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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ckKwGG4g33FPLq6krqPQKLN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002700003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100100003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130111</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O I123-MIBG card&#237;aco se correlaciona melhor do que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade dos sintomas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moscavitch</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carestiato</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Felix</surname>
            <given-names>Renata M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Messias</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>N&#243;brega</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Cl&#225;udio L.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Nuclear </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>4</fpage>
      <lpage>8</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A associa&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; mal compreendida. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi correlacionar a gravidade dos sintomas com a atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca, atrav&#233;s do uso de iodo-123-metaiodobenzilguanidina (123I-MIBG); e com FEVE em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) sist&#243;lica sem tratamento pr&#233;vio com betabloqueador. M&#201;TODOS: Trinta e um pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica, classe I a IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA), sem tratamento pr&#233;vio com betabloqueador, foram inscritos e submetidos &#224; cintilografia com 123I-MIBG e ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica para determina&#231;&#227;o da FEVE. A rela&#231;&#227;o precoce e tardia cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino (H/M) e a taxa de washout (WO) foram medidas. RESULTADOS: De acordo com a gravidade dos sintomas, os pacientes foram divididos em grupo A, com 13 pacientes em classe funcional NYHA I/II, e grupo B, com 18 pacientes em classe funcional NYHA III/ IV. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes do grupo B, o grupo A apresentou uma FEVE significativamente maior (25% &#177; 12% para o grupo B vs. 32% &#177; 7% no grupo A, p = 0,04). As rela&#231;&#245;es precoces e tardias H/M do Grupo B foram menores do que as do grupo A (H/M precoce 1,49 &#177; 0,15 vs. 1,64 &#177; 0,14, p = 0,02; H/M tardia 1,39 &#177; 0,13 vs. 1,58 &#177; 0,16, p = 0,001, respectivamente). A taxa de WO foi significativamente maior no grupo B (36% &#177; 17% vs. 30% &#177; 12%, p = 0,04). A vari&#225;vel que mostrou a melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com a NYHA foi a rela&#231;&#227;o H/M tardia (r = -0,585, p = 0,001), ajustada para idade e sexo. CONCLUS&#195;O: Esse estudo mostrou que o 123I-MIBG card&#237;aco se correlaciona melhor do que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade dos sintomas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica sem tratamento pr&#233;vio com beta-bloqueador.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insfuici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Volume Sist&#243;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>3-Iodobenzilguanidina</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Simp&#225;tico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>O I123-MIBG card&#237;aco se correlaciona melhor do que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade dos sintomas na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sandra M. Miranda<sup>I</sup>; Samuel D. Moscavitch<sup>I</sup>; Larissa R. Carestiato<sup>I</sup>; Renata M. Felix<sup>II</sup>; Ronaldo C. Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; Leandro R. Messias<sup>I</sup>; Jader C. Azevedo<sup>I,II</sup>; Antonio Cl&#225;udio L. N&#243;brega<sup>I</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I</sup>; Claudio Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A associa&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; mal compreendida. Objetivo: Nosso objetivo foi correlacionar a gravidade dos sintomas com a atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca, atrav&#233;s do uso de iodo-123-metaiodobenzilguanidina (<sup>123I</sup>-MIBG); e com FEVE em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) sist&#243;lica sem tratamento pr&#233;vio com betabloqueador. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Trinta e um pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica, classe I a IV da New York Heart Association (NYHA), sem tratamento pr&#233;vio com betabloqueador, foram inscritos e submetidos &#224; cintilografia com <sup>123I</sup>-MIBG e ventriculografia radioisot&#243;pica para determina&#231;&#227;o da FEVE. A rela&#231;&#227;o precoce e tardia cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino (H/M) e a taxa de <italic>washout</italic> (WO) foram medidas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> De acordo com a gravidade dos sintomas, os pacientes foram divididos em grupo A, com 13 pacientes em classe funcional NYHA I/II, e grupo B, com 18 pacientes em classe funcional NYHA III/ IV. