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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">pWYDFtHf3xG7GGf6NLXfZ5G</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000600016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000600016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130119</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Deslocamento de stent no tratamento de dissec&#231;&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marchiori</surname>
            <given-names>Gilberto Guilherme Ajjar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meireles</surname>
            <given-names>George C&#233;sar Ximenes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kreimer</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galon</surname>
            <given-names>Micheli Zanoti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual Francisco Morato de Oliveira</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>e71</fpage>
      <lpage>e74</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>05</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Deslocamento de <italic>stent</italic> no tratamento de dissec&#231;&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Gilberto Guilherme Ajjar Marchiori<sup>I,II</sup>; George C&#233;sar Ximenes Meireles<sup>I</sup>; S&#233;rgio Kreimer<sup>I</sup>; Micheli Zanoti Galon<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual - IAMSPE</p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Art&#233;rias Coron&#225;rias, Dissec&#231;&#227;o, Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria com Bal&#227;o, Stents.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o acidental do tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE) &#233; uma das complica&#231;&#245;es mais temidas pelo cardiologista intervencionista, cuja ocorr&#234;ncia pode ter consequ&#234;ncia grave se n&#227;o diagnosticada e tratada prontamente com a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A incid&#234;ncia da dissec&#231;&#227;o ocasionada pelo cateter &#233; menor que 0,1%, elevando-se para 1,05% em pacientes com les&#227;o obstrutiva do TCE<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A realiza&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea imediata com implante de <italic>stent </italic>parece ser a medida apropriada para tratamento de dissec&#231;&#227;o acidental do TCE de moderada/grande extens&#227;o, como demonstrado no presente caso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mulher de 72 anos &#233; atendida no pronto-socorro com hist&#243;ria de cansa&#231;o aos esfor&#231;os moderados, com in&#237;cio h&#225; uma semana, e dor precordial opressiva, em repouso, sem irradia&#231;&#227;o, com dura&#231;&#227;o de 10 minutos. A press&#227;o arterial era de 110/70 mmHg, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 90 bpm e a satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio 91%. A ausculta cardiopulmonar estava normal. Apresentava como fator de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria: dislipidemia. Relata tratamento cir&#250;rgico para melanoma e uso de sertralina 50 mg ao dia para tratamento de depress&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O eletrocardiograma de repouso revelou ritmo sinusal e invers&#227;o de onda T de V4-V6. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou altera&#231;&#227;o do relaxamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de 68%. O teste de esfor&#231;o, subm&#225;ximo, realizado h&#225; tr&#234;s meses da interna&#231;&#227;o, foi sugestivo de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Foi, ent&#227;o, indicada a coronariografia.</p>
    <p>A coronariografia foi realizada pela t&#233;cnica radial (introdutor e cateteres 6F) e na primeira inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste n&#227;o foram observadas les&#245;es obstrutivas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">Figura 1A</xref>). Na segunda inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste se observou imagem de dissec&#231;&#227;o na por&#231;&#227;o inicial e m&#233;dia do TCE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">Figura 1B</xref>). A paciente n&#227;o referiu queixas. Foi medicada com 600 mg de clopidogrel e, devido ao aspecto da dissec&#231;&#227;o, optou-se pelo implante de <italic>stent</italic> DRIVER (Medtronic-AVE, Santa Rosa, CA, USA) 4,0x12 mm, liberado com 20 atm, seguido de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o n&#227;o complacente (Quantum, Bostom Scientific Inc, Natick, USA) 4,5x12 mm com 20 atm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">Figuras 1 C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">D</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">E</xref>). No controle angiogr&#225;fico imediato p&#243;s-implante verificou-se que o <italic>stent</italic> expandido migrou para o corpo do cateter-guia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">Figura 1F</xref>). Foi ent&#227;o realizado o implante de outro <italic>stent</italic> DRIVER (Medtronic-AVE) 4,0x18 mm no TCE com 20 atm, seguido de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o semicomplacente 5,0x12 mm (Quantum, Bostom Scientific Inc, Natick, USA) com 12 atm. O controle angiogr&#225;fico final mostrou <italic>stent</italic> com aspecto de implante &#243;timo no TCE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">Figuras 2 A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">C</xref>).</p>
