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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Td96nCYhxt5Jgsdq5cYmZ6z</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000600012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000600012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130100</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas da hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Cabral de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sabbatini</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a Rodrigues</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coca</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno-Junior</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barcelona</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universitat de Barcelona</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Cl&#237;nico </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Medicina e Dermatologia</institution>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>579</fpage>
      <lpage>582</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>Hipertens&#227;o resistente (HAR) &#233; definida como a press&#227;o arterial que permanece acima da meta press&#243;rica, apesar do uso de tr&#234;s classes de anti-hipertensivos em doses otimizadas, sendo um deles um diur&#233;tico. Al&#233;m disso, s&#227;o considerados tamb&#233;m hipertensos resistentes os pacientes que usam quatro ou mais classes e possuem suas press&#245;es controladas. Embora essa defini&#231;&#227;o seja &#250;til na categoriza&#231;&#227;o de um maior grupo de resistentes, visto esses dois subgrupos compartilharem alto risco cardiovascular, algumas importantes particularidades cl&#237;nicas e fisiopatol&#243;gicas necessitam ser mais bem avaliadas antes de resistentes controlados e n&#227;o controlados pertencerem ao mesmo grupo. Foram comparadas algumas caracter&#237;sticas cardiovasculares nesses dois subgrupos de hipertensos resistentes. Embora algumas semelhan&#231;as, o subgrupo HRNC apresenta fen&#243;tipos cardiovasculares com pior progn&#243;stico como maior rigidez vascular e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, al&#233;m de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial mais prejudicada e menor queda de press&#227;o arterial no per&#237;odo noturno, entre outras. Frente &#224;s diferen&#231;as, o subgrupo HRNC est&#225; associado &#224; maior risco cardiovascular, podendo ser considerado mais resistente ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo. Al&#233;m da import&#226;ncia de melhor preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da HAR com medidas de identificar precocemente os fatores de risco e otimizar a terapia farmacol&#243;gica, algumas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas devem ser consideradas na abordagem de pacientes controlados e n&#227;o controlados como semelhantes ao grupo de resistentes.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos</kwd>
        <kwd>Qualidade de Vida</kwd>
        <kwd>Popula&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas da hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Paula Cabral de Faria<sup>I</sup>; Andr&#233;a Rodrigues Sabbatini<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Coca<sup>II</sup>; Heitor Moreno-Junior<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Medicina e Dermatologia, Hospital Cl&#237;nico (IDIBAPS), Universidade de Barcelona, Barcelona - Espanha</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hipertens&#227;o resistente (HAR) &#233; definida como a press&#227;o arterial que permanece acima da meta press&#243;rica, apesar do uso de tr&#234;s classes de anti-hipertensivos em doses otimizadas, sendo um deles um diur&#233;tico. Al&#233;m disso, s&#227;o considerados tamb&#233;m hipertensos resistentes os pacientes que usam quatro ou mais classes e possuem suas press&#245;es controladas. Embora essa defini&#231;&#227;o seja &#250;til na categoriza&#231;&#227;o de um maior grupo de resistentes, visto esses dois subgrupos compartilharem alto risco cardiovascular, algumas importantes particularidades cl&#237;nicas e fisiopatol&#243;gicas necessitam ser mais bem avaliadas antes de resistentes controlados e n&#227;o controlados pertencerem ao mesmo grupo. Foram comparadas algumas caracter&#237;sticas cardiovasculares nesses dois subgrupos de hipertensos resistentes. Embora algumas semelhan&#231;as, o subgrupo HRNC apresenta fen&#243;tipos cardiovasculares com pior progn&#243;stico como maior rigidez vascular e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, al&#233;m de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial mais prejudicada e menor queda de press&#227;o arterial no per&#237;odo noturno, entre outras. Frente &#224;s diferen&#231;as, o subgrupo HRNC est&#225; associado &#224; maior risco cardiovascular, podendo ser considerado mais resistente ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo. Al&#233;m da import&#226;ncia de melhor preven&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da HAR com medidas de identificar precocemente os fatores de risco e otimizar a terapia farmacol&#243;gica, algumas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas devem ser consideradas na abordagem de pacientes controlados e n&#227;o controlados como semelhantes ao grupo de resistentes.