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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">RJMmXNTQdkfYfQD5YL3F4Tw</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013002700002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10100100002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130143</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de Cardiotoxicidade Subcl&#237;nica Induzida por trastuzumabe em portadoras de c&#226;ncer de mama</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Mar&#237;lia Harumi Higuchi dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do C&#226;ncer de S&#227;o Paulo Octavio Frias de Oliveira</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>101</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>2</fpage>
      <lpage>3</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Detec&#231;&#227;o de Cardiotoxicidade Subcl&#237;nica Induzida por trastuzumabe em portadoras de c&#226;ncer de mama</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mar&#237;lia Harumi Higuchi dos Santos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (ICESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Antineoplasicos, Cardiotoxinas, Neoplasias da Mama, Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular, Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, o tratamento do c&#226;ncer teve grande evolu&#231;&#227;o nos campos da cirurgia, da radioterapia, e no surgimento de quimioter&#225;picos citot&#243;xicos, e terapias-alvo (incluindo anticorpos monoclonais, inibidores de tirosina quinase e inibidores da angiog&#234;nese). Com isso, houve aumento na sobrevida de pacientes com c&#226;ncer fazendo que as complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares relacionadas ao tratamento oncol&#243;gico sejam mais valorizadas por cardiologistas e oncologistas. </p>
    <p>A manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais frequente de cardiotoxicidade &#233; a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular sintom&#225;tica ou assintom&#225;tica que pode progredir para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>1</sup>. A disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pode ocorrer n&#227;o apenas ap&#243;s a quimioterapia convencional com antraciclinas, mas tamb&#233;m com os novos agentes antitumorais como o trastuzumabe.</p>
    <p>Diversos estudos t&#234;m mostrado que o rastreamento de cardiotoxicidade atrav&#233;s do seguimento de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pode ser inadequado para detectar a forma subcl&#237;nica da doen&#231;a<sup>2</sup>. Sabe-se que o tempo de institui&#231;&#227;o de terapia cardiovascular &#233; importante fator progn&#243;stico de recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e para evitar o desenvolvimento de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>3</sup>. Assim, v&#225;rios biomarcadores t&#234;m sido estudados na tentativa de detec&#231;&#227;o precoce de cardiotoxicidade, sobretudo a troponina, o BNP e os microRNAs<sup>4,5</sup>. No entanto, ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o estabelecidos o tempo ideal de coleta, nem a popula&#231;&#227;o ideal a ser submetida a esse rastreio. Al&#233;m disso, m&#233;todos mais sens&#237;veis de avalia&#231;&#227;o da estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica e o ecocardiograma com <italic>strain</italic> parecem detectar formas subcl&#237;nicas da doen&#231;a<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Algumas medica&#231;&#245;es comumente utilizadas no manejo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca t&#234;m mostrado efeito ben&#233;fico sobre a cardiotoxicidade relacionada aos quimioter&#225;picos. O uso de inibidores de enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina em pacientes com aumento de troponina durante o tratamento quimioter&#225;pico pode ser uma ferramenta efetiva na preven&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e eventos cardiovasculares tardios<sup>6</sup>. Entretanto, n&#227;o existem grandes estudos para avalia&#231;&#227;o do efeito dessas medica&#231;&#245;es sobre a efic&#225;cia terap&#234;utica antineopl&#225;sica. No tratamento da cardiotoxicidade associada ao uso de agentes quimioter&#225;picos, betabloqueadores e inibidores de enzima de convers&#227;o de angiotensina parecem ser efetivos. No entanto, o tratamento precoce da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular &#233; fundamental, uma vez que existe correla&#231;&#227;o entre o tempo de in&#237;cio do tratamento da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>A amplifica&#231;&#227;o do gene HER2 e/ou hiperexpress&#227;o de sua prote&#237;na ocorre em aproximadamente 20% dos c&#226;nceres de mama e est&#225; associada a pior progn&#243;stico<sup>7</sup>. Novos agentes quimioter&#225;picos, com alvo no receptor HER2 e sua via de a&#231;&#227;o, revolucionaram o tratamento desse tipo de c&#226;ncer<sup>8</sup>. O trastuzumabe, um anticorpo