    <p><fig id="a16fig01"/>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="a16fig01a">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0e71-30119-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="a16fig01x01b"/><fig id="a16fig01b"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0e71-30119-gf02.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p><fig id="a16fig02"/>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="a16fig02a">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0e71-30119-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="a16fig02x02b"/><fig id="a16fig02b"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0e71-30119-gf04.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>O <italic>stent</italic> expandido no corpo do cateter-guia migrou at&#233; a art&#233;ria braquial direita, onde foi implantado com sucesso com bal&#227;o 5,0x12 mm com 8 atm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">Figuras 2 D</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">E</xref>). A arteriografia braquial direita p&#243;s-implante mostrou aspecto de implante &#243;timo, sem sinais de dissec&#231;&#227;o e fluxo TIMI 3 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">Figura 2 F</xref>). Ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do procedimento foram realizadas coronariografia direita, que mostrou art&#233;ria isenta de obstru&#231;&#245;es, e ventriculografia esquerda, que mostrou ventr&#237;culo esquerdo normal.</p>
    <p>A paciente foi transferida para a Unidade Coron&#225;ria (Uco) e medicada com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, 100 mg ao dia, clopidogrel, 75 mg ao dia, atorvastatina, 20 mg ao dia, atenolol, 50 mg ao dia, e enoxaparina, 60 mg subcut&#226;nea de 12 em 12 horas. A paciente evoluiu sem complica&#231;&#245;es e recebeu alta da Uco no quarto dia de interna&#231;&#227;o. No processo de desenvolvimento n&#227;o apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o de marcadores de necrose nem altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas. Foi transferida para a enfermaria, onde permaneceu assintom&#225;tica, e recebeu alta hospitalar ap&#243;s tr&#234;s dias.</p>
    <p>A paciente foi reavaliada clinicamente ap&#243;s dois meses do implante de <italic>stent</italic> no TCE e permanecia assintom&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente caso se diferencia dos casos relatados de dissec&#231;&#227;o do TCE na literatura m&#233;dica devido ao deslocamento do <italic>stent</italic> implantado no TCE para o cateter-guia na p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o, assim como pela solu&#231;&#227;o de implante do <italic>stent </italic>deslocado para o cateter-guia na art&#233;ria braquial direita.</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial, extensa aterosclerose, s&#237;ndrome de Marfan, valva a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide ou unic&#250;spide e necrose c&#237;stica da m&#233;dia s&#227;o condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas que predisp&#245;em &#224; dissec&#231;&#227;o do TCE. A ulcera&#231;&#227;o de placa ateroscler&#243;tica pode servir como ponto de entrada para o fluxo sangu&#237;neo puls&#225;til<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A dissec&#231;&#227;o acidental do TCE resulta de les&#227;o da parede arterial durante: manipula&#231;&#227;o excessiva e descuidada do cateter; troca de cateteres por outros de curvatura maiores ou de diferentes formas (Amplatz), para superar dificuldades na cateteriza&#231;&#227;o do TCE pela sua localiza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o usual na raiz da aorta; inje&#231;&#227;o vigorosa de contraste com o cateter em posi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o coaxial; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de cateteres com ponta dura e entuba&#231;&#227;o profunda do cateter<sup>1,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente caso foi realizado por um cardiologista intervencionista experiente, via radial, com cateter diagn&#243;stico 6F com ponta macia (Merit Medical Systems, South Jordan, Utah), sem dificuldades na cateteriza&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda, que se apresentava sem aterosclerose aparente, e o prov&#225;vel mecanismo da dissec&#231;&#227;o foi a inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste com a ponta do cateter em posi&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o coaxial.</p>