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes do grupo B, o grupo A apresentou uma FEVE significativamente maior (25% &#177; 12% para o grupo B vs. 32% &#177; 7% no grupo A, p = 0,04). As rela&#231;&#245;es precoces e tardias H/M do Grupo B foram menores do que as do grupo A (H/M precoce 1,49 &#177; 0,15 vs. 1,64 &#177; 0,14, p = 0,02; H/M tardia 1,39 &#177; 0,13 vs. 1,58 &#177; 0,16, p = 0,001, respectivamente). A taxa de WO foi significativamente maior no grupo B (36% &#177; 17% vs. 30% &#177; 12%, p = 0,04). A vari&#225;vel que mostrou a melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com a NYHA foi a rela&#231;&#227;o H/M tardia (r = -0,585, p = 0,001), ajustada para idade e sexo. </p>
    <p><bold> CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Esse estudo mostrou que o 123I-MIBG card&#237;aco se correlaciona melhor do que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade dos sintomas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica sem tratamento pr&#233;vio com beta-bloqueador. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Volume Sist&#243;lico, 3-Iodobenzilguanidina, Sistema Nervoso Simp&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; um dos principais problemas nos sistemas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico e privado. A doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria card&#237;aca &#233; a primeira etiologia da IC, representando 34% dos casos, seguida pela etiologia idiop&#225;tica (26%)<sup>1</sup>. Na IC, uma disfun&#231;&#227;o no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo desencadeia processos para restaurar o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. Essas respostas podem eventualmente tornar-se uma parte do processo da doen&#231;a em si, piorando a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. Entre esses mecanismos, a hiperativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico fornece suporte inotr&#243;pico para a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica para manter a press&#227;o arterial<sup>2-5</sup>. Esta exacerba&#231;&#227;o neuro-hormonal tem efeitos prejudiciais para as c&#233;lulas do mioc&#225;rdio e pode levar &#224; apoptose celular, redu&#231;&#227;o da densidade neuronal ou a ambas<sup>6,7</sup>. A hiperativa&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica &#233; um forte indicador de progn&#243;stico adverso, independentemente da classe funcional<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A imagem card&#237;aca com iodo-123-metaiodobenzilguanidina (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) pode avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico em pacientes com IC, fornecendo informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas para o tratamento e progn&#243;stico<sup>10-12</sup>. Recentemente, uma meta-an&#225;lise mostrou que uma baixa rela&#231;&#227;o <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino (H/M) tardia e taxa de washout (WO) aumentada estavam associadas com uma maior incid&#234;ncia de eventos adversos e de mortalidade, respectivamente<sup>13</sup>. O estudo ADMIRE-HF demonstrou que a imagem card&#237;aca com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG traz informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas independentes adicionais para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com IC, acima dos marcadores comumente usados, como a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-B<sup>14, 15</sup>.</p>
    <p>A intoler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio apresentada por pacientes com IC &#233; outro marcador progn&#243;stico<sup>16</sup> importante e h&#225; uma estreita associa&#231;&#227;o entre a capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG e as classes funcionais da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA)<sup>17</sup>, embora nenhum estudo tenha avaliado se a gravidade dos sintomas est&#225; mais relacionada &#224; FEVE do que &#224; atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca, atrav&#233;s do <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG.</p>
    <p>Nosso objetivo foi estabelecer a correla&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional NYHA com a capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, e com a FEVE em pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica sem tratamento pr&#233;vio com betabloqueador.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 31 indiv&#237;duos consecutivos, com IC e classe funcional I-IV da <italic>New York Heart Association </italic>(NYHA), sem tratamento anterior com beta-bloqueador e com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &lt; 45%. A FEVE foi medida por ventilografia de equil&#237;brio com radionucl&#237;deos. Os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos &#224; cintilografia com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG para avaliar a integridade neuronal simp&#225;tica, quantificada pela rela&#231;&#227;o de capta&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino (H/M) em imagens planas de 30 minutos e 4 horas. A ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico foi estimada pela taxa de <italic>washout</italic>. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de acordo com a NYHA: grupo A - pacientes em classe funcional I, II; e Grupo B - pacientes em classe funcional III, IV. A gravidade dos sintomas foi estimada pela classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: doen&#231;a valvular prim&#225;ria, diabetes mellitus (glicemia de jejum <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dL), fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, marca-passo card&#237;aco artificial; bloqueio atrioventricular do segundo grau; uso pr&#233;vio de betabloqueadores; gravidez; doen&#231;a de Parkinson ou qualquer condi&#231;&#227;o que afetasse o sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico.</p>
    <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, radiografia do t&#243;rax, avalia&#231;&#227;o e ecocardiograma. A cintilografia card&#237;aca com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG foi realizada ap&#243;s jejum noturno e ingest&#227;o oral pr&#233;via de uma solu&#231;&#227;o de iodeto de pot&#225;ssio dois dias antes e depois do procedimento. 370 MBq de <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG (IEN/CNEN) foi injetado por via intravenosa e imagens planares do t&#243;rax na proje&#231;&#227;o anterior foram obtidas em uma matriz de 256 x 256, 30 minutos (imagem inicial) e 4 horas depois (imagem tardia). A aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagem durou 10 minutos, utilizando uma gama-c&#226;mera de duas cabe&#231;as (e.cam Duet-Siemens), com colimadores de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o e baixa energia em uma janela de 20% em torno de um pico fotogr&#225;fico de 159-keV. A capta&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG foi quantificada por regi&#227;o de interesse (ROI), desenhada manualmente em torno da proje&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e relacionada com a capta&#231;&#227;o de fundo quantificada pela ROI posicionada sobre a &#225;rea do mediastino superior. A rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o mediastino (H/M) foi ent&#227;o computada para quantificar a capta&#231;&#227;o de <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG card&#237;aco, tendo em conta o decaimento radioativo, tal como anteriormente descrito por Ogita e cols.<sup>18</sup>. Resultados normais foram definidos com base no estudo de Ogita, considerando o WO <underline>&lt;</underline> 27% e a rela&#231;&#227;o H/M &gt; 1,80 como normal<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Todos os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. An&#225;lises univariadas e regress&#227;o multivariada <italic>stepwise</italic> foram utilizadas para elucidar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis e os par&#226;metros do <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o <italic>software</italic> IBM SPSS Statistics 17.0 para <italic>Windows</italic>. As vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas foram analisadas pelo teste T-Student e as vari&#225;veis n&#227;o-param&#233;tricas pelo teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Spearman</italic>. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o (UFF / HUAP # 2006/14) e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e informado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 58 &#177; 12 anos nos 31 pacientes avaliados no estudo. O grupo A era constitu&#237;do por 13 pacientes em Classe I/II da NYHA e o grupo B por 18 pacientes em Classe NYHA III / IV. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="a03tab01">Tabela 1</xref> mostra as principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="a03tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0004-30111-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A FEVE m&#233;dia global foi de 27 + 11%. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes do grupo B, os pacientes do grupo A apresentaram uma FEVE significativamente maior (25% &#177; 12% para o grupo B vs. 32% &#177; 7% no grupo A, p = 0,04). No Grupo B a rela&#231;&#227;o H/M precoce e tardia foi menor do que no grupo A (H/M inicial 1,49 &#177; 0,15 vs. 1,64 &#177; 0,14, p = 0,02; H/M tardia 1,39 &#177; 0,13 vs. 1,58 &#177; 0,16, p = 0,001, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig01">Figura 1</xref>). A taxa de WO foi significativamente maior no grupo B em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo A (36% &#177; 17%, vs. 30% &#177; 12%, p = 0,04) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig01">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0004-30111-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    <fig id="fig02">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0004-30111-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A vari&#225;vel que mostrou a melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com a classe funcional NYHA foi a rela&#231;&#227;o H/M tardia (r = -0,585, p = 0,001), ajustada para a idade e sexo. Al&#233;m disso, a H/M inicial (r = -0,399, p = 0,032) e a taxa de WO (r = 0,410, p = 0,027) mostraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com a classe NYHA, ajustadas para a idade e sexo. A correla&#231;&#227;o da classe NYHA com a FEVE (r = -0,323, p = 0,087) n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal achado do estudo foi que o <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG se correlaciona melhor do que a FEVE com a gravidade dos sintomas em pacientes com IC sist&#243;lica sem tratamento pr&#233;vio com betabloqueador. Mais especificamente, a raz&#227;o H/M tardia foi independentemente correlacionada com a classe NYHA.</p>
