231;&#245;es submetidas a interven&#231;&#245;es semelhantes, buscamos estudos que tenham utilizado os crit&#233;rios por n&#243;s avaliados. Nesse sentido, quando avaliado o crit&#233;rio AKIN, a incid&#234;ncia de IRA variou entre 26% e 49%<sup>16,19,20</sup>, enquanto pelo crit&#233;rio RIFLE a incid&#234;ncia relatada variou entre 19% e 30%<sup>19-21</sup>. Encontramos apenas um estudo que tenha avaliado a incid&#234;ncia de IRA pelo crit&#233;rio KDIGO, sendo essa de 15%<sup>22</sup>. Tomados em conjunto, esses dados demonstram que as incid&#234;ncias de IRA descritas em nosso estudo s&#227;o compar&#225;veis &#224;s existentes na literatura; contudo tamb&#233;m fica claro que mesmo com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios semelhantes, a incid&#234;ncia de IRA p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca ainda &#233; bastante vari&#225;vel. </p>
    <p>Dentre as vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas avaliadas, a idade se associou ao risco de IRA independentemente do crit&#233;rio utilizado, refletindo possivelmente a menor toler&#226;ncia, dos pacientes mais idosos, &#224;s flutua&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e eletrol&#237;ticas comumente observadas nesse tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<sup>13,15</sup>. Curiosamente, apesar de a presen&#231;a de DM n&#227;o se associar ao risco de IRA em nossos pacientes, o uso de insulina aumentou esse risco em mais de tr&#234;s vezes pelos crit&#233;rios AKIN e KDIGO; o que provavelmente denota a exist&#234;ncia de diferentes graus de risco, de acordo com o tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o e da gravidade do diabetes<sup>2,23</sup>. Em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, a cirurgia valvar e combinada aumentou o risco de IRA pelo crit&#233;rio AKIN em, respectivamente, duas e quatro vezes; refor&#231;ando evid&#234;ncias pr&#233;vias que apontam para o risco aumentado de insufici&#234;ncia renal nesse tipo de cirurgia<sup>2,12,24,25</sup>. O tempo aumentado de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea elevou em quase duas vezes o risco de decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o renal pelo crit&#233;rio RIFLE; de fato, um tempo de CEC superior a 90 minutos se relaciona ao aumento na excre&#231;&#227;o urin&#225;ria de marcadores de les&#227;o tubular renal<sup>26 </sup>e h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que cirurgias sem CEC se associam ao risco menor para desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda<sup>27,28</sup>. A presen&#231;a de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco foi o fator mais fortemente associado ao aumento no risco de IRA, tanto pelo crit&#233;rio RIFLE (aproximadamente quatro vezes) quanto pelo KDIGO (aproximadamente sete vezes); de fato, o desenvolvimento de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco &#233; um reconhecido preditor de IRA<sup>12,29-31</sup>. Tomados em conjunto, nossos resultados mostram que existe grande varia&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores determinantes de IRA, de acordo com o crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico utilizado; &#233; importante que esse fato seja salientado, pois pode implicar a inacur&#225;cia de escores preditores de IRA, quando desenvolvidos com base em um &#250;nico crit&#233;rio diagn&#243;stico. </p>
    <p>Uma das contribui&#231;&#245;es mais importantes do presente estudo foi a compara&#231;&#227;o do poder progn&#243;stico dos diferentes crit&#233;rios de IRA. Nesse sentido, demonstramos que apesar dos tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios avaliados se associarem ao maior risco de eventos adversos na an&#225;lise univariada e mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para comorbidades e tipo de cirurgia, apenas o crit&#233;rio KDIGO manteve o poder progn&#243;stico quando levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas (isto &#233;, tempo de CEC e baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco); esses resultados sugerem a superioridade do crit&#233;rio KDIGO, quando em compara&#231;&#227;o ao RIFLE e ao AKIN. Contudo, uma s&#233;rie de limita&#231;&#245;es deve ser levada em considera&#231;&#227;o quando da an&#225;lise dos nossos dados, dentre as quais: 1) o n&#250;mero relativamente reduzido de pacientes; 2) o diagn&#243;stico de IRA, que se baseou apenas nas varia&#231;&#245;es da creatinina plasm&#225;tica, sem levar em considera&#231;&#227;o as altera&#231;&#245;es no ritmo de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular e no volume urin&#225;rio dos pacientes; 3) o fato de n&#227;o termos realizado o estadiamento da IRA, o que poderia aumentar a especificidade dos crit&#233;rios. Nosso objetivo, entretanto, foi comparar instrumentos diagn&#243;sticos simples, baseados em informa&#231;&#245;es facilmente acess&#237;veis, inclusive para n&#227;o nefrologistas; e nesse sentido acreditamos que o presente estudo, apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es descritas, traz importante contribui&#231;&#227;o &#224; comunidade m&#233;dica. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda p&#243;s-cirurgia card&#237;aca e os fatores de risco para o seu desenvolvimento t&#234;m grande varia&#231;&#227;o de acordo com os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos utilizados e essa informa&#231;&#227;o deve ser levada em considera&#231;&#227;o quando do desenvolvimento de escores preditores de IRA. Em nossa an&#225;lise, o crit&#233;rio KDIGO se mostrou superior ao AKIN e ao RIFLE quanto ao seu poder progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sampaio MC, M&#225;ximo CAG, Montenegro CM, Mota DM, Fernandes TR, Cordeiro AC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cordeiro AC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Bianco ACM, Amodeo C, Cordeiro AC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; resultado do trabalho de conclus&#227;o do programa de Resid&#234;ncia M&#233;dica em Cardiologia pelo Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia dos m&#233;dicos residentes: Carlos Alberto Gon&#231;alves M&#225;ximo, Carolina Moreira Montenegro, Diandro Marinho Mota, M&#225;rcio Campos Sampaio e Tatiana Rocha Fernandes.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Antonio Carlos Cordeiro </p>