    <p>Ocorreu um deslocamento do <italic>stent</italic> implantado no TCE na p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o com bal&#227;o curto (12 mm) n&#227;o complacente para o corpo do cateter-guia. O deslocamento pode ser secund&#225;rio a angula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria acentuada, calcifica&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, subdimensionamento do <italic>stent</italic>, pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria inadequada e <italic>stent</italic> direto. No caso atual, a prov&#225;vel explica&#231;&#227;o para o deslocamento foi a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> com rela&#231;&#227;o di&#226;metro do <italic>stent</italic>/di&#226;metro do vaso &lt; 1, por indisponibilidade de medida maior, n&#227;o se obtendo aposi&#231;&#227;o total do <italic>stent</italic> &#224;s paredes do vaso com consequente deslizamento do <italic>stent</italic> durante a p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o para o corpo do cateter-guia. O implante do <italic>stent </italic>deslocado na art&#233;ria braquial direita evitou a necessidade de retirada cir&#250;rgica do <italic>stent</italic>, uma vez que o mesmo estava expandido, impossibilitando sua retirada via introdutor radial.</p>
    <p>Na dissec&#231;&#227;o acidental do TCE o quadro cl&#237;nico pode variar, na depend&#234;ncia do fluxo anter&#243;grado, de pacientes assintom&#225;ticos com fluxo TIMI 3 hemodinamicamente est&#225;veis a choque cardiog&#234;nico com oclus&#227;o total da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda. A estrat&#233;gia de tratamento pode ser conservadora, com interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, de acordo com o quadro cl&#237;nico<sup>5</sup>. A princ&#237;pio, nos pacientes hemodinamicamente est&#225;veis, com dissec&#231;&#227;o de pequena extens&#227;o e sem comprometimento do fluxo coron&#225;rio, pode ser tomada uma conduta expectante<sup>5</sup>. Ao contr&#225;rio, em pacientes com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e nos quais ocorreu envolvimento da aorta de 40 mm ou mais a partir do &#243;stio coron&#225;rio, h&#225; indica&#231;&#227;o de interven&#231;&#227;o<sup>5,6,7</sup>. No entanto, mesmo em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos, hemodinamicamente est&#225;veis e com fluxo TIMI 3, pode ocorrer deteriora&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida do quadro cl&#237;nico pela progress&#227;o da dissec&#231;&#227;o com comprometimento do fluxo ou forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo local, situa&#231;&#227;o que exige revasculariza&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida via interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica. O uso do bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico pode servir para estabilizar o paciente em situa&#231;&#245;es de choque, mas &#233; obviamente contraindicado na presen&#231;a de dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica concomitante<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea imediata com implante de <italic>stent</italic> parece ser uma alternativa apropriada &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em caso de dissec&#231;&#227;o iatrog&#234;nica do TCE pela sua rapidez e efic&#225;cia no tratamento<sup>3,9</sup>. N&#227;o temos dados na literatura m&#233;dica para inferir a vantagem do <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico sobre o convencional nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, principalmente nos casos em que a coronariografia mostra aspecto normal das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.</p>
    <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o tardia, 12 a 30 meses, em pequenas s&#233;ries de pacientes com dissec&#231;&#227;o iatrog&#234;nica do TCE, mostrou taxas de sobrevida de aproximadamente 90% e de reestenose aos seis meses variando de 0 a 30%<sup>3,9,10</sup>. Ressaltamos a import&#226;ncia de controle cl&#237;nico rigoroso e a realiza&#231;&#227;o de controle angiogr&#225;fico aos seis meses p&#243;s-implante de <italic>stent</italic> convencional, devido &#224; possibilidade de a manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da reestenose em TCE ser a morte s&#250;bita.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O implante de <italic>stent</italic> coron&#225;rio &#233; uma alternativa apropriada para o tratamento de dissec&#231;&#227;o acidental do TCE e o seu subdimensionamento em rela&#231;&#227;o ao di&#226;metro do TCE pode levar ao deslocamento do <italic>stent</italic> na p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Marchiori GGA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Marchiori GGA, Galon MZ; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Meireles GCX; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Meireles GCX, Galon MZ, Kreimer S; Imagens: Kreimer S.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> George C&#233;sar Ximenes Meireles </p>
        <p> Rua Sena Madureira, 1265/102, Vila Clementino </p>