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o/terapia, Fatores de Risco, Anti-Hipertensivos, Qualidade de Vida, Popula&#231;&#227;o, Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente (HAR) &#233; considerada aquela em que, ap&#243;s duas consultas consecutivas, os valores press&#243;ricos mant&#234;m-se acima da meta (140/90 mmHg), a despeito de tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico e farmacol&#243;gico otimizado tr&#237;plice institu&#237;do, incluindo diur&#233;tico<sup>1,2</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, foram inclu&#237;dos &#224; defini&#231;&#227;o, pacientes que apresentam press&#227;o arterial (PA) controlada, mas que necessitam de quatro ou mais classes de f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos<sup>1,2</sup>. Embora essa defini&#231;&#227;o possa ser &#250;til para abordar o grupo abrangente de hipertensos resistentes ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo, foram demonstradas que algumas importantes caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas diferem entre os subgrupos controlados (HRC) e n&#227;o controlados (HRNC)<sup>3,4</sup>. Dessa forma, achados recentes sugerem que rigidez arterial, hipertrofia card&#237;aca, concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de aldosterona elevada, hiperatividade do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, obesidade e altera&#231;&#227;o de adipocinas plasm&#225;ticas podem estar relacionados &#224; causa da HAR<sup>3,5-7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que a hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; uma doen&#231;a multifatorial e polig&#234;nica, &#233; poss&#237;vel tamb&#233;m que haja diferen&#231;as nos fen&#243;tipos cardiovasculares referentes aos subgrupos HRC e HRNC na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Essas diferen&#231;as nos subgrupos alertam para melhor avalia&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes quando inclu&#237;dos como pertencentes ao mesmo grupo de resistentes ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Considera&#231;&#245;es gerais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De maneira geral, pode-se afirmar que a press&#227;o arterial (PA) permanece elevada em hipertensos resistentes por causa da eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente da PA sist&#243;lica (PAS)<sup>1,2</sup>. A disparidade no controle da PAS quando comparada com a PA diast&#243;lica (PAD) aumenta com a idade, chegando ao m&#225;ximo em indiv&#237;duos com mais de 75 anos<sup>3</sup>. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a idade avan&#231;ada &#233; um dos principais fatores relacionados &#224; dificuldade de obten&#231;&#227;o de valores de PA adequados ou ditos "normais". Paralelamente a essa observa&#231;&#227;o, o estudo de Framingham encontrou correla&#231;&#227;o entre dificuldade de controle da PA e presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis basais elevados de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica<sup>4</sup>. Outros dois fortes preditores de insucesso no controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial s&#227;o a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) e de obesidade, sendo este &#250;ltimo mais associado &#224; dificuldade de controle da PAD<sup>1,2</sup>. De maneira bastante clara, tamb&#233;m as altas taxas de ingesta de s&#243;dio<sup>5</sup>, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 1,5 mg/dL), diabetes, ra&#231;a negra e sexo feminino completam o quadro de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas associadas &#224; dificuldade de "normaliza&#231;&#227;o" da PA<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, outras condi&#231;&#245;es v&#234;m sendo associadas a essa s&#237;ndrome, tais como: a) presen&#231;a de les&#245;es silenciosas e precoces<sup>6</sup> em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo da doen&#231;a hipertensiva, como a microalbumin&#250;ria<sup>7</sup>, a HVE<sup>8,9</sup>, a s&#237;ndrome da apneia obstrutiva do sono<sup>10-13</sup> e a s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica<sup>14</sup>. Embora para as duas &#250;ltimas condi&#231;&#245;es citadas, rela&#231;&#245;es entre causa e efeito com a hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente (HAR), ainda n&#227;o estejam totalmente definidas, alguns estudos t&#234;m apontado mecanismos comuns entre obesidade, s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, diabetes, dist&#250;rbios do sono e atividade inflamat&#243;ria em hipertensos, de uma forma geral<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, verificou-se associa&#231;&#227;o