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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">WVPd63BpPbpfqNZx58nghCd</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000600010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000600010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130090</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor progn&#243;stico do fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B em cirurgia n&#227;o-card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Kessler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Vargas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossini</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Webber</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoluci</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gonzalez</surname>
            <given-names>Vin&#237;cius Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bertoldi</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gehling</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grutcki</surname>
            <given-names>Denis Maltz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rech</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Gazziero</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
            <given-names>Carisi Anne</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pelotas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>561</fpage>
      <lpage>570</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: J&#225; foi demonstrado o uso do NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para prever resultado card&#237;aco adverso, embora estudos recentes tenham sugerido que a determina&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio possa fornecer um valor adicional em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico perioperat&#243;rio do NT-proBNP em pacientes de intermedi&#225;rio e alto risco cardiovascular submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca. M&#201;TODOS: Este estudo incluiu prospectivamente 145 pacientes com idade &gt; 45 anos, com pelo menos um fator de risco do &#205;ndice de Risco Card&#237;aco Revisado e submetidos &#224; cirurgia de m&#233;dio ou alto risco n&#227;o-card&#237;aca. Os n&#237;veis de NTproBNP foram medidos no pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Preditores card&#237;acos de curto prazo foram avaliados por modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. RESULTADOS: Durante uma mediana de acompanhamento de 29 dias, 17 pacientes (11,7%) apresentaram eventos card&#237;acos adversos importantes (MACE - 14 infartos do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatais, 2 paradas card&#237;acas n&#227;o-fatais e 3 mortes card&#237;acas). Os n&#237;veis &#243;timos de limiar discriminat&#243;rio para o NT-proBNP pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram 917 e 2962 pg/ mL, respectivamente. O NT-proBNP pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (OR = 4,7, IC 95%: 1,62-13,73, p = 0,005 e OR 4,5, IC 95%: 1,53-13,16, p = 0,006) foram associados de forma significativa com MACE (eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores). O NTproBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi significativa e independentemente associado com eventos card&#237;acos adversos em an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada (OR ajustado 4,2, IC 95%: 1,38-12,62, p = 0,011). CONCLUS&#195;O: O NT-proBNP &#233; um importante marcador de curto prazo de eventos cardiovasculares perioperat&#243;rios em pacientes de alto risco. Os n&#237;veis p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios foram menos informativos do que os n&#237;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios. Uma &#250;nica medi&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio deve ser considerada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Peptideo Natriur&#233;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Encef&#225;lico</kwd>
        <kwd>Fragmentos de Pept&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>Cuidados Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Operat&#243;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Valor progn&#243;stico do fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B em cirurgia n&#227;o-card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fl&#225;via Kessler Borges<sup>I</sup>; Mariana Vargas Furtado<sup>I</sup>; Ana Paula Webber Rossini<sup>I</sup>; Carolina Bertoluci<sup>I</sup>; Vin&#237;cius Leite Gonzalez<sup>I</sup>; Eduardo Gehling Bertoldi<sup>II</sup>; Denis Maltz Grutcki<sup>III</sup>; Leandro Gazziero Rech<sup>III</sup>; Mariana Magalh&#227;es<sup>III</sup>; Carisi Anne Polanczyk<sup>III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Pelotas </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> J&#225; foi demonstrado o uso do NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para prever resultado card&#237;aco adverso, embora estudos recentes tenham sugerido que a determina&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio possa fornecer um valor adicional em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico perioperat&#243;rio do NT-proBNP em pacientes de intermedi&#225;rio e alto risco cardiovascular submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Este estudo incluiu prospectivamente 145 pacientes com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 45 anos, com pelo menos um fator de risco do &#205;ndice de Risco Card&#237;aco Revisado e submetidos &#224; cirurgia de m&#233;dio ou alto risco n&#227;o-card&#237;aca. Os n&#237;veis de NTproBNP foram medidos no pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Preditores card&#237;acos de curto prazo foram avaliados por modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Durante uma mediana de acompanhamento de 29 dias, 17 pacientes (11,7%) apresentaram eventos card&#237;acos adversos importantes (MACE - 14 infartos do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatais, 2 paradas card&#237;acas n&#227;o-fatais e 3 mortes card&#237;acas). Os n&#237;veis &#243;timos de limiar discriminat&#243;rio para o NT-proBNP pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram 917 e 2962 pg/ mL, respectivamente. O NT-proBNP pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (OR = 4,7, IC 95%: 1,62-13,73, p = 0,005 e OR 4,5, IC 95%: 1,53-13,16, p = 0,006) foram associados de forma significativa com MACE (eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores). O NTproBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi significativa e independentemente associado com eventos card&#237;acos adversos em an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada (OR ajustado 4,2, IC 95%: 1,38-12,62, p = 0,011). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O NT-proBNP &#233; um importante marcador de curto prazo de eventos cardiovasculares perioperat&#243;rios em pacientes de alto risco. Os n&#237;veis p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios foram menos informativos do que os n&#237;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios. Uma &#250;nica medi&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio deve ser considerada na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares / sangue, Peptideo Natriur&#233;tico, Encef&#225;lico / sangue, Fragmentos de Pept&#237;deos / sangue, Cuidados Pr&#233;-Operat&#243;rios, Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco, Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Operat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cl&#237;nico desempenha um papel importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria de pacientes em risco para eventos card&#237;acos<sup>1</sup>. No entanto, essa abordagem nem sempre &#233; suficiente para predizer complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. O fragmento N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (NT-proBNP) &#233; um marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (isquemia e extens&#227;o), e um importante preditor de eventos adversos cardiovasculares importantes (MACE) e morte em v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas<sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi independentemente associada com efeitos adversos card&#237;acos ap&#243;s grandes cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas<sup>5-8</sup>, e n&#227;o se sabe se os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio indicam disfun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e se ele &#233; um indicador confi&#225;vel de estresse card&#237;aco e desfecho. Uma &#250;nica mensura&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio poderia fornecer informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica adicional para grandes eventos card&#237;acos<sup>9</sup>. A mensura&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP ainda n&#227;o foi incorporada ao controle de rotina de pacientes de risco cardiovascular intermedi&#225;rio e alto submetidos a cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas<sup>10</sup>; al&#233;m disso, o valor do NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio como um marcador hospitalar e de curto prazo de eventos card&#237;acos ainda &#233; desconhecido.</p>
