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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">yfLtDzJQWM5nfSr7nYbr4zp</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000600009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130089</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adapta&#231;&#227;o e aplicabilidade de um algoritmo de diur&#233;tico para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feij&#243;</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Karolina Echer Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Biolo</surname>
            <given-names>Andreia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Eneida Rejane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Enfermagem </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio Grande do Sul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Grupo de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>553</fpage>
      <lpage>560</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Estados congestivos podem ser identificados e manejados atrav&#233;s de algoritmos como o Diuretic Treatment Algorithm (DTA) para ajuste de diur&#233;tico por telefone, com enfoque na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Por&#233;m, o DTA est&#225; dispon&#237;vel somente em l&#237;ngua inglesa. OBJETIVO: Adaptar o DTA e testar sua aplicabilidade para uso no Brasil em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC. M&#201;TODOS: Seguiram-se as etapas de tradu&#231;&#227;o, s&#237;ntese, retrotradu&#231;&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o por comit&#234; de especialistas e pr&#233;-teste (aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica por meio de ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado). O DTA foi denominado, na vers&#227;o para o Brasil, algoritmo de ajuste de diur&#233;tico (AAD). Os pacientes foram randomizados para grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (GI) - ajuste de diur&#233;tico conforme o AAD - ou grupo controle (GC) - ajuste convencional. Foi avaliado o escore cl&#237;nico de congest&#227;o (ECC) e o peso para ambos os grupos. RESULTADOS: Foram realizadas 12 modifica&#231;&#245;es no DTA. Inclu&#237;ram-se 34 pacientes. Para aqueles congestos, o aumento de diur&#233;tico guiado pelo AAD resultou em maior resolu&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o, com redu&#231;&#227;o de dois pontos no ECC para 50% da amostra -2 (-3,5; -1,0), enquanto a mediana para o GC foi 0 (-1,25; -1,0), (p &lt; 0,001). A mediana de varia&#231;&#227;o de peso foi maior no GI -1,4 (-1,7; -0,5) quando comparado ao GC 0,1 (1,2; -0,6), p = 0,001. CONCLUS&#213;ES: O ADD mostrou-se aplic&#225;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s adapta&#231;&#227;o e parece resultar em melhor controle da congest&#227;o em pacientes com IC. A efetividade cl&#237;nica da ferramenta merece ser testada em amostra maior de pacientes visando sua valida&#231;&#227;o para uso no Brasil (Universal Trial Number: U1111-1130-5749) (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online]. ahead print, PP.0-0).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Diur&#233;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Algoritmos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Adapta&#231;&#227;o e aplicabilidade de um algoritmo de diur&#233;tico para pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Maria Karolina Echer Ferreira Feij&#243;<sup>I,II</sup>; Andreia Biolo<sup>II</sup>; Eneida Rejane Rabelo-Silva<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Escola de Enfermagem: Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia: Grupo de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="not01">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>Estados congestivos podem ser identificados e manejados atrav&#233;s de algoritmos como o Diuretic Treatment Algorithm (DTA) para ajuste de diur&#233;tico por telefone, com enfoque na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Por&#233;m, o DTA est&#225; dispon&#237;vel somente em l&#237;ngua inglesa. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Adaptar o DTA e testar sua aplicabilidade para uso no Brasil em pacientes ambulatoriais com IC. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Seguiram-se as etapas de tradu&#231;&#227;o, s&#237;ntese, retrotradu&#231;&#227;o, avalia&#231;&#227;o por comit&#234; de especialistas e pr&#233;-teste (aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica por meio de ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado). O DTA foi denominado, na vers&#227;o para o Brasil, algoritmo de ajuste de diur&#233;tico (AAD). Os pacientes foram randomizados para grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (GI) - ajuste de diur&#233;tico conforme o AAD - ou grupo controle (GC) - ajuste convencional. Foi avaliado o escore cl&#237;nico de congest&#227;o (ECC) e o peso para ambos os grupos. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram realizadas 12 modifica&#231;&#245;es no DTA. Inclu&#237;ram-se 34 pacientes. Para aqueles congestos, o aumento de diur&#233;tico guiado pelo AAD resultou em maior resolu&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o, com redu&#231;&#227;o de dois pontos no ECC para 50% da amostra -2 (-3,5; -1,0), enquanto a mediana para o GC foi 0 (-1,25; -1,0), (p &lt; 0,001). A mediana de varia&#231;&#227;o de peso foi maior no GI -1,4 (-1,7; -0,5) quando comparado ao GC 0,1 (1,2; -0,6), p = 0,001. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> O ADD mostrou-se aplic&#225;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s adapta&#231;&#227;o e parece resultar em melhor controle da congest&#227;o em pacientes com IC. A efetividade cl&#237;nica da ferramenta merece ser testada em amostra maior de pacientes visando sua valida&#231;&#227;o para uso no Brasil (Universal Trial Number: U1111-1130-5749) (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online]. ahead print, PP.0-0).</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / terapia, Diur&#233;ticos / administra&#231;&#227;o &amp; dosagem, Algoritmos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), a principal causa de descompensa&#231;&#227;o e consequentes visitas &#224;s emerg&#234;ncias e readmiss&#227;o hospitalar &#233; a congest&#227;o, caracterizada, na maioria das vezes, por fadiga, edema e intoler&#226;ncia &#224;s atividades<sup>1</sup>. A import&#226;ncia de identificar sinais e sintomas precocemente se d&#225; pela possibilidade de interromper a exacerba&#231;&#227;o progressiva, com impacto direto na redu&#231;&#227;o dos custos, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade. Uma das estrat&#233;gias j&#225; comprovadas &#233; o acompanhamento atrav&#233;s de monitora&#231;&#227;o por telefone e visita domiciliar de forma intensiva e sistem&#225;tica. Esses programas t&#234;m obtido sucesso, especialmente com avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e identifica&#231;&#227;o de quadros congestivos, possibilitando a tomada de decis&#227;o atrav&#233;s de condutas individualizadas de atendimento<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nessa perspectiva foi desenvolvido o <italic>Diuretic Treatment Algorithm </italic>(DTA) para