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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DJPj4pwszGSJF7ScPXPTddB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002700004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100100004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130114</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre peso de nascimento e fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Amenaide Carvalho Alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel Cristina Britto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Daltro</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Arm&#234;nio Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Bahia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Bahia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>09</fpage>
      <lpage>17</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Peso ao nascer (PN) &#233; um determinante de risco a m&#233;dio e longo prazo de fatores de risco cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre peso ao nascer e fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes de Salvador. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de corte transversal com grupos de compara&#231;&#227;o por PN. Amostra composta de 250 adolescentes, classificados segundo IMC: normal alto (&gt;p50 e &lt;p85), sobrepeso (&gt;p85 e&lt;p95) e obesidade (&gt;p95). As vari&#225;veis de risco para compara&#231;&#227;o foram: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, press&#227;o arterial, perfil lip&#237;dico, glicemia, insulina s&#233;rica, HOMA-RI e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Peso de nascimento foi informado pelos pais e classificado como baixo peso (PN &lt; 2.500g), peso normal (2.500g&lt;PN&lt;4.000g) e alto peso (PN &gt; 4.000g). RESULTADOS: Cento e cinquenta e tr&#234;s (61,2%) meninas, idade 13,74 &#177; 2,03 anos, PN normal 80,8%, baixo PN 8,0% e alto PN 11,2%. Observou-se maior frequ&#234;ncia de obesidade (42,9%, p=0,005), PAS e PAD elevadas (42,9%, p=0,000 e 35,7%, p=0,007, respectivamente) e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (46,4%,p =0,002) no grupo com PN alto em rela&#231;&#227;o ao PN normal. Indiv&#237;duos de alto PN apresentaram RP para PAS elevada 3,3(I.C. 95%, 1,7-6,4) e para obesidade 2,6 (I.C. 95%, 1,3-5,2) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos com PN normal. A CA foi 83,3 &#177; 10,1 [p=0,038] nos adolescentes com alto PN. O perfil lip&#237;dico n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os dados sugerem que obesidade, PAS e PAD elevadas e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica na adolesc&#234;ncia t&#234;m chance significativa de associar-se a alto peso no nascimento.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Peso ao Nascer</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre peso de nascimento e fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Amenaide Carvalho Alves de Sousa<sup>I</sup>; Isabel Cristina Britto Guimar&#227;es<sup>II</sup>; Carla Daltro<sup>II</sup>; Arm&#234;nio Costa Guimar&#227;es<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Peso ao nascer (PN) &#233; um determinante de risco a m&#233;dio e longo prazo de fatores de risco cardiovascular. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre peso ao nascer e fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes de Salvador. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo de corte transversal com grupos de compara&#231;&#227;o por PN. Amostra composta de 250 adolescentes, classificados segundo IMC: normal alto (&gt;p50 e &lt;p85), sobrepeso (&gt;p85 e&lt;p95) e obesidade (&gt;p95). As vari&#225;veis de risco para compara&#231;&#227;o foram: circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, press&#227;o arterial, perfil lip&#237;dico, glicemia, insulina s&#233;rica, HOMA-RI e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica. Peso de nascimento foi informado pelos pais e classificado como baixo peso (PN &lt; 2.500g), peso normal (2.500g&lt;PN&lt;4.000g) e alto peso (PN &gt; 4.000g). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Cento e cinquenta e tr&#234;s (61,2%) meninas, idade 13,74 &#177; 2,03 anos, PN normal 80,8%, baixo PN 8,0% e alto PN 11,2%. Observou-se maior frequ&#234;ncia de obesidade (42,9%, p=0,005), PAS e PAD elevadas (42,9%, p=0,000 e 35,7%, p=0,007, respectivamente) e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (46,4%,p =0,002) no grupo com PN alto em rela&#231;&#227;o ao PN normal. Indiv&#237;duos de alto PN apresentaram RP para PAS elevada 3,3(I.C. 95%, 1,7-6,4) e para obesidade 2,6 (I.C. 95%, 1,3-5,2) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos com PN normal. A CA foi 83,3 &#177; 10,1 [p=0,038] nos adolescentes com alto PN. O perfil lip&#237;dico n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os dados sugerem que obesidade, PAS e PAD elevadas e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica na adolesc&#234;ncia t&#234;m chance significativa de associar-se a alto peso no nascimento.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Peso ao Nascer, Fatores de Risco, Adolescente, Obesidade, Press&#227;o Arterial, S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Peso ao nascer (PN) pode ser um determinante de risco, a m&#233;dio e longo prazos, de sobrepeso/obesidade, diabetes tipo 2 e doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>As evid&#234;ncias sobre o impacto da nutri&#231;&#227;o intrauterina no risco cardiovascular subsequente s&#227;o variadas, com estudos mostrando rela&#231;&#227;o ao alto ou ao baixo peso ao nascer<sup>2-6</sup>. Uma s&#233;rie de estudos mostra que h&#225; rela&#231;&#227;o entre PN e risco cardiovascular em adolescentes e adultos com distribui&#231;&#227;o em U ou J invertido, mostrando maior agrega&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco em indiv&#237;duos com baixo e alto PN<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Indiv&#237;duos com alto PN (PN <underline>&gt;</underline> 4.000 g) ou grande para a idade gestacional (GIG), peso de nascimento &gt; P90, t&#234;m maior risco de obesidade medido pelo &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC), por&#233;m com programa&#231;&#227;o para maior massa magra em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; massa adiposa<sup>7,8</sup>. J&#225; as crian&#231;as com baixo PN t&#234;m sido descritas como tendo caracteristicamente tecido muscular pobre e alta preserva&#231;&#227;o de gordura. Este fen&#243;tipo persiste al&#233;m do per&#237;odo pr&#233;-natal e pode se associar ao aumento da adiposidade central na inf&#226;ncia, propiciando maior risco de hipertens&#227;o arterial e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) no adulto<sup>3</sup>. Diante disto, a necessidade de tratamento precoce e mais eficiente nas crian&#231;as sob maior risco come&#231;ou a ser reconhecida nas &#250;ltimas diretrizes<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Existem poucos estudos baseados na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica brasileira, todos realizados nas regi&#245;es Sul e Sudeste<sup>11-13</sup>e dois na regi&#227;o centro-oeste<sup>5,14</sup>, por&#233;m nenhum realizado na regi&#227;o Nordeste, que apresenta maior preval&#234;ncia de baixo PN e marcantes diferen&#231;as socioecon&#244;micas e culturais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s. O Nordeste, devido &#224; fase de transi&#231;&#227;o nutricional, cursa com aumento crescente da preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade<sup>15</sup>, fatores estes que podem ampliar a import&#226;ncia do alto PN na sa&#250;de futura da popula&#231;&#227;o. Por isto, este estudo visa avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre peso ao nascer e fatores de risco cardiovascular em uma amostra de adolescentes em Salvador-BA.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo de corte transversal, com verifica&#231;&#227;o do peso de nascimento atrav&#233;s de documenta&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica ou por entrevista com os pais. Foram utilizadas informa&#231;&#245;es contidas no banco de dados de estudo anterior sobre <italic>status</italic> de peso e fatores de risco cardiovascular<sup>16</sup>. Esse estudo teve como popula&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel 470 adolescentes, entre 11 e 18 anos, matriculados em escolas p&#250;blicas e privadas de Salvador-BA, que participaram do estudo relativo a <italic>status </italic>de peso e fatores de risco.</p>