    <p>Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico adicional do NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em pacientes de risco cardiovascular intermedi&#225;rio e alto submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s ajuste para fatores cl&#237;nicos e os n&#237;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o do Conselho de &#201;tica Institucional, todos os pacientes agendados para cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca eletiva entre junho de 2010 e fevereiro de 2011 foram avaliados para elegibilidade nesse estudo observacional prospectivo. Antes de participar, todos os pacientes forneceram consentimento informado escrito e o protocolo do estudo est&#225; em conformidade com as diretrizes &#233;ticas da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 1975. Foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o no estudo pacientes acima de 45 anos de idade, com um ou mais fatores de risco do &#205;ndice de Risco Card&#237;aco Revisado (hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, hist&#243;ria de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, diabetes insulinodependente, acidente vascular cerebral ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio ou insufici&#234;ncia renal [n&#237;vel de creatinina s&#233;rica &gt; 2 mg/dL, ou pacientes recebendo terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal]) e submetidos &#224; cirurgia, definidos como de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto pelo <italic>American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association</italic><sup>1</sup> e que foram hospitalizados pelo menos um dia antes da cirurgia.</p>
    <p>O tamanho da amostra estimado para o estudo de coorte foi baseado em uma taxa prevista de eventos vasculares adversos maiores combinados (morte vascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o-fatal, parada card&#237;aca n&#227;o fatal), de 6% com base em estudos anteriores<sup>11,12</sup>. Esperava-se que aproximadamente 142 pacientes fossem inclu&#237;dos, assumindo uma raz&#227;o de risco de quatro para n&#237;veis altos de NT-proBNP, com um poder de 80% e um erro alfa de 5%<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Marcadores bioqu&#237;micos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos de soro e centrifugadas durante 10 minutos. Ap&#243;s a determina&#231;&#227;o da troponina I card&#237;aca (cTnI), o soro foi congelado e armazenado em al&#237;quotas a -80&#186;C. O NT-proBNP foi medido e analisado ap&#243;s a inclus&#227;o de todos os pacientes no estudo. A troponina I foi determinada nos dias um e dois do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. O ensaio Siemens cTnI Ultra foi realizado com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do sistema de imunoensaio ADVIA Centaur (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, Illinois, Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica), com um limite de detec&#231;&#227;o de 0,006 mg / L, um ponto de corte de percentil 99 de 0,04 g / L e um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o &lt; 10%, a um n&#237;vel de 0,03 g / L, como especificado pelo fabricante.</p>
    <p>Os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP foram determinados utilizando o Roche Elecsys 2010 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Alemanha). Determina&#231;&#245;es s&#233;ricas (imunoensaio de eletroquimioluminesc&#234;ncia do tipo sandu&#237;che, Elecsys ProBNP; Roche Diagnostics), foram realizadas na v&#233;spera da cirurgia e no segundo dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. O ensaio tinha uma sensibilidade anal&#237;tica de 5 pg/mL, e coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o de intra- e inter-ensaios &lt; 3%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cuidado Perioperat&#243;rio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Registros seriados de eletrocardiogramas de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foram realizados no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, quando os valores de cTnI eram maiores do que 0,04 ug/L ou sempre que clinicamente indicado. Ecocardiografia no padr&#227;o bidimensional, modo M e Doppler (Envisor C, iE33; Philips Medical Systems, Andover, Estados Unidos, Vivid 7 3 ou Vivid, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Estados Unidos) foi realizada por um cardiologista no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, para os pacientes com valores de cTnI maiores que 0,04 g / L e um ECG n&#227;o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Os m&#233;dicos assistentes estavam cientes dos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos perioperat&#243;rios e n&#237;veis de cTnI dos pacientes, mas n&#227;o tinham conhecimento dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Acompanhamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram monitorados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e em seguida por 30 dias para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos de curto prazo. O desfecho prim&#225;rio do estudo foi definido como a combina&#231;&#227;o de morte vascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatal e parada card&#237;aca n&#227;o fatal ap&#243;s a cirurgia inicial. Uma entrevista por telefone realizada por um investigador que desconhecia os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP foi realizada com todos os pacientes 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia inicial. No caso de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar ou morte ap&#243;s a cirurgia inicial, os prontu&#225;rios e atestados de &#243;bito foram revisados. As complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares foram documentadas pelos m&#233;dicos do estudo e validadas por dois investigadores independentes. Tanto os coletores de dados como os adjudicadores dos resultados foram cegados para os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP medidos.</p>
    <p>Morte vascular foi definida como morte por infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, arritmias, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou eventos vasculares de grandes vasos. Parada card&#237;aca n&#227;o fatal foi definida como um evento cardiopulmonar que conduziu a reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar bem sucedida. Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o-fatal foi diagnosticado por uma t&#237;pica eleva&#231;&#227;o e queda do cTnI maior que 0,04 mg/L, juntamente com sinais ou sintomas cl&#237;nicos de isquemia ou achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos (novas ondas Q ou altera&#231;&#245;es da onda ST-T em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es adjacentes, ou novo bloqueio do ramo esquerdo) sugestivos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica aguda.</p>
    <p>A vari&#225;vel, desfecho secund&#225;rio, foi um <italic>endpoint</italic> combinado de morte, AVC n&#227;o fatal, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria aguda. O acidente vascular cerebral foi considerado como um novo d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico focal de origem vascular, com sintomas que duram por mais de 24 horas. O diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva precisou de uma ou mais das seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es: desenvolvimento de sintomas ou sinais de edema pulmonar, evid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia ventricular esquerda ou achado anormal na radiografia do t&#243;rax. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico foi considerada significativa. A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana aguda incluiu a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea ou cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica relacionada &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica persistente e comprometimento hemodin&#226;mico refrat&#225;rio ao tratamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP), medianas e intervalo interquartil [percentil 25-75], ou frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, conforme apropriado. Os valores de NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios e suas varia&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias foram comparados atrav&#233;s do teste U de Mann-Whitney. O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi usado para testar a for&#231;a das associa&#231;&#245;es entre NT-proBNP e outras vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;cont&#237;nuas. Curvas ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>) foram constru&#237;das para avaliar a precis&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP para o desfecho prim&#225;rio. Para determinar os valores &#243;timos de sensibilidade e especificidade, foi identificado o valor mais pr&#243;ximo do melhor ponto de especificidade e sensibilidade na curva ROC. Foram calculados sensibilidade, especificidade e valores preditivos positivos e negativos. Para efeitos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida livre de eventos, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier. A curva de evento-tempo foi separada de acordo com os n&#237;veis discriminat&#243;rios pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de NT-proBNP, e essas curvas foram comparadas pelo teste de log-rank. Pacientes com e sem eventos foram comparados por an&#225;lises univariadas usando o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, Qui-quadrado, Mann-Whitney ou teste exato de Fisher, conforme o mais apropriado. A an&#225;lise multivariada foi realizada para determinar os fatores independentes associados com complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. Somente vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;clinicamente relevantes com p &lt; 0,20 na an&#225;lise univariada foram inclu&#237;das no modelo multivariado. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi um valor de p bicaudal &lt; 0,05. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando SPSS 18.0 para <italic>Windows</italic>.</p>
