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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">7w7fFtYjFtCbshWCsjrkN8H</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000600011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000600011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130103</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Geometria da valva mitral derivada da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular na avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Andre Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rathi</surname>
            <given-names>Vikas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biederman</surname>
            <given-names>Robert W.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Doyle</surname>
            <given-names>Mark</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yamrozik</surname>
            <given-names>June A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Willians</surname>
            <given-names>Ronald B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hedge</surname>
            <given-names>Vinayak</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Graunt</surname>
            <given-names>Saundra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aras Jr.</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Pittsburgh</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Allegheny General Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Gerald McGinnis Cardiovascular Institute </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Cardiology</institution>
        <country country="US">United States</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Bahia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Ana Neri </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Cardiology</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>571</fpage>
      <lpage>578</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral &#233; a doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca mais comum em todo o mundo. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til para analisar os par&#226;metros da valva mitral. OBJETIVO: diferenciar padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos da valva mitral em pacientes com diferentes gravidades por regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM) com base na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular. M&#201;TODOS: Sessenta e tr&#234;s pacientes foram submetidos &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular. Os par&#226;metros da valva mitral analisados foram: &#225;rea (mm2) e &#226;ngulo (graus) de tenting, altura do ventr&#237;culo (mm), altura do tenting (mm), folheto anterior, comprimento posterior do folheto (leaflet) e di&#226;metro do anulo (mm). Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, um incluindo pacientes que necessitaram de cirurgia da valva mitral e o outro os que n&#227;o. RESULTADOS: Trinta e seis pacientes apresentaram de RM discreta a leve (1-2+) e 27 RM de moderada a grave (3-4+). Dez (15,9%) dos 63 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia. Pacientes com RM mais grave tiveram maior di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (38,6 &#177; 10,2 vs. 45,4 &#177; 16,8, p &lt; 0,05) e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final esquerdo (52,9 &#177; 6,8 vs. 60,1 &#177; 12,3, p = 0,005). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a &#225;rea de tenting foi a determinante mais forte de gravidade de RM (r = 0,62, p = 0,035). Comprimento do anulo (36,1 &#177; 4,7 vs. 41 &#177; 6,7, p&lt; 0,001), &#225;rea de tenting (190,7 &#177; 149,7 vs. 130 &#177; 71,3, p= 0,048) e comprimento do folheto posterior (15,1 &#177; 4,1 vs. 12,2 &#177; 3,5, p= 0,023) foram maiores em pacientes que precisaram de cirurgia da valva mitral. CONCLUS&#213;ES: &#193;rea de tenting, anulo e comprimento do folheto posterior s&#227;o poss&#237;veis determinantes da gravidade da RM. Estes par&#226;metros geom&#233;tricos podem ser usados para individualizar a gravidade e, provavelmente, no futuro, orientar o tratamento do paciente com base na anatomia individual do aparelho mitral.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Prolapso da Valva Mitral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Geometria da valva mitral derivada da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular na avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Andre Mauricio Fernandes<sup>I,II</sup>; Vikas Rathi<sup>I</sup>; Robert W. Biederman<sup>I</sup>; Mark Doyle<sup>I</sup>; June A. Yamrozik<sup>I</sup>; Ronald B. Willians<sup>I</sup>; Vinayak Hedge<sup>I</sup>; Saundra Graunt<sup>I</sup>; Roque Aras Jr.<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Division of Cardiology, Gerald McGinnis Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA - UEA </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Division of Cardiology, Hospital Ana Neri - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral &#233; a doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca mais comum em todo o mundo. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til para analisar os par&#226;metros da valva mitral. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> diferenciar padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos da valva mitral em pacientes com diferentes gravidades por regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (RM) com base na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Sessenta e tr&#234;s pacientes foram submetidos &#224; resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular. Os par&#226;metros da valva mitral analisados foram: &#225;rea (mm2) e &#226;ngulo (graus) de tenting, altura do ventr&#237;culo (mm), altura do tenting (mm), folheto anterior, comprimento posterior do folheto (leaflet) e di&#226;metro do anulo (mm). Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, um incluindo pacientes que necessitaram de cirurgia da valva mitral e o outro os que n&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Trinta e seis pacientes apresentaram de RM discreta a leve (1-2+) e 27 RM de moderada a grave (3-4+). Dez (15,9%) dos 63 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia. Pacientes com RM mais grave tiveram maior di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (38,6 &#177; 10,2 vs. 45,4 &#177; 16,8, p &lt; 0,05) e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final esquerdo (52,9 &#177; 6,8 vs. 60,1 &#177; 12,3, p = 0,005). Na an&#225;lise multivariada, a &#225;rea de tenting foi a determinante mais forte de gravidade de RM (r = 0,62, p = 0,035). Comprimento do anulo (36,1 &#177; 4,7 vs. 41 &#177; 6,7, p&lt; 0,001), &#225;rea de tenting (190,7 &#177; 149,7 vs. 130 &#177; 71,3, p= 0,048) e comprimento do folheto posterior (15,1 &#177; 4,1 vs. 12,2 &#177; 3,5, p= 0,023) foram maiores em pacientes que precisaram de cirurgia da valva mitral. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> &#193;rea de tenting, anulo e comprimento do folheto posterior s&#227;o poss&#237;veis determinantes da gravidade da RM. Estes par&#226;metros geom&#233;tricos podem ser usados para individualizar a gravidade e, provavelmente, no futuro, orientar o tratamento do paciente com base na anatomia individual do aparelho mitral.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral / fisiopatologia, Espectroscopia de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica, Prolapso da Valva Mitral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral &#233; a doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca mais comum no mundo. As causas mais comuns de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral incluem prolapso da valva mitral, cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, cardiopatia reum&#225;tica, endocardite, valvopatia induzida por drogas e doen&#231;as do col&#225;geno<sup>1</sup>. Enquanto a doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica lidera como a principal causa de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica &#233; protagonista no ocidente e pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O desenvolvimento de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o comum da cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica com impacto negativo sobre a sobrevida<sup>3,4</sup>. Tenting mitral acompanhada de fibroses miocardiais do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo causando altera&#231;&#245;es segmentares s&#227;o importantes mecanismos para a fisiopatologia da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>Anormalidades estruturais dos pr&#243;prios folhetos da valva geralmente ocorrem de maneira secund&#225;ria &#224; cardiopatia reum&#225;tica e disfun&#231;&#245;es do tecido conjuntivo, incluindo a S&#237;ndrome de Marfan, S&#237;ndrome de Ehler - Danlos e osteog&#234;nese imperfecta<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>O prolapso da valva mitral &#233; outra causa importante, caracterizada por "<italic>billowing</italic>" sist&#243;lico de um ou ambos os folhetos da valva para o &#225;trio esquerdo. Esta condi&#231;&#227;o tem uma apar&#234;ncia &#250;nica no ecocardiograma e na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; bastante apropriada para descrever as caracter&#237;sticas de valva de acordo com sua causa de regurgita&#231;&#227;o. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica tem sido indicada como uma recomenda&#231;&#227;o de classe I-C pelo <italic>American College of Cardiology </italic>(ACC) para a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial (<italic>baseline</italic>) do tamanho e fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tamanho do ventr&#237;culo direito e &#225;trio esquerdo, press&#227;o pulmonar e gravidade da doen&#231;a da valva mitral, e I-B classe para a delinea&#231;&#227;o do mecanismo<sup>1</sup> e determina&#231;&#227;o da etiologia assim como da gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dados da literatura demonstram que a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca proporciona uma excelente correla&#231;&#227;o com a ecocardiografia cl&#237;nica<sup>7</sup>. A mesma tamb&#233;m foi reconhecida como um m&#233;todo apropriado para a avalia&#231;&#227;o das valvas nativas ou prot&#233;ticas, principalmente em pacientes com imagens limitadas de ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cicos ou transesof&#225;gicos. A resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial superior da resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica &#233; especialmente &#250;til neste aspecto<sup>8</sup>. Ademais, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca facilita a quantifica&#231;&#227;o precisa dos volumes e a fra&#231;&#227;o da regurgita&#231;&#227;o<sup>8,9</sup>. Portanto, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til na an&#225;lise de par&#226;metros que poderiam ajudar o cl&#237;nico a encontrar a etiologia, assim como a determinar o progn&#243;stico e as melhores abordagens de tratamento.</p>
    <p>Este estudo visa distinguir padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos da valva mitral em pacientes com diferentes gravidades e tratamentos para regurgita&#231;&#227;o de valva mitral utilizando a imagem de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram encaminhados para a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca por indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas padr&#227;o e todos os dados do estudo foram obtidos por agrupamentos de dados de imagens cl&#237;nicas. Ao longo de um per&#237;odo de 24 meses, 63 pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral foram registrados neste estudo transversal. No per&#237;odo do estudo, os pacientes apresentavam sintomas clinicamente est&#225;veis de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva de classe I, II ou III de acordo com a <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>. A classifica&#231;&#227;o funcional de Carpentier foi utilizada para classificar mecanismos de regurgita&#231;&#227;o<sup>10</sup> valvar prim&#225;ria. Todos os dados foram obtidos por an&#225;lise eletr&#244;nica de software, respeitando todos os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos de pesquisa. O protocolo de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o local (R4977).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo da Imagem de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As imagens foram obtidas utilizando um 1.5T scanner de corpo inteiro da General Electrics (HD Excite vers&#227;o 12 GE - Milwaukee - WI). As imagens foram obtidas com pacientes na posi&#231;&#227;o supina e a recep&#231;&#227;o do sinal foi realizada utilizando uma bobina card&#237;aca de 4 canais. Sequ&#234;ncias de interesse inclu&#237;ram tomadas &#250;nicas de Echo Planar Imaging, utilizando o monitor card&#237;aco com for&#231;a gradiente m&#225;xima de 40mT e velocidade de varrimento de 150 mT/m/ms. Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram utilizados: tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o (TR) = 9ms, tempo de eco (TE) = 4ms, &#226;ngulo de flip (AF) = 40 graus, espessura de corte = 8mm, n&#250;mero de excita&#231;&#245;es (NEX) = 2 - 4, campo de vis&#227;o = 380 - 420mm, matriz 128 x 128. Imagens sagitais explorat&#243;rias foram usadas para planejar sequ&#234;ncia de precess&#227;o livre no estado estacion&#225;rio sem administra&#231;&#227;o de contraste. Geometria ventricular e da valva mitral foram analisadas em sequ&#234;ncias cine. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medi&#231;&#245;es mitral e ventricular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Contornos da valva mitral e par&#226;metros como o comprimento, altura e &#225;reas do folheto foram tra&#231;adas manualmente nas imagens sist&#243;licas finais.</p>