        <p> CEP 04021-051, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="gcxm@cardiol.br">gcxm@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="george.ximenes@terra.com.br">george.ximenes@terra.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 17/09/12, revisado em 21/12/12, aceito em 08/01/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Stent dislodgement in the treatment of left main coronary artery dissection</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Stent dislodgement in the treatment of left main coronary artery dissection</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Gilberto Guilherme Ajjar Marchiori<sup>I,II</sup>; George C&#233;sar Ximenes Meireles<sup>I</sup>; S&#233;rgio Kreimer<sup>I</sup>; Micheli Zanoti Galon<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital do Servidor P&#250;blico Estadual - IAMSPE</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Coronary Vessels; Dissection; Angioplasty; Balloon, Coronary; Stents.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Accidental dissection of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) is one of the most feared complications of intervention cardiologists. If not promptly diagnosed and treated with myocardial revascularization, it can have severe consequences. The incidence of dissection occurring during catheter-based procedures is lower than 0.1%, but can reach 1.05% in patients with LMCA obstructive lesions<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Immediate percutaneous intervention with stent implantation seems to be the appropriate management of moderate to large accidental LMCA dissection, as shown in the present case.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient is a 72-year-old female, who sought the emergency department reporting fatigue on moderate exertion for one week and oppressive non-radiating chest pain at rest for 10 minutes. Her arterial blood pressure was 110/70 mmHg, her heart rate, 90 bpm, and oxygen saturation, 91%. Her cardiopulmonary auscultation was normal. She had dyslipidemia, a risk factor for coronary artery disease. She reported previous surgery for melanoma and using sertraline (50 mg per day) for depression.</p>
      <p>Her resting electrocardiogram revealed sinus rhythm and T-wave inversion in V4-V6. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed left ventricular (LV) relaxation abnormality and ejection fraction of 68%. The submaximal treadmill test performed three months before hospitalization suggested myocardial ischemia, coronary angiography being, then, indicated.</p>
      <p>Radial coronary angiography (introducer sheath and 6F catheters) was performed, and, on the first contrast medium injection, no obstructive lesion was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figure 1A</xref>). On the second contrast medium injection, dissection of the initial and middle portion of the LMCA was evidenced (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figure 1B</xref>). The patient had no complaints. She received 600 mg of clopidogrel, and, because of the aspect of the dissection, a 4.0x12 mm Driver<sup>&#174;</sup> stent (Medtronic-AVE, Santa Rosa, CA, USA) was implanted and deployed at 20 atm. Then, postdilatation with a 4.5x12 mm noncompliant balloon (Quantum, Boston Scientific Inc, Natick, USA) was performed at 20 atm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figures 1 C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">D</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">E</xref>). On angiographic control immediately after implantation, migration of the expanded stent into the guiding catheter was observed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figure 1F</xref>). Another Driver<sup>&#174;</sup> stent (Medtronic-AVE), 4.0x18 mm, was implanted in the LMCA at 20 atm, being followed by postdilatation with a 5.0x12 mm semi-compliant balloon (Quantum, Boston Scientific Inc, Natick, USA) at 12 atm. The final angiographic control showed optimal stent implantation in the LMCA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">Figures 2 A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">B</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">C</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="html"><fig id="en_a16fig01-body2"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/pWYDFtHf3xG7GGf6NLXfZ5G/b8eed46d18bb96d36230a383b452aae8d5301af0.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0e71-30119-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
      <p content-type="html"><fig id="en_a16fig02-body2"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/pWYDFtHf3xG7GGf6NLXfZ5G/096073cbe5626452558bc2b96637f606f3cd3427.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0e71-30119-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
      <p>The expanded stent inside the guiding catheter migrated until the right brachial artery, where it was successfully implanted with a 5.0x12 mm balloon at 8 atm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">Figures 2 D</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">E</xref>). On post-implantation right brachial arteriography, the aspect of the stent implanted was excellent, with no sign of dissection and TIMI 3 flow (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">Figure 2 F</xref>). After the end of the procedure, right coronary angiographies were performed, showing no arterial obstruction. Left ventriculography showed a normal left ventricle.</p>
      <p>The patient was transferred to the Coronary Unit (CoU) and medicated as follows: acetylsalicylic acid, 100 mg / day; clopidogrel, 75 mg/day; atorvastatin, 20 mg/day; atenolol, 50 mg/day; and subcutaneous enoxaparin, 60 mg every 12 hours. The patient progressed uneventfully, being discharged from the CoU on the fourth day. She showed neither elevation of necrosis markers nor electrocardiographic abnormalities. She was sent to the ward, where she remained asymptomatic, being discharged from the hospital after three days.</p>