    <p>Esse estudo recebeu financiamento do Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa (FIPE), da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) e Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) - Porto Alegre, Brasil. Os ensaios de troponina I foram doados pela Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics -Deerfield, Illinois.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre junho de 2010 e fevereiro de 2011, todos os 155 pacientes consecutivos agendados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto que cumpriram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram inscritos no estudo. Dez pacientes (6,5%) tiveram suas cirurgias canceladas ap&#243;s a inscri&#231;&#227;o. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas de pacientes que n&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os 145 pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo. As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5171tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5171tab02">Tabela 2</xref> mostra as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes no per&#237;odo perioperat&#243;rio estratificadas pela ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares durante o acompanhamento.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5171tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5171tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Durante uma mediana de acompanhamento de 29 (8,7) dias, 17 pacientes (11,7%) apresentaram eventos card&#237;acos adversos importantes, incluindo 14 infartos do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o fatais (9,7%), duas paradas card&#237;acas n&#227;o fatais (1,4%) e tr&#234;s mortes por problemas card&#237;acos (2,1%). A mortalidade geral (card&#237;aca e n&#227;o card&#237;aca) foi de 6,9%, incluindo quatro casos de sepse, tr&#234;s casos de choque hemorr&#225;gico e tr&#234;s casos de morte cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>Quarenta e sete pacientes (32,4%) apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o de cTnI (<sup>&gt;</sup> 0,04 ug/L) em pelo menos uma das amostras de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio coletadas. Entre estes, 14 pacientes tiveram diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. O ecocardiograma foi realizado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em todos os pacientes, com exce&#231;&#227;o de dois indiv&#237;duos com cTnI <sup>&gt;</sup> 0,04 mg/L e um eletrocardiograma sem diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Associa&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP perioperat&#243;rio e eventos cardiovasculares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A mediana do NT-proBNP aumentou significativamente de 332 para 1175 pg/mL (intervalo interquartil, 115-1743 a 587-2987 pg/mL, p &lt; 0,001), antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia, respectivamente. No geral, 109 pacientes (78%) tiveram um aumento de NT-proBNP ap&#243;s a cirurgia. No pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, as medianas dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP foram maiores em pacientes que apresentaram eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os pacientes livres de eventos (1730 vs. 288 pg / mL, p = 0,02). Al&#233;m disso, a mediana de NT-proBNP no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi maior em pacientes com eventos card&#237;acos adversos quando comparados com pacientes sem eventos (3.699 vs. 1.092 pg / mL, p = 0,01, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5171fig01">Figura 1</xref>). Os n&#237;veis pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios de NT-proBNP mostraram forte correla&#231;&#227;o (r = 0,74, p &lt; 0,001). N&#237;veis p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios de cTnI mostraram-se moderadamente correlacionados com os n&#237;veis pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de NT-proBNP (r = 0,43, p &lt; 0,001, e r = 0,40, p &lt; 0,001, respectivamente).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5171fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o NT-proBNP perioperat&#243;rio e eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores foi avaliada por meio de uma curva ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5171fig02">Figura 2</xref>). A &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 0,67 (IC de 95%: 0,52-0,82) para NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. O limiar discriminat&#243;rio &#243;timo para o NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi 917 pg/ml, obtendo-se uma sensibilidade de 65%, especificidade de 73%, um valor preditivo positivo de 24% e um valor preditivo negativo de 94%. Para o NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, a &#225;rea sob a curva foi de 0,69 (IC de 95%: 0,54-0,84). Um limiar discriminat&#243;rio de 2962 pg/mL mostrou as melhores taxas combinadas de sensibilidade (56,3%) e especificidade (78%), um valor preditivo positivo de 24,3% e um valor preditivo negativo de 93,3%. Os modelos, incluindo o &#205;ndice de Risco Card&#237;aco Revisado, foram caracterizados por um baixo poder discriminat&#243;rio (c-index = 0,61 &#177; 0,08) na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos card&#237;acos adversos importantes. O c-index aumentou para 0,65 &#177; 0,08 (p = 0,39), 0,64 &#177; 0,08 (p = 0,31), e 0,65 &#177; 0,08 (p = 0,16), quando os n&#237;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e ambos os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP foram inclu&#237;dos, respectivamente. A associa&#231;&#227;o de NT-proBNP pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e eventos cardiovasculares &#233; mostrada nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5171tab03">Tabelas 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5171tab04">4</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5171fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5171tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5171tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">Figura 3</xref> mostra a curva de Kaplan-Meier demonstrando sobreviv&#234;ncia livre de eventos em pacientes com n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP inferiores e superiores ao limiar estabelecido. Quando comparada pelo teste log-rank, a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos os n&#237;veis pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de NT-proBNP - abaixo ou acima do limite ideal discriminat&#243;rio - de pacientes com ambos os resultados negativos apresentaram maiores taxas de sobrevida livre de eventos do que aqueles com os dois resultados positivos (p &lt; 0,001) durante os 30 dias de acompanhamento no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c">Figura 3C</xref>).</p>
    <fig id="fig03"/>