        <p> Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology - Department od Hypertension and Nephrology </p>
        <p> Avenida Dr. Dante Pazzanese 500, Vila Mariana </p>
        <p> CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="accordeirojr@uol.com.br">accordeirojr@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/11/12; revisado em 06/02/13; aceito em 21/02/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: There is considerable controversy regarding the diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), and there are over 30 different definitions. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors for the development of AKI following cardiac surgery according to the RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO criteria, and compare the prognostic power of these criteria. METHODS: Cross-sectional study that included 321 consecutively patients (median age 62 [53-71] years; 140 men) undergoing cardiac surgery between June 2011 and January 2012. The patients were followed for up to 30 days, for a composite outcome (mortality, need for dialysis and extended hospitalization). RESULTS: The incidence of AKI ranged from 15% - 51%, accordingly to the diagnostic criterion adopted. While age was associated with risk of AKI in the three criteria, there were variations in the remaining risk factors. During follow-up, 89 patients developed the outcome and all criteria were associated with increased risk in the univariate Cox analysis and after adjustment for age, gender, diabetes, and type of surgery. However, after further adjustment for extracorporeal circulation and the presence of low cardiac output, only AKI diagnosed by the KDIGO criterion maintained this significant association (HR= 1.89 [95% CI: 1.18 - 3.06]). CONCLUSION: The incidence and risk factors for AKI after cardiac surgery vary significantly according to the diagnostic criteria used. In our analysis, AKI the KDIGO criterion was superior to AKIN and RIFLE with regard its prognostic power.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Kidney Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Chronic</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Surgical Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Dialysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Comparison of diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury in cardiac surgery</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>M&#225;rcio Campos Sampaio<sup>I</sup>; Carlos Alberto Gon&#231;alves M&#225;ximo<sup>I</sup>; Carolina Moreira Montenegro<sup>I</sup>; Diandro Marinho Mota<sup>I</sup>; Tatiana Rocha Fernandes<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Mugayar Bianco<sup>II</sup>; Celso Amodeo<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Carlos Cordeiro<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology - Department of Hypertension and Nephrology</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology - Intensive Care Unit, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Corresponding author</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> There is considerable controversy regarding the diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), and there are over 30 different definitions.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the incidence and risk factors for the development of AKI following cardiac surgery according to the RIFLE, AKIN and KDIGO criteria, and compare the prognostic power of these criteria.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cross-sectional study that included 321 consecutively patients (median age 62 [53-71] years; 140 men) undergoing cardiac surgery between June 2011 and January 2012. The patients were followed for up to 30 days, for a composite outcome (mortality, need for dialysis and extended hospitalization).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The incidence of AKI ranged from 15% - 51%, accordingly to the diagnostic criterion adopted. While age was associated with risk of AKI in the three criteria, there were variations in the remaining risk factors. During follow-up, 89 patients developed the outcome and all criteria were associated with increased risk in the univariate Cox analysis and after adjustment for age, gender, diabetes, and type of surgery. However, after further adjustment for extracorporeal circulation and the presence of low cardiac output, only AKI diagnosed by the KDIGO criterion maintained this significant association (HR= 1.89 [95% CI: 1.18 - 3.06]).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The incidence and risk factors for AKI after cardiac surgery vary significantly according to the diagnostic criteria used. In our analysis, AKI the KDIGO criterion was superior to AKIN and RIFLE with regard its prognostic power.