entre teste de <italic>screening</italic> positivo para hipercortisolismo com diabetes, idade avan&#231;ada e padr&#227;o <italic>non-dipper</italic> em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de hipertensos resistentes<sup>17</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com HAR com diabetes tipo 2 (DM2) apresentam maior grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica associada a n&#237;veis mais elevados de &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos reduzidos de adiponectina<sup>18</sup>. Finalmente, a presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos elevados de aldosterona tem sido apontada como relevante para o insucesso do controle da PA<sup>19</sup>, a qual parece estar associada &#224; atividade simp&#225;tica em HAR com e sem DM2<sup>20</sup>, justificando a reintrodu&#231;&#227;o da espironolactona, um antagonista de receptores de aldosterona, ao arsenal terap&#234;utico anti-hipertensivo<sup>21</sup>. Entretanto, estudo retrospectivo recente, que comparou maiores popula&#231;&#245;es de hipertensos resistentes controlados (HRC) e n&#227;o controlados (HRNC), n&#227;o confirmou as diferen&#231;as referentes aos n&#237;veis de aldosterona plasm&#225;tica ou urin&#225;ria<sup>22</sup>. Segundo os autores, esses dados sugerem que os HRNC n&#227;o apresentam como caracter&#237;stica excesso de aldosterona ou maior reten&#231;&#227;o l&#237;quida quando comparados aos HRC. Por outro lado, esses achados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as fenot&#237;picas cardiovasculares como respons&#225;veis pela n&#227;o obten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis ideais de press&#227;o arterial nessa condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em seu conjunto, todas as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais citadas acima t&#234;m papel crucial na manuten&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o arterial em certa parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o geral dos pacientes hipertensos. Essa dificuldade em obter-se n&#237;veis de PA adequadas, mesmo frente ao tratamento com tr&#234;s f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos, inclusive um diur&#233;tico, vinha sendo chamada, h&#225; mais de quatro d&#233;cadas, indistintamente de hipertens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria ou hipertens&#227;o resistente. Mas, como recentemente relatado em coment&#225;rio editorial<sup>23</sup>, os termos "resistente" e "refrat&#225;rio" n&#227;o s&#227;o sin&#244;nimos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>A introdu&#231;&#227;o do conceito de HAR controlada na literatura</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No entanto, em 2008, as diretrizes da American Heart Association (AHA) estabeleceram o termo "hipertens&#227;o resistente" como nomenclatura ideal e a definiu como a condi&#231;&#227;o na qual, indiv&#237;duos hipertensos, apesar do uso de tr&#234;s anti-hipertensivos de classes diferentes, sendo um deles diur&#233;tico, em doses plenas, e com boa ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico, n&#227;o atingem a meta press&#243;rica estabelecida<sup>4,5</sup>. Essa importante publica&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m incluiu pacientes que tenham a press&#227;o arterial controlada, mas necessitando quatro ou mais classes de anti-hipertensivos para a obten&#231;&#227;o da meta, como sendo tamb&#233;m hipertensos resistentes. A inclus&#227;o desses HRC foi justificada pelos autores devido a ter risco cardiovascular t&#227;o alto quanto os ditos HRNC, e porque se sup&#245;em que os mesmos tenham previamente sido medicados com tr&#234;s classes de anti-hipertensivos, sem sucesso, antes de passarem a tomar quatro ou mais classes desses f&#225;rmacos.</p>
    <p>Embora compreendendo essas raz&#245;es, alguns pontos relevantes deveriam ter sido levantados antes da adi&#231;&#227;o dos hipertensos controlados ao grupo de pacientes hipertensos que definitivamente n&#227;o respondem ao tratamento. Como visto acima, pacientes com HAR n&#227;o responsivos ao tratamento apresentam algumas caracter&#237;sticas comuns como idade avan&#231;ada, obesidade, disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, n&#237;veis elevados de aldosterona plasm&#225;tica, dist&#250;rbios do sono e les&#245;es silenciosas em &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo<sup>6</sup>, entre outras. Por exemplo, desconhecia-se se essas caracter&#237;sticas s&#227;o semelhantes entre os HRC e HRNC. Tamb&#233;m, era desconhecido se algumas caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas vasculares, como, por exemplo, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, rigidez vascular, espessura de paredes arteriais e press&#227;o de pulso seriam semelhantes ou n&#227;o entre eles. Recentemente, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o as quest&#245;es citadas acima, comparamos algumas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e cardiovasculares nesses dois subgrupos de hipertensos resistentes. Al&#233;m da simples observa&#231;&#227;o de poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as, as respostas a essas quest&#245;es poderiam nos ajudar a "descobrir" o que faz os hipertensos resistentes (n&#227;o controlados) serem refrat&#225;rios ao tratamento<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fen&#243;tipos cardiovasculares na hipertens&#227;o resistente</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudamos<sup>24</sup> 90 pacientes com HAR que foram divididos em HRC (controlados, n = 47) e HRNC (n&#227;o controlados, n = 43), de acordo com o AHA <italic>Statement for Resistant Hypertension</italic> - 2008. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#245;es de medidas de press&#227;o de consult&#243;rio, monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA), velocidade de onda do pulso arterial (VOP), ecocardiografia bidimensional, atividade plasm&#225;tica da renina (APR) e concentra&#231;&#227;o de aldosterona plasm&#225;tica (CAP) para determina&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o CAP/APR (RAR). Como esperado, valores elevados de PAS e PAD foram encontrados no grupo HRNC assim como os valores de press&#227;o de pulso (PP). O IMC, CAP e RAR mostraram-se mais elevados nos HRNC. Al&#233;m disso, a preval&#234;ncia de valores elevados de RAR foi de 21% e 4% nos grupos HRNC e HRC, respectivamente. O perfil lip&#237;dico, a glicemia de jejum e o <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina apresentaram valores semelhantes entre os dois subgrupos de indiv&#237;duos com HAR. A avalia&#231;&#227;o de outros fen&#243;tipos cardiovasculares nos mostrou que o subgrupo HRNC teve valores maiores de espessura &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia de car&#243;tidas e de velocidade de pulso carot&#237;deo, demonstrando que os n&#237;veis n&#227;o controladas da PA est&#227;o associados a maior espessura e rigidez de art&#233;rias nesses sujeitos<sup>25</sup>. A regress&#227;o linear multivariada mostrou que a VOP era dependente da idade em pacientes com HAR, mas para qualquer idade estudada, art&#233;rias mais r&#237;gidas foram observadas no subgrupo com HRNC. O &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IMVE) tamb&#233;m foi maior no subgrupo HRNC. A seguir, tamb&#233;m foram analisados os padr&#245;es de ritmo circadiano da press&#227;o arterial e a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular (dependente e independente do endot&#233;lio) nesses pacientes<sup>26</sup>. A queda na PAS e PAD no per&#237;odo de sono foi menos pronunciada no subgrupo HRNC que nos pacientes com HRC assim como a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada pelo fluxo (FMD) mostrou-se significativamente mais prejudicada nesse mesmo subgrupo (5,9 &#177;2,3% <italic>versus</italic> 7,1 &#177;1,5%; P &lt; 0,0001). Tamb&#233;m observamos n&#237;tida correla&#231;&#227;o entre redu&#231;&#227;o da PA no per&#237;odo noturno e diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial em ambos os subgrupos HRC e HRNC, sendo isso mais importante no subgrupo HRNC. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o de horm&#244;nios do tecido adiposo, os indiv&#237;duos com HRNC apresentaram n&#237;veis de leptina plasm&#225;tica associados a elevados n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos (PAS e PAD) e aldosterona quando comparados com HRC e hipertensos leve-moderados<sup>27</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5025tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5025tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0579-30100-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Implica&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Algumas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas devem ser levadas em considera&#231;&#227;o: primeiramente, ao menos em parte, a preval&#234;ncia de HAR no mundo ocidental n&#227;o deve ser t&#227;o alta quanto se sup&#245;e. A inclus&#227;o dos assim chamados "resistentes controlados" como proposto pelo <italic>AHA Statement</italic>, em 2008, superestimou os atuais dados de preval&#234;ncia da HAR. Provavelmente, muitos desses HRC tomando quatro ou mais f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos n&#227;o eram incontrol&#225;veis com tr&#234;s classes de anti-hipertensivos, mas foram colocados sob esse regime de m&#250;ltiplos f&#225;rmacos porque seus m&#233;dicos escolheram a racional op&#231;&#227;o de combinar muitos anti-hipertensivos, em doses baixas, em vez de tentar otimizar o tratamento apenas aumentando as doses das drogas j&#225; em uso. De fato, estudo conduzido por Acelajado e cols.