    <p>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-e01.jpg"/></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="fig03c">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise multivariada</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea pr&#233;via, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, classe da Escala de Atividade Espec&#237;fica, cirurgia vascular, cTnI p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, grande sangramento transoperat&#243;rio, n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foram significativamente associados com eventos card&#237;acos adversos importantes na an&#225;lise univariada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5171tab01">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5171tab02">2</xref>). Ap&#243;s terem sido ajustados para o &#205;ndice de Risco Card&#237;aco Revisado, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana, uso pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de beta-bloqueadores, cirurgia vascular e n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio n&#227;o estavam mais associados com os eventos card&#237;acos adversos. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, os preditores independentes de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores foram o n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio <sup>&gt;</sup> 917 pg / ml (OR 4,2, p = 0,011, IC 95%: 1,38-12,62) e cirurgia vascular (OR 3,2, IC 95%: 1,06 9,53, p = 0,04). Varia&#231;&#245;es relativas e absolutas dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios para os n&#237;veis p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios n&#227;o foram significativamente associados com eventos card&#237;acos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</p>
    <p>Quando os pacientes foram estratificados pelo &#205;ndice de Risco Card&#237;aco Revisado e n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o desfecho prim&#225;rio foi semelhante entre pacientes nas classes II e III. Pacientes da classe IV e n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP pr&#233; ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio abaixo dos n&#237;veis &#243;timos de limiar discriminat&#243;rio, apresentaram menores taxas de eventos do que aqueles de classe IV e NT-proBNP pr&#233; ou p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio acima dos n&#237;veis de limiar durante o per&#237;odo de 30 dias de acompanhamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (p = 0,004 e p = 0,002, respectivamente).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Esse estudo demonstra que a medida de NT-proBNP perioperat&#243;rio fornece informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca. O n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio &gt; 917 pg/mL conferiu uma chance quatro vezes maior de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores em curto prazo. Pacientes com n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio abaixo do limiar discriminat&#243;rio &#243;ptimo apresentaram maiores taxas de sobrevida livre de eventos quando comparados com aqueles com ambos os resultados positivos durante os 30 dias de acompanhamento no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. No entanto, ap&#243;s o ajuste para as vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, o preditor mais independente dos eventos card&#237;acos prim&#225;rios foi o n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Esse estudo confirma e amplia os resultados anteriores do NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio como um marcador independente associado com eventos cardiovasculares maiores<sup>9,13-18</sup>. Em contraste, o valor da determina&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio nesse cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico ainda est&#225; indefinido. Como observado nesse estudo, os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP variam substancialmente durante o per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>7,9,18-22</sup>. Os n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio podem refletir as consequ&#234;ncias das vari&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;din&#226;micas da anestesia exercida pela libera&#231;&#227;o de catecolaminas no intra-operat&#243;rio e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e hipercoagulabilidade induzida, o que poderia precipitar isquemia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s cirurgias de grande porte.</p>
    <p>Poucos estudos foram elaborados para avaliar valores diagn&#243;sticos e progn&#243;sticos de NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em rela&#231;&#227;o a desfechos card&#237;acos adversos. Estudos anteriores limitados a pacientes vasculares encontraram resultados discordantes<sup>9,23,24</sup>. Mahla e cols.<sup>9</sup> examinaram 218 pacientes submetidos a grandes cirurgias vasculares eletivas e identificaram um maior aumento do NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em pacientes que sofreram eventos cardiovasculares, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles que n&#227;o tinham apresentado (609 vs. 183 pg/mL). Os autores conclu&#237;ram que um &#250;nico NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio <sup>&gt;</sup> 860 pg/mL poderia fornecer informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica adicional em compara&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios (taxa de risco hospitalar ajustada de 19,8; IC 95%: 3,4-115)<sup>9</sup>. Em um estudo de coorte com 144 pacientes vasculares, Goei et al. demonstraram que a diferen&#231;a dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP entre as medi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria foi o mais forte preditor independente de resultado card&#237;aco em longo prazo (raz&#227;o de risco ajustada 3,06, IC 95% :1,36-6,91)<sup>23</sup>. Semelhante ao encontrado por Rajagopalan e cols.<sup>24</sup>, o NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi um preditor independente de mortalidade entre os pacientes vasculares, mas n&#227;o para eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores.</p>
    <p>Os resultados de nossa coorte demonstram que, apesar da eleva&#231;&#227;o substancial de NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, apenas medi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias permaneceram estatisticamente significativas na an&#225;lise multivariada. Algumas raz&#245;es devem ser consideradas para esses resultados diferentes. Em primeiro lugar, os estudos anteriores avaliaram a popula&#231;&#227;o com maior risco e inclu&#237;ram pacientes mais velhos submetidos apenas &#224; cirurgia vascular. Em segundo lugar, o NT-proBNP foi medido mais tarde, no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o que poderia eliminar poss&#237;veis confundidores, j&#225; que os pacientes geralmente haviam deixado de receber terapias de infus&#227;o. Em terceiro lugar, e talvez mais importante, os estudos geralmente falhavam no ajuste para o n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, que &#233; o confundidor mais evidente do n&#237;vel de NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os dados desse estudo demonstraram que as medi&#231;&#245;es de NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias t&#234;m uma fun&#231;&#227;o &#250;til, independentemente da predi&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice de Risco Card&#237;aco Revisado nesse cen&#225;rio. Esse achado sugere que altos n&#237;veis basais de NT-proBNP resultantes da ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema neuro-hormonal card&#237;aco podem ser uma caracter&#237;stica unificadora em pacientes com alto risco de mortalidade cardiovascular ou eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores. Um n&#237;vel de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio reflete as consequ&#234;ncias din&#226;micas da cirurgia e da anestesia, mas o fator mais importante no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio para prever resultados cardiovasculares parece ser a condi&#231;&#227;o basal dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>Em acordo com nossos resultados, evid&#234;ncias sugerem fortemente que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre n&#237;veis elevados de NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios e maiores riscos de desfechos cardiovasculares perioperat&#243;rios adversos<sup>7,9,13-18,25-30</sup>, embora os riscos variem amplamente entre os estudos e haja incerteza quanto &#224; for&#231;a da associa&#231;&#227;o. Uma revis&#227;o e uma meta-an&#225;lise sistem&#225;tica publicada recentemente tentou determinar se o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B (BNP) ou NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios eram preditores independentes de resultados cardiovasculares adversos 30 dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca, incluindo nove estudos e um total de 3.281 pacientes. Todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos mostraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre elevados n&#237;veis de BNP ou NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios e v&#225;rios desfechos cardiovasculares. Dados agrupados de sete estudos demonstraram um <italic>odds ratio</italic> de 19,3 (IC 95%: 8,5-43,7; I<sup>2</sup> = 58%)<sup>6</sup>. No entanto, tem havido uma grande heterogeneidade entre os resultados dos estudos.