    <p>Os seguintes par&#226;metros da valva mitral foram medidos com base na vis&#227;o das tr&#234;s c&#226;maras: &#225;rea de tenting (ART), &#226;ngulo de tenting (AT), altura de tenting (ALT), e comprimentos do folheto anterior (FA) e folheto posterior (FP). O di&#226;metro anular e a altura ventricular foram medidos com base na vis&#227;o de duas c&#226;maras. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_4907fig01">Figura 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_4907fig02">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_4907fig03">3</xref>). Os pacientes do estudo foram divididos em dois grupos com base em &#225;reas de jato regurgitante dentro do &#225;trio esquerdo (de discreta a leve: 1 a 2+ e moderada a grave: 3 a 4+) Os pacientes tamb&#233;m foram divididos em dois grupos com base nos desfechos: um grupo foi formado com os pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia da valva mitral e aqueles n&#227;o submetidos &#224; cirurgia foram inclu&#237;dos no outro.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_4907fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0571-30103-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_4907fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0571-30103-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_4907fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0571-30103-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A dimens&#227;o do anulo mitral foi obtida medindo-se a dist&#226;ncia entre os pontos de fixa&#231;&#227;o do folheto mitral anterior at&#233; a aorta e o folheto mitral posterior at&#233; a parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A &#225;rea de tenting foi medida atrav&#233;s do c&#225;lculo da &#225;rea entre o plano do anulo mitral e os folhetos na s&#237;stole final. Em casos de evid&#234;ncia de prolapso da valva mitral, a &#225;rea de tenting n&#227;o foi calculada; nestes casos, foram calculadas a &#225;rea de prolapso e a altura. O &#226;ngulo de tenting foi calculado &#224; coopta&#231;&#227;o dos folhetos anterior e posterior. A altura ventricular foi obtida pela dist&#226;ncia entre o anulo e o &#225;pice com base na vis&#227;o do vista do eixo longo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objetivo de nossa an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi comparar os par&#226;metros geom&#233;tricos entre os grupos de pacientes com diferentes gravidades de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral e entre os grupos de pacientes com tratamento cir&#250;rgico versus n&#227;o cir&#250;rgico. N&#227;o houve c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra, pois a amostra foi n&#227;o-probabil&#237;stica. O software SPSS 16.0 foi usado para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram registradas como m&#233;dia +/- desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas como propor&#231;&#245;es. As vari&#225;veis foram testadas quanto &#224; sua normalidade com o teste de Kolmogorov Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis foram comparadas usando-se um teste-t pareado e dados dicot&#244;micos foram comparados pelo teste estat&#237;stico X<sup>2</sup>. Devido &#224; variedade de vari&#225;veis geom&#233;tricas que poderiam influenciar na gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral, foi realizada uma regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla. Os principais determinantes da gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral foram analisados com base na regress&#227;o m&#250;ltipla explorat&#243;ria. A vari&#225;vel dependente foi a gravidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral. Um valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significante.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Demografia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 58,1 &#177; 14,8 anos. Trinta e tr&#234;s pacientes eram homens e 30 mulheres. De 63 pacientes (pts), 46 apresentaram movimento de folheto restrito durante a di&#225;stole ou s&#237;stole (classe III), oito apresentaram prolapso de folheto (classe II) e nove apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral devido &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o anular. A etiologia da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral secund&#225;ria foi especificada como segue: 19 pacientes tiveram RM com etiologia isqu&#234;mica (incluindo casos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica inoper&#225;vel).</p>
    <p>Vinte e sete apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o funcional, oito de prolapso da valva mitral e nove foram classificados como tendo outras causas tais como cardiomiopatias. Trinta e seis pacientes apresentaram regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral de discreta a leve (1-2+) e 27 pts regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral de moderada a grave (3-4+). As caracter&#237;sticas da amostra est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4907tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Dez (15,9%) dos 63 pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia (seis para o reparo da valva mitral e quatro para a substitui&#231;&#227;o da valva).