ajuste de diur&#233;tico por telefone realizado por enfermeiros norte-americanos, com enfoque na avalia&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica, e no manejo domiciliar de pacientes com IC. Esse algoritmo demonstrou ser uma ferramenta efetiva para preven&#231;&#227;o da descompensa&#231;&#227;o, diminuindo significativamente em 30 dias as taxas de readmiss&#245;es e em 50% as hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; IC<sup>3</sup>. A implementa&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo de diur&#233;tico pode contribuir para a a&#231;&#227;o imediata frente a sinais precoces de congest&#227;o, atrav&#233;s de seguimento intensivo durante o ajuste, maior autonomia para o enfermeiro e garantia da manuten&#231;&#227;o da seguran&#231;a dos pacientes por meio da monitora&#231;&#227;o por telefone<sup>2-4</sup>. Mesmo que conduzido por enfermeiros, o instrumento n&#227;o se restringe a esses profissionais, uma vez que se trata de um algoritmo de titula&#231;&#227;o de doses de diur&#233;ticos associado ao manejo n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico embasado na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica presencial e por telefone, atrav&#233;s do relato de sinais e sintomas de congest&#227;o. Dessa forma, a equipe assistencial, especialmente m&#233;dicos e enfermeiros, tem &#224; disposi&#231;&#227;o um instrumento objetivo para nortear poss&#237;veis ajustes do tratamento na sua pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. Entretanto, antes de ter seu uso avaliado e institu&#237;do, essa ferramenta deve ser traduzida e validada para a l&#237;ngua portuguesa. Al&#233;m disso, por se tratar de um algoritmo que envolve interven&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas de acordo com os diversos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, sua aplicabilidade e utilidade precisam ser avaliadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Dessa forma, neste estudo buscamos: 1) realizar a adapta&#231;&#227;o transcultural do DT; 2) avaliar sua aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica por meio de ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tipo de estudo e pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo metodol&#243;gico<sup>5</sup> desenvolvido para adaptar transculturalmente e testar a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica por meio de um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado desenvolvido em cl&#237;nica de IC de um hospital universit&#225;rio do sul do Brasil. O estudo foi conduzido de mar&#231;o a dezembro de 2011. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idade <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 anos, diagn&#243;stico de IC sist&#243;lica, em condi&#231;&#245;es de verificar o peso corporal no domic&#237;lio, em uso de furosemida e que no momento da avalia&#231;&#227;o necessitassem de ajuste do diur&#233;tico. Aqueles sem possibilidade de retorno ou contato telef&#244;nico e em terapia de substitui&#231;&#227;o renal foram exclu&#237;dos. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Instrumento utilizado - Diuretic Treatment Algorithm (DTA)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O DTA contempla etapas de avalia&#231;&#227;o, diagn&#243;stico e tratamento para IC descompensada de acordo com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica do paciente. Utiliza-se de um m&#233;todo passo a passo para a investiga&#231;&#227;o de sinais e sintomas sugestivos de descompensa&#231;&#227;o detect&#225;veis atrav&#233;s de contato telef&#244;nico realizado pelo enfermeiro<sup>3</sup>. A etapa inicial prev&#234; a orienta&#231;&#227;o ao paciente sobre o reconhecimento dos sinais e dos sintomas de piora do seu estado cl&#237;nico. &#201; necess&#225;rio, para isso, avalia&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria do peso corporal, reavalia&#231;&#227;o em 24 horas e disponibilidade para telefonemas, ocasi&#245;es em que o enfermeiro realizar&#225; por telefone a avalia&#231;&#227;o verbal das manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relatadas pelos pacientes. As situa&#231;&#245;es de hipovolemia s&#227;o identificadas atrav&#233;s do relato de quadros de tontura, fraqueza e diminui&#231;&#227;o do peso corporal. Nesses casos, causas subjacentes s&#227;o investigadas, como a ocorr&#234;ncia de quadros de diarreia ou anorexia, antes da altera&#231;&#227;o na dose do diur&#233;tico. Quando o paciente retorna ao peso usual, a medica&#231;&#227;o deve ser reiniciada em dose inferior, se necess&#225;rio. Nos casos em que existe ganho de peso sem sintomas ou perda de peso em pacientes com sintomas de descompensa&#231;&#227;o, a abordagem deve priorizar a investiga&#231;&#227;o de outras poss&#237;veis causas, como ingesta excessiva de s&#243;dio, n&#227;o ades&#227;o ao tratamento e outras doen&#231;as. Nessas ocasi&#245;es, muitas vezes, &#233; necess&#225;rio agendar uma consulta presencial dentro de 48 horas para realiza&#231;&#227;o de exame clinico, coleta de exames laboratoriais e revis&#227;o das medica&#231;&#245;es em uso.</p>
    <p>Previamente ao in&#237;cio das etapas iniciais do estudo foi solicitada autoriza&#231;&#227;o ao autor do DTA para a sua adapta&#231;&#227;o e utiliza&#231;&#227;o no Brasil. Ap&#243;s o aceite, foram realizadas, de acordo com a literatura, as seguintes etapas metodol&#243;gicas para a adapta&#231;&#227;o de instrumentos: tradu&#231;&#227;o, s&#237;ntese, retrotradu&#231;&#227;o, forma&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de especialistas, pr&#233;-teste e disponibiliza&#231;&#227;o da vers&#227;o final<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s as etapas de tradu&#231;&#227;o, s&#237;ntese, retrotradu&#231;&#227;o, forma&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de especialistas, foi testada a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica por meio de um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado que constituiu a etapa de pr&#233;-teste. Esse estudo foi planejado para ser aplic&#225;vel na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica a pacientes alocados no grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (aumento de diur&#233;tico pelo AAD) se, como desfecho prim&#225;rio, alcan&#231;assem redu&#231;&#227;o no escore cl&#237;nico de congest&#227;o maior ou igual a dois pontos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Adapta&#231;&#227;o transcultural</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A tradu&#231;&#227;o inicial do DTA para o portugu&#234;s brasileiro foi realizado por dois tradutores independentes, brasileiros natos, e com caracter&#237;sticas distintas (um conhecia os aspectos do estudo, e o outro, n&#227;o). Ap&#243;s, foi desenvolvida a s&#237;ntese das duas tradu&#231;&#245;es, quando os dois tradutores e os pesquisadores reuniram-se produzindo uma vers&#227;o sem qualquer concess&#227;o. A vers&#227;o foi submetida a retrotradu&#231;&#227;o (portugu&#234;s-ingl&#234;s) posteriormente<sup>6</sup>.Essa etapa foi realizada por outros dois tradutores, nativos de pa&#237;ses de l&#237;ngua inglesa, que desconheciam os conceitos explorados no estudo e n&#227;o eram profissionais da &#225;rea da sa&#250;de. A etapa seguinte se referiu &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de especialistas, fundamental para a obten&#231;&#227;o de um instrumento que contemple todas as caracter&#237;sticas do instrumento original adaptado &#224; cultura em que est&#225; sendo inserido. Fizeram parte do comit&#234; os tradutores, quatro enfermeiras, uma m&#233;dica e um profissional de lingu&#237;stica. O comit&#234; avaliou todos os itens do instrumento quanto &#224; equival&#234;ncia sem&#226;ntica, idiom&#225;tica, experimental e conceitual. Ap&#243;s, as vers&#245;es foram enviadas ao autor para seu conhecimento e aprova&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A vers&#227;o final foi denominada algoritmo de ajuste de diur&#233;tico (AAD) e aplicada no pr&#233;-teste a 34 pacientes ambulatoriais. Conforme o referencial te&#243;rico adotado, a amostra do pr&#233;-teste deve compreender 30-40 sujeitos de pesquisa<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Randomiza&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes que preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, que concordaram em participar do estudo e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE) foram alocados aleatoriamente para o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o (GI) ou grupo controle (GC). A randomiza&#231;&#227;o foi realizada imediatamente ap&#243;s a indica&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de altera&#231;&#227;o da dose de diur&#233;tico pelo m&#233;dico, utilizando o <italic>software</italic> do <italic>site</italic> <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.randomization.com">http://www.randomization.com</ext-link>. Todas as interven&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas pelo pesquisador (enfermeiro), entretanto as avalia&#231;&#245;es inicial e final foram realizadas por profissional cego quanto &#224; aloca&#231;&#227;o ao GG ou GI.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo do estudo e interven&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A interven&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi realizada pelo enfermeiro de forma sistem&#225;tica. No GI, foram realizados telefonemas (dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de 15 minutos) em 48 h, 96 h, 10 dias, 14 dias, 21 dias e 28 dias. Na ocasi&#227;o eram investigados sinais e sintomas de congest&#227;o, revisadas as medica&#231;&#245;es, fornecidas orienta&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas e refor&#231;ado o aspecto educativo de forma individualizada. De acordo com o DTA, altera&#231;&#245;es no peso em &#177; 1 kg eram indicativas de altera&#231;&#227;o da dose de diur&#233;tico com o acr&#233;scimo ou diminui&#231;&#227;o de um comprimido de furosemida. No GC, os pacientes n&#227;o receberam liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas, e a dose de diur&#233;tico foi ajustada de acordo com o crit&#233;rio m&#233;dico durante a consulta inicial. Ao final de 30 dias, todos deveriam retornar para a avalia&#231;&#227;o final. Para ambos os grupos foram identificados o grau de congest&#227;o atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o da ausculta pulmonar, a presen&#231;a de terceira bulha card&#237;aca, distens&#227;o jugular, edema de membros inferiores, ortopneia, refluxo hepatojugular e classe funcional, determinando o escore cl&#237;nico de congest&#227;o (ECC). Escore <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 pontos equivale &#224; presen&#231;a de congest&#227;o<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados coletados e vari&#225;veis mensuradas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram obtidos dados demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos de todos os pacientes. Dentre os dados cl&#237;nicos foram coletadas as informa&#231;&#245;es referentes a interna&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias, comorbidades, medica&#231;&#245;es em uso, dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e valores de exames laboratoriais (n&#237;veis de pot&#225;ssio, s&#243;dio, ureia e creatinina) no momento da inclus&#227;o e na avalia&#231;&#227;o final em 30 dias, quando dispon&#237;veis. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica inicial e final foi utilizado o ECC, que contempla ausculta pulmonar, ausculta card&#237;aca, avalia&#231;&#227;o de distens&#227;o da veia jugular, refluxo hepatojugular, edema de membros inferiores, ortopneia ou dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna e classe funcional. O peso tamb&#233;m era registrado e avaliado.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o para aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal ou mediana e intervalo interquartil para as assim&#233;tricas. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como n&#250;mero absoluto e frequ&#234;ncias relativas. Conforme a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados, as caracter&#237;sticas basais dos grupos e o efeito da interven&#231;&#227;o foram comparados pelo teste <italic>t </italic>de Student, Mann-Whitney e qui-quadrado de Pearson. Os testes <italic>t</italic> de Student e de Mann-Whitney foram utilizados para a varia&#231;&#227;o do ECC e do peso de ambos os grupos do per&#237;odo basal para os 30 dias. P &lt; 0,05 bicaudal foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Adapta&#231;&#227;o transcultural do DTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram realizadas ao todo 12 modifica&#231;&#245;es do instrumento para a sua adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224; nossa cultura. Nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4956tab01">Tabelas 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4956tab02">2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4956tab03">3</xref> s&#227;o demonstradas as adapta&#231;&#245;es realizadas e as justificativas para cada altera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4956tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0553-30089-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4956tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0553-30089-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4956tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0553-30089-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Sujeitos da pesquisa - etapa do pr&#233;-teste</p>