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; um ponto de corte estabelecido para a defini&#231;&#227;o de riscos. Estudos anteriores utilizaram diferentes limiares, de 201 a 1619 pg/mL<sup>9,15-18,21</sup>, para ensaios de NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios, e 625-860 pg/mL<sup>9,24</sup>, para os ensaios de NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, para representar valores anormais. O ponto de corte com base no valor mais pr&#243;ximo do melhor ponto de especificidade e sensibilidade da curva ROC, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho prim&#225;rio, foi de 917 pg/mL para o NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, e 2962 pg/mL, para os n&#237;veis p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios. Em contraste com outras coortes<sup>9,24</sup>, 25% dos pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal foram inclu&#237;dos nesse estudo. Os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP e sua capacidade de progn&#243;stico podem ser afetados pela fal&#234;ncia renal<sup>31</sup>, embora seja importante salientar que os doentes com insufici&#234;ncia renal progressiva teriam disfun&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares relacionadas ao seu grau de fun&#231;&#227;o renal, o que, por sua vez, poderia resultar em maiores n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP<sup>32</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, o tempo para medi&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio varia entre os estudos. &#201; pouco prov&#225;vel que haja um limiar dicot&#244;mico que defina um valor normal ou anormal de NT-proBNP. &#201; mais prov&#225;vel que os riscos cardiovasculares perioperat&#243;rios aumentem &#224; medida que os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP aumentam.</p>
    <p>O uso de testes bioqu&#237;micos para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco tem v&#225;rias vantagens. Eles s&#243; exigem um exame de sangue simples, que est&#225; amplamente dispon&#237;vel nos atuais analisadores cl&#237;nicos bioqu&#237;micos e &#233; realizado rotineiramente em muitos hospitais. Al&#233;m disso, esse exame pode evitar as dificuldades de uso de um complexo sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o para pacientes individuais, e tamb&#233;m fornece uma medida objetiva, sem o risco de uma potencial interpreta&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos. Um ponto de corte bem definido, tal como o 917 pg/mL obtido a partir da an&#225;lise da curva ROC utilizada nesse estudo, seria f&#225;cil de utilizar em um ambiente cl&#237;nico. &#201; um m&#233;todo aparentemente r&#225;pido e de baixo custo para melhorar a avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e facilitar interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, que podem reduzir a morbidade e mortalidade.</p>
    <p>Este estudo tem algumas ressalvas. O pequeno n&#250;mero de alguns eventos pode ter resultado em associa&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o-confi&#225;veis. No entanto, um desfecho consistente foi avaliado e as probabilidades ajustadas foram estatisticamente significativas. Modelos multivariados n&#227;o foram ajustados para a classe funcional, uma vez que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar a capacidade funcional da maioria dos pacientes limitados por doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica. A maioria dos eventos ocorreu nos primeiros dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia, e &#233; poss&#237;vel que elevados n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio sejam uma conseq&#252;&#234;ncia, em vez de preditores desses eventos. Al&#233;m disso, os resultados podem n&#227;o ser aplic&#225;veis &#8203;&#8203;a pacientes de baixo risco e para cirurgias de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tem uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores perioperat&#243;rios, mas o seu valor adicional para os n&#237;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rios na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o foi confirmada. Uma medi&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica de NT-proBNP pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio apresenta uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente com eventos cardiovasculares consistentes de curto prazo, e pode fornecer informa&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica adicional para as estrat&#233;gias atuais utilizadas nas estimativas das previs&#245;es de risco perioperat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agradecemos &#224; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) - Porto Alegre, Brasil e a Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics-Deerfield, Illinois, pela assist&#234;ncia financeira.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo FIPE, FAPERGS e UFRGS.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Siemens Health Care Diagnostics.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Fl&#225;via Kessler Borges pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="corresp" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Fl&#225;via Kessler Borges </p>
        <p> Av. Crist&#243;v&#227;o Colombo, 4105/1204 A, Higien&#243;polis </p>
        <p> CEP 90560-005, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="flaviakessler@terra.com.br">flaviakessler@terra.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="fborges@hcpa.ufrgs.br">fborges@hcpa.ufrgs.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 26/09/12, revisado em 28/12/12, aceito em 07/01/13.</p>
  </body>
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    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic value of perioperative N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in noncardiac surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Preoperative NT-proBNP has been shown to predict adverse cardiac outcomes, although recent studies suggested that postoperative NT-proBNP determination could provide additional information in patients submitted to noncardiac surgery. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of perioperative NT-proBNP in intermediate and high risk cardiovascular patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. METHODS: This study prospectively enrolled 145 patients aged &gt;45 years, with at least one Revised Cardiac Risk Index risk factor and submitted to intermediate or high risk noncardiac surgery. NT-proBNP levels were measured pre- and postoperatively. Short-term cardiac outcome predictors were evaluated by logistic regression models. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 29 days, 17 patients (11.7%) experienced major adverse cardiac events (MACE- 14 nonfatal myocardial infarctions, 2 nonfatal cardiac arrests and 3 cardiac deaths). The optimum discriminatory threshold levels for pre- and postoperative NT-proBNP were 917 and 2962 pg/mL, respectively. Pre- and postoperative NT-proBNP (OR 4.7; 95% CI 1.62-13.73; p=0.005 and OR 4.5; 95% CI 1.53-13.16; p=0.006) were significantly associated with MACE. Preoperative NT-proBNP was significantly and independently associated with adverse cardiac events in multivariate regression analysis (adjusted OR 4.2; 95% CI 1.38-12.62; p=0.011). CONCLUSION: NT-proBNP is a powerful short-term marker of perioperative cardiovascular events in high risk patients. Postoperative levels were less informative than preoperative levels. A single preoperative NT-proBNP measurement should be considered in the preoperative risk assessment.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptide</kwd>
        <kwd>Brain</kwd>
        <kwd>Peptide Fragments</kwd>
        <kwd>Preoperative Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Surgical Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Operative</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="inicio-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Prognostic value of perioperative N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide in noncardiac surgery</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Fl&#225;via Kessler Borges<sup>I</sup>; Mariana Vargas Furtado<sup>I</sup>; Ana Paula Webber Rossini<sup>I</sup>; Carolina Bertoluci<sup>I</sup>; Vin&#237;cius Leite Gonzalez<sup>I</sup>; Eduardo Gehling Bertoldi<sup>II</sup>; Denis Maltz Grutcki<sup>III</sup>; Leandro Gazziero Rech<sup>III</sup>; Mariana Magalh&#227;es<sup>III</sup>; Carisi Anne Polanczyk<sup>III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Universidade Federal de Pelotas</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Preoperative NT-proBNP has been shown to predict adverse cardiac outcomes, although recent studies suggested that postoperative NT-proBNP determination could provide additional information in patients submitted to noncardiac surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the prognostic value of perioperative NT-proBNP in intermediate and high risk cardiovascular patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> This study prospectively enrolled 145 patients aged &gt; 45 years, with at least one Revised Cardiac Risk Index risk factor and submitted to intermediate or high risk noncardiac surgery. NT-proBNP levels were measured pre- and postoperatively. Short-term cardiac outcome predictors were evaluated by logistic regression models.