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4907tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0571-30103-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Etiologia e gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral e geometria mitral</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral mais grave apresentaram maior di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (38,6 &#177; 10,2 vs. 45,4 &#177; 16,8, p &lt; 0,05) e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final esquerdo (52,9 &#177; 6,8 vs. 60,1 &#177; 12,3, p = 0,005) em compara&#231;&#227;o aqueles com regurgita&#231;&#227;o de classifica&#231;&#227;o inferior. N&#227;o se verificaram outras diferen&#231;as significativas nas vari&#225;veis geom&#233;tricas e volumes do ventr&#237;culo entre os dois grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4907tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4907tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0571-30103-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis de valvas geom&#233;tricas, na an&#225;lise multivariada, a &#225;rea de tenting foi o determinante mais forte da gravidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral (r = 0,62, p =0,035). Nenhuma outra vari&#225;vel foi identificada como determinante independente de gravidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral.</p>
    <p>Foi observado um efeito significativo da classifica&#231;&#227;o de grupo de Carpentier no di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (F = 3,49, p &lt; 0,05), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (F = 4,15, p &lt; 0,05), ART (F = 3,49, p &lt; 0,05), e AT (F = 4,12, p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cirurgia e Geometria Mitral</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dez (15,9%) dos 63 pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia em decorr&#234;ncia de sintomas, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou di&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo medidos por ecocardiografia. Como esperado, a gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral foi determinante para o tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo era significativamente maior (61,7 &#177; 8,9 vs. 54,9 &#177; 10, p = 0,05) em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia mitral. No que diz respeito ao comprimento do anulo da geometria mitral a medida foi significativamente maior em pacientes submetidos &#224; reparo da valva mitral ou substitui&#231;&#227;o da mesma (36,1 &#177; 4,7 vs. 41 &#177; 6,7, p &lt; 0,001). Ademais, a &#225;rea de tenting (190,7 &#177; 149,7 vs. 130 &#177; 71,3, p = 0,048) e comprimento do folheto posterior (15,1 &#177; 4,1 vs. 12,2 &#177; 3,5, p = 0,023) eram maiores em pacientes tratados por meio de cirurgia. Esta compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos cir&#250;rgico e n&#227;o cir&#250;rgico &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4907tab03">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4907tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0571-30103-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar que a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca com a sua resolu&#231;&#227;o espacial precisa pode ser usada para determinar a geometria da valva mitral e analisar o seu impacto sobre a gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A forte influ&#234;ncia das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo sobre o progn&#243;stico em pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral &#233; um fato bem estabelecido<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>De acordo com estudos anteriores<sup>12</sup>, nossos pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral grave apresentaram maior di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (38,6 &#177; 10,2 vs. 45,4 &#177; 16,8, p &lt; 0,05) e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final esquerdo (52,9 &#177; 6,8 vs 60,1 &#177; 12,3, p = 0,005) em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com regurgita&#231;&#227;o de classifica&#231;&#227;o mais baixa. O papel da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) como um prognosticador importante j&#225; foi demonstrado por estudos anteriores. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; um dos par&#226;metros utilizados para indicar a necessidade de uma cirurgia em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos (FEVE geralmente anormal com dilata&#231;&#227;o VE)<sup>1</sup>. </p>
    <p>O papel da geometria da valva mitral tem sido recentemente enfatizado nos &#250;ltimos anos. &#201; cada vez mais claro que as medi&#231;&#245;es de valvas podem trazer ainda mais informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a etiologia, fisiologia e tratamento<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos anteriores demonstraram que o comprimento do folheto anterior n&#227;o se correlaciona com o grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral em pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral isqu&#234;mica<sup>6</sup>. Ao contr&#225;rio, pode ser usado como medi&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia para quantificar dilata&#231;&#227;o de anulo em regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral funcional<sup>13</sup>, provavelmente desempenhando um papel como uma determinante n&#227;o direta da gravidade. Neste estudo, o FA n&#227;o estava associado &#224; gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral nem &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>No que diz respeito ao anulo mitral foi mostrado estar relacionado com a severidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral em estudos anteriores<sup>14-17</sup>. Al&#233;m do mais, foi anteriormente descrito como par&#226;metro preditivo de sucesso cir&#250;rgico ap&#243;s reparo da valva mitral. Em uma s&#233;rie, foi poss&#237;vel prever a falha de 50% de uma simples anuloplastia<sup>16</sup>. De acordo com estudos anteriores, aqui, o di&#226;metro anular maior estava associado a tratamento de cirurgia da valva mitral.</p>
    <p>At&#233; &#224; data, muitos estudos t&#234;m sido publicados sobre medidas tenting destacando sua import&#226;ncia na gravidade e progn&#243;stico da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral. ART se bem relaciona com gravidade em modelos animais<sup>18</sup>. Al&#233;m do mais, foi demonstrado como medi&#231;&#227;o para prever falha na anuloplastia. Em ecocardiogramas feitos durante uma cirurgia, uma &#225;rea de tenting maior do que 1.6cm<sup>2</sup> mostrou predizer falha na anuloplastia<sup>19</sup> mitral. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, a &#225;rea tenting foi maior em pacientes com les&#245;es de valvas mais graves de valvas e tamb&#233;m naqueles que foram submetidos a procedimento de valva mitral.</p>