    <p>Entre as escolas selecionadas, por conveni&#234;ncia do tamanho do alunado, acesso para o estudo e facilidades estruturais para a determina&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis propostas, estavam tr&#234;s escolas particulares e quatro p&#250;blicas, numa regi&#227;o de classe m&#233;dia. Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o de comprova&#231;&#227;o do peso de nascimento atrav&#233;s da declara&#231;&#227;o de nascido vivo e/ou cart&#227;o de vacina&#231;&#227;o e assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, a amostra final foi de 250 estudantes, 150 (60%) da escola p&#250;blica e 100 (40%) da escola privada, com aproveitamento de 49,9% dos 334 de escolas p&#250;blicas e de 73,5% dos 136 de escolas privadas, com base na obten&#231;&#227;o do peso ao nascer.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram adolescentes que apresentavam necessidades especiais ou patologias que dificultassem a realiza&#231;&#227;o das medidas antropom&#233;tricas e adolescentes que n&#227;o dispunham de documenta&#231;&#227;o do peso de nascimento.</p>
    <p>O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Maternidade Clim&#233;rio de Oliveira-Universidade Federal da Bahia e pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana para o Desenvolvimento das Ci&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>O objeto prim&#225;rio do estudo foi a an&#225;lise da associa&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis de risco cardiovascular, sobrepeso/obesidade, press&#227;o arterial (PA) elevada, dislipidemia, hiperglicemia, hiperinsulinemia e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (RI), medida pelo modelo homeost&#225;tico para o diagn&#243;stico de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina (HOMA-RI), isolados e agregados com o PN, classificado como baixo PN (PN <underline>&lt;</underline> 2.500g), PN normal (PN &gt; 2.500g e &lt; 4.000g) e alto PN (PN <underline>&gt;</underline> 4.000g), segundo os crit&#233;rios da OMS<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>As medidas antropom&#233;tricas inclu&#237;ram peso, altura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal (CA). A altura foi medida com estadi&#244;metro (Leicester), com precis&#227;o de 0,1 cm, e o peso com balan&#231;a digital, com precis&#227;o de 0,1 kg. O IMC foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula de Quetelet (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e classificado por idade e g&#234;nero como normal alto (<underline>&gt;</underline>p 50 e &lt; p85), sobrepeso (<underline>&gt;</underline> p85 e &lt;p95) e obesidade (<underline>&gt;</underline> p95)<sup>6,14</sup>. A CA foi aferida na metade entre a por&#231;&#227;o inferior da &#250;ltima costela e a borda superior da crista il&#237;aca, no final de uma expira&#231;&#227;o normal, com fita m&#233;trica inel&#225;stica. A m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica de duas medidas foi considerada para an&#225;lise. Obesidade central foi definida como CA &gt; p75 para idade e g&#234;nero, como proposto por Ferranti e cols.<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>A aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial foi realizada ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso, na posi&#231;&#227;o sentada, no membro superior direito apoiado &#224; altura do cora&#231;&#227;o, com tensi&#244;metro de coluna de merc&#250;rio, marca Missouri<sup>&#174;</sup>. Foram utilizados manguitos com largura de 40% da circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o,medida no ponto m&#233;dio entre o cotovelo e o acr&#244;mio e comprimento de 80% a 100% dessa medida. Foi registrada a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s leituras consecutivas, feitas com intervalo de 60 segundos.</p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) foi determinada na fase I de Korotkoff e a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) na fase V de Korotkoff, sendo classificada segundo o <italic>Task Force on</italic> "<italic>High BloodPressure in ChildrenandAdolescentsfromtheNational High BloodPressureEducationProgram</italic>", como normal (&lt; p90), normal alto (<underline>&gt;</underline> p90 e &lt; p95), e hipertens&#227;o arterial (<underline>&gt;</underline> p95), levando em conta idade, g&#234;nero e altura. Foi considerado elevado o valor da PA <underline>&gt;</underline> p90.</p>
    <p>As dosagens bioqu&#237;micas foram realizadas mediante coleta de amostras de 10 ml de sangue venoso, ap&#243;s jejum m&#237;nimo de 12 horas. Ap&#243;s centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, o soro foi armazenado em freezer, a - 80&#186;C. Foram dosados glicemia e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de insulina, colesterol total (CT), HDL colesterol (HDL-C) e triglic&#233;rides (TG).</p>
    <p>A glicemia foi dosada pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico colorim&#233;trico. Foi considerado elevado o valor da glicemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 100mg/dL. A insulinemia de jejum foi medida pelo m&#233;todo de eletroquimioluminesc&#234;ncia automatizada (ELISA). Os valores de refer&#234;ncia foram os preconizados por Reavene cols.<sup>19</sup>, em que insulina s&#233;rica normal era &lt; 15 &#181;U/L, lim&#237;trofe era <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 e &lt;20 &#181;U/L e elevada, <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 &#181;U/L.</p>
    <p>O ponto de corte utilizado para o diagn&#243;stico de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina foi o preconizado por Keskin<sup>20</sup>, HOMA RI &gt;3,16. As dosagens do CT, HDL-C e TG foram feitas por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos, em um laborat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia. O LDL colesterol (LDL-C) foi calculado pela f&#243;rmula Friedwald at&#233; TG &lt; 400mg/dL. Usou-se como refer&#234;ncia os valores propostos pela I Diretriz de Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose na Inf&#226;ncia e Adolesc&#234;ncia<sup>10</sup> e o ATPIII modificado por Ferranti<sup>18</sup>, modificado para o ponto de corte da glicemia de jejum de 110 mg/dL para 100mg/dL, como proposto por Grundy e cols.<sup>21</sup>. Para o diagn&#243;stico da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica foi necess&#225;ria a satisfa&#231;&#227;o de, pelo menos, tr&#234;s dos cinco crit&#233;rios: triglic&#233;rides <underline>&gt;</underline> 100mg/dL; HDL-C &lt;50mg/dL (&lt;45mg/dL para meninos de 15 a19 anos), glicemia de jejum <underline>&gt;</underline> 100mg/dL, circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal &gt;75% para idade e sexo, e press&#227;o arterial &gt; 90%.</p>