    <p>Do total de 1.440 pacientes eleg&#237;veis, 1.406 foram exclu&#237;dos por n&#227;o preencherem os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o ou outras causas descritas adiante. Foram randomizados 17 pacientes para o GI e 17 para o GC. Ap&#243;s um m&#234;s de seguimento, 17 pacientes do GI e 14 do CG foram analisados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_4956fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_4956fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0553-30089-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Participaram do estudo 34 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 65,3 (&#177; 10,6) anos, predominantemente do sexo masculino (23 [67,6%]) e brancos (25 [73,5%]). A etiologia de IC mais prevalente foi a isqu&#234;mica (44,1%), seguida da hipertensiva (32,4%), e a FEVE foi de 31,4 &#177; 8,8. Mais da metade dos pacientes (64,7%) apresentava uma ou mais interna&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias. A mediana para o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias foi de 1 (1-2) e 2 (1-3) para GI e GC, respectivamente, e 15 (44,1) apresentaram ao menos uma interna&#231;&#227;o no &#250;ltimo ano. As vari&#225;veis laboratoriais foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos, &#224; exce&#231;&#227;o da creatinina, que foi superior no GC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4956tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4956tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0553-30089-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Varia&#231;&#227;o do ECC e peso corporal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Quando avaliado o ECC no per&#237;odo basal e em 30 dias para ambos os grupos, observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o significativa para o GI alocado para aumento de diur&#233;tico guiado pelo AAD (6,3 &#177; 2,4 e 3,6 &#177; 1,1) quando comparado ao GC, que tamb&#233;m aumentou o diur&#233;tico do per&#237;odo basal para 30 dias (6,9 &#177; 3,7 e 5,2 &#177; 3,0). Os demais grupos que reduziram o diur&#233;tico com ou sem AAD n&#227;o apresentaram escores significativos. No GI com redu&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;tico guiado pelo AAD, o ECC foi de (2,3 &#177; 1,1 e 3,3 &#177; 2,5), comparado ao GC, que tamb&#233;m diminuiu o diur&#233;tico (3,8 &#177; 1,6 e 4,2 &#177; 0,8) basal e final, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>A mediana da varia&#231;&#227;o do ECC final para o basal foi superior no GI para aumento de diur&#233;tico -2 (-3,5; -1,0) quando comparado ao GC com aumento do diur&#233;tico 0 (-1,25; -1,0), p &lt; 0,001. De forma semelhante, a mediana da varia&#231;&#227;o de peso corporal, tamb&#233;m na compara&#231;&#227;o desses grupos, foi significativamente maior no GI -1,4 (-1,7; -0,5) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao GC 0,1 (-1,2; -0,6), p = 0,001. Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_4956fig02">Figura 2</xref> podem ser observadas essas varia&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_4956fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0553-30089-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo que realiza a adapta&#231;&#227;o transcultural de um algoritmo de ajuste de diur&#233;tico para uso no Brasil em pacientes com IC atrav&#233;s de ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado conduzido por enfermeiro. Al&#233;m da adapta&#231;&#227;o transcultural, o ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado nos permitiu avaliar a aplicabilidade desse algoritmo, e seu uso parece ser superior ao ajuste ambulatorial convencional para controle e revers&#227;o da congest&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>No processo de adapta&#231;&#227;o transcultural foram modificados 12 itens que comp&#245;em o algoritmo. Entre as maiores modifica&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o a avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o ao tratamento (n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico), o aumento da quantidade de liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas (de tr&#234;s para seis) e a inclus&#227;o de consulta e coleta de exames para pacientes que persistissem com sintomas na vig&#234;ncia de dois aumentos da dose de diur&#233;tico. Essas modifica&#231;&#245;es foram necess&#225;rias e identificadas pelo comit&#234; de especialistas objetivando a seguran&#231;a da interven&#231;&#227;o institu&#237;da a dist&#226;ncia<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O GI guiado pelo AAD apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no valor do ECC em 30 dias, p &lt; 0,001. De igual forma, o peso corporal tamb&#233;m foi reduzido significativamente no per&#237;odo, p = 0,001. Em estudo que adotou a titula&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;tico como ferramenta para diminui&#231;&#227;o de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes ambulatoriais, a orienta&#231;&#227;o de verifica&#231;&#227;o de peso foi di&#225;ria, por&#233;m os autores n&#227;o apresentaram resultados de varia&#231;&#227;o. Uma cr&#237;tica pertinente a esse estudo diz respeito &#224; inexist&#234;ncia de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o especializada do enfermeiro, e a &#250;nica interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; a altera&#231;&#227;o na dosagem de diur&#233;tico, se necess&#225;rio<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, a maior propor&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de ajuste de diur&#233;tico se d&#225; em casos de congest&#227;o. Quanto &#224;s flutua&#231;&#245;es de peso em curto per&#237;odo, elas tamb&#233;m s&#227;o utilizadas como par&#226;metros para avaliar a sobrecarga h&#237;drica na IC<sup>2,10-12</sup>. Existem evid&#234;ncias de que essas modifica&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o correlacionadas com sintomas e aumento nos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos, como a press&#227;o da veia jugular<sup>2</sup>. Estudo recente demonstrou que pacientes com IC, quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos h&#237;gidos, apresentam aumento gradual de peso no m&#234;s anterior &#224; admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Quando acompanhados por um per&#237;odo de 18 meses, utilizando a estrat&#233;gia de monitora&#231;&#227;o domiciliar de peso, identificou-se que as modifica&#231;&#245;es mais importantes ocorreram nos sete dias anteriores &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que, para a maioria dos casos, as admiss&#245;es por IC s&#227;o precedidas por ganho de peso<sup>13</sup>. </p>
    <p>Atualmente, existem dois algoritmos semelhantes dispon&#237;veis na literatura que foram utilizados para avaliar desfechos de readmiss&#245;es e &#243;bitos por IC em uma amostra de pacientes ambulatoriais por ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado. O primeiro, que utilizou a estrat&#233;gia de ajuste de diur&#233;tico, incluiu 123 pacientes e levava em considera&#231;&#227;o prioritariamente a varia&#231;&#227;o de peso, em detrimento de outras vari&#225;veis que normalmente comp&#245;em o quadro de congest&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m foram realizados contatos telef&#244;nicos como forma de refor&#231;ar a orienta&#231;&#227;o inicial. Os resultados encontrados foram favor&#225;veis &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es para o grupo interven&#231;&#227;o, bem como para a melhora do autocuidado. O segundo incluiu 62 pacientes ambulatoriais que recebiam id&#234;nticas orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre IC, manual de orienta&#231;&#245;es, balan&#231;a e di&#225;rio para registro do peso. Somente para os pacientes do grupo interven&#231;&#227;o foram fornecidas instru&#231;&#245;es de como realizar o autoajuste do diur&#233;tico. No seguimento, os pacientes foram contatados em 72 horas, e ap&#243;s duas, quatro, oito e 12 semanas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do desfecho de readmiss&#227;o. Embora os autores desses estudos n&#227;o tenham realizado compara&#231;&#245;es entre congest&#227;o e peso no in&#237;cio e no final do estudo, ressalta-se que a estrat&#233;gia de ajuste de diur&#233;tico utilizada contribuiu para a estabilidade cl&#237;nica dos pacientes<sup>9,14</sup>.</p>
