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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">5YwkPRWyMsGMnWbgmDcdD6j</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000600005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130099</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito pelo ecocardiograma com doppler tecidual na embolia pulmonar aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Tude</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cordovil</surname>
            <given-names>Adriana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monaco</surname>
            <given-names>Claudia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guimar&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Laise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cury</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Naccarato</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo A F</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lira-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Edgar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fischer</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morhy</surname>
            <given-names>Samira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>524</fpage>
      <lpage>530</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita (VD) pelo ecocardiograma em pacientes com Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (TEP) &#233; complexa, frequentemente qualitativa; o Doppler tecidual tem sido utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o semiquantitativa dessa c&#226;mara, com algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD no TEP pelo ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual, complementando com o pept&#237;deo atrial natriur&#233;tico (BNP). M&#201;TODOS: Foram estudados pacientes com TEP pelo ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual e BNP at&#233; 24 horas do diagn&#243;stico, obtendo-se as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas (s'), strain, strain rate e &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica do VD; disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD foi iagnosticada por hipocinesia da c&#226;mara, movimento anormal septal e rela&#231;&#227;o VD/VE &gt;1. De acordo com o BNP os pacientes foram divididos em Grupo I, BNP &lt; 50 pg/mL e Grupo II, BNP &gt; 50 pg/mL. RESULTADOS: De 118 pacientes, 100 (60 homens, idade = 55 &#177; 17 anos) foram analisados; observou-se disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD em 28%, mais frequentemente no grupo II (19 vs. 9 pacientes, p &lt; 0,001). O grupo II era mais idoso (64 &#177; 19 vs. 50 &#177; 15 anos), apresentava menor velocidade de s' (10,5 &#177; 3,5 vs. 13,2 &#177; 3,1 cm/s) e maior press&#227;o pulmonar (48 &#177; 11 vs. 35 &#177; 11 mmHg), p &lt; 0,001 para todos. O ponto de corte de s' para disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD foi de 10,8 cm/s (especificidade = 85%, sensibilidade = 54%), com moderada correla&#231;&#227;o entre o BNP e a onda s'(r = -0,39). CONCLUS&#195;O: No TEP, a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD pelo ecocardiograma se acompanha de eleva&#231;&#227;o do BNP; apesar confirmar adequadamente a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD, o Doppler tecidual apresenta sensibilidade limitada para este diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>10</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito pelo ecocardiograma com doppler tecidual na embolia pulmonar aguda</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Clara Tude Rodrigues; Adriana Cordovil; Claudia Monaco; Laise Guimar&#227;es; Alexandre Cury; Gustavo A F Naccarato; Edgar Lira-Filho; Claudio Henrique Fischer; Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira; Samira Morhy</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - MDP - Ecocardiografia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita (VD) pelo ecocardiograma em pacientes com Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (TEP) &#233; complexa, frequentemente qualitativa; o Doppler tecidual tem sido utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o semiquantitativa dessa c&#226;mara, com algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD no TEP pelo ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual, complementando com o pept&#237;deo atrial natriur&#233;tico (BNP). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram estudados pacientes com TEP pelo ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual e BNP at&#233; 24 horas do diagn&#243;stico, obtendo-se as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas (s'), strain, strain rate e &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica do VD; disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD foi iagnosticada por hipocinesia da c&#226;mara, movimento anormal septal e rela&#231;&#227;o VD/VE <underline>&gt;</underline>1. De acordo com o BNP os pacientes foram divididos em Grupo I, BNP &lt; 50 pg/mL e Grupo II, BNP <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 pg/mL. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> De 118 pacientes, 100 (60 homens, idade = 55 &#177; 17 anos) foram analisados; observou-se disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD em 28%, mais frequentemente no grupo II (19 vs. 9 pacientes, p &lt; 0,001). O grupo II era mais idoso (64 &#177; 19 vs. 50 &#177; 15 anos), apresentava menor velocidade de s' (10,5 &#177; 3,5 vs. 13,2 &#177; 3,1 cm/s) e maior press&#227;o pulmonar (48 &#177; 11 vs. 35 &#177; 11 mmHg), p &lt; 0,001 para todos. O ponto de corte de s' para disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD foi de 10,8 cm/s (especificidade = 85%, sensibilidade = 54%), com moderada correla&#231;&#227;o entre o BNP e a onda s'(r = -0,39). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> No TEP, a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD pelo ecocardiograma se acompanha de eleva&#231;&#227;o do BNP; apesar confirmar adequadamente a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD, o Doppler tecidual apresenta sensibilidade limitada para este diagn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Direita, Ecocardiografia Doppler / diagn&#243;stico, Embolia Pulmonar.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O Tromboembolismo Pulmonar (TEP) &#233; uma causa importante de morbimortalidade, com progn&#243;stico reservado se associado &#224; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, quando a mortalidade pode atingir cerca de 20%<sup>1</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o adequada da fun&#231;&#227;o do Ventr&#237;culo Direito (VD) &#233; crucial no TEP<sup>1</sup>; no entanto, sua an&#225;lise por m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos como o ecocardiograma bidimensional &#233; limitada, em raz&#227;o da complexidade anat&#244;mica dessa c&#226;mara. Nesse sentido, outras t&#233;cnicas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas como o Doppler tecidual t&#234;m sido agregadas para complementa&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica<sup>2</sup>, com estudos mostrando uma correla&#231;&#227;o adequada entre as velocidades sist&#243;licas do Doppler tecidual e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD pela resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica<sup>3</sup>, bem como a identifica&#231;&#227;o do acometimento do VD em pacientes com TEP<sup>4</sup>. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD pode ainda ser complementada pela medida do pept&#237;deo atrial natriur&#233;tico (BNP)<sup>5</sup>, que se encontra elevado na presen&#231;a de aumento das press&#245;es intracard&#237;acas<sup>6</sup>. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas do Doppler tecidual para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD no TEP, no entanto, n&#227;o est&#225; completamente esclarecida, com valores distintos encontrados para as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas nessa situa&#231;&#227;o<sup>7,8</sup>, sendo mais limitadas ainda para medidas como o <italic>strain</italic> e <italic>strain rate</italic>. Adicionalmente, seria de potencial interesse cl&#237;nico comparar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD pelo ecocardiograma com Doppler tecidual e o reflexo funcional da sobrecarga desta c&#226;mara, estimada a partir do BNP. </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD a partir do ecocardiograma bidimensional com Doppler tecidual em pacientes com TEP agudo e analisar sua correla&#231;&#227;o com o BNP. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De agosto de 2007 a janeiro de 2010, todos os pacientes que deram entrada na Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia ou pacientes internados com suspeita cl&#237;nica de TEP (dor/dispneia de in&#237;cio s&#250;bito na &#250;ltima semana) foram solicitados a participar no estudo. O TEP foi confirmado pela tomografia <italic>multislice</italic> de t&#243;rax mostrando defeito de enchimento total ou parcial em ramos pulmonares ou a cintilografia de ventila&#231;&#227;o/perfus&#227;o pulmonar com alta probabilidade de TEP. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda (VE), dados como fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &lt; 55% pelo ecocardiograma, para minimizar sua influ&#234;ncia nos n&#237;veis de BNP<sup>9</sup>. Outros crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, arritmias (fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou extrass&#237;stoles frequentes) e janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica inadequada. Todos os pacientes foram tratados com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (heparina n&#227;o fracionada ou de baixo peso molecular, a crit&#233;rio do cl&#237;nico assistente); pacientes com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica (press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica &lt; 90/60 mmHg, sinais de