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Kidney Failure, Chronic; Cardiac Surgical Procedures; Myocardial Revascularization; Renal Dialysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Every year approximately one million heart surgeries are performed worldwide and these surgeries cause pathophysiological changes in various organs. This fact is further aggravated by the progressive aging of the general population, bringing with it an increased prevalence of chronic diseases that increase the surgical risk<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The probability for development of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery varies from 1% to 30%, according to the diagnostic criterion adopted and the type of cardiac surgery performed<sup>2,3</sup>. The development of AKI has a deep impact on the prognosis of patients undergone cardiac surgery, with mortality estimated at 15% - 30%. It is interesting to note that even small increases in plasma creatinine are significantly associated with mortality<sup>3-8</sup>. Furthermore, the prognostic impact is even greater in patients requiring dialysis, increasing in approximately eight times the risk of death, even after adjusting for other comorbidities and postoperative complications<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Despite the recognized importance of acute kidney injure, one of the major problems in conducting studies on the subject is the lack of consensus regarding the diagnosis, as there are more than 30 different definitions<sup>9</sup>. Currently, three diagnostic criteria for AKI are highlighted: RIFLE ("Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function and End-stage renal failure")<sup>9</sup>; AKIN ("Acute Kidney Injury Network")<sup>10</sup>, and KDIGO ("Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes")<sup>11</sup>. The objective of the present study was to determine the incidence and risk factors for the development of AKI in the post cardiac-surgery accordingly to each criterion, as well as to compare the prognostic power of these criteria.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We conducted a cross-sectional study with a prospective follow-up, which included 321 patients (median age 62 [53-71] years, 140 men) undergoing cardiac surgery, including valve replacement, myocardial revascularization or both (combined surgery) at the Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology (DPIC), between June 3<sup>rd</sup>, 2011 and January 23<sup>rd</sup>, 2012. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patient Selection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We included all patients between 18 and 80 years of age, consecutively admitted for myocardial revascularization surgery, valve replacement or both procedures (combined surgery) at DPIC. Exclusion criteria were age below 18 or above 80, surgeries to repair congenital heart diseases or aortic aneurysms and patients with serum creatinine equal or greater than than 2.5 mg/dL in the preoperative period. Patients were followed from the immediate postoperative period for up to 30 days in order to identify cases of AKI, as well as need for hemodialysis, extended hospitalization and death. Serum creatinine was measured preoperatively and daily after surgery for a period of seven days, by the Central Laboratory of DPIC. Glomerular filtration rate was assessed by the Cockroft-Gault equation. The pre- and perioperative data were collected by chart / surgery description review and the researchers had no influence on the management of patients. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of DPIC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Definition of extended hospitalization, low cardiac output and acute kidney injury</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The definition of extended hospitalization was based on the median and percentiles (8 [6-14] days) of elapsed time between cardiac surgery and hospital discharge of study participants; thus we defined "patients with extended hospitalization" as those with a post-operative hospitalization period equal to or greater than 15 days. The diagnosis of low cardiac output was based on the need to use at least three vasoactive drugs or hemodynamic support by means of an intra-aortic balloon during admission in the intensive care unit (ICU)<sup>12</sup>. AKI diagnosis was based on serum creatinine variations over a period of seven days, according to the three different criteria, as follows:</p>
      <p>AKIN: Increase in serum creatinine equal to or greater than 0.3 mg/dL, or equal to or greater than 1.5 times the baseline creatinine level at "a 48-hour moving window<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>RIFLE: Increase in serum creatinine equal to or greater than 1.5 mg/dL above baseline creatinine for up to seven days<sup>9</sup>. </p>