monoclonal humanizado, foi a primeira terapia-alvo contra a via HER2, e seu uso mudou a hist&#243;ria natural do c&#226;ncer de mama HER2+, resultando em melhora da sobrevida similar a c&#226;nceres de mama HER2-. Dessa forma, o trastuzumabe tornou-se ponto-chave no tratamento de c&#226;ncer de mama HER2+. Entretanto, apesar dos benef&#237;cios proeminentes em sobrevida relacionado ao tratamento anti-HER2, foi notado um significante aumento na toxicidade card&#237;aca relacionado &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o<sup>9</sup>, com v&#225;rios eventos de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca reportados em estudos cl&#237;nicos com o uso de trastuzumabe. Embora a toxicidade card&#237;aca induzida pela terapia anti-HER2 n&#227;o seja completamente conhecida, estudos pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicos mostram importante papel das vias de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o de HER2 na fisiologia card&#237;aca, dado que ambos os receptores HER2 e seus ligantes s&#227;o expressos nos cardiomi&#243;citos. Apesar dos benef&#237;cios antic&#226;ncer oferecidos pela terapia anti-HER, existe justificada preocupa&#231;&#227;o com o potencial de eventos card&#237;acos adversos e estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar formas de detec&#231;&#227;o precoce dessa toxicidade, bem como a melhor forma de manejo, visto que as vias de toxicidade e terap&#234;utica podem estar superpostas<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Acredita-se que a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica possa preceder o aparecimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>11</sup>. Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, Dores e cols.<sup>12</sup> estudaram 51 mulheres com c&#226;ncer de mama HER2+ por cinco meses para avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de cardiotoxicidade precoce. Apesar de n&#227;o terem encontrado insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica, os autores mostraram que ao terceiro m&#234;s j&#225; existiam diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos ap&#243;s a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do trastuzumabe. Os autores encontraram diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significante na rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#180;do in&#237;cio ao terceiro m&#234;s de seguimento, relacionada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o na velocidade &#233; mioc&#225;rdica, conforme avaliado por Doppler tecidual. Em mais da metade das pacientes (57,9%), foi encontrada queda de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, mas apenas em uma para valores abaixo de 55%.</p>
    <p>Com o crescimento da cardio-oncologia e o surgimento constante de novos agentes quimioter&#225;picos, estudos de vigil&#226;ncia e a busca de marcadores precoces de altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas no paciente oncol&#243;gico s&#227;o de grande import&#226;ncia para o manejo adequado desses pacientes. </p>
    <p>"Editorial sob responsabilidade do Cardiosource em Portugu&#234;s. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://cientifico.cardiol.br/cardiosource2/default.asp">http://cientifico.cardiol.br/cardiosource2/default.asp</ext-link>"</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Mar&#237;lia Harumi Higuchi dos Santos </p>
        <p> Rua Capote Valente 361 ap. 142. Jd America </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo - SP - Brasil - CEP 05409-001 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="mhhsantos@yahoo.com">mhhsantos@yahoo.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 11/06/13; revisado em 11/06/13; aceito em 11/06/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Detection of Subclinical Trastuzumab-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Patients with Breast Cancer</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>EDITORIAL</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Detection of subclinical trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Mar&#237;lia Harumi Higuchi dos Santos</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do C&#226;ncer do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (ICESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil </p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Antineoplastic, Agents; Cardiotoxins; Breast Neoplasms; Ventricular Dysfunction; Heart Failure.</p>
      <p>In recent decades, the treatment of cancer has shown great development in the fields of surgery, radiation therapy and the emergence of cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted cancer therapies (including monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine-kinase inhibitors and angiogenesis inhibitors). Consequently, there has been an increase in survival of patients with cancer, making cardiovascular complications related to chemotherapy be more carefully taken into consideration by cardiologists and oncologists.</p>