    <p>O peso de nascimento foi obtido junto &#224; fam&#237;lia, atrav&#233;s do cart&#227;o de vacina&#231;&#227;o e/ou atrav&#233;s da declara&#231;&#227;o de nascido vivo (DNV), todos esses s&#227;o documentos oficiais, preenchidos na maternidade no dia do nascimento. Na entrevista inicial, foi questionado se o adolescente dispunha de documento comprobat&#243;rio do peso de nascimento e exclu&#237;dos todos que informaram n&#227;o dispor da declara&#231;&#227;o de nascido vivo e/ou cart&#227;o de vacina&#231;&#227;o. Comparamos a distribui&#231;&#227;o de peso de nascimento da amostra com dados do departamento de inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de do Brasil (DATASUS) no per&#237;odo de 1994 e 1996, para a regi&#227;o metropolitana de Salvador, confirmando a confiabilidade dos dados<sup>22</sup>. O peso de nascimento foi dividido da seguinte forma: baixo peso ao nascer, peso de nascimento <underline>&lt;</underline> 2.500g; peso de nascimento normal, peso de nascimento &gt; 2.500 e &lt; 4.000g; alto peso ao nascer, peso de nascimento <underline>&gt;</underline> 4.000g<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em percentuais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Testes Estat&#237;sticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de peso de nascimento, das m&#233;dias das vari&#225;veis de idade, IMC, CA, PAS, PAD, glicemia, insulina e perfil lip&#237;dico, foi feita pela an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA), e a dos percentuais das vari&#225;veis categorizadas IMC, CA, PAS, PAD, perfil lip&#237;dico e glic&#234;mico entre dois grupos, pelo teste do qui-quadrado de Pearson.Foi utilizada a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para determinar a independ&#234;ncia da influ&#234;ncia de vari&#225;veis associadas ao desfecho peso ao nascer, identificadas pela an&#225;lise bivariada. Adotaram-se valores de p&lt; 0,1 para an&#225;lises bivariadas e p &lt; 0,05 para a regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. O PN foi dividido em quartis para a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Valores de p menores do que 5% (p&lt;0,05) foram considerados significantes. Os dados foram analisados pelo programa <italic>Statitical Package for the Social Science (</italic>SPSS) vers&#227;o 12.0<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas da amostra final de 250 adolescentes, distribu&#237;dos em grupos segundo o sexo, s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5067tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. A amostra total mostrou idade m&#233;dia de 13,7&#177;2,0 anos e predomin&#226;ncia significativa do sexo feminino (61,2% <italic>versus </italic>38,8%, p&lt;0,001). As mulheres mostraram idade significantemente mais elevada (p=0,026) e os homens,maior peso ao nascer (p=0,046), IMC Z escore (p&lt; 0,001), CA (p=0,010) e PAS (p =0,002). A distribui&#231;&#227;o de cor da pele foi similar entre os sexos, com 53,6% de n&#227;o brancos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5067tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0009-30114-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas, segundo o <italic>status </italic>de peso ao nascer, est&#227;o ilustradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5067tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. De acordo com o peso ao nascer, a amostra ficou distribu&#237;da em 20 (8,0%) adolescentes com baixo peso, 202 (80,8%) com peso normal e 28 (11,2%) com alto peso ao nascer, propor&#231;&#227;o compat&#237;vel com a distribui&#231;&#227;o global da popula&#231;&#227;o baiana, com base nos dados do DATASUS<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5067tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0009-30114-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A idade n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos, mas houve predomin&#226;ncia feminina significativa no grupo de peso normal (60,4% <italic>versus </italic>39,6%, p=0,006). No grupo com alto peso, as m&#233;dias do IMC (26,0 &#177; 4,0 Kg/m<sup>2</sup><italic>versus </italic>24,6 &#177; 4,0 Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, p=0,002), CA (83,3cm &#177; 10,1 <italic>versus </italic>78,5cm &#177; 9,4; p=0,013), PA sist&#243;lica (113,5 &#177; 12,3 mmHg <italic>versus </italic>108,6 &#177; 12,0 mmHg ; p=0,047) e PA diast&#243;lica (72,5 &#177; 10,8mmHg <italic>versus</italic> 68,1 &#177; 9,0 mmHg; p=0,017) foram significativamente mais elevadas em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com peso normal, mas n&#227;o diferiram do grupo com baixo peso. A m&#233;dia de IMC Z escore mostrou diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (p=0,013), sendo significantemente mais elevada no alto PN, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o PN normal (2,52 <italic>versus</italic> 1,90; p=0,009).</p>
    <p>Os alunos de escola p&#250;blica caracterizaram-se por percentual de baixo peso e alto peso ao nascer superior aos de escola particular (10,7% <italic>versus</italic> 4,0% e 13,3% <italic>versus</italic> 8,0%, respectivamente), por&#233;m sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5067tab03">Tabela 3</xref> ilustra as m&#233;dias das fra&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, glicemia, insulina e HOMA-RI, as quais n&#227;o diferiram significativamente em fun&#231;&#227;o do peso ao nascer. Apesar disto, vale a pena assinalar dois aspectos: 1) as m&#233;dias decrescentes do HDL-C (52,4&#177;14,4 mg/dL, 49,2&#177;11,9 mg/dL e 47,2&#177;8,3 mg/dL) do baixo para o alto peso, respectivamente, e os valores m&#233;dios do colesterol total (167,5 &#177; 24,4, 162,4 &#177; 30,1e 167,2 &#177; 36,7) e rela&#231;&#227;o TG/HDL-C (2,01 &#177; 1,27; 1,96 &#177; 1,37; 1,98 &#177; 0,85), mostrando distribui&#231;&#227;o de curva em U e os valores da insulina s&#233;rica (8,8 &#177; 6,1; 8,1 &#177; 5,7; 9,7 &#177; 9,3) e HOMA-RI (1,8 &#177; 1,0; 1,7 &#177; 1,2; 2,1 &#177; 2,2), distribuindo-se segundo um J.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5067tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0009-30114-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5067tab04">Tabela 4</xref> mostra a propor&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e metab&#243;licas alteradas segundo o peso ao nascer. Os adolescentes de alto peso ao nascer, quando comparados aos de peso normal, apresentaram preval&#234;ncia significantemente mais elevada de obesidade (42,9% <italic>versus </italic>19,3%;p=0,005), IMC Z escore maior que 2 (64,3% <italic>versus </italic>42,1%; p=0,027) e PAS e PAD elevadas (&gt;p90 para idade, sexo e altura) (42,9% <italic>versus</italic> 15,3%; p=0,0001, e 35,7% <italic>versus </italic>12,9%, p=0,002, respectivamente); e, quando comparados com os de baixo peso, a PAS mostrou tend&#234;ncia a ser mais elevada (42,9% <italic>versus </italic>20,0%, p =0,082). Vale tamb&#233;m destacar os percentuais crescentes de HDL-C, colesterol n&#227;o HDL (CNHDL), hiperinsulinemia e HOMA-RI entre o baixo peso, peso normal e alto peso, apesar da aus&#234;ncia de signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5067tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0009-30114-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5067tab05">Tabela 5</xref> mostra o comportamento dos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica (SM) propostos por Ferranti<sup>18</sup> e modificados por Grundy<sup>21</sup>, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso ao nascer. Todos os cinco crit&#233;rios s&#227;o mais prevalentes no grupo com alto peso, por&#233;m somente a PAS elevada mostra-se significativamente mais frequente em compara&#231;&#227;o com o peso normal (42,9% <italic>versus</italic> 15,3%, p=0,001) e com tend&#234;ncia &#224; signific&#226;ncia em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com