    <p>A altura de tenting tem sido descrita como um fator determinante e, pacientes isqu&#234;micos<sup>20</sup> e tem sido repetidamente encontrada como correla&#231;&#227;o com a gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral<sup>17,21,22</sup>. O interessante &#233; que nossas dados n&#227;o apontaram para ALT como determinante de gravidade em pacientes com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral.</p>
    <p>Portanto, as caracter&#237;sticas da valva mitral que desempenham pap&#233;is associados ao tratamento cir&#250;rgico s&#227;o: di&#226;metro anular, ART, FP. Em linha com a literatura publicada, nosso estudo sugere o papel consistente de ART em gravidade da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Estudos com humanos normalmente s&#227;o estudos invasivos ou ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. Houve v&#225;rios m&#233;todos n&#227;o-ecocardiogr&#225;ficos para definir anatomia de valva mitral. Isto &#233; especialmente importante, dadas as limita&#231;&#245;es da ecocardiografia<sup> 24</sup>. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica pode facilmente imaginar a anatomia e a geometria da valva mitral sem invas&#227;o e com uma concord&#226;ncia satisfat&#243;ria atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia<sup>14</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca mostrou ser concordante com a necessidade cl&#237;nica de cirurgia da valva mitral e tamb&#233;m &#233; uma ferramenta vi&#225;vel para definir a etiologia da regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral conforme confirmado na cirurgia<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Houve diversas limita&#231;&#245;es em nosso estudo. O n&#250;mero de participantes foi limitado e poucos foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia mitral. Esta popula&#231;&#227;o submetida ao estudo de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca nem sempre especificamente para avalia&#231;&#227;o mitral, bem como a qualidade das imagens n&#227;o eram especialmente adequadas para avalia&#231;&#227;o da valva, ou seja, nem todos os pacientes foram submetidos a sequ&#234;ncias de mapeamento de fase de velocidade. Al&#233;m disso, uma amostra de n&#227;o probabilidade foi utilizada diminuindo a capacidade de fazer generaliza&#231;&#245;es para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, neste estudo os di&#226;metros ventriculares esquerdos medidos pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca mostraram ser concordantes com a ecocardiografia e a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Medi&#231;&#245;es geom&#233;tricas mitrais, tais como &#225;rea de tenting, anulo e comprimento de folheto posterior s&#227;o poss&#237;veis determinantes para gravidade de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral. Se os nossos resultados forem, de fato, confirmados por outros estudos, pode-se argumentar que estes par&#226;metros geom&#233;tricos podem ser utilizados para avaliar a gravidade e, talvez, no futuro, adaptados individualmente ao tratamento de pacientes com base na sua geometria &#250;nica anat&#244;mica do aparelho mitral.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Andre Mauricio Fernandes </p>
        <p> Rua das Ac&#225;cias, 67, Pituba </p>
        <p> CEP 41850-010, Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="andremsf@cardiol.br">andremsf@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="andremsf@hotmail.com">andremsf@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 23/05/12, revisado em 07/10/12, aceito em 04/01/13.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Abrevia&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>FA - comprimento anterior do folheto</p>
    <p>FP - comprimento do folheto posterior</p>
    <p>AT - &#226;ngulo de tenting</p>
    <p>ART - &#225;rea de tenting</p>
    <p>ALT - altura de tenting</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging-derived mitral valve geometry in determining mitral regurgitation severity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Mitral regurgitation is the most common valvular heart disease worldwide. Magnetic resonance may be a useful tool to analyze mitral valve parameters. OBJECTIVE: To distinguish mitral valve geometric patterns in patients with different severities of mitral regurgitation (MR) based on cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS: Sixty-three patients underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Mitral valve parameters analyzed were: tenting area (mm2) and angle (degrees), ventricle height (mm), tenting height (mm), anterior leaflet, posterior leaflet length and annulus diameter (mm). Patients were divided into two groups, one including patients who required mitral valve surgery and another which did not. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients had trace to mild (1-2+) MR and 27 had moderate to severe MR (3-4+). Ten (15.9%) out of 63 patients underwent surgery. Patients with more severe MR had a larger left ventricle end systolic diameter (38.6 &#177; 10.2 vs 45.4 &#177; 16.8, p&lt;0.05) and left end diastolic diameter (52.9 &#177; 6.8 vs 60.1 &#177; 12.3, p= 0.005). On multivariate analysis, the tenting area was the strongest determinant of MR severity (r= 0.62, p=0.035). Annulus length (36.1 &#177; 4.7 vs 41 &#177; 6.7, p&lt; 0.001), tenting area (190.7 &#177; 149.7 vs 130 &#177; 71.3, p= 0.048) and posterior leaflet length (15.1 &#177; 4.1 vs 12.2 &#177; 3.5, p= 0.023) were larger on patients requiring mitral valve surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Tenting area, annulus and posterior leaflet length are possible determinants of MR severity. These geometric parameters could be used to determine severity and could, in the future, direct specific patient care based on individual mitral apparatus anatomy.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy</kwd>