      <p>The patient was clinically reassessed two months after LMCA stent implantation, and remained asymptomatic.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The present case differs from those of LMCA dissection reported in the medical literature because of the migration of the LMCA stent into the guiding catheter after dilatation, and also because of the solution of implanting the migrated stent in the right brachial artery.</p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension, extensive atherosclerosis, Marfan's syndrome, bicuspid or unicuspid aortic valve, and cystic medial necrosis are clinical conditions that predispose to LMCA dissection. Ulceration of the atherosclerotic plaque might serve as an entry point for the pulsatile blood flow<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Accidental LMCA dissection results from damage to the arterial wall during the following: excessive and careless manipulation of the catheter; changing catheters to others with greater curvature or of different forms (Amplatz), to overcome difficulties found in LMCA catheterization due to its unusual location at the aortic root; vigorous contrast medium injection with the catheter in a noncoaxial alignment; use of hard-tip catheters; and deep intubation of the catheter<sup>1,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present case was managed by an experienced interventional cardiologist, through the radial route, with a 6F soft-tip diagnostic catheter (Merit Medical Systems, South Jordan, Utah, USA). He experienced no difficulty to catheterize the left coronary artery, which had no apparent atherosclerosis. The probable mechanism of dissection was the noncoaxial alignment of the catheter tip during contrast medium injection.</p>
      <p>During the postdilatation with non-compliant short balloon (12 mm), the stent implanted in the LMCA migrated into the guiding catheter. Stent dislodgement can be secondary to marked coronary angulation, coronary calcification, underestimation of stent size, inadequate coronary predilation, and direct stent. In the case reported, stent dislodgement might have resulted from the small size of the stent as compared to the vessel diameter (stent diameter/vessel diameter &lt; 1), since a larger stent was not available. Thus, total apposition of the stent to the vessel wall was not obtained, with subsequent stent dislodgement to the guiding catheter during postdilatation. Implantation of the dislodged stent in the right brachial artery prevented the need for surgical withdrawal of the stent, because, as it was expanded, its withdrawal through the radial introducer would not be possible.</p>
      <p>In accidental LMCA dissection, the clinical findings can vary, depending on the anterograde flow, from asymptomatic hemodynamically stable patients with TIMI 3 flow to cardiogenic shock with total occlusion of the left coronary artery. The treatment can be conservative, with percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery, according to clinical findings<sup>5</sup>. In hemodynamically stable patients with small dissection and no coronary flow impairment, expectant management can be adopted<sup>5</sup>. Conversely, to hemodynamically unstable patients with involvement of the aorta 40 mm or more from the coronary ostium, intervention is indicated<sup>5,6,7</sup>. However, even in hemodynamically stable asymptomatic patients with TIMI 3 flow, the clinical findings might deteriorate rapidly due to the progression of the dissection with flow impairment or local thrombus formation, a situation that requires rapid revascularization by use of percutaneous or surgical intervention. The intraaortic balloon can be used to stabilize the patient in shock, but is clearly contraindicated in the presence of concomitant aortic dissection<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>The immediate percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation seems to be an appropriate alternative to coronary artery bypass graft surgery in case of iatrogenic LMCA dissection, because it is a rapid and effective treatment<sup>3,9</sup>. The medical literature lacks data allowing us to infer the advantage of the pharmacological stent over the conventional one in that situation, mainly in cases whose coronary arteries are normal on coronary angiography.</p>
      <p>Small series of patients with iatrogenic LMCA dissection have shown, in the long run (12 to 30 months), survival rates of approximately 90% and restenosis rates at six months ranging from 0% to 30%<sup>3,9,10</sup>. It is worth emphasizing the importance of strict clinical control and angiographic control six months after conventional stent implantation, because LMCA restenosis might manifest as sudden death.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Coronary stent implantation is an appropriate alternative to treat accidental LMCA dissection; the underestimation of stent size regarding the LMCA diameter might lead to stent dislodgement after dilatation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Marchiori GGA; Acquisition of data: Marchiori GGA, Galon MZ; Writing of the manuscript: Meireles GCX; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Meireles GCX, Galon MZ, Kreimer S; Image: Kreimer S.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