baixo peso (42,9% <italic>versus</italic> 15,0%, p=0,082). Na mesma tabela observa-se, tamb&#233;m, preval&#234;ncia significativamente elevada da agrega&#231;&#227;o de crit&#233;rios de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica naqueles com alto peso quando comparados aos com peso normal (46,4% <italic>versus</italic> 18,3%, p=0,002), diferindo significativamente no percentual de agrega&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;lico pelos primeiros. O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5067gra01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref> ilustra a propor&#231;&#227;o da agrega&#231;&#227;o de fatores de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica por grupo de peso ao nascer. O poder aglutinador daqueles com alto PN fica, tamb&#233;m, claramente ilustrado pela compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias do n&#250;mero de crit&#233;rios de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, em cada grupo de peso: 1,50 &#177; 1,28 no baixo PN, 1,40 &#177; 1,16 no PN normal e 2,11 &#177; 1,32 no alto PN (p=0,014), como demonstrado no <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5067gra02">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref>, que apresenta a m&#233;dia de fatores de S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica por grupo de peso ao nascer.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5067tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0009-30114-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5067gra01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0009-30114-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5067gra02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0009-30114-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os adolescentes de alto PN apresentaram raz&#227;o de preval&#234;ncia (RP) em rela&#231;&#227;o aos de PN normal de: PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> P 90: 2,99 (IC 95% 1,51-5,95; p=0,001); PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> P 90: 3,26 (IC 95% 1,67-6,38; p=0,001); IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> P 95: 2,63 (IC 95% 1,33-5,20; p=0,013); s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica: 3,12 (IC 95% 1,59-6,11; p=0,002); CA &gt; P 75: 1,77 (IC 95% 0,87-3,60; p=0,109).</p>
    <p>Em raz&#227;o da relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, no modelo da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada,foram inclu&#237;das as seguintes vari&#225;veis: PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> P 90, PAD <underline>&gt;</underline> P 90, IMC <underline>&gt;</underline> P 95, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica e CA &gt; P 75. A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada indicou que os adolescentes de alto PN t&#234;m probabilidade de 3,21 (IC 95% 1,3-7,9; p=0,011) de apresentarem PAS <underline>&gt;</underline> P 90 e tend&#234;ncia de obesidade central com probabilidade de 2,20 (IC 95% 0,90-5,36; p=0,082) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao PN normal.</p>
    <p>Como as correla&#231;&#245;es entre PN e os fatores de risco cardiovascular n&#227;o s&#227;o lineares, mas em forma de U ou J invertido, para realizar as an&#225;lises de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson, a amostra foi dividida em quartis. Foi agrupado o primeiro e segundo quartil e o terceiro e quarto quartil para realiza&#231;&#227;o das an&#225;lises. O quarto quartil tamb&#233;m foi analisado de forma independente, por ser o que apresentava maior numero de correla&#231;&#245;es significantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5067tab06">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5067tab06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0009-30114-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com a revis&#227;o de literatura, esta &#233; a primeira evid&#234;ncia da associa&#231;&#227;o do efeito do crescimento intrauterino na agrega&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco cardiovascular em uma amostra de adolescentes da regi&#227;o norte-nordeste do Brasil.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo mostrou que no grupo de adolescentes com alto PN a chance de PA elevada, obesidade e SM foi duas a tr&#234;s vezes maior do que naqueles com PN normal, sugerindo que o excesso de peso fetal pode, por si s&#243;, predispor a dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos na adolesc&#234;ncia. Al&#233;m disto, mostrou aumento da PAS como vari&#225;vel independente associada ao alto PN, sugerindo que sua eleva&#231;&#227;o pode ser influenciada por altera&#231;&#227;o intrauterina ou na primeira inf&#226;ncia do mecanismo regulat&#243;rio da PA.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer uma diferen&#231;a significativa no percentual de anormalidade de algumas vari&#225;veis de risco entre adolescentes com baixo PN e PN normal, como referido por outros estudos<sup>1-3,5-7</sup>, fato concordante com outro estudo brasileiro que n&#227;o encontrou rela&#231;&#227;o entre baixo PN e eleva&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o arterial<sup>14</sup>. Por&#233;m, a an&#225;lise dessas vari&#225;veis de risco mostra que algumas delas se distribu&#237;ram pelos tr&#234;s grupos de PN, segundo curva em U, J ou linearmente. Assim, a CA, PAD&gt;P90, colesterol total e TG apresentaram percentual de anormalidade distribu&#237;do segundo curva em U ou J, enquanto os percentuais de HDL-C baixo, insulina s&#233;rica e HOMA-RI mostraram valores crescentes entre baixo e alto peso, sugestivos de efeitos metab&#243;licos decorrentes do alto peso ao nascer. Estes dados sugerem, claramente, nestes adolescentes, propens&#227;o do alto PN em cursar com dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos mais intensos<sup>23</sup>. Como referendado pela elevada m&#233;dia de crit&#233;rios de SM nos adolescentes de alto PN, cerca de 1,8 maior que nos normais e 1,6 nos com baixo PN.</p>
    <p>Nesta amostra de adolescentes, um fator concorrente para a baixa frequ&#234;ncia dos dist&#250;rbios metab&#243;licos relativo ao baixo PN pode estar ligado &#224; maior dificuldade de obter o PN das m&#227;es de alunos das escolas p&#250;blicas.Este dado s&#243; foi obtido em 44,9% deles, provavelmente de fam&#237;lias com melhor estrutura socioecon&#244;mica e, portanto, com menor chance de restri&#231;&#227;o fetal intrauterina. Na popula&#231;&#227;o dispon&#237;vel e inicial de 470 adolescentes, a rela&#231;&#227;o de alunos de escola p&#250;blica para privada era cerca de 2,5 vezes maior, caindo para 1,5 ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do PN. Um outro fator limitante diz respeito &#224; aus&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas maternas, principalmente no que concerne &#224; idade gestacional e condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-natais relacionadas ao peso materno.