m&#225; perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica) receberam tratamento trombol&#237;tico (ativador do plasminog&#234;nio tecidual, 100 mg endovenoso em duas horas). O estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa institucional, conforme a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, e todos os pacientes deram consentimento por escrito para participa&#231;&#227;o no mesmo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos a um ecocardiograma (Vivid 7, GE Medical Systems, Horten, Norway) com medidas do VE e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da American Society de Echocardiography<sup>10</sup> at&#233; 24 horas do diagn&#243;stico de TEP agudo. Os di&#226;metros do VE e VD foram medidos no corte apical 4-c&#226;maras para obten&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o VD/VE. Os cortes paraesternal, apical e subcostal foram utilizados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD. Foi considerada disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD a presen&#231;a de hipocinesia da c&#226;mara; a movimenta&#231;&#227;o anormal do septo (retifica&#231;&#227;o) e/ou dilata&#231;&#227;o do VD (rela&#231;&#227;o VD/VE <underline>&gt;</underline> 1) foram acrescidos &#224; an&#225;lise subjetiva da fun&#231;&#227;o no intuito de refin&#225;-la. A fun&#231;&#227;o do VD foi avaliada por dois observadores, e em caso de discord&#226;ncia foi solicitada a opini&#227;o de um terceiro observador. A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi obtida a partir do refluxo tric&#250;spide adicionada &#224; press&#227;o do &#225;trio direito estimada a partir do di&#226;metro e colapsabilidade da veia cava inferior. Foram realizadas medidas das velocidades das ondas E e A para an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE, obtidas a partir do fluxo transmitral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Doppler tecidual</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tra&#231;ados de Doppler tecidual foram obtidos do anel lateral e septal e do anel lateral tric&#250;spide a partir do corte apical 4-c&#226;maras para a obten&#231;&#227;o das medidas de velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas (ondas s' e e'), com o volume da amostra o mais paralelo poss&#237;vel &#224; parede para minimizar a influ&#234;ncia do &#226;ngulo sobre as velocidades do Doppler. A estimativa da press&#227;o de enchimento do VE foi realizada a partir da raz&#227;o entre a onda de enchimento precoce (E) transmitral e a m&#233;dia das ondas e' septal e lateral; foi considerado disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica o aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE (E/e' &gt; 13)<sup>11</sup>. As imagens foram obtidas com o paciente em apneia ou respirando lentamente, na medida quando poss&#237;vel. O mapeamento colorido foi usado para obten&#231;&#227;o do Doppler tecidual no corte apical 4-c&#226;maras com ajuste do setor e a profundidade para manter um n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de 100 quadros/min. O &#205;ndice de <italic>Performance</italic> Mioc&#225;rdica (IPM) do ventr&#237;culo direito foi calculado como a raz&#227;o entre a soma dos Tempos de Contra&#231;&#227;o Isovolum&#233;trica (TCI) e o Tempo de Relaxamento Isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV) dividido pelo Tempo de Eje&#231;&#227;o (TE): MPI = (TCI + TRIV)/TE<sup>12</sup>, (est&#225; correto o sinal de igual?) com medidas obtidas a partir do Doppler tecidual do anel tric&#250;spide. As imagens foram digitalizadas e utilizadas a m&#233;dia de 3-medidas, com posterior an&#225;lise. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas de BNP</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O BNP plasm&#225;tico foi medido at&#233; 24 horas ap&#243;s a confirma&#231;&#227;o do TEP. Ap&#243;s a coleta, o sangue foi colocado em um tubo contendo &#225;cido etilenodiaminotetrac&#233;tico e separado por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o, e o BNP medido usando um <italic>kit</italic> de radioimunoensaio (Advia Centaur assay&#210;, Siemens Heathcare Diagnostics, Bayswater, Australia). Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com os n&#237;veis de BNP<sup>13</sup>: grupo I, com &lt; 50 pg/mL e grupo II com BNP <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 pg/mL. Para o tromboembolismo pulmonar, valores de BNP &lt; 50 pg/mL foram descritos como adequados para identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com menores press&#245;es intracard&#237;acas e consequentemente melhor progn&#243;stico<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP e as categ&#243;ricas em porcentagens ou frequ&#234;ncias observadas. Os grupos foram testados com teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o qui-quadrado ou <italic>Fischer</italic> para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A curva ROC (<italic>Receiver Operating Characteristic</italic>) foi utilizada para identificar o melhor valor de ponto de corte das