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> During a median follow-up of 29 days, 17 patients (11.7%) experienced major adverse cardiac events (MACE- 14 nonfatal myocardial infarctions, 2 nonfatal cardiac arrests and 3 cardiac deaths). The optimum discriminatory threshold levels for pre- and postoperative NT-proBNP were 917 and 2962 pg/mL, respectively. Pre- and postoperative NT-proBNP (OR 4.7; 95% CI 1.62-13.73; p=0.005 and OR 4.5; 95% CI 1.53-13.16; p=0.006) were significantly associated with MACE. Preoperative NT-proBNP was significantly and independently associated with adverse cardiac events in multivariate regression analysis (adjusted OR 4.2; 95% CI 1.38-12.62; p=0.011).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> NT-proBNP is a powerful short-term marker of perioperative cardiovascular events in high risk patients. Postoperative levels were less informative than preoperative levels. A single preoperative NT-proBNP measurement should be considered in the preoperative risk assessment.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiovascular Diseases / blood; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / blood; Peptide Fragments / blood; Preoperative Care; Risk Assessment; Surgical Procedures, Operative.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical risk stratification plays an important role in preoperative evaluation of patients at risk for cardiac events <sup>1</sup>. Nonetheless, this approach is not always sufficient to predict postoperative cardiac complications. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a marker of myocardial dysfunction (ischemic and stretch), and a powerful predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events and death in multiple cardiologic settings <sup>2-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Preoperative NT-proBNP elevation has been independently associated with adverse cardiac outcomes after major noncardiac surgeries <sup>5-8</sup>, and it is unknown whether postoperative NT-proBNP levels indicate myocardial dysfunction and whether it is a reliable indicator of cardiac stress and outcome. A single postoperative NT-proBNP level could provide additional prognostic information for major cardiac events <sup>9</sup>. NT-proBNP measurement has not yet been incorporated into the routine monitoring of intermediate and high-risk cardiovascular patients undergoing noncardiac surgery <sup>10</sup>; moreover, the value of postoperative NT-proBNP as a marker of in-hospital and short-term cardiac events is still unknown. </p>
      <p>Thus, this study aims to evaluate the additional prognostic value of postoperative NT-proBNP in intermediate and high-risk cardiovascular patients undergoing noncardiac surgery after adjusting for clinical factors and preoperative levels. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients Selection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After Institutional Ethics Review Board approval, all patients scheduled to undergo elective noncardiac surgery between June 2010 and February 2011 were screened for eligibility for this prospective observational study. Before participating, all patients provided written informed consent and the study protocol conforms to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. Patients older than 45 years of age, with one or more Revised Cardiac Risk Index risk factor (history of ischemic heart disease, history of heart failure, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, stroke or transient ischemic attack, or renal failure [serum creatinine level &gt; 2 mg/dl, or patients on renal replacement therapy]) and undergoing surgery defined as intermediate or high-risk by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association <sup>1</sup> and who had been hospitalized at least one day before surgery were eligible for study inclusion.</p>
      <p>The sample size estimated for the cohort study was based on an anticipated rate of combined major adverse vascular events (vascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal cardiac arrest) of 6% based on previous studies <sup>11,12</sup>. It was expected that approximately 142 patients were to be included, assuming a hazard ratio of four for high NT-proBNP levels, with an 80% power and an alpha error of 5%<sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Biochemical Markers</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood samples were collected in serum tubes and centrifuged within 10 minutes. After determination of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), serum was frozen and stored in aliquots at -80&#186;C. NT-proBNP was measured and analyzed after including all patients in the study. Troponin I was determined on postoperative days one and two. The Siemens cTnI Ultra assay was performed with the use of the ADVIA Centaur immunoassay system (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics- Deerfield, Illinois, United States), with a limit of detection of 0.006 &#181;g/L, a 99<sup>th</sup> percentile cutoff point of 0.04 &#181;g/L and a coefficient of variation below 10%, at a level of 0.03 &#181;g/L, as specified by the manufacturer. </p>
      <p>NT-proBNP levels were determined using the Roche Elecsys 2010 (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). Serum determinations (electrochemiluminescence sandwich immunoassay, Elecsys ProBNP; Roche Diagnostics) were performed the day before surgery and on postoperative day two. The assay had an analytical sensitivity of 5 pg/ml, and intraassay and interassay coefficients of variance below 3%. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Perioperative Care</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Serial 12-lead electrocardiogram recordings were performed postoperatively when cTnI values were greater than 0.04 &#181;g/L or whenever clinically indicated. Standard two-dimensional, M-mode and Doppler echocardiography (Envisor C, iE33; Philips Medical Systems, Andover, United States, Vivid 3 or Vivid 7; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, United States) was performed by a cardiologist postoperatively, for those patients whose cTnI values were greater than 0.04 &#181;g/L and a nondiagnostic electrocardiogram.</p>
      <p>The attending physicians were aware of perioperative echocardiographic data and cTnI levels of patients, but were unaware of the NT-proBNP levels. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Follow-up</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients were monitored in-hospital and after 30 days for the occurrence of short-term cardiac events. The study primary outcome was defined as combination of vascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and nonfatal cardiac arrest after index surgery. A telephone interview conducted by an investigator unaware of NT-proBNP levels was performed in all patients 30 days after index surgery. In case of hospital readmission or death since index surgery, hospital charts and death certificates were reviewed. Vascular complications were documented by the study physicians and validated by two independent investigators. Both data collectors and outcome adjudicators were blinded to measured NT-proBNP levels.</p>
      <p>Vascular death was defined as death due to myocardial infarction, stroke, arrhythmia, heart failure or vascular events of great vessels. Nonfatal cardiac arrest was defined as a cardiopulmonary event that led to the initiation of successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Nonfatal myocardial infarction was diagnosed by a typical rise and fall of cTnI to greater than 0.04 &#181;g/L, along with clinical signs or symptoms of ischemia or electrocardiographic findings (new Q waves or ST-T wave changes in at least two adjacent leads, or new left bundle branch block) suggestive of acute myocardial ischemia. </p>