    <p>O AAD &#233; o &#250;nico algoritmo dispon&#237;vel para ajuste de diur&#233;tico baseado na condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica vigente do paciente sem doses previamente estabelecidas. O AAD n&#227;o se restringe somente &#224; abordagem farmacol&#243;gica, mas ao cuidado global, envolvendo o tratamento n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico e a ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Al&#233;m disso, propicia a orienta&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, no m&#237;nimo, semanal. Somado a isso, &#233; ineg&#225;vel o v&#237;nculo estabelecido entre o profissional e o paciente, envolvendo a fam&#237;lia e redes de apoio no processo do autocuidado. Ainda existem lacunas a serem respondidas, principalmente sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a ades&#227;o ao tratamento e as interven&#231;&#245;es realizadas. No presente estudo, os resultados n&#227;o podem ser julgados unicamente pelo efeito da utiliza&#231;&#227;o do AAD por telefone, mas tamb&#233;m pelo refor&#231;o de orienta&#231;&#245;es sempre que elas se fizeram presentes na necessidade dos pacientes durante o contato.</p>
    <p>Um potencial limitador do estudo se refere &#224; dificuldade por vezes encontrada nos contatos telef&#244;nicos, seja pela dificuldade de verbaliza&#231;&#227;o de sinais e sintomas pelo paciente, seja pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da acuidade auditiva ou at&#233; mesmo de entendimento das orienta&#231;&#245;es repassadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados demonstram que a vers&#227;o adaptada do AAD manteve a equival&#234;ncia sem&#226;ntica, idiom&#225;tica, experimental e conceitual, segundo a avalia&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de especialistas. O AAD demonstrou, na etapa pr&#233;-teste, atrav&#233;s de ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado, ser mais efetivo do que o manejo convencional na redu&#231;&#227;o do ECC e do peso para pacientes que necessitaram de aumento de diur&#233;tico. Para que essa ferramenta possa ser recomendada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, sua efetividade deve ser testada em estudos maiores e com avalia&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos, como a preven&#231;&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo FIPE.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Maria Karolina Echer Ferreira Feij&#243; pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="not01" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold> Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Eneida Rejane Rabelo </p>
        <p> Av. Para, 1165, apto 03, S&#227;o Geraldo </p>
        <p> CEP 90240-592, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="eneidarabelo@gmail.com">eneidarabelo@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 17/06/12, revisado em 01/11/12, aceito em 19/11/12.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Adaptation and applicability of a diuretic algorithm for patients with heart failure</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Congestive states can be identified and managed through algorithms such as the Diuretic Treatment Algorithm (DTA) to adjust the diuretic over the telephone, focused on the clinical evaluation. However, the DTA is currently available only in English. OBJECTIVE: To adapt the DTA and test its applicability for Brazil in outpatients with heart failure. METHODS: The stages of translation, synthesis, back-translation, review by an expert committee, and pre-test (clinical applicability by means of a random clinical trial) were followed. The Brazilian version of the DTA was called algoritmo de ajuste de diur&#233;tico (AAD; as per its acronym in Portuguese, standing for diuretic adjustment algorithm). Patients were randomized to the intervention group (IG) - diuretic adjustment according to the AAD - or control group (CG) - conventional adjustment. The clinical congestion score (CCS) and weight values were obtained for both groups. Results: A total of 12 changes were made to the DTA. Thirty-four patients were included. For those with congestion, the increase in the diuretic as guided by the AAD solved their condition, reducing the CCS by two points for 50% of the sample -2 (-3.5; -1.0), while the median for the CG was 0 (-1.25; -1.0), (p &lt; 0.001). The median for weight variation was greater in IG -1.4 (-1.7; -0.5) compared to the CG 0.1 (1.2; -0.6), p = 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: The AAD proved applicable in clinical practice after adaption and appears to result in better congestion management in patients with heart failure. The clinical effectiveness of the tool should be tested in a larger patient sample aiming at validating the instrument for Brazil (Universal Trial Number: U1111-1130-5749) (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Diuretics</kwd>
        <kwd>Algorithms</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="front-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Adaptation and applicability of a diuretic algorithm for patients with heart failure</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Maria Karolina Echer Ferreira Feij&#243;<sup>I,II</sup>; Andreia Biolo<sup>II</sup>; Eneida Rejane Rabelo-Silva<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Escola de Enfermagem: Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia: Grupo de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Congestive states can be identified and managed through algorithms such as the Diuretic Treatment Algorithm (DTA) to adjust the diuretic over the telephone, focused on the clinical evaluation. However, the DTA is currently available only in English.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE: </bold>To adapt the DTA and test its applicability for Brazil in outpatients with heart failure.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS: </bold> The stages of translation, synthesis, back-translation, review by an expert committee, and pre-test (clinical applicability by means of a random clinical trial) were followed. The Brazilian version of the DTA was called algoritmo de ajuste de diur&#233;tico (AAD; as per its acronym in Portuguese, standing for diuretic adjustment algorithm). Patients were randomized to the intervention group (IG) - diuretic adjustment according to the AAD - or control group (CG) - conventional adjustment. The clinical congestion score (CCS) and weight values were obtained for both groups.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 12 changes were made to the DTA. Thirty-four patients were included. For those with congestion, the increase in the diuretic as guided by the AAD solved their condition, reducing the CCS by two points for 50% of the sample -2 (-3.5; -1.0), while the median for the CG was 0 (-1.25; -1.0), (p &lt; 0.001). The median for weight variation was greater in IG -1.4 (-1.7; -0.5) compared to the CG 0.1 (1.2; -0.6), p = 0.001.