      <p>KDIGO: Increase in serum creatinine equal to or greater than 0.3 mg/dL in 48 hours, or equal to or greater than 1.5 times the baseline creatinine for up to seven days<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Variables were represented by mean and standard deviation, median and percentiles (25-75) or absolute (n) and relative (%) value, as appropriate. Comparisons of variables between two different groups were performed by the Mann-Whitney test, for continuous variables, and Pearson chi-square test, for categorical variables. We conducted uni and multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine the factors associated with the development of AKI for each of the criteria studied. Survival analyses were performed by the Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the Cox proportional hazard model, using a composite outcome (death or need for dialysis in the first thirty days after surgery or prolonged hospitalization). Statistical significance was set at the level of P&lt;0.05; and the statistical analysis was performed with <italic>SPSS 13.0</italic> software (SPSS Inc., Chicago IL, 2004). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>General characteristics of the study population and the incidence of AKI</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The demographic and clinical characteristics of patients included in the study are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. It is interesting to note that Extracorporeal Circulation (ECC) was used in all patients and AKI incidence varied from 15% to 51%, depending on the diagnostic criterion adopted.</p>
      <table-wrap id="tab01-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0018-30115-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      <p>
        <bold>Phenotype of patients diagnosed according to AKI diagnoses by the different criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5280tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> compares the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients according to the development of renal injury for each criterion evaluated. In summary, when using the AKIN criterion patients who developed AKI were older and had a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), in addition to a higher prevalence of insulin use, as well as, a higher prevalence of valve and/or combined surgery and low cardiac output. By RIFLE criterion, patients who had AKI differed from the others only by an older age and a higher prevalence of low cardiac output. Finally, when KDIGO criterion was applied, in addition to older age, patients who developed acute kidney injury also had a higher prevalence of insulin use and low cardiac output.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5280tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0018-30115-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>AKI determinants after cardiac surgery</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aiming to determine the factors independently associated with the development of AKI using the different diagnostic criteria studied, we developed a series of logistic regression analyses, which are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5280tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. We noted that the factors independently associated with AKI development by AKIN criterion were age, use of insulin and valve surgery (pure and combined). Under the RIFLE criterion, the risk factors identified were age, duration of ECC and presence of low cardiac output. When the diagnostic of AKI was made by KDIGO criterion, the factors associated with increased risk were age, insulin use and low cardiac output.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5280tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0018-30115-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Association between diagnosis of AKI and events</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During follow-up there were eleven deaths (seven from septicemia and four from cardiogenic shock), six patients required hemodialysis and 75 had an extended hospitalization, comprising a total of 92 combined events in 89 patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5280tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Patients with AKI diagnosed by AKIN, RIFLE and KDIGO criteria presented an increased risk for development of events in the Kaplan-Meyer analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5280fig01-body2">figure 1</xref>). In univariate Cox analysis, patients diagnosed with AKI by AKIN (HR: 1.99; [95% CI: 1.29 - 3.08]), RIFLE (HR: 2.15 [95% CI: 1.32 - 3.51]) and KDIGO (HR: 2.45 [95% CI: 1.57 - 3.82] presented an increased risk for the development of adverse events and this association persisted even after adjustment for age, gender, diabetes and type of surgery. However, after further adjustment for extracorporeal circulation and the presence of low cardiac output, only the diagnosis of AKI by KDIGO criterion maintained this significant association (HR = 1.89 [95% CI: 1.18 to 3.06]), as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5280tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5280fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0018-30115-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5280tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0018-30115-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery in our population was 15% by RIFLE criterion, 19% by KDIGO criterion and 51% by AKIN criterion. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study to compare these three criteria in this kind of population. Patients with AKI diagnosis, regardless of the criterion used, had higher mortality and a higher risk of combined events (death, need for dialysis and/or extended hospitalization); our results are in agreement and support previous evidences regarding the poor prognosis associated with the development of AKI<sup>4,13-16</sup>. It is interesting to highlight, however, that two patients with AKI diagnosed by AKIN criterion, but without renal injury by RIFLE and KDIGO criteria, required dialytic therapy.</p>