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Prolapse</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging-derived mitral valve geometry in determining mitral regurgitation severity</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Andre Mauricio Fernandes<sup>I,II</sup>; Vikas Rathi<sup>I</sup>; Robert W. Biederman<sup>I</sup>; Mark Doyle<sup>I</sup>; June A. Yamrozik<sup>I</sup>; Ronald B. Willians<sup>I</sup>; Vinayak Hedge<sup>I</sup>; Saundra Graunt<sup>I</sup>; Roque Aras Jr.<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Division of Cardiology, Gerald McGinnis Cardiovascular Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA - UEA</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Division of Cardiology, Hospital Ana Neri - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Mitral regurgitation is the most common valvular heart disease worldwide. Magnetic resonance may be a useful tool to analyze mitral valve parameters.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To distinguish mitral valve geometric patterns in patients with different severities of mitral regurgitation (MR) based on cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Sixty-three patients underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Mitral valve parameters analyzed were: tenting area (mm2) and angle (degrees), ventricle height (mm), tenting height (mm), anterior leaflet, posterior leaflet length and annulus diameter (mm). Patients were divided into two groups, one including patients who required mitral valve surgery and another which did not.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Thirty-six patients had trace to mild (1-2+) MR and 27 had moderate to severe MR (3-4+). Ten (15.9%) out of 63 patients underwent surgery. Patients with more severe MR had a larger left ventricle end systolic diameter (38.6 &#177; 10.2 vs 45.4 &#177; 16.8, p&lt;0.05) and left end diastolic diameter (52.9 &#177; 6.8 vs 60.1 &#177; 12.3, p= 0.005). On multivariate analysis, the tenting area was the strongest determinant of MR severity (r= 0.62, p=0.035). Annulus length (36.1 &#177; 4.7 vs 41 &#177; 6.7, p&lt; 0.001), tenting area (190.7 &#177; 149.7 vs 130 &#177; 71.3, p= 0.048) and posterior leaflet length (15.1 &#177; 4.1 vs 12.2 &#177; 3.5, p= 0.023) were larger on patients requiring mitral valve surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Tenting area, annulus and posterior leaflet length are possible determinants of MR severity. These geometric parameters could be used to determine severity and could, in the future, direct specific patient care based on individual mitral apparatus anatomy.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Mitral Valve Insufficiency / physiopathology; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mitral Valve Prolapse.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Mitral regurgitation is the most common valvular heart disease worldwide. The most common causes of mitral regurgitation include mitral valve prolapse, ischemic heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, endocarditis, drug-induced valvulopathy and collagen vascular disorders<sup>1</sup>. While rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause of mitral regurgitation in developing countries, ischemic disease plays the major role in the western world and developed countries<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>The development of mitral regurgitation is a common complication of ischemic heart disease with a negative impact on survival<sup>3,4</sup>. Mitral tenting, in combination with regional left ventricular myocardial scarring leading to segmental alterations, are important mechanisms in the pathophysiology of ischemic mitral regurgitation.</p>
      <p>Structural abnormalities of the valve leaflets themselves generally occur secondary to rheumatic heart disease and connective tissue disorders, including Marfan Syndrome, Ehlers - Danlos syndrome and osteogenesis imperfecta<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Mitral valve prolapse is another important cause, characterized by systolic billowing of one or both valve leaflets into the left atrium. This condition has a unique appearance on echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography is well suited to describing valve features in accordance with the cause of regurgitation. Transthoracic echocardiography has been indicated as a class I-C recommendation by the American College of Cardiology (ACC) for baseline evaluation of left ventricular size and function, right ventricle and left atrial size, pulmonary pressure and severity of mitral valve disease; it is indicated as class I-B for delineation of the mechanism<sup>1 </sup>and determination of the etiology as well as the severity of mitral regurgitation<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>Data from literature has shown that cardiac magnetic resonance imaging provides excellent correlation with clinical echocardiography<sup>7</sup>. It also has been recognized as an appropriate method for evaluation of native or prosthetic valves, mainly in those patients with limited images from transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiograms. The superior spatial resolution of magnetic resonance imaging is especially helpful in this regard<sup>8</sup>. Furthermore, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging facilitates accurate quantification of regurgitation volumes and regurgitation fraction<sup>8,9</sup>. Therefore, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging may be a useful tool to analyze parameters that could help clinicians to determine the etiology, as well as determine prognosis and the best treatment approach.</p>
      <p>This study aims to distinguish mitral valve geometric patterns in patients with different severity and treatment for mitral valve regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients were referred for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for standard clinical indications and all study data were obtained by clinical image dataset. Over a 24-month time period, 63 patients with mitral regurgitation were enrolled in the current cross sectional study. At the time of the study patients had clinically stable New York Heart Association class I, II or III symptoms of congestive heart failure. We used the Carpentier's functional classification to classify mechanisms of primary valvular regurgitation<sup>10</sup>. All data were obtained by electronic software analysis, without violation of ethical research principles. A local IRB approved the research protocol (R4977).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Images were obtained using a 1.5T General Electric whole body scanner (HD Excite version 12 GE - Milwaukee - WI). Subjects were imaged in the supine position and signal reception was accomplished using a 4 channel phased array cardiac coil. Sequences of interest included single shot Echo Planar Imaging, using a cardiac-triggered system with 40mT maximum gradient strength and 150 mT/m/ms maximum slew rate. The following parameters were used: repetition time (TR) = 9ms, echo time (TE) = 4ms, flip angle (FA) = 40 degrees, slice thickness = 8mm, , number of excitations (NEX) = 2 - 4, field of view = 380 - 420mm, and matrix 128 x 128. Sagital scout images were used to plan multiplanar steady state free-precession sequences (SSFP), without contrast administration. Mitral valve and ventricular geometry were analyzed using cine sequences.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mitral and ventricular measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Contours of the mitral valve and parameters such as leaflet length, height and areas were manually traced at end-systolic frames.</p>