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram inclu&#237;das vari&#225;veis nutricionais referentes &#224; inf&#226;ncia nesse estudo, pois embora estudos observacionais sugiram que a programa&#231;&#227;o se estenda pelos primeiros anos de vida, com o aleitamento materno podendo apresentar um efeito protetor, os resultados entretanto n&#227;o s&#227;o consensuais<sup>10,24-26</sup>. Como os antecedentes alimentares n&#227;o estavam documentados em prontu&#225;rio medico e a coleta de dados ocorreu cerca de uma d&#233;cada ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de aleitamento, as informa&#231;&#245;es estariam fortemente sujeitas a vi&#233;s de recorda&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Dentro dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, contudo, a validade dos dados deste estudo &#233; refor&#231;ada pela m&#233;dia de idade dos adolescentes, semelhante entre os grupos de peso ao nascer, e pela proporcionalidade dos grupos de PN que corresponde &#224; da popula&#231;&#227;o de Salvador-BA na d&#233;cada de noventa<sup>22</sup>. A predomin&#226;ncia global do g&#234;nero feminino (F/M=1,6) &#233; esperada numa sele&#231;&#227;o por voluntariado, quando frequentemente ocorre uma participa&#231;&#227;o mais efetiva deste g&#234;nero. A distribui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia do grupo racial est&#225; de acordo com a estratifica&#231;&#227;o &#233;tnico-social da popula&#231;&#227;o de Salvador, com predomin&#226;ncia de n&#227;o brancos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este estudo revela que, em determinadas amostras de adolescentes, os indiv&#237;duos de peso ao nascer <underline>&gt;</underline> 4.000g podem resultar em elevada preval&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica na adolesc&#234;ncia, despontando a eleva&#231;&#227;o da PAS como principal fator de risco cardiovascular. N&#227;o foi demonstrada eleva&#231;&#227;o na preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovascular em adolescentes de peso ao nascer <underline>&lt;</underline> 2.500g. Estudos prospectivos, a partir do pr&#233;-natal, s&#227;o importantes para o esclarecimento do complexo mecanismo de adapta&#231;&#227;o do organismo &#224;s restri&#231;&#245;es ou aos excessos do crescimento fetal, como meio mais eficiente de garantir um desenvolvimento metab&#243;lico saud&#225;vel.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos Autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sousa MACA, Guimar&#227;es AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sousa MACA, Guimar&#227;es ICB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sousa MACA, Daltro C, Guimar&#227;es AC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Sousa MACA, Daltro C; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Sousa MACA, Guimar&#227;es ICB, Guimar&#227;es AC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sousa MACA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Sousa MACA, Guimar&#227;es ICB, Daltro C, Guimar&#227;es AC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPESB.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Maria Amenaide Carvalho Alves de Sousa pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Maria Amenaide Carvalho Alves de Sousa </p>
        <p> Av. Santa Luzia, 379, Apto 502, Horto Florestal </p>
        <p> CEP 40295-050, Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="amenaidecarvalho@gmail.com">amenaidecarvalho@gmail.com</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="amenaide.carvalho@terra.com.br">amenaide.carvalho@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 15/08/12; revisado em 21/09/12; aceito em 25/03/13.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Association between birth weight and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Birth weight (BW) is a medium- and long-term risk determinant of cardiovascular risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between BW and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents of the city of Salvador, Bahia state. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with comparison of BW groups. Sample comprising 250 adolescents classified according to the BMI as follows: high-normal (&gt; 50th percentile and &lt; 85th percentile); overweight (&gt; 85th percentile and &lt; 95th percentile); and obesity (&gt; 95th percentile). The risk variables compared were as follows: waist circumference (WC); arterial blood pressure; lipid profile; glycemia; serum insulin; HOMA-IR; and metabolic syndrome. The BW was informed by parents and classified as follows: low (BW &lt; 2,500g); normal (BW &gt; 2,500g and &lt; 4,000g); and high (BW &gt; 4,000g). RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-three (61.2%) girls, age 13.74 &#177; 2.03 years, normal BW 80.8%, low BW 8.0%, and high BW 11.2%. The high BW group as compared with the normal BW group showed a higher frequency of obesity (42.9%, p=0.005), elevated SBP and DBP (42.9%, p=0.000 and 35.7%, p=0.007, respectively), and metabolic syndrome (46.4%, p=0.002). High BW adolescents as compared with normal BW adolescents had a prevalence ratio for high SBP 3.3 (95% CI: 1.7-6.4) and obesity 2.6 (95% CI: 1.3-5.2). The WC of high BW adolescents was 83.3 &#177; 10.1 (p=0.038). The lipid profile showed no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that obesity, elevated SBP and DBP, and metabolic syndrome during adolescence might be associated with high BW.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>birth weight</kwd>
        <kwd>risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>arterial pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>metabolic syndrome</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Association between birth weight and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Maria Amenaide Carvalho Alves de Sousa<sup>I</sup>; Isabel Cristina Britto Guimar&#227;es<sup>II</sup>; Carla Daltro<sup>II</sup>; Arm&#234;nio Costa Guimar&#227;es<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Birth weight (BW) is a medium- and long-term risk determinant of cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess the association between BW and cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents of the city of Salvador, Bahia state.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cross-sectional study with comparison of BW groups. Sample comprising 250 adolescents classified according to the BMI as follows: high-normal (<underline>&gt;</underline> 50th percentile and &lt; 85th percentile); overweight (<underline>&gt;</underline> 85th percentile and &lt; 95th percentile); and obesity (<underline>&gt;</underline> 95th percentile). The risk variables compared were as follows: waist circumference (WC); arterial blood pressure; lipid profile; glycemia; serum insulin; HOMA-IR; and metabolic syndrome. The BW was informed by parents and classified as follows: low (BW <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,500g); normal (BW &gt; 2,500g and &lt; 4,000g); and high (BW <underline>&gt;</underline> 4,000g).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> One hundred and fifty-three (61.2%) girls, age 13.74 &#177; 2.03 years, normal BW 80.8%, low BW 8.0%, and high BW 11.2%. The high BW group as compared with the normal BW group showed a higher frequency of obesity (42.9%, p=0.005), elevated SBP and DBP (42.9%, p=0.000 and 35.7%, p=0.007, respectively), and metabolic syndrome (46.4%, p=0.002). High BW adolescents as compared with normal BW adolescents had a prevalence ratio for high SBP 3.3 (95% CI: 1.7-6.4) and obesity 2.6 (95% CI: 1.3-5.2). The WC of high BW adolescents was 83.3 &#177; 10.1 (p=0.038). The lipid profile showed no statistically significant differences.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Our findings suggest that obesity, elevated SBP and DBP, and metabolic syndrome during adolescence might be associated with high BW.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> birth weight; risk factors; adolescent; obesity; arterial pressure; metabolic syndrome.