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS: </bold>The AAD proved applicable in clinical practice after adaption and appears to result in better congestion management in patients with heart failure. The clinical effectiveness of the tool should be tested in a larger patient sample aiming at validating the instrument for Brazil (Universal Trial Number: U1111-1130-5749) </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords: </bold>Heart Failure / therapy; Diuretics / administration &amp; dosage; Algorithms.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In heart failure (HF), the leading cause of decompensation and subsequent visits to emergency rooms and hospital readmission is congestion, most often characterized by fatigue, edema and activity intolerance<sup>1</sup>. The identification of early signs and symptoms interrupts progressive exacerbation of the condition, with a direct impact on reduced costs, hospitalizations and mortality. One of the strategies that has already been proven to prevent exacerbation is intensive and systematic monitoring through telephone and home visits. These programs have been successful, especially with clinical evaluation and identification of congestive conditions, enabling decision-making through individualized care <sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>In light of this, the Diuretic Treatment Algorithm (DTA) was developed for adjustment of diuretics conducted by telephone by North-American nurses, with a focus on non-pharmacological and pharmacological evaluation and home management of patients with HF. This algorithm has proven to be an effective tool in preventing decompensation, significantly decreasing the rates of readmissions and 50% of hospitalizations related to HF at 30 days<sup>3</sup>. The implementation of a diuretic protocol can contribute to immediate action before early signs of congestion become apparent, through intensive follow-up during the adjustment period, with more autonomy for the nurse and a guarantee of maintenance of safety for patients by means of telephone monitoring<sup>2-4</sup>. Even if utilized by nurses, the tool is not restricted to these professionals, since it has to do with an algorithm governing diuretic dose titration associated with non-pharmacological management based on clinical evaluation face-to-face and by telephone, through the report of signs and symptoms of congestion. Thus, the health care team, especially doctors and nurses, have an objective instrument available to them to guide possible treatment adjustments in their daily practice. However, before evaluating its use and set up, this tool must be translated and validated in the Portuguese language. Moreover, because it is an algorithm that involves specific interventions according to various clinical scenarios, its applicability and usefulness must be assessed in clinical practice. Thus, this study seeks: 1) to conduct a cross-cultural adaptation of the DTA, and 2) to evaluate its clinical applicability through a randomized clinical trial.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Type of study and patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This methodological study<sup>5</sup> was developed to cross-culturally adapt and test the clinical applicability of the Diabetic Treatment Algorithm (DTA) through a randomized clinical trial conducted in an HF clinic of a university hospital in southern Brazil. The study was conducted from March to December 2011. Patients of both genders were included, aged <underline>&gt;</underline> 18 years, diagnosed with systolic HF, able to monitor body weight at home, using furosemide and who, at the time of the evaluation, required adjustment of diuretics. Those who were not able to make return visits or participate in telephone contact, and those on renal replacement therapy, were excluded. This study was approved by the institution's Research Ethics Committee.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Instrument used - Diuretic Treatment Algorithm (DTA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The DTA encompasses assessment steps, diagnosis and treatment for decompensated HF, according to the patient's clinical presentation. It is used as a step-by-step method for the investigation of signs and symptoms that suggest decompensation that can be detected through telephone contact with a nurse<sup>3</sup>. The initial stage provides guidance to the patient regarding the recognition of the signs and symptoms of worsening of his clinical condition. To accomplish this, a daily evaluation of body weight is necessary, with reevaluation in 24 hours. The client must be available for telephone consultation, in which the nurse shall perform an oral evaluation of the clinical manifestations reported by the patients. Situations of hypovolemia are identified through the client's report of experiencing dizziness, weakness and a decrease in body weight. In these cases, the underlying causes are investigated, such as the occurrence of diarrhea or anorexia, before the diuretic dosage is changed. When the patient returns to his/her normal weight, the medication must be restarted at its previous dosage, if necessary. In cases where there is weight gain with no symptoms, or weight gain in patients with symptoms of decompensation, the approach must prioritize the investigation of other possible causes, such as excessive intake of sodium, non-adherence to the treatment and/or other diseases or conditions. In these situations, the client may be asked to make a physical appointment within 48 hours to perform a clinical examination, collect blood samples and have medications reviewed.</p>
      <p>At the beginning of the early stages of this study, the DTA author's permission for adaptation of the tool and its use in Brazil was obtained. Following acceptance, in accordance with the literature, the following methodological stages were performed to adapt the instrument: translation, synthesis, back-translation, composing an expert committee, pre-testing and applicability of the final version<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>After the stages of translation, synthesis, back-translation and formation of an expert committee were achieved, clinical applicability was tested by means of a randomized clinical trial, which consisted of a pre-test stage. This study was planned to support applicability in practice at a clinic for patients who were allocated into the intervention group (increase of diuretic by the DTA), if, as a primary outcome, it achieved reduction in the clinical score of congestion greater than or equal to two points.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cross-cultural adaptation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The initial translation of the DTA into Brazilian Portuguese was performed by two independent translators, native Brazilians with different knowledge levels regarding the study (one knew the details of the study, the other did not). Afterward, synthesis of the two translations was performed when the two translators and researchers came together to produce a version without concessions. The version was subsequently subjected to back translation (Portuguese-English)<sup>6</sup>. This stage was performed by two different translators who were natives of English-speaking countries, who did not know the concepts explored in the study and were not health care professionals. The next step involved the formation of an expert committee, which is essential to obtain an instrument that includes all the features of the original instrument and is adapted to the culture in which it is being inserted. The translators, four nurses, one physician and a linguistic professional were part of the committee. The committee evaluated all instrument items for semantic, idiomatic, experimental and conceptual equivalence. Afterwards, the versions were sent to the author for his knowledge and approval.</p>