<sup>22</sup>. mostrou que, de 304 pacientes encaminhados por HAR, somente 29 (9,5%) permaneceram refrat&#225;rias ao tratamento<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em segundo lugar, todas as diferen&#231;as acima apontadas entre os subgrupos HRC e HRNC podem constituir fatores que contribuem para que o subgrupo HRNC seja mais resistente ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo, dessa forma constituindo o substrato para o desenvolvimento de n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos n&#227;o control&#225;veis. Esses dados sugerem que, frente &#224;s importantes diferen&#231;as aqui mostradas entre HRC e HRNC, este &#250;ltimo subgrupo esteja exposto a maior risco cardiovascular. N&#243;s gostar&#237;amos de afirmar que essas diferen&#231;as, em seu conjunto, podem refletir um pior progn&#243;stico cardiovascular para esse subgrupo, mas essa hip&#243;tese precisa ser testada em estudos prospectivos desenhados especificamente para desfechos cl&#237;nicos prim&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, a import&#226;ncia da identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce desses fatores de risco na popula&#231;&#227;o geral de hipertensos, associada &#224; ado&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;as rigorosas de estilo de vida e a institui&#231;&#227;o de tratamento farmacol&#243;gico adequado constituem medidas &#243;bvias para se evitar o aumento crescente na preval&#234;ncia da HAR. Por outro lado, investigadores devem estar atentos ao inclu&#237;rem hipertensos resistentes controlados em seus estudos, especialmente naqueles em que o objetivo for analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o resistente e polimorfismos gen&#233;ticos relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a. Resultados negativos podem ser decorrentes da mistura de indiv&#237;duos com HRNC e HRC, o que pode reduzir a chance de se obter associa&#231;&#245;es claras entre alguns polimorfismos e hipertens&#227;o resistente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Heitor Moreno-Junior </p>
        <p> Rua Jasmin, 850, apto 33, Primavera </p>
        <p> CEP 13087-460, Campinas, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="hmoreno@cardiol.br">hmoreno@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="hmoreno@uol.com.br">hmoreno@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/07/12, revisado em 03/12/12, aceito em 03/12/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Phenotypic characteristics of resistant hypertension in the Brazilian population</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>Resistant hypertension (RH) is defined as blood pressure that remains above target in spite of the concurrent use of three or more classes of antihypertensive drugs at optimized doses (UCRH), with one of them being a diuretic. Moreover, patients whose blood pressure is controlled while using four or more antihypertensive medications are also considered controlled resistant hypertensive (CRH) subjects. Although this definition may be useful in terms of categorizing a larger group of resistant hypertensive individuals, as these two subgroups share high cardiovascular risk, some important clinical and pathophysiologic particularities need to be better evaluated, before considering resistant controlled and uncontrolled patients as part of the same group. We compared cardiovascular characteristics of these two subgroups with resistant hypertension. In spite of some similar features, the UCRH subgroup has cardiovascular phenotypes with worse prognosis, such as increased vascular stiffness and left ventricular hypertrophy, as well as more impaired endothelial function and lower nocturnal blood pressure dipping, among others. Considering these differences, the UCRH subgroup is associated with greater cardiovascular risk and may be considered as more resistant to antihypertensive treatment. In addition to the importance of better prevention and treatment of resistant hypertension by identifying early risk factors and optimizing drug therapy, some clinical implications must be considered when managing controlled and uncontrolled patients as similar to the resistant hypertension group.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Antihypertensive Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Quality of Life</kwd>
        <kwd>Population</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Phenotypic characteristics of resistant hypertension in the Brazilian population</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ana Paula Cabral de Faria<sup>I</sup>; Andr&#233;a Rodrigues Sabbatini<sup>I</sup>; Antonio Coca<sup>II</sup>; Heitor Moreno-Junior<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Laborat&#243;rio de Farmacologia Cardiovascular, Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Medicina e Dermatologia, Hospital Cl&#237;nico (IDIBAPS), Universidade de Barcelona, Barcelona - Spain</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Resistant hypertension (RH) is defined as blood pressure that remains above target in spite of the concurrent use of three or more classes of antihypertensive drugs at optimized doses (UCRH), with one of them being a diuretic. Moreover, patients whose blood pressure is controlled while using four or more antihypertensive medications are also considered