      <p>The following mitral valve parameters were measured in the three-chamber view: tenting area (TAR), tenting angle (TA), tenting height (TH) and anterior (AL) and posterior leaflet (PL) lengths. The annular diameter and ventricular height (VH) were measured in the two-chamber view. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_4907fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_4907fig02-body2">2</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fn" rid="en_aop_4907fig03-body2">3</xref>). Study patients were divided into two groups based on regurgitant jet areas within the left atrium (trace to mild: 1 to 2+ and moderate to severe: 3 to 4+). Patients were also divided into two groups based on outcomes: one group included patients who underwent mitral valve surgery and the other included patients who did not.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>Mitral annular dimensions were obtained by measuring the distance between the attachment points of the anterior mitral leaflet to the aorta and the posterior mitral leaflet to the left ventricular posterior wall. Tenting area was obtained by calculating the area between the mitral annulus plane and the leaflets at end systole. If there was evidence of mitral valve prolapse, the tenting area was not calculated; instead, the prolapse area and height were calculated. Tenting angle was calculated at the cooptation of the anterior and posterior leaflets. Ventricular height was obtained by the distance between the annulus to the apex in the long axis view.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The goal of our statistical analysis was to compare geometric parameters between groups of patients with different mitral regurgitation severities, and between patient groups requiring surgical versus non-surgical management. We did not calculate ideal sample size because a non-probability sample was used. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) v 16.0 was used for all statistical analysis<sup>11</sup>. Continous variables were recorded as mean +/- standard deviation and categorical variables as proportions. Variables were tested for their normality using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Variables were compared using a paired t-test and dichotomous data was compared by the X<sup>2</sup> statistical test. Due to the variety of geometrical variables that could influence mitral regurgitation severity, we performed multiple regression. Major determinants of mitral regurgitation severity were analysed based on enter exploratory multiple regression. The dependent variable was the severity of mitral regurgitation. A p value of &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Demographics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The mean age was 58.1 &#177; 14.8 years. Thirty-three patients were men and 30 were women. Out of 63 patients (pts), 46 patients had restricted leaflet motion during diastole or systole (class III), eight had leaflet prolapse (class II), and nine had mitral regurgitation due to annular dilatation. We specified the etiology for secondary mitral regurgitation as follows: nineteen had ischemic etiology for MR (including cases of myocardial infarction and inoperable ischemic heart disease); 27 had functional regurgitation, eight had mitral valve prolapse and nine were classified as having other causes such as cardiomyopathies. Thirty-six patients had trace to mild (1-2+) and 27 pts had moderate to severe mitral regurgitation (3-4+). Sample characteristics are listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4907tab01-body2">table 1</xref>. Ten (15.9%) out of 63 patients underwent surgery (six underwent mitral valve repair and four underwent valve replacement).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4907tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0571-30103-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with more severe mitral regurgitation showed a larger left ventricular end systolic diameter (38.6 &#177; 10.2 vs. 45.4 &#177; 16.8, p &lt; 0.05) and left end diastolic diameter (52.9 &#177; 6.8 vs 60.1 &#177; 12.3, p = 0.005) compared to those with milder severity of regurgitation. Otherwise, there were no significant differences in geometric variables and ventricle volumes between the two groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4907tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4907tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0571-30103-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mitral regurgitation etiology, severity and mitral geometry</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In regards to geometric valve variables, on multivariate analysis the tenting area was the strongest determinant of mitral regurgitation severity (r = 0.62, p = 0.035). No other variable was identified as an independent determinant of mitral regurgitation severity.</p>
      <p>There was a significant effect regarding Carpentier's group classification on left ventricle end systolic diameter (F = 3.49, p &lt; 0.05 ), ejection fraction ( F = 4.15, p &lt; 0.05), TAR (F = 3.49, p &lt; 0.05) and TA ( F = 4.12, p&lt; 0.05).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Surgery and mitral geometry</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ten (15.9%) out of 63 patients underwent surgery because of symptoms, left ventricle ejection fraction or ventricle diameters measured by echocardiography. As expected, mitral regurgitation severity was a determinant for surgical treatment. </p>