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Birth weight (BW) can be a medium- and long-term risk determinant of overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Evidence on the impact of intrauterine nutrition on the subsequent cardiovascular risk varies, with some studies having reported a relation to high or low BW<sup>2-6</sup>. A series of studies has reported a relationship between BW and cardiovascular risk in adolescents and adults with a U or inverted J distribution, showing greater risk factors clustering in individuals with low and high BW<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Individuals with high BW (BW <underline>&gt;</underline> 4,000 g) or those large for gestational age, BW &gt; 90<sup>th</sup> percentile, are at higher risk for obesity measured by use of body mass index (BMI), but with a programming of more lean tissue rather than fat mass<sup>7,8</sup>. However, infants with low BW have been reported to typically have poor muscle tissue and high fat preservation. This phenotype persists beyond the prenatal period and can be associated with increased central adiposity in childhood, increasing the risk of arterial hypertension and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood<sup>3</sup>. Thus, the need for early and more efficient treatment in children at higher risk began to be recognized in the last guidelines<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Few studies have been performed on the Brazilian pediatric population, all conducted in the Southern and Southeastern regions<sup>11-13</sup> and two in the West Central region<sup>5,14</sup>, but none in the Northeastern region of Brazil, which had the greater prevalence of low BW and dramatic socioeconomic and cultural differences as compared to the other Brazilian regions. The Brazilian Northeastern region, due to its nutritional transition phase, has shown an increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity<sup>15</sup>, which can increase the importance of high BW on the population's future health. Thus, this study aimed at assessing the association between BW and cardiovascular risk factors in an adolescent sample of the city of Salvador, Bahia state.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional study was performed assessing BW by using medical documentation or conducting interviews with parents. Information from the data bank of a previous study on weight status and cardiovascular risk factors was used<sup>16</sup>. This study population comprised 470 adolescents aged 11 to 18 years and enrolled at public and private schools of the city of Salvador, Bahia state, who participated in the above mentioned study on weight status and cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p>The schools, selected according to convenience of the number of students, access to education and structural facilities for determining the variables assessed, comprised three private and four public schools in a middle-class area of the city. After meeting the inclusion criterion of informing the official BW by presenting the live birth certificate and/or vaccine chart and providing written informed consent, the final sample consisted of 250 students, 150 (60%) from public schools and 100 (40%) from private schools, representing 49.9% of the 334 students from public schools and 73.5% of the 136 from private schools.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: adolescents with special needs or pathologies that hindered taking the anthropometric measures and adolescents with no BW document.</p>
      <p>The project was approved by the Committee on Ethics and Research of the Clim&#233;rio de Oliveira Maternity of the <italic>Universidade Federal da Bahia </italic>and by the Committee on Ethics and Research of the Bahia Foundation for the Development of Sciences (<italic>Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana para o Desenvolvimento das Ci&#234;ncias</italic>).</p>
      <p>The primary object of study was the association between cardiovascular risk factors and BW. The cardiovascular risk variables assessed, either isolated or in clusters, were as follows: overweight/obesity; high blood pressure (BP); dyslipidemia; hyperglycemia; hyperinsulinemia; and insulin resistance (IR) measured according to the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The BW was classified according to the WHO criteria as follows: low (BW <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,500g); normal (BW &gt; 2,500g and &lt; 4,000g); and high (BW <underline>&gt;</underline> 4,000g)<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>The anthropometric measures were as follows: weight; height; BMI; waist circumference (WC). Height was measured with a stadiometer (Leicester) to the nearest 0.1 cm, and weight was measured with a digital scale to the nearest 0.1 kg. The BMI was calculated by using the Quetelet's formula (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and classified according to age and gender as follows: high-normal (<underline>&gt;</underline> 50<sup>th</sup> percentile and &lt; 85<sup>th</sup> percentile); overweight (<underline>&gt;</underline> 85<sup>th</sup> percentile and &lt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile); and obesity (<underline>&gt;</underline> 95<sup>th</sup> percentile)<sup>6,14</sup>. The WC was measured at the end of a normal expiration with a measuring tape placed in the horizontal plane between the lower portion of the last rib and the upper border of the iliac crest. The arithmetic mean of two measures was considered for analysis. Central obesity was defined as WC &gt; 75<sup>th</sup> percentile for age and gender, according to de Ferranti et al<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Blood pressure was measured on the upper limb supported at heart level, after a 5 minute rest in the sitting position, with a mercury manometer (Missouri<sup>&#174;</sup>). The wide of the cuff used was 40% of the arm circumference, measured at the middle point between the elbow and the acromion, and its length was 80% to 100% of that measure. Three consecutive readings at 60 second intervals were made, and their mean, recorded.</p>
      <p>Systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were determined during Korotkoff phase I and Korotkoff phase V, respectively, being classified according to the Task Force on "High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents from the National High Blood Pressure Education Program" and considering age, gender and height as follows: normal (&lt; 90<sup>th</sup> percentile); high-normal (<underline>&gt;</underline> 90<sup>th</sup> percentile and &lt; 95<sup>th</sup> percentile); and arterial hypertension (<underline>&gt;</underline> 95<sup>th</sup> percentile). A BP value <underline>&gt;</underline> 90<sup>th</sup> percentile was considered elevated.</p>
      <p>Samples of venous blood (10 mL) were collected for biochemical analysis after a minimum 12-hour fasting. After centrifuging, the serum was stored in a freezer at -80&#186;C. Glycemia and the following serum levels were measured: insulin; total cholesterol (TC); HDL cholesterol (HDL-C); and triglycerides (TG).</p>
      <p>Glycemia was measured by using the colorimetric enzymatic method. Glycemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 100mg/dL was considered elevated. Fasting insulinemia was measured by using automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ELISA). Reference insulin serum levels were those recommended by Reavene et al<sup>19</sup> as follows: normal, &lt; 15 &#181;U/L; borderline, <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 and &lt;20 &#181;U/L; and elevated, <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 &#181;U/L.</p>