controlled resistant hypertensive (CRH) subjects. Although this definition may be useful in terms of categorizing a larger group of resistant hypertensive individuals, as these two subgroups share high cardiovascular risk, some important clinical and pathophysiologic particularities need to be better evaluated, before considering resistant controlled and uncontrolled patients as part of the same group. We compared cardiovascular characteristics of these two subgroups with resistant hypertension. In spite of some similar features, the UCRH subgroup has cardiovascular phenotypes with worse prognosis, such as increased vascular stiffness and left ventricular hypertrophy, as well as more impaired endothelial function and lower nocturnal blood pressure dipping, among others. Considering these differences, the UCRH subgroup is associated with greater cardiovascular risk and may be considered as more resistant to antihypertensive treatment. In addition to the importance of better prevention and treatment of resistant hypertension by identifying early risk factors and optimizing drug therapy, some clinical implications must be considered when managing controlled and uncontrolled patients as similar to the resistant hypertension group.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>Hypertension/therapy; Risk Factors; Antihypertensive Agents; Quality of Life; Population; Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Resistant hypertension (RH) is defined as blood pressure that remains above target in spite of the concurrent use of three or more classes of antihypertensive drugs at optimized doses (UCRH), with one of them being a diuretic. Moreover, patients whose blood pressure is controlled while using four or more antihypertensive medications are also considered controlled resistant hypertensive (CRH) subjects. Although this definition may be useful in terms of categorizing a larger group of resistant hypertensive individuals, as these two subgroups share high cardiovascular risk, some important clinical and pathophysiologic particularities need to be better evaluated, before considering resistant controlled and uncontrolled patients as part of the same group. We compared cardiovascular characteristics of these two subgroups with resistant hypertension. In spite of some similar features, the UCRH subgroup has cardiovascular phenotypes with worse prognosis, such as increased vascular stiffness and left ventricular hypertrophy, as well as more impaired endothelial function and lower nocturnal blood pressure dipping, among others. Considering these differences, the UCRH subgroup is associated with greater cardiovascular risk and may be considered as more resistant to antihypertensive treatment. In addition to the importance of better prevention and treatment of resistant hypertension by identifying early risk factors and optimizing drug therapy, some clinical implications must be considered when managing controlled and uncontrolled patients as similar to the resistant hypertension group.</p>
      <p>Resistant hypertension (RH) is characterized by patients whose blood pressure (BP) remains above target in spite of the concurrent use of three or more antihypertensive drugs of different classes. Ideally, one of the agents should be a diuretic and all agents should be prescribed at optimal doses<sup>1,2</sup>. The revised definition includes a subgroup of resistant hypertensive patients whose BP is controlled using four or more antihypertensive medications<sup>1,2</sup>. Although this new definition may be useful to categorize a broader group of patients with treatment-resistant hypertension, we demonstrated that some important clinical findings differ between controlled (CRH) and uncontrolled resistant hypertensive (UCRH) subjects<sup>3,4</sup>. Indeed, recent data suggest that arterial stiffness, cardiac hypertrophy, high plasma aldosterone levels, autonomic dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, obesity and plasma adipokine alterations may interact to have an important association with RH<sup>3,5-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>As hypertension is a multifactorial and polygenic disease, it is also possible that there are differences regarding the cardiovascular phenotypes related to CRH and UCRH subgroups in the Brazilian population. These subgroup differences point out to necessity to better assess subjects when considered as belonging to the same anti-hypertensive resistant group.