      <p>The final version was called <italic>algoritmo de ajuste de diur&#233;tico </italic>(AAD; as per its acronym in Portuguese, standing for <italic>diuretic adjustment algorithm</italic>) and was applied as a pre-test to 34 outpatients. According to the theoretical referential adopted, the pre-test sample should include 30-40 research subjects<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Randomization</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients who met the inclusion criteria, agreed to participate in the study and signed an informed consent form were randomly allocated to the intervention group (IG) or control group (CG). Randomization was performed immediately after the indication of the need for a change in the diuretic dose by the physician using the software found at <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.randomization.com">http://www.randomization.com</ext-link>. All interventions were performed by the investigator (nurse); however, the initial and final assessments were conducted by a blind professional as to allocation to CG or IG.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study protocol and intervention</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The intervention study was conducted by the nurse in a systematic way. In the IG calls were made (median duration of 15 minutes) at 48 h, 96 h, 10 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days. On occasion there were investigational signs and symptoms of congestion; when this occurred, medications were revised, non-pharmacological guidance was provided and the educational aspect was individually strengthened. According to the DTA, changes in weight of &#177; 1 kg were indicative of the need for a change in the diuretic dose, with the addition or reduction of a single tablet of furosemide. In the CG, the patients received no phone calls and diuretic doses were adjusted at the discretion of the physician during the initial consultation. After 30 days, all patients returned for a final evaluation. For both groups the degree of congestion was identified through auscultation of the chest auscultation, presence of a third heart sound, jugular venous distention, lower limb edema, orthopnea, hepatojugular reflux and functional class, allowing a determination of the clinical congestion score (CCS). Scores <underline>&gt;</underline> 5 indicate the presence of congestion<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data collected and variables measured</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Demographic and clinical data were obtained from all patients. Clinical data collected included: information regarding previous hospitalizations, comorbidities, medications being used, echocardiographic data and laboratory values (potassium, sodium, urea and creatinine levels) at the time of study inclusion and at the final assessment at 30 days when available. For the initial and final clinical evaluation CCS was used, which includes lung auscultation, cardiac auscultation, assessment of jugular vein distension, hepatojugular reflux, lower limb edema, orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea and functional class. The weight was also recorded and evaluated.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables were described as mean and standard deviation for those with normal distribution, or median and interquartile range for those with asymmetric distribution. Categorical variables were described with absolute numbers and relative frequencies. As for the distribution of data, the baseline characteristics of the groups and the effects of the interventions were compared by Student's t test, Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests. The Student <italic>t</italic> test and Mann-Whitney test were used for the variation of the CCS and the weight of both groups from baseline to 30 days. The p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cross-cultural adaptation of the DTA</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We performed a total of 12 modifications of the instrument to adapt it to our culture. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4956tab01-body2">Tables 1</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4956tab02-body2">2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4956tab03-body2">3</xref> show the adjustments made and the reasons for each change.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4956tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0553-30089-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4956tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0553-30089-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4956tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0553-30089-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Research subjects - pre-test stage</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of a total of 1,440 eligible patients, 1,406 were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria or for other reasons described below. Seventeen patients were randomized to IG and 17 to CG. After one month of follow up, 17 patients from IG and 14 from CG were analyzed (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_4956fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_4956fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0553-30089-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The study included 34 patients with a mean age of 65.3 (&#177; 10.6) years, predominantly male (23 [67.6% ]) and white (25 [73.5% ]). The etiology of HF of highest predominance was ischemic (44.1%), followed by hypertension (32.4%), and left ventricular ejection fraction was 31.4 &#177; 8.8. More than half of the patients (64.7%) had been hospitalized one or more times. The median number of previous admissions was 1 (1-2) and 2 (1-3) for IG and CG, respectively, and 15 (44.1) had been hospitalized at least once in the last year. The laboratory variables were similar between the two groups, except for creatinine, which was higher in the CG (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4956tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4956tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0553-30089-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Variation in CCS and body weight</bold>
      </p>