      <p>Secondary outcome variable was a combined endpoint of death, nonfatal stroke, congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation and acute coronary revascularization procedures. Stroke was considered as a new focal neurological deficit of vascular origin, with symptoms lasting for more than 24 hours. Diagnosis of congestive heart failure required one or more of the following conditions: development of symptoms or signs of pulmonary edema, evidence of left ventricular failure or some abnormal finding on chest radiography. Atrial fibrillation with hemodynamic compromise was considered significant. Acute coronary revascularization included percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting related to persistent myocardial ischemia and hemodynamic compromise refractory to medical therapy. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Results are shown as mean and standard deviation (SD), medians and interquartile range [25<sup>th</sup>-75<sup>th</sup> percentiles], or absolute and relative frequencies as appropriate. Preoperative NT-proBNP values and their perioperative changes were compared using Mann-Whitney U test. In order to test the strength of the associations between NT-proBNP levels and other continuous variables, Spearman's rank correlation was used. Receiver operating characteristic curves were constructed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the NT-proBNP levels for the primary outcome. To determine optimal values of specificity and sensitivity, the closest value to the best specificity and sensitivity point on the receiver operating characteristic curve was identified. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated. For the purpose of assessing event-free survival, a Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed. The event-time curve was separated according to the discriminatory pre- and postoperative NT-proBNP levels and these curves were compared by log-rank test. Patients with and without events were compared by univariate analyses using Student's <italic>t</italic> test, Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, or Fisher exact test, as appropriate. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine independent factors associated with cardiac complications. Only clinically relevant variables with p &lt; 0.20 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariable model. The level of significance was a two-tailed p value &lt; 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 18.0 for Windows.</p>
      <p>This study received research grants from Funding of Incentive Research (FIPE), Rio Grande do Sul Research Foundation (FAPERGS) and <italic>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</italic> (UFRGS) - Porto Alegre, Brazil. Troponin I assays were donated by Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics- Deerfield, Illinois.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between June 2010 and February 2011, all 155 consecutive patients scheduled to undergo intermediate or high-risk noncardiac surgery that met the inclusion criteria were enrolled. Ten patients (6.5%) had their surgeries canceled after enrollment. There was no statistically significant difference between the clinical characteristics of patients who did not undergo surgery, in comparison with those 145 patients included in the study. Baseline characteristics of included patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5171tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Perioperative patient characteristics stratified by the occurrence of cardiovascular events during follow-up are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5171tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5171tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5171tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>During a median follow-up of 29 (8.7) days, 17 patients (11.7%) experienced major adverse cardiac events, including 14 nonfatal myocardial infarctions (9.7%), two nonfatal cardiac arrests (1.4%) and three cardiac deaths (2.1%). Overall mortality (cardiac and noncardiac) was 6.9%, including four cases of sepsis, three cases of hemorrhagic shock and three cases of cardiovascular deaths. </p>
      <p>Forty-seven patients (32.4%) had cTnI elevation (<sup>&gt;</sup>0.04 &#181;g/L) in at least one of the postoperative samples collected. Among these, 14 patients had a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Echocardiography was performed postoperatively in all but two patients with cTnI <sup>&gt;</sup>0.04 &#181;g/L and a nondiagnostic electrocardiogram.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Association of perioperative NT-proBNP and cardiovascular events</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Median NT-proBNP has significantly increased from 332 to 1175 pg/mL (interquartile range, 115-1743 to 587-2987 pg/mL; p&lt;0.001), before and after surgery, respectively. Overall, 109 patients (78%) had an increase in NT-proBNP after surgery. Preoperatively, median NT-proBNP levels were higher in patients who experienced postoperative major adverse cardiac events as compared with event-free patients (1730 vs. 288 pg/mL; p=0.02). In addition, the median postoperative NT-proBNP was greater in patients experiencing major adverse cardiac events when compared with event-free patients (3699 vs. 1092 pg/mL; p=0.01; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5171fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). Pre- and postoperative NT-proBNP levels were strongly correlated (r=0.74; p&lt;0.001). Postoperative cTnI levels were moderately correlated with pre- and postoperative NT-proBNP levels (r=0.43; p&lt;0.001, and r=0.40; p&lt;0.001, respectively). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5171fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The association between perioperative NT-proBNP and major adverse cardiac events was assessed by means of a receiver operating characteristic curve (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5171fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). The area under the curve was 0.67 (95% CI 0.52-0.82) for preoperative NT-proBNP. The optimum discriminate threshold for preoperative NT-proBNP was 917 pg/mL, yielding a sensitivity of 65%, a specificity of 73%, a positive predictive value of 24%, and a negative predictive value of 94%. For postoperative NT-proBNP, the area under the curve was 0.69 (95% CI 0.54-0.84). A discriminative threshold of 2962 pg/mL had the best combined sensitivity (56.3%) and specificity (78%) rates, a positive predictive value of 24.3%, and a negative predictive value of 93.3%. Models including the Revised Cardiac Risk Index were characterized by a low discriminative power (c-index=0.61&#177;0.08) in predicting major adverse cardiac events. The c-index increased to 0.65&#177;0.08 (p=0.39), 0.64&#177;0.08 (p=0.31), and 0.65&#177;0.08 (p=0.16) when preoperative, postoperative, and both NT-proBNP levels were included, respectively. The association of pre- and postoperative NT-proBNP and cardiovascular events is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5171tab03-body2">Tables 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5171tab04-body2">4</xref>. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_5171fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5171tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5171tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03ab-body2">Figure 3</xref> shows the Kaplan-Meier curve demonstrating event-free survival in patients with NT-proBNP levels less than and greater than the established threshold. When comparing by log-rank test, the combination of both pre- and postoperative NT-proBNP levels - under or above the optimum discriminate threshold - of patients with both negative results showed higher event-free survival rates than those with both positive results (p&lt;0.001) during the 30-day postoperative follow-up period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03c-body2">Figure 3C</xref>). </p>
      <fig id="fig03ab-body2"/>
      <p>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-e01-en.jpg"/></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="fig03c-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0561-30090-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Multivariate analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Previous percutaneous coronary intervention, peripheral artery disease, Specific Activity Scale class, vascular surgery, postoperative cTnI, major transoperative bleeding, pre- and postoperative NT-proBNP were significantly associated with major adverse cardiac events in univariate analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5171tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5171tab02-body2">2</xref>). Adjusted for Revised Cardiac Risk Index, coronary revascularization, preoperative use of beta-blockers, vascular surgery and preoperative NT-proBNP levels by logistic regression, postoperative NT-proBNP levels were no longer associated with adverse cardiac events. In multivariate regression analysis, independent predictors of major adverse cardiac events were preoperative NT-proBNP level <sup>&gt;</sup> 917 pg/mL (OR 4.2; 95% CI: 1.38-12.62; p=0.011) and vascular surgery (OR 3.2; 95% CI: 1.06-9.53; p=0.04). Relative and absolute variations of NT-proBNP from preoperative to postoperative levels were not significantly associated with postoperative cardiac events in the study population.</p>