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>General aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In general, blood pressure (BP) remains high in patients with resistant hypertension (RH) due to persistent elevation of systolic BP (SBP)<sup>1,2</sup>. The disparity in the control of SBP increases with age, peaking in individuals over 75 years old when compared with diastolic BP (DBP)<sup>3</sup>. Thus, advanced age is a major factor related to the difficulty in obtaining adequate or "normal" BP values. Parallel to this observation, the Framingham study found a correlation between the difficulty in controlling BP and the presence of elevated basal SBP levels<sup>4</sup>. Moreover, two additional strong predictors of failure to control hypertension are the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and obesity, with the latter being more related to difficulties in controlling DBP<sup>1,2</sup>. Clearly, high levels of sodium intake<sup>5</sup>, chronic kidney disease (serum creatinine &gt; 1.5 mg/dL), diabetes, Black ethnicity and female gender add to the picture of clinical features associated with the difficulty in attaining "normalized" BP levels<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>More recently, other conditions have been associated with this syndrome, such as the presence of early silent lesions<sup>6</sup> in hypertensive target organ disease, such as microalbuminuria<sup>7</sup>, LVH<sup>8,9</sup>, obstructive sleep apnea syndrome<sup>10-13</sup> and metabolic syndrome<sup>14</sup>. Although some studies have indicated common mechanisms between obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, sleep disorders and inflammatory activity in hypertensive subjects, the cause-and-effect relationship with RH has yet to be fully established<sup>15,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>Recently, an association was observed between a positive screening test for hypercortisolism with diabetes, older age and non-dipper pattern in the resistant hypertensive population<sup>17</sup>. Furthermore, resistant hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) have a high degree of autonomic dysfunction associated with elevated body mass index (BMI) and low plasma adiponectin levels<sup>18</sup>. Finally, elevated plasma aldosterone levels have been identified as relevant in BP control failure<sup>19</sup>, which seem to be associated with sympathetic activity in RH patients with and without DM2<sup>20</sup>, justifying the reintroduction of spironolactone, an aldosterone-receptor antagonist, into the antihypertensive therapy<sup>21</sup>. However, a recent retrospective study comparing larger populations of controlled (CRH) and uncontrolled (UCRH) resistant hypertensive individuals has not confirmed the differences regarding plasma and urinary aldosterone levels<sup>22</sup>. According to the authors, these data suggest that UCRH subjects do not show the characteristic aldosterone excess or greater fluid retention when compared with CRH subjects. Conversely, these findings emphasize cardiovascular phenotypic differences as responsible for the failure to attain optimal BP levels in this condition.</p>
      <p>Taken together, all aforementioned clinical and laboratory characteristics play a crucial role in maintaining high blood pressure levels in some portion of the general population of hypertensive patients. This difficulty to obtain adequate BP levels, even using three antihypertensive drugs and including a diuretic, has been called "refractory hypertension" or "resistant hypertension" for over four decades. But, as recently reported in an editorial comment<sup>23</sup>, the terms "resistant" and "refractory" are not synonymous.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>The introduction of controlled RH concept in the literature</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In 2008, the AHA Guidelines defined resistant hypertension (RH) as the condition in which blood pressure (BP) remains above target levels in spite of the concurrent use of three antihypertensive agents of different classes. Ideally, one of these three agents should be a diuretic and all agents should be prescribed at optimal doses. According to this important scientific statement by the AHA, patients adhering to pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments are also included<sup>4,5</sup>, as well as all patients whose blood pressure is controlled, but who require four or more classes of antihypertensive drugs. The inclusion of this "controlled RH" (CRH) group may be justified by the fact that, before receiving four or more medications, these patients probably had previously taken three classes of drugs with no BP control, thus demonstrating the difficulty to manage them and considering their high cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>Although understanding this conceptual explanation, there are some caveats to be discussed before considering these two subsets of RH patients as one. Frequently, RH subjects share several clinical characteristics such as age, obesity, renal dysfunction, high plasma aldosterone levels, sleep disorders and silent target organ damage<sup>6</sup>. For instance, it was unknown whether these characteristics were similar between CRH and UCRH patients. Furthermore, it was unknown whether other vascular and hemodynamic "phenotypes" such as endothelial function, arterial thickness, arterial stiffness and pulse pressure would be similar or different between these groups. Recently, considering the abovementioned questions, the clinical and