    <p>Katoh e cols.<sup>20</sup> demonstraram que os pacientes com IC e FEVE preservada com classe funcional NYHA avan&#231;ada tiveram uma rela&#231;&#227;o 123I-MIBG H/M tardia significativamente menor e uma taxa de WO significativamente mais alta (classe funcional I-II vs. III: 1,90 &#177; 0,34 vs. 1,49 &#177; 0,32 , p &lt;0,0001; 25,9 &#177; 13,4 vs 46,9 &#177; 16,3%, p &lt;0,0001, respectivamente)<sup>20</sup>. Estes dados s&#227;o semelhantes aos nossos resultados: o grupo da classe funcional III-IV mostrou uma significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o H/M, 1,39 vs. 1,58 (p &lt;0,001), e uma taxa de WO significativamente maior, 36 vs. 30 (p = 0,04). O estudo<sup>20</sup> mencionado com pacientes com IC e FEVE preservada tamb&#233;m revelou que a taxa de WO de <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG n&#227;o se correlacionou com a FEVE e mostrou uma fraca correla&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de BNP (r = 0,207, p = 0,0346) e, al&#233;m disso, pacientes com alta taxa de WO apresentavam um desfecho cl&#237;nico ruim (p = 0,0033).</p>
    <p>Ekman e cols.<sup>16</sup> relataram que uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na capta&#231;&#227;o de MIBG est&#225; melhor relacionada com a sobreviv&#234;ncia do que a FEVE. O estudo ADMIRE-HF tamb&#233;m demonstrou que a imagem nuclear simp&#225;tica do cora&#231;&#227;o poderia identificar quais pacientes eram mais propensos a um progn&#243;stico pior<sup>15</sup>. Uma meta-an&#225;lise de estudos japoneses com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG indica que tanto a diminui&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG H/M e um aumento da taxa de WO s&#227;o indicativos de mau progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica<sup>21</sup>. Uma H/M baixa indica um alto risco de morte card&#237;aca com <italic>odds ratio</italic> de 5,2:1, e, uma WO alta tamb&#233;m foi associada com eventos letais, com um <italic>odds ratio</italic> de 2.8:1 <sup>21</sup>. Em outro estudo recente, um risco mais elevado de morte card&#237;aca foi confirmado em pacientes com uma elevada taxa de WO, com um risco relativo de 3,3 (p = 0,01)<sup>22</sup>. Eles tamb&#233;m mostraram que a taxa de WO (p = 0,0002) era um preditor independente de morte card&#237;aca<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>A imagem simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca com <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG &#233; uma ferramenta n&#227;o invasiva para estratificar o risco de pacientes com IC. Em pacientes com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica e n&#227;o-isqu&#234;mica, a atividade card&#237;aca do <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG pode ser muito &#250;til para prever sobrevida. A imagem simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca pode melhorar a nossa vis&#227;o de como a hiperatividade simp&#225;tica exerce efeitos delet&#233;rios, e seu uso pode resultar em um melhor tratamento e resultado para o paciente com IC. A <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG H/M tardia e a taxa de WO t&#234;m sido utilizadas para monitorar a resposta ao tratamento m&#233;dico<sup>23</sup>. A imagem com o <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada a um maior risco de arritmias ventriculares e morte<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca compreende um amplo espectro de aspectos cl&#237;nicos e tem muitos mecanismos compensat&#243;rios sendo ativados a cada momento para manter a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e a homeostase do sistema. A fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda pode mostrar ampla varia&#231;&#227;o dependendo das suas pr&#243;prias necessidades fisiol&#243;gicas, e alguns mecanismos compensat&#243;rios podem ser prejudiciais e n&#227;o eficazes em longo prazo<sup>25</sup>. Assim, a FEVE n&#227;o tem uma correla&#231;&#227;o direta e forte com a gravidade dos sintomas, como observado em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda grave, enquanto alguns pacientes com graves limita&#231;&#245;es na qualidade de vida podem apresentar IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normal<sup>26</sup>. Dessa forma, o grau de comprometimento funcional, medido pela classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional da NYHA, pode indicar um estado de ativa&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica aumentada e, portanto, em conjunto com outros par&#226;metros, um pior progn&#243;stico de longo prazo. Os estudos em pacientes com IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de ejec&#231;&#227;o normal sugerem que esses pacientes t&#234;m mortalidade semelhante a pacientes com IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida<sup>27,28</sup>. Coletivamente, estes dados sugerem que o mecanismo final comum que influencia o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC &#233; o grau de ativa&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica, independentemente do modelo de IC. Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo, devemos mencionar a amostra relativamente pequena. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um par&#226;metro subjetivo para quantificar o comprometimento funcional de pacientes com IC ao inv&#233;s da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de par&#226;metros objetivos. No entanto, a classe NYHA &#233; amplamente utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e tem provado ser confi&#225;vel e reprodut&#237;vel, e ainda est&#225; sendo usada em estudos recentes<sup>29</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG card&#237;aco se correlaciona melhor do que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade dos sintomas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica sem tratamento pr&#233;vio com betabloqueador. Esses achados podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es importantes para uma melhor compreens&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome de IC, para melhorar a precis&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico e para desenvolver novas abordagens na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com IC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho foi financiado atrav&#233;s de uma bolsa da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) e Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear / CNEN (IEN), Rio de Janeiro-Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Miranda SM, Mesquita CT; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Miranda SM, Moscavitch SD, N&#243;brega ACL, Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Miranda SM, Moscavitch SD, Carestiato LR, Felix RM, Rodrigues RC, Messias LR, Azevedo JC, N&#243;brega ACL, Mesquita CT.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Sandra M. Miranda pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Claudio Tinoco Mesquita </p>
        <p> Av. Almte Ary Parreiras Almte 60, Apto. 801, Icara&#237; </p>
        <p> CEP 24230-322, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="ctinocom@cardiol.br">ctinocom@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com">claudiotinocomesquita@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 15/06/12; revisado em 02/10/12; aceito em 14/01/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiac I123-MIBG correlates better than ejection fraction with symptoms severity in systolic heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND:The association of autonomic activation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and heart failure functional class is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to correlate symptom severity with cardiac sympathetic activity, through iodine-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I-MIBG) scintigraphy and with LVEF in systolic heart failure (HF) patients without previous beta-blocker treatment. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with systolic HF, class I to IV of the New York Heart Association (NYHA), without previous beta-blocker treatment, were enrolled and submitted to 123I-MIBG scintigraphy and to radionuclide ventriculography for LVEF determination. The early and delayed heart/mediastinum (H/M) ratio and the washout rate (WR) were performed. RESULTS: According with symptom severity, patients were divided into group A, 13 patients in NYHA class I/II, and group B, 18 patients in NYHA class III/IV. Compared with group B patients, group A had a significantly higher LVEF (25% &#177; 12% in group B vs. 32% &#177; 7% in group A, p = 0.04). Group B early and delayed H/M ratios were lower than group A ratios (early H/M 1.49 &#177; 0.15 vs. 1.64 &#177; 0.14, p = 0.02; delayed H/M 1.39 &#177; 0.13 vs. 1.58 &#177; 0.16, p = 0.001, respectively). WR was significantly higher in group B (36% &#177; 17% vs. 30% &#177; 12%, p= 0.04). The variable that showed the best correlation with NYHA class was the delayed H/M ratio (r= -0.585; p=0.001), adjusted for age and sex. CONCLUSION: This study showed that cardiac 123I-MIBG correlates better than ejection fraction with symptom severity in systolic heart failure patients without previous beta-blocker treatment.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>3-Iodobenzylguanidine</kwd>