      <p>When stratifying patients by Revised Cardiac Risk Index and pre- and postoperative NT-proBNP levels, the primary outcome was similar among patients in class II and III. Class IV patients and pre- or postoperative NT-proBNP levels below the optimum discriminatory threshold levels showed lower event rates than those with class IV and pre- or postoperative NT-proBNP above the threshold levels during the 30-day postoperative follow-up period (p=0.004 and p=0.002, respectively). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study demonstrates that perioperative NT-proBNP measurement provides valuable information for risk stratification of intermediate and high-risk patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Preoperative NT-proBNP level higher than 917 pg/mL resulted in a four-fold increase in the odds for major adverse cardiac events in a short-term period. Patients with both pre- and postoperative NT-proBNP levels under the optimum discriminatory threshold had higher event-free survival rates when compared with those with both positive results during the 30-day postoperative follow-up period. Yet, after adjustment for preoperative clinical variables, the most independent predictor of primary cardiac events was preoperative NT-proBNP level. </p>
      <p>This study confirms and extends previous findings on preoperative NT-proBNP as an independent marker associated with major cardiovascular events <sup>9,13-18</sup>. In contrast, the value of postoperative NT-proBNP determination in this clinical setting remains undefined. As observed in this study, NT-proBNP levels vary substantially during the postoperative period<sup>7,9,18-22</sup>. Postoperative peptide levels may reflect the variable dynamic consequences of anesthesia exerted by intraoperative and postoperative catecholamine release and induced hypercoagulability, which could precipitate postoperative ischemia, myocardial infarction and cardiac dysfunction after major surgeries. </p>
      <p>Few studies were designed to address diagnostic and prognostic values of postoperative NT-proBNP for adverse cardiac outcomes. Prior studies limited to vascular patients have found discordant results <sup>9,23,24</sup>. Mahla et al<sup>9</sup> have assessed 218 patients undergoing elective major vascular surgery and identified a greater rise in postoperative NT-proBNP in those patients who sustained cardiovascular events, in comparison with those who did not (609 vs. 183 pg/mL). The authors concluded that a single postoperative NT-proBNP <sup>&gt;</sup> 860 pg/mL could provide incremental prognostic information compared to preoperative levels (in-hospital adjusted hazard ratio 19.8; 95% CI: 3.4-115)<sup>9</sup>. In a cohort study involving 144 vascular patients, Goei et al. have demonstrated that the difference in NT-proBNP levels between pre- and postoperative measurements was the strongest independent predictor of long-term cardiac outcome (adjusted hazard ratio of 3.06; 95% CI: 1.36-6.91)<sup>23</sup>. Similar to findings by Rajagopalan et al., postoperative NT-proBNP was an independent predictor of mortality among vascular patients, but not of major adverse cardiac events <sup>24</sup>. </p>
      <p>Results from our cohort demonstrate that, in spite of the substantial postoperative NT-proBNP increase, only preoperative measurements remained statistically significant in multivariate analysis. One might consider reasons for these different findings. Firstly, former studies have evaluated populations at higher risk and included older patients submitted to vascular surgery only. Secondly, NT-proBNP was measured latter in the postoperative period, which could eliminate possible confounders, as patients were usually no longer receiving infusion therapies. Thirdly, and probably more relevant, studies usually failed to adjust for preoperative NT-proBNP level, which is the most evident confounder of increased postoperative NT-proBNP level <sup>7</sup>. </p>
      <p>Data from this study have demonstrated that preoperative NT-proBNP measurements have a useful role, regardless of the Revised Cardiac Risk Index prediction in this setting. This finding suggests that high baseline NT-proBNP levels resulting from the activation of the cardiac neurohormonal system may be a unifying feature in patients at high risk for cardiovascular mortality or major adverse cardiac events. A postoperative level reflects the dynamic consequences of surgery and anesthesia, but the most important factor predicting postoperative cardiovascular outcomes seems to be patients' baseline condition. </p>
      <p>In agreement with our results, evidence strongly suggests that there is an independent association between elevated preoperative NT-proBNP levels and increased risks of adverse perioperative cardiovascular outcomes <sup>7,9,13-18,25-30</sup>, although risks vary widely among studies and there is uncertainty regarding the strength of the association. A recently published systematic review and meta-analysis intended to determine whether preoperative B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or NT-proBNP were independent predictors of 30-day adverse cardiovascular outcomes after noncardiac surgery has included nine studies and a total of 3,281 patients. All studies included showed a statistically significant association between elevated preoperative BNP or NT-proBNP levels and several cardiovascular outcomes. Data pooled from seven studies have demonstrated an odds ratio of 19.3 (95% CI 8.5-43.7; I<sup>2</sup> = 58%)<sup>6</sup>. Yet, there has been a marked heterogeneity across study results. </p>
      <p>In addition, no cutoff has been established for risk definition. Previous studies have used different thresholds, from 201 to 1619 pg/mL <sup>9,15-18,21</sup>, for preoperative NT-proBNP assays, and from 625 to 860 pg/mL <sup>9,24</sup>, for postoperative NT-proBNP assays to represent abnormal values. The cutoff point based on the closest value to the best specificity and sensitivity point on the receiver operating characteristic curve in relation to the primary outcome was 917 pg/mL for preoperative NT-proBNP, and 2962 pg/mL, for postoperative levels. In contrast to other cohorts<sup>9,24</sup>, 25% of patients with renal failure were included in this study. NT-proBNP levels and its prognostic ability could be affected by renal failure <sup>31</sup>, although it is important to point out that patients with progressive renal failure would have cardiovascular dysfunction coupled to their degree of renal function, which in turn could result in higher NT-proBNP levels <sup>32</sup>. Moreover, the timing used for measurement of pre- and postoperative NT-proBNP levels varies between studies. It is unlikely that there is a dichotomous threshold that defines a normal or abnormal NT-proBNP value. It is more presumable that perioperative cardiovascular risks increase as NT-proBNP concentrations increase. </p>
      <p>The use of biochemical tests for risk stratification has several advantages. It only requires a single blood test; which is widely available on existing clinical biochemistry analyzers and is routinely performed in many hospitals. In addition, it could avoid the difficulties of using complex scoring systems in individual patients and also provides an objective measurement, without the risk of potential subjective interpretation of clinical parameters. A clearly defined cutoff point, such as the 917 pg/mL derived from the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis used in this study would be simple to use in a clinical setting. It is a seemingly fast and cost-effective method to enhance preoperative cardiovascular risk assessment and facilitate targeted interventions that may reduce morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p>This study has some caveats. The small number of some events may have resulted in unreliable associations. Nevertheless, a consistent outcome has been evaluated and the adjusted odds were statistically significant. Multivariate models were not adjusted for functional class, given that it was not possible to evaluate functional capacity of most patients limited by peripheral artery disease. Most events occurred in the first days after surgery, and it is possible that elevated postoperative NT-proBNP levels are a consequence instead of predictors of these events. Furthermore, the findings may not be applicable to low-risk patients and to the emergency surgery setting. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Postoperative NT-proBNP determination has a significant association with perioperative major adverse cardiac events, but its additional value to preoperative levels in risk stratification of patients undergoing noncardiac surgery was not confirmed. A single preoperative measurement of NT-proBNP has an independent association with consistent short-term cardiovascular events and could provide further prognostic information to the current strategies used to estimate perioperative risk predictions. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgement</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We are thankful to Federal <italic>University of Rio Grande do Sul </italic>(UFRGS) - Porto Alegre, Brazil and to Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics- Deerfield, Illinois for financial assistance. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FIPE, FAPERGS and UFRGS.</p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by Siemens Health Care Diagnostics.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Fl&#225;via Kessler Borges, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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