cardiovascular characteristics for these two groups with resistant hypertension were compared. The answers to these questions could help us find what causes resistant hypertension (uncontrolled) to be refractory to treatment<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiovascular phenotypes in resistant hypertension</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Recently, we have studied<sup>24</sup> a group of 90 patients with RH who were identified as controlled (CRH, n = 43) or uncontrolled (UCRH, n = 47), according to the "AHA Statement for Resistant Hypertension - 2008". In addition to office and ambulatory BP measurements (ABPM), all patients underwent echocardiography and were evaluated for pulse wave velocity (PWV), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone levels (PAL), and plasma aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR). As expected, high systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) levels were found in UCRH subjects, as well as pulse pressure (PP) values, body mass index (BMI), PAL and ARR. Additionally, ARR was elevated in 21% of uncontrolled and only in 4% of controlled RH patients. Lipid profile, fasting glycemia and creatinine clearance were similar in both groups (data not shown). Regarding the cardiovascular "phenotype", UCRH patients had higher values of both carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and PWV as an expression of thicker and stiffer arteries<sup>25</sup>. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that PWV was significantly dependent on age in RH patients, but for any studied age strata, stiffer arteries were observed in the UCRH group.Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was also significantly higher in UCRH subjects. Circadian BP patterns and vascular functions (endothelial-dependent and -independent) were also assessed in these patients<sup>26</sup>. The nocturnal dip in SBP and DBP was less marked in the UCRH than in the CRH group, as well as endothelial flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was significantly more impaired (5.9&#177;2.3% vs. 7.1&#177;1.5%; P&lt;0.0001) in uncontrolled patients. We also observed a cluster correlation between a reduction in dipping status and impaired endothelial dysfunction in both RH groups, mainly in the uncontrolled group. When assessing adipose tissue hormones, UCRH patients had higher plasma leptin levels associated with increased plasma aldosterone, as well as SBP and DBP levels when compared with CRH and well-controlled subjects<sup>27</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5025tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5025tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0579-30100-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Implications</bold>
      </p>
      <p>These observations may have some implications for daily clinical practice. First, at least in part, the supposedly increasing prevalence of RH in Western countries may not be as high as previously thought. The inclusion of "controlled patients" as RH in the recent AHA statement overestimates its prevalence. Probably, many of these C-RHT taking "four or more antihypertensive drugs" were not "uncontrolled with three medications" and were put on this multiple regime because their physicians chose the reasonable option to combine many antihypertensive drugs at lower doses, instead of the previously considered optimal ones. In fact, according to Acelajado et al<sup>22</sup>, of the 304 patients referred for RHTN, 29 (9.5%) remained refractory to treatment<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>Second, the fact that all the abovementioned clinical alterations were more prominent in uncontrolled patients may contribute to explain the increased treatment refractoriness of patients in the UCRH group, then constituting the physiopathological substrate for the development of higher BP levels. These data suggest that specific clinical differences between CRH and UCRH can identify the latter group as being exposed to increased cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>The differences exhibited by our patients may reflect a worse cardiovascular prognosis for UCRH subjects, although this hypothesis should be tested using prospective studies designed specifically for primary clinical outcomes.</p>
      <p>Finally, the importance of early identification of these characteristics in the hypertensive population along with changes in lifestyle and early pharmacological therapy is crucial to prevent the increasing prevalence of RH. Conversely, researchers should be careful when including C-RHTN individuals in their studies, especially those of which aim is to analyze the association between "resistant hypertension" and gene polymorphisms related to hypertension. Negative findings may be due to a "mix of C-RHTN and UC-RHTN individuals", which decreases the chance of obtaining clear associations between some polymorphisms and resistant hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