      <p>When the CCS was assessed at baseline and at 30 days for both groups, it a significant reduction in the need to increase diuretics guided by the AAD (6.3 &#177; 2.4 and 3.6 &#177; 1.1) was observed in IG when compared with CG, which showed an increase in diuretic use from the baseline period to 30 days (6.9 &#177; 3.7 and 5.2 &#177; 3.0). The other groups that reduced the use of diuretics with or without use of the AAD did not present significant scores. In the IG with reduced diuretic use guided by the AAD, the CCS was 2.3 &#177; 1.1 and 3.3 &#177; 2.5, compared to the CG, which also decreased diuretic use (3.8 &#177; 1.6 and 4.2 &#177; 0.8) from baseline to final analysis, respectively. </p>
      <p>The median variation of the CCS final to baseline scores was higher in IG in terms of increasing diuretics -2 (-3.5, -1.0) when compared to CG with increased diuretic 0 (-1.25, -1.0), p &lt; 0.001. Similarly, the median of the variation of body weight in the comparison of these groups was also significantly higher in the IG - 1.4 (-1.7; -0.5) in relation to CG 0.1 (-1.2; -0.6), p = 0.001. These variations can be seen in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_4956fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_4956fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0553-30089-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is the first study to perform the cross-cultural adaptation of an adjustment algorithm for diuretic use in Brazil in HF patients, through a randomized clinical trial conducted by nurses. Besides the cross-cultural adaptation, the randomized clinical trial allowed us to evaluate the applicability of this algorithm, and its use seems to be superior to conventional outpatient methods for controlling and reversing clinical congestion.</p>
      <p>In the cross-cultural adaptation process 12 items that make up the algorithm were modified. Among the biggest changes are the assessments of treatment adherence (non-pharmacological), increasing the amount of phone calls (from three to six) and the inclusion of consultation and sample collection for patients with symptoms that persist in the presence of two diuretic dose increases. These modifications were necessary and were identified by the committee of experts aiming to ensure client safety from afar<sup>7, 8</sup>.</p>
      <p> The IG-driven AAD showed a significant reduction in the value of CCS within 30 days (p &lt; 0.001). Likewise, body weight was also reduced significantly in this period (p = 0.001). In a study that adopted titration of diuretics as a tool to decrease morbidity and mortality in outpatient subjects, the guidance was for participants to weigh themselves daily; however, the authors did not present variation results. A critique relevant to this study concerns the lack of a specialized nursing assessment and the only intervention is the change in dose of diuretic, if deemed necessary<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>In clinical practice, the greatest proportion of adjustment of diuretics occurs in cases of congestion. As to fluctuations in weight within a short period of time, this is also used as a parameter to assess fluid overload in HF<sup>2,10-12</sup>. There is evidence that these changes are correlated with symptoms and an increase in hemodynamic parameters, such as pressure within the jugular vein<sup>2</sup>. A recent study has shown that patients with HF, when compared with healthy individuals, present with gradual weight gain in the month previous to hospital admission. When followed for a period of 18 months, using the strategy of home weight monitoring, it was identified that the most important changes occurred in the seven days prior to admission. The authors concluded that, for the majority of cases, admissions due to HF are preceded by weight gain<sup>13</sup>. </p>
      <p>Currently, there are two similar algorithms discussed in the literature that were used to evaluate outcomes of readmissions and deaths due to HF in a sample of outpatients in a randomized clinical trial. The first, which used the strategy of diuretic adjustment, included 123 patients and primarily took into account the change in weight over other variables that typically indicate congestion. Telephone contact was also utilized as a way to reinforce the initial teaching provided. The results were favorable, as evidenced by a reduction in mortality and hospitalization for the intervention group, as well as an improvement in self-care. The second study included 62 outpatients who received identical guidance regarding HF and were provided with a guideline manual, a scale and a diary to record their weight. Only patients in the intervention group were provided with instructions on how to perform auto-adjustment of their diuretic. In terms of follow-up, patients were contacted within 72 hours, and after two, four, eight and 12 weeks for the evaluation of the readmission outcome. Although the authors of these studies have not performed comparisons between congestion and weight at the beginning and end of the study, it is emphasized that the strategy to adjust diuretics contributed to the clinical stability of the patients<sup>9,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>The AAD is the only algorithm available for adjustment of diuretic based on the current clinical condition of the patient not taking a previously established dose. The AAD is not only restricted to the pharmacological approach, but includes overall attention to non-pharmacological treatments and adherence to treatment. In addition, it provides systematic guidance at least weekly. Added to this, the link established between practitioner and patient, involving family and support networks in the process of self-care, is undeniable. Questions remain to be answered, especially regarding the relationship between treatment adherence and the interventions carried out. In this study, the results cannot be judged solely by the effectiveness of the use of AAD via telephone contact, but also by the strengthening of educational components whenever the patients revealed a need for teaching.</p>
      <p>A potential limitation of the study is the occasional difficulty encountered in making telephone contact, whether due to difficulty in verbalizing signs and symptoms by the patient, by hearing impairment or even by the patient's understanding of the guidance relayed by the health care professional. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results demonstrate that the adapted version of the AAD maintained the semantic, idiomatic, experimental and conceptual equivalence of the original tool, according to the evaluation committee of experts. The AAD demonstrated, through the pre-test in the form of a randomized clinical trial, to be more effective than conventional management in reducing CCS and weight for patients who required an increased dose of diuretic. For this tool to be recommended in clinical practice, its effectiveness should be tested in larger studies with the evaluation of appropriate clinical outcomes, such as the prevention of hospitalizations.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by FIPE.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Maria Karolina Echer Ferreira Feij&#243;, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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