      <p>Despite all advances in knowledge regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of AKI, it is still a relatively common complication in critically ill patients and is associated with mortality independently of other risk factors<sup>4,9,17</sup>. In addition, there are still several controversies regarding the matter, particularly about the definition of AKI<sup>18</sup>. The lack of consensus leads to inaccuracy in data regarding the actual incidence of this complication, as can be confirmed by the large variation (1% - 30%) in the reported incidence of AKI post cardiac-surgery<sup>3</sup>. In fact, the incidence in our study showed a wide variation (15% - 51%) according to the criterion adopted. In order to compare the incidence of AKI described here with that of other populations undergoing similar interventions, we looked for studies that have used the criteria that we assessed. In this regard, when the AKIN criterion was evaluated, AKI incidence ranged between 26 % and 49 %<sup>16,19,20</sup>, while with RIFLE criterion the incidence varied between 19% and 30%<sup>19-21</sup>. We found only one study that had evaluated AKI incidence through KDIGO criterion and this was 15%<sup>22</sup>. Taken together, these data show that the incidence of AKI described here is comparable to those reported in the literature; however, it is also clear that even with the use of similar criteria, AKI incidence after cardiac surgery is still quite variable.</p>
      <p>Among the clinical variables assessed, age was associated with AKI risk regardless of the criterion used, possibly reflecting the lower tolerance of older patients to hemodynamic and electrolyte fluctuations commonly observed with this type of surgical intervention<sup>13,15</sup>. Interestingly, the presence of diabetes mellitus was not associated with a higher risk of AKI in our patients, but the use of insulin increased this risk by more than three times by AKIN and KDIGO criteria, which probably indicates the existence of different degrees of risk related to the time of exposure and seriousness of diabetes<sup>2,23</sup>. Compared with myocardial revascularization, valvular and combined surgery increased the risk of AKI in the AKIN criteria, respectively, two to four times, reinforcing previous evidence pointing out the increased risk of renal injury in this type of surgery<sup>2, 12,24,25</sup> The augmentation on ECC time increased by nearly two-fold the risk of renal function decline according to the RIFLE criterion; in fact, an ECC time above 90 minutes is related to an increased urinary excretion of renal tubular damage markers<sup>26</sup> and evidences show that surgeries without ECC are associated with a smaller risk of acute renal failure<sup>27,28</sup>. The presence of low cardiac output was the factor most strongly associated with AKI risk, according to RIFLE (approximately four-fold) and KDIGO (approximately seven-fold); in fact, low cardiac output is a recognized AKI predictor<sup>12,29-31</sup>. Considered all together, our results show that there is a large variation between the factors that determine AKI, according to the diagnosis criteria used. It is important to highlight this finding, as it may indicate the inaccuracy of predictive scores for AKI developed based on a single diagnosis criterion.</p>
      <p>One of the most important contributions of our study was to compare the prognostic power of different AKI criteria. Accordingly, we demonstrated that despite the association of the three evaluated criteria with an increased risk of adverse events in univariate analysis, and ever after adjustment for comorbidities and type of surgery, only the KDIGO criterion maintained its prognostic power when hemodynamic variables were taken into consideration (i.e. time of ECC and low cardiac output); these results suggest the superiority of the KDIGO criterion in comparison to RIFLE and AKIN. However, several limitations should be taken into account when analyzing our data, including: 1) the relatively reduced number of patients, 2) the diagnosis of AKI, which was based only on variations in plasma creatinine, regardless of changes in glomerular filtration rate and urinary output, and 3) we did not take into consideration the stages of kidney injury, which could increase the specificity of certain criteria. Our goal, however, was to compare simple diagnostic instruments based on easily accessible information, even for non-nephrologists; and thus, we believe that the present study, despite the limitations described, provides an important contribution to the medical community. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The incidence of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery and the risk factors for its development vary significantly according to the diagnostic criterion used, and this information should be taken into consideration when developing predictive scores for AKI. In our analysis, the KDIGO criterion was superior to AKIN and RIFLE with regard its prognostic power.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Sampaio MC, M&#225;ximo CAG, Montenegro CM, Mota DM, Fernandes TR, Cordeiro AC; Statistical analysis: Cordeiro AC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bianco ACM, Amodeo C, Cordeiro AC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is the result of the scientific project required for conclusion of the Medical Residency Program in Cardiology at Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology from the follow medical residents: Carlos Alberto Gon&#231;alves M&#225;ximo, Carolina Moreira Montenegro, Diandro Marinho Mota, M&#225;rcio Campos Sampaio and Tatiana Rocha Fernandes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