      <p>The most frequent clinical manifestation of cardiotoxicity is symptomatic or asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction that can progress to heart failure<sup>1</sup>. Ventricular dysfunction can occur not only after conventional chemotherapy with anthracyclines, but with the new antitumor agents, such as trastuzumab.</p>
      <p>Several studies have shown that screening for cardiotoxicity by assessing the ejection fraction may be inadequate to detect subclinical disease<sup>2</sup>. It is known that the time of implementation of cardiovascular therapy is an important prognostic factor in heart function recovery and to prevent heart failure development<sup>3</sup>. Thus, several biomarkers have been studied in an attempt at early detection of cardiotoxicity, particularly troponin, BNP and microRNAs<sup>4,5</sup>. However, the optimal time of collection, or an ideal population to be submitted to this screening is yet to be determined. In addition, more sensitive methods for the assessment of cardiac structure and function, such as magnetic resonance imaging and strain echocardiography seem to detect the subclinical forms of the disease<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>Some medications commonly used in the management of heart failure have shown a beneficial effect on chemotherapy-related cardiotoxicity. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with troponin increase during chemotherapy can be an effective tool to prevent left ventricular dysfunction and late cardiovascular events<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, there are no large studies that evaluated the effect of these medications on anticancer therapy efficacy. In the treatment of cardiotoxicity associated with the use of chemotherapeutic agents, beta-blockers, enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors seem to be effective. However, early treatment of ventricular dysfunction is important, considering the correlation between the time of start of ventricular dysfunction treatment and cardiac function recovery<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The HER2 gene amplification and/or overexpression of its protein occurs in approximately 20% of breast cancers and is associated with a worse prognosis<sup>7</sup>. New chemotherapeutic agents, targeted at the HER2 receptor and its action pathway, have revolutionized the treatment of this type of cancer<sup>8</sup>. Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, was the first targeted therapy against the HER2 pathway and its use has changed the natural history of HER2+ breast cancer, resulting in improved survival similar to HER2- breast cancers. Thus, trastuzumab has become the key point in the treatment of HER2 + breast cancer.</p>
      <p>However, despite the outstanding benefits in survival related to anti-HER2 treatment, a significant increase in drug-related cardiac toxicity has been observed<sup>9</sup>, with several cardiac dysfunction events reported in clinical studies with the use of trastuzumab. Although cardiac toxicity induced by anti-HER2 therapy is not completely understood, preclinical studies have demonstrated an important role of HER2 signaling pathway in cardiac physiology, since both HER2 receptors and its ligands are expressed in cardiomyocytes. Despite the benefits offered by anti-HER therapy, there is justified concern about the potential adverse cardiac events and studies are needed to assess ways of early detection of this toxicity, as well as the best way of handling it, as the pathways of toxicity and therapeutics<sup>10</sup> may be superimposed.</p>
      <p>It is believed that diastolic dysfunction may precede the onset of left ventricular systolic dysfunction<sup>11</sup>. In this issue, Dores et al<sup>12</sup> studied 51 women with HER2 + breast cancer for five months to assess the occurrence of early cardiotoxicity. Although they found no symptomatic heart failure, the authors showed that as early as the third month of treatment, there were differences in diastolic parameters after the use of trastuzumab. The authors found a statistically significant difference in the E/e' ratio from the beginning to the third month of follow-up related to a reduction in myocardial velocity, as assessed by tissue Doppler. More than half of patients (57.9%) showed a decrease in ejection fraction, but only one had a decrease below 55%.</p>
      <p>With the development of cardio-oncology and the constant advent of new chemotherapeutic agents, surveillance studies and the search for early markers of cardiac abnormalities in cancer patients is of great importance for the adequate management of these patients.</p>
      <p>"Editorial under the responsibility of Cardiosource in Portuguese. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://cientifico.cardiol.br/cardiosource2/default.asp">http://cientifico.cardiol.br/cardiosource2/default.asp</ext-link>"</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