        <kwd>Sympathetic Nervous System</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Cardiac I123-MIBG correlates better than ejection fraction with symptoms severity in systolic heart failure</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Sandra M. Miranda<sup>I</sup>; Samuel D. Moscavitch<sup>I</sup>; Larissa R. Carestiato<sup>I</sup>; Renata M. Felix<sup>II</sup>; Ronaldo C. Rodrigues<sup>I</sup>; Leandro R. Messias<sup>I</sup>; Jader C. Azevedo<sup>I,II</sup>; Antonio Cl&#225;udio L. N&#243;brega<sup>I</sup>; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I</sup>; Claudio Tinoco Mesquita<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Antonio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold>The association of autonomic activation, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and heart failure functional class is poorly understood.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Our aim was to correlate symptom severity with cardiac sympathetic activity, through iodine-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) scintigraphy and with LVEF in systolic heart failure (HF) patients without previous beta-blocker treatment.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty-one patients with systolic HF, class I to IV of the New York Heart Association (NYHA), without previous beta-blocker treatment, were enrolled and submitted to <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG scintigraphy and to radionuclide ventriculography for LVEF determination. The early and delayed heart/mediastinum (H/M) ratio and the washout rate (WR) were performed.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> According with symptom severity, patients were divided into group A, 13 patients in NYHA class I/II, and group B, 18 patients in NYHA class III/IV. Compared with group B patients, group A had a significantly higher LVEF (25% &#177; 12% in group B vs. 32% &#177; 7% in group A, p = 0.04). Group B early and delayed H/M ratios were lower than group A ratios (early H/M 1.49 &#177; 0.15 vs. 1.64 &#177; 0.14, p = 0.02; delayed H/M 1.39 &#177; 0.13 vs. 1.58 &#177; 0.16, p = 0.001, respectively). WR was significantly higher in group B (36% &#177; 17% vs. 30% &#177; 12%, p= 0.04). The variable that showed the best correlation with NYHA class was the delayed H/M ratio (r= -0.585; p=0.001), adjusted for age and sex.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> This study showed that cardiac <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG correlates better than ejection fraction with symptom severity in systolic heart failure patients without previous beta-blocker treatment. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart Failure; Stroke Volume; 3-Iodobenzylguanidine; Sympathetic Nervous System.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is one of the major problems in public and private health systems. Coronary heart disease is the first etiology of HF accounting for 34% of the cases, followed by idiopathic etiology (26%)<sup>1</sup>. In HF, a dysfunction on the left ventricle triggers processes to restore cardiac output. These responses can eventually become a part of the disease process itself, worsening the cardiac function. Among these mechanisms, the hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system provides inotropic support to the failing heart and peripheral vasoconstriction to maintain arterial pressure<sup>2-5</sup>. This neurohormonal exacerbation has deleterious effects for myocardial cells and can lead to cell apoptosis, decreased neuronal density or both<sup>6,7</sup>. The adrenergic hyperactivation is a strong indicator of adverse prognosis, regardless of functional class<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Cardiac imaging with iodine-123-metaiodobenzylguanidine (<sup>123</sup>I-MIBG) can assess sympathetic system function in HF patients, providing valuable information for treatment and prognosis<sup>10-12</sup>. Recently, a meta-analysis showed that low delayed <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG heart/mediastinum ratio (H/M) and increased washout rate (WR) were associated with a higher incidence of adverse events and mortality, respectively<sup>13</sup>. The ADMIRE-HF trial demonstrated that <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG cardiac imaging carries additional independent prognostic information for risk-stratifying in HF patients, above the commonly used markers, such as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and B-type natriuretic peptide<sup>14,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>The exercise intolerance presented by HF patients is another important prognostic marker<sup>16</sup> and there is a close association between <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG uptake and New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class<sup>17</sup>, although no study has assessed whether symptom severity is more related to LEVF than cardiac sympathetic activity, by <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG.</p>
      <p>Our aim was to establish the correlation of NYHA functional class with myocardial uptake of <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG, and with LVEF in systolic HF patients without previous beta-blocker treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 31 consecutive subjects with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class I-IV HF, without previous beta-blocker treatment and with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &lt; 45% were studied. The LVEF was measured by gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography. Subjects underwent <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG scintigraphy to evaluate the sympathetic neuronal integrity, quantified by the heart/mediastinum uptake ratio (H/M) on 30-minute and on 4-hour planar images. Sympathetic activation was estimated by the washout rate. Patients were divided into two groups according to NYHA: group A - patients in NYHA class I, II; and, group B - patients in NYHA class III, IV. Symptom severity was estimated by the NYHA classification. </p>