      <p>Left ventricle end diastolic diameter was significantly increased (61.7 &#177; 8.9 vs. 54.9 &#177; 10, p= 0.05) in patients who underwent mitral valve surgery. In regards to mitral geometry, annulus length measurement was significantly higher in patients subjected to mitral valve repair or replacement (36.1 &#177; 4.7 vs. 41 &#177; 6.7, p &lt; 0.001). In addition, tenting area (190.7 &#177; 149.7 vs. 130 &#177; 71.3, p = 0.048) and posterior leaflet length (15.1 &#177; 4.1 vs. 12.2 &#177; 3.5, p = 0.023) were larger in surgically treated patients. This comparison between the surgical and nonsurgical groups is available in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4907tab03-body2">table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4907tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0571-30103-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to demonstrate that cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with its accurate spacial resolution can be used to determine mitral valve geometry and analyze its impact on the severity of regurgitation.</p>
      <p>It has been well established that ventricular dimensions strongly impact prognosis in patients with mitral regurgitation<sup>1</sup>. </p>
      <p>In accordance with previous studies<sup>12</sup>, our patients with severe mitral regurgitation showed a larger left ventricle end systolic diameter (38.6 &#177; 10.2 vs 45.4 &#177; 16.8, p &lt; 0.05) and left ventricular end diastolic diameter (52.9 &#177; 6.8 vs 60.1 &#177; 12.3, p= 0.005) as compared to those with lesser degrees of regurgitation. The role of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) as an important prognosticator has already been demonstrated by prior studies. Furthermore, it is one of the parameters used to indicate the need for surgery in asymptomatic patients (usually abnormal LVEF with LV dilatation)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The role of mitral valve geometry has been emphasized in the last few years. It is becoming clearer that valve measurements can provide further information about the etiology, physiology and treatment<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Previous studies have shown that the anterior leaflet length does not correlate with the degree of mitral regurgitation in patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation<sup>6</sup>. Otherwise, it can be used as a reference measurement to quantify annulus dilatation in functional mitral regurgitation<sup>13</sup>, probably playing a role as a non-direct determinant of severity. In this study, AL was not associated with mitral regurgitation severity, nor did it indicate the need for surgical treatment.</p>
      <p>In regards to the mitral annulus, it has been shown to be related to the severity of mitral regurgitation in prior studies<sup>14-17</sup>. Furthermore, it has been previously described as a parameter predictive of surgical success after mitral valve repair. In one series, it was used to successfully predict a 50% failure of simple annuloplasty<sup>16</sup>. In accordance with previous studies, this study demonstrated that larger annular diameter is associated with the need for mitral valve surgery.</p>
      <p>To date, many studies have been published regarding tenting measurements, highlighting their importance in determining the severity of mitral regurgitation and prognosis. The TAR is well related to severity in animal models<sup>18</sup>. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated as a measurement able to predict failure in annuloplasty. In intraoperative echocardiograms, a tenting area greater than 1.6 cm<sup>2</sup> has been shown to predict mitral annulosplasty failure<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, tenting area was greater in those patients with more severe valve lesions, and also in those who underwent mitral valve procedures.</p>
      <p>The tenting height has been described as a major determinant in ischemic patients<sup>20 </sup>and has been repeatedly found to have a correlation with mitral regurgitation severity<sup>17,21,22</sup>. Interestingly, our data did not point out TH as a determinant of severity in patients with mitral regurgitation.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the mitral valve features that play a role in predicting surgical treatment are: annular diameter, TAR and PL. In line with published literature, our study suggests the consistent role of TAR in determining mitral regurgitation severity<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Studies with humans are usually invasive or involve echocardiographic studies. There have been many non-echocardiographic methods described to define mitral valve anatomy. This is especially important given the limitations of echocardiography<sup>24</sup>. Magnetic resonance imaging can easily detail mitral valve anatomy and geometry without the need for an invasive procedure, with a satisfactory concordance with echocardiography<sup>14</sup>. Furthermore, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is shown to be concordant with the clinical need for mitral valve surgery and is also a feasible tool to define the etiology of mitral regurgitation confirmed at surgery<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>There were quite a few limitations to our study. The number of subjects was constrained and few underwent mitral valve surgery. This population underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for other reasons other than the evaluation of the mitral valve, and image quality was not always well-suited to valve evaluation, e.g., not all patients were submitted to phase velocity mapping sequences. Furthermore, a non-probability sample was used, decreasing the ability to make generalizations to the overall population.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, in this study left ventricular diameters measured by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is shown to be concordant with echocardiography and clinical evaluation. Mitral geometrical measurements, such as tenting area, annulus and posterior leaflet length are possible determinants of mitral regurgitation severity. If our results are indeed confirmed by further studies, one may argue that these geometric parameters could be used to judge severity and perhaps, in the future, tailor individualized treatment for patients based on their unique anatomic mitral apparatus geometry.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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