      <p>The cutoff point used to diagnose insulin resistance was that recommended by Keskin<sup>20</sup>, HOMA-IR = 3.16. The TC, HDL-C and TG levels were measured by using enzymatic methods at a reference laboratory. LDL cholesterol was calculated with the Friedwald formula for TG &lt; 400mg/dL. The reference values were those recommended by the I Guideline on Atherosclerosis Prevention in Infancy and Adolescence<sup>10</sup> and the Third Report of the Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) modified by de Ferranti<sup>18</sup>, with a change in the cutoff point of fasting glucose from 110mg/dL to 100mg/dL, as proposed by Grundy et al<sup>21</sup>. The diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MS) required meeting at least three of the following five criteria: TG <underline>&gt;</underline> 100mg/dL; HDL-C &lt; 50mg/dL (&lt; 45mg/dL for boys aged 15 to 19 years); fasting glycemia <underline>&gt;</underline> 100mg/dL; WC &gt; 75<sup>th</sup> percentile for age and gender; and SBP &gt; 90<sup>th</sup>percentile for age, gender and height.</p>
      <p>The BW was provided by the families, by presenting the vaccine chart and/or live birth certificate, all official documents provided by the maternity on the day of birth. At the initial interview, the adolescents were asked about their official BW documents. All those with neither a vaccine chart nor a live birth certificate were excluded. The BW distribution in this study sample was compared with data from the Brazilian Unified Health System database (DATASUS) in the 1994-1996 period, for the Salvador metropolitan region, confirming the reliability of our data<sup>22</sup>. The BW was classified as follows: low (BW <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,500g); normal (BW &gt; 2,500 and &lt; 4,000g); and high (BW <underline>&gt;</underline> 4,000g)<sup>17</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. The normality of the distribution of the variables was assessed by use of the Shapiro-Wilk test. Categorical variables were expressed as percentages.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical tests</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The means of the following variables were compared in the BW groups by use of analysis of variance (ANOVA): age; BMI; WC; SBP; DBP; glycemia; insulin; and lipid profile. The percentages of the following categorical variables were compared between two BW groups by use of Pearson chi-square test: BMI; WC; SBP; DBP; glycemia; and lipid profile.Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the independence of the influence of the variables associated with the outcome BW, identified by using bivariate analysis. The p-values p&lt; 0.1 and p &lt; 0.05 were adopted for bivariate analysis and logistic regression, respectively. The BW was divided into quartiles for Pearson correlation analysis. P-values lower than 5% (p&lt;0.05) were considered significant. Data were analyzed by using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software, version 12.0.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5067tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the major demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the final sample (250 adolescents) distributed in groups according to gender. In the total sample, the mean age was 13.7&#177;2.0 years and there was a significant predominance of the female gender (61.2% <italic>versus </italic>38.8%, p&lt;0.001). Females had a significantly higher age (p=0.026), while males had a higher BW (p=0.046), BMI Z-score (p&lt; 0.001), WC (p=0.010) and SBP (p =0.002). The distribution of skin color was similar between genders, with 53.6% of non-white individuals.</p>
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      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5067tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the major characteristics according to the BW <italic>status</italic>. The sample distribution of BW was as follows: low BW, 20 adolescents (8.0%); normal BW, 202 (80.8%); and high BW, 28 adolescents (11.2%). That proportion is compatible with the global distribution of the population in the Bahia state, based on DATASUS data<sup>22</sup>.</p>
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      <p>Age did not differ between the groups, but there was a significant predominance of the female gender in the normal BW group (60.4% <italic>versus </italic>39.6%, p=0.006). In the high BW group, the means of BMI (26.0 &#177; 4.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup><italic>versus </italic>24.6 &#177; 4.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; p=0.002), WC (83.3 &#177; 10.1 cm<italic> versus </italic>78.5 &#177; 9.4 cm; p=0.013), SBP (113.5 &#177; 12.3 mm Hg <italic>versus </italic>108.6 &#177; 12.0 mm Hg; p=0,047) and DBP (72.5 &#177; 10.8 mm Hg <italic>versus</italic> 68.1 &#177; 9.0 mm Hg; p=0.017) were significantly more elevated than those in the normal BW group, but they did not differ from those in the low BW group. The mean BMI Z-score significantly differed between the groups (p=0.013), being significantly more elevated in the high BW group as compared with the normal BW group (2.52 <italic>versus</italic> 1.90; p=0.009).</p>
      <p>The students from public schools were characterized by a higher percentage of low and high BW than those from private schools (10.7% <italic>versus</italic> 4.0% and 13.3% <italic>versus</italic> 8.0%, respectively), but with no statistical significance.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5067tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows the means of the lipid panel, glycemia, insulin and HOMA-IR, which did not significantly differ according to the BW. However, the following aspects are worth noting: the decreasing means of HDL-C (52.4 &#177; 14.4 mg/dL, 49.2 &#177; 11.9 mg/dL and 47.2 &#177; 8.3 mg/dL) from low to high BW, respectively; the mean values of TC (167.5 &#177; 24.4; 162.4 &#177; 30.1 and 167.2 &#177; 36.7) and TG/HDL-C ratio (2.01 &#177; 1.27; 1.96 &#177; 1.37; 1.98 &#177; 0.85) showing a U curve distribution; and the serum insulin levels (8.8 &#177; 6.1; 8.1 &#177; 5.7; 9.7 &#177; 9.3) and HOMA-IR (1.8 &#177; 1.0; 1.7 &#177; 1.2; 2.1 &#177; 2.2) showing a J curve distribution.</p>
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      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5067tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the proportion of altered clinical and metabolic variables according to BW. Adolescents of the high BW group, as compared with those of the normal BW group, showed the following: a significantly higher prevalence of obesity (42.9% <italic>versus </italic>19.3%; p=0.005); BMI Z-score greater than 2 (64.3% <italic>versus </italic>42.1%; p=0.027); and high SBP and DBP (&gt; 90<sup>th</sup>percentile for age, gender and height) (42.9% <italic>versus</italic> 15.3%; p=0.0001; and 35.7% <italic>versus </italic>12.9%, p=0.002, respectively). The SBP of adolescents of the high BW group, as compared with those of the low BW group, showed a trend to be elevated (42.9% <italic>versus </italic>20.0%; p =0.082). It is worth noting the increasing percentages of HDL-C, non-HDL cholesterol (NHDL-C), hyperinsulinemia and HOMA-IR in the low BW, normal BW and high BW groups, although lacking significance.</p>
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      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5067tab05-body2">Table 5</xref> shows the behavior of the diagnostic criteria for MS proposed by de Ferranti<sup>18</sup> and modified by Grundy<sup>21</sup>, according to BW. All five criteria were more prevalent in the high BW group; however, only high SBP was significantly more frequent as compared with that in the normal BW group (42.9% <italic>versus</italic> 15.3%; p=0.001) and showed a tendency to significance as compared with that in the low BW group (42.9% <italic>versus</italic> 15.0%; p=0.082). In addition, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5067tab05-body2">Table 5</xref> shows a significantly elevated prevalence of MS criteria clustering in the high BW group as compared with that in the normal BW group (46.4% <italic>versus</italic> 18.3%; p=0.002), with a significant difference in the percentage of clustering of three cardiometabolic risk factors in the former. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5067cha01-body2">Chart 1</xref> illustrates the proportion of MS criteria clustering per BW group. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5067cha02-body2">Chart 2</xref>, listing the mean number of MS criteria per BW group, illustrates clearly the clustering power of those with high BW as follows: low BW group, 1.50 &#177; 1.28; normal BW group, 1.40 &#177; 1.16; and high BW group, 2.11 &#177; 1.32 (p=0.014).</p>