      <p>Exclusion criteria were: primary valvular disease; diabetes mellitus (fasting glucose <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dL); atrial fibrillation; artificial cardiac pacemaker; second-degree atrioventricular block; previous use of beta-blockers; pregnancy; Parkinson's disease or any condition that could affect the sympathetic nervous system.</p>
      <p>All patients were submitted to clinical evaluation, chest radiography and echocardiogram. The cardiac <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG scintigraphy was performed after an overnight fast and previous thyroid block with oral intake of iodine potassium solution, administered two days before and after the procedure. 370 MBq of <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG (IEN/CNEN) was injected intravenously and anterior planar images of the chest, in a 256 x 256 matrix, were acquired 30 minutes after (early image) and 4 hours after (delayed image). Image acquisition lasted 10 minutes using a dual head gamma camera (E.CAM Duet-Siemens) with low energy high-resolution collimators in a 20% window around the 159-keV photopeak. Left ventricular <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG uptake was quantified by region of interest (ROI) drawn manually around the cardiac projection and related to background uptake quantified by ROI placed over the upper mediastinum area. The heart-to-mediastinum (H/M) ratio was then computed to quantify cardiac <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG uptake, taking radioactive decay into account, as previously described by Ogita et al<sup>18</sup>. Normal results were defined based on Ogita's study, considering the WR <underline>&lt;</underline> 27% and the H/M ratio &gt;1.80 as normal<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>All results were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Univariate analyses and multivariate stepwise regression were used to elucidate the associations between the variables and parameters of <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG. All statistical analyses were performed in IBM SPSS Statistics software 17.0 for Windows. The parametric variables were analyzed by the T-Student test and the non-parametric variables were analyzed by Spearman's test correlation. The statistical significance was defined as p &lt;0,05. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of our institution (UFF/Huap #2006/14) and all patients signed the written consent form.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mean age was 58 &#177; 12 years in the 31 patients evaluated in the study. Group A consisted of 13 NYHA Class I/II patients and group B of 18 NYHA Class III/IV patients. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_a03tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the main clinical features of the studied population.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_a03tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-101-01-0004-30111-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The overall mean LVEF was 27 &#177; 11%. Compared with group B patients, group A patients had a significantly higher LVEF (25% &#177; 12% in group B vs. 32% &#177; 7% in group A, p = 0.04). Group B early and delayed H/M ratios were lower than group A ratios (early H/M 1.49 &#177; 0.15 vs. 1.64 &#177; 0.14, p = 0.02; delayed H/M 1.39 &#177; 0.13 vs. 1.58 &#177; 0.16, p = 0.001, respectively) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a03fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). WR was significantly higher in group B than in group A (36% &#177; 17% vs. 30% &#177; 12%, p = 0.04) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a03fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a03fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a03fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>The variable that showed the best correlation with NYHA class was the delayed H/M ratio (r= -0.585; p=0.001), adjusted for age and sex. Additionally, early H/M (r = -0.399; p=0.032) and WR (r = 0.410; p = 0.027) showed a significant correlation with NYHA class, adjusted for age and sex. NYHA class correlationwith LVEF (r = -0.323; p=0.087) did not reach statistical significance. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main finding of our study was that <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG correlates better than LVEF with symptom severity in systolic HF patients without previous beta-blocker treatment. More specifically, the delayed H/M ratio was independently correlated with NYHA class.</p>
      <p>Katoh et al<sup>20</sup> demonstrated that preserved LVEF HF patients with advanced NYHA functional class had a significantly lower <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG delayed H/M ratio and a significantly higher WR (NYHA functional class I-II vs. III: 1.90 &#177; 0.34 vs. 1.49 &#177; 0.32, p &lt; 0.0001; 25.9 &#177; 13.4 vs. 46.9 &#177; 16.3%, p &lt; 0.0001, respectively)<sup>20</sup>. These data are similar to our findings: the NYHA functional class III-IV group showed a significantly lower H/M ratio, 1.39 vs. 1.58 (p&lt;0.001) and significantly higher WR, 36 vs. 30 (p=0.04). The aforementioned study<sup>20</sup> with preserved LVEF HF patients also showed that <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG WR was not correlated with LVEF and had a weak correlation with plasma BNP levels (r = 0.207, p = 0.0346); moreover, patients with high WR had a poor clinical outcome (p = 0.0033).</p>
      <p>Ekman et al<sup>16</sup> reported that a decreased MIBG uptake is better related to survival than LVEF. The ADMIRE-HF study also demonstrated that sympathetic nuclear imaging of the heart could identify which patients were more prone to worse prognosis<sup>15</sup>. A meta-analysis of Japanese &#185;&#178;&#179;I-MIBG studies indicates that both a decreased cardiac <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG H/M and an increased WR rate are indicative of poor prognosis in chronic HF patients<sup>21</sup>. A low H/M indicates a high risk of cardiac death with an odds ratio of 5.2:1; and, a high WR was also associated with lethal events, with an odds ratio of 2.8:1 <sup>21</sup>. In another recent study, a higher risk of cardiac death was confirmed in patients with an elevated WR, with a relative risk of 3.3 (p = 0.01)<sup>22</sup>. They also showed that the WR (p = 0.0002) was an independent predictor of cardiac death<sup>22</sup>. </p>
      <p>Cardiac sympathetic imaging with <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG is a noninvasive tool to stratify the risk of HF patients. In patients with ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, cardiac <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG activity can be very helpful to predict survival. Cardiac sympathetic imaging can improve our view on how sympathetic hyperactivity exerts deleterious effects, and its use may result in better therapy and outcome for the HF patient. The <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG delayed H/M ratio and WR have been used to monitor response to medical treatment<sup>23</sup>. The <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG imaging is also associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and death<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>Heart failure syndrome comprises a large spectrum of clinical aspects and has many compensatory mechanisms, being continuously activated to maintain ventricular function and system homeostasis. Left ventricular function can vary within a wide range depending on its own physiology requirements, and some compensatory mechanisms could be deleterious and not effective in long-term periods<sup>25</sup>. Thus, LVEF does not have a direct and strong correlation with symptom severity, as observed in asymptomatic patients with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, while some patients with severe quality of life limitations could have HF with normal ejection fraction<sup>26</sup>. Thus, the degree of functional impairment, measured by NYHA functional classification, can indicate increased adrenergic activation status and therefore, together with other parameters, a worse long-term prognosis. Studies with normal ejection fraction HF patients suggest that these patients have similar mortality to HF patients with reduced ejection fraction<sup>27,28</sup>. Collectively, these data suggest that the final common mechanism that influences HF patients' prognosis is the degree of adrenergic activation, regardless of the HF model. Among the limitations of our study, we should mention the relatively small sample size. Another limitation is the use of a subjective parameter to quantify the functional impairment of HF patients over the use of objective parameters. However, NYHA class is widely used in clinical practice and has been proved to be reliable and reproducible, and is still being used in recent studies<sup>29</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The cardiac <sup>123</sup>I-MIBG correlates better than ejection fraction with symptom severity in systolic heart failure patients without previous beta-blocker treatment. These findings could have important implications for a better understanding of HF syndrome, to improve diagnostic accuracy and to develop new approaches on risk stratification of HF patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This research was supported by a grant from Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) and Instituto de Engenharia Nuclear/CNEN (IEN), Rio de Janeiro-Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Miranda SM, Mesquita CT; Writing of the manuscript: Miranda SM, Moscavitch SD, N&#243;brega ACL, Mesquita ET, Mesquita CT; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Miranda SM, Moscavitch SD, Carestiato LR, Felix RM, Rodrigues RC, Messias LR, Azevedo JC, N&#243;brega ACL, Mesquita CT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Sandra M. Miranda, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