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      <p>The high BW group adolescents as compared with the normal BW group had a prevalence ratio for high SBP and obesity as follows: DBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 90<sup>th</sup>percentile: 2.99 (95% CI: 1.51-5.95; p=0.001); SBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 90<sup>th</sup>percentile: 3.26 (95% CI: 1.67-6.38; p=0.001); BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 95<sup>th</sup>percentile: 2.63 (95% CI: 1.33-5.20; p=0.013); MS: 3.12 (95% CI: 1.59-6.11; p=0.002); WC &gt; 75<sup>th</sup> percentile: 1.77 (95% CI: 0.87-3.60; p=0.109).</p>
      <p>Because of clinical relevance and statistical significance, the following variables were included in the multivariate logistic regression model: SBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 90<sup>th</sup>percentile, DBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 90<sup>th</sup>percentile, BMI <underline>&gt;</underline> 95<sup>th</sup>percentile, MS and WC &gt; 75<sup>th</sup> percentile. The multivariate logistic regression indicated that high BW group adolescents have a 3.21 probability (95% CI: 1.3-7.9; p=0.011) of having SBP <underline>&gt;</underline> 90<sup>th</sup>percentile and a 2.20 probability of tendency to central obesity (95% CI: 0.90-5.36; p=0.082) as compared with normal BW group adolescents.</p>
      <p>Because the correlations between BW and cardiovascular risk factors are not linear, but have a U or inverted J form, the sample was divided into quartiles to undergo Pearson correlation analysis. The first and second quartiles were grouped, as were the third and fourth quartiles, for the analyses. The fourth quartile was also independently analyzed, due to its greater number of significant correlations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5067tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>).</p>
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      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>According to literature review, this is the first evidence of the association of intrauterine growth and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in a sample of adolescents in the Northern-Northeastern region of Brazil.</p>
      <p>The present study showed that, in the high BW group of adolescents, the probability of high BP, obesity and MS was two to three times greater than that in the normal BW group, suggesting that excessive fetal weight, by itself, can predispose to metabolic disorders in adolescence. In addition, it showed the increase in SBP as an independent variable associated with high BW, suggesting that its elevation can be influenced by changes in the BP regulatory mechanism that occurs in the uterus or during infancy.</p>
      <p>A significant difference in the percentage of abnormalities of some risk variables could not be established between low and normal BW adolescents, as reported in other studies<sup>1-3,5-7</sup>. A Brazilian study found no relationship between low BW and BP elevation<sup>14</sup>. However, the analysis of those risk variables shows that some of them were distributed in the three BW groups, in a U or J curve or linearly. Thus, WC, DBP &gt; 90<sup>th</sup>percentile, TC and TG showed an abnormality percentage distributed in a U or J curve, while the percentages of low HDL-C, serum insulin and HOMA-IR showed increasing values from low to high BW, suggesting metabolic effects resulting from high BW. Those data clearly suggest that high BW adolescents are prone to have more severe metabolic disorders<sup>23</sup>, a fact supported by the finding of an elevated mean number of MS criteria in high BW adolescents, approximately 1.8-fold greater than in normal BW adolescents and 1.6 fold greater than in low BW adolescents.</p>
      <p>In this sample of adolescents, a contributing factor to the low frequency of metabolic disorders regarding low BW might be related to the greater difficulty in obtaining the information about BW from mothers of public school students. That information was only provided by 44.9% of them, probably from families with a better socioeconomic level, and, thus, with a lower chance of having intrauterine fetal restriction. In the initial study population of 470 adolescents, the ratio of public school to private school students was 2.5, dropping to 1.5 after BW information. Another limiting factor was the lack of information regarding maternal characteristics, mainly gestational age and prenatal conditions related to maternal weight.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study did not include nutritional data from infancy, because, although observation studies have suggested that programming extends throughout the first years of life, with breastfeeding representing a protective effect, their results are controversial<sup>10,24-26</sup>. In addition, as the dietary data of the infants were not registered in their medical records and their collection would happen approximately one decade after the period of interest, the information would be strongly biased.</p>
      <p>The validity of this study data is reinforced by the similar mean age of the adolescents in the three BW groups and by the proportionality of the BW groups to that of the population of the city of Salvador in the 1990s<sup>22</sup>. The global predominance of the female gender (F/M=1.6) is expected in a volunteer selection study, in which a more effective participation of females is frequent. The frequency distribution of the racial group is in accordance with the ethnical-social stratification of the population of the city of Salvador, with a predominance of non-white individuals.</p>
      <p>This study reveals that, in a certain sample of adolescents, those with a BW <underline>&gt;</underline> 4,000g can have a high prevalence of MS in adolescence, with elevated SBP as the major cardiovascular risk factor. No increase in the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was observed in adolescents whose BW was <underline>&lt;</underline> 2,500g. Prospective studies initiating in the prenatal period are important to clarify the complex mechanism of adaptation to fetal growth restrictions or excesses, as the most effective way to ensure a healthy metabolic development.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Sousa MACA, Guimar&#227;es AC; Acquisition of data: Sousa MACA, Guimar&#227;es ICB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sousa MACA, Daltro C, Guimar&#227;es AC; Statistical analysis: Sousa MACA, Daltro C; Obtaining funding: Sousa MACA, Guimar&#227;es ICB, Guimar&#227;es AC; Writing of the manuscript: Sousa MACA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Sousa MACA, Guimar&#227;es ICB, Daltro C, Guimar&#227;es AC.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by FAPESB.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Maria Amenaide Carvalho Alves de Sousa, from Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