medidas de Doppler tecidual mais adequadas para identificar disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre o BNP e as vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao VD foram testadas pela correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. A an&#225;lise foi realizada pelo programa de estat&#237;stica SPSS statistical software (version 17.0; SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL), e o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p foi de 0.05. As medidas das velocidades s', <italic>strain, strain rate</italic> obtidas a partir do Doppler tecidual foram repetidas ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses pelo mesmo observador e por um observador distinto em 10 pacientes para medidas de variabilidade inter e intraobservador e comparadas usando o coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Um total de 118 pacientes tiveram o diagn&#243;stico de TEP confirmado pela tomografia (n = 114) ou cintilografia pulmonar (n = 4). Desses, 5 se recusaram a participar; 2 n&#227;o tiveram o BNP colhido; 7 n&#227;o apresentavam janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica adequada; 2 mostravam disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; e 2, arritmia significativa. Dessa forma, o grupo final estudado se constituiu de 100 pacientes. Fatores predisponentes para TEP inclu&#237;ram tromboembolismo venoso (29%), neoplasia (24%), cirurgia (22%) e viagem a&#233;rea de longa dist&#226;ncia (6%). Em 19% dos pacientes n&#227;o foram identificados fatores predisponentes para TEP. Somente 4 pacientes estavam hemodinamicamente inst&#225;veis e foram, portanto, submetidos a tromb&#243;lise, sendo os demais tratados de maneira conservadora. A maior parte dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (60%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 55 &#177; 17 anos. O refluxo tric&#250;spide esteve presente em 66 pacientes, e press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar a partir do refluxo tric&#250;spide foi de 41&#177; 13 mmHg.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em todos os pacientes foi poss&#237;vel a obten&#231;&#227;o de tra&#231;ados adequados de Doppler pulsado tecidual para medidas da onda s; para medidas de <italic>strain</italic>, 17 % dos pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam tra&#231;ados satisfat&#243;rios para a an&#225;lise e em 26 % dos pacientes n&#227;o foram obtidos tra&#231;ados satisfat&#243;rios para medidas de <italic>strain rate</italic>, n&#227;o sendo essa medida utilizada para an&#225;lise. A an&#225;lise do Doppler tecidual mostrou m&#233;dia de velocidade da onda s' de 12,4 &#177; 3,4 cm/s, com valores m&#233;dios de 21,4 &#177; 9,5 % para o <italic>strain</italic>, e o IPM aumentado (0,53 &#177; 0,25). Do total de 100 pacientes, 28 apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional. A capacidade da onda s' do Doppler tecidual em predizer disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD foi analisada pela curva ROC, que mostrou um valor de corte de 10,8 cm/s, com especificidade de 85 %, sensibilidade de 54% e &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,78 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_4929fig01">Figura 1</xref>). As medidas de <italic>strain </italic>n&#227;o permitiram a identifica&#231;&#227;o de um ponto de corte adequado para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD. Foi testada a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas de BNP e as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas do Doppler tecidual, que mostraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa significativa (p = 0,01), por&#233;m modesta (r = - 0,39, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_4929fig02">Figura 2</xref>). N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o significativa, no entanto, entre os n&#237;veis de BNP e o IPM, ou para as medidas de <italic>strain</italic>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_4929fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0524-30099-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_4929fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0524-30099-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos grupos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Sessenta e oito pacientes apresentavam BNP &lt; 50 pg/mL, sendo inclu&#237;dos no grupo I. O grupo II (n = 32) consistia de pacientes mais idosos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4929tab01">Tabela 1</xref>), com maior preval&#234;ncia de refluxo tric&#250;spide (88% <italic>vs.</italic> 56%, p &lt; 0,01) e press&#245;es de art&#233;ria pulmonar mais elevadas (48 &#177; 11 <italic>vs.</italic> 35 &#177; 11 mmHg,p &lt; 0,001) quando comparado com o grupo I. O grupo II ainda apresentava maior preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD (59% <italic>vs.</italic> 13%, p &lt;0,001) e menores velocidades da onda s' e do <italic>strain</italic> do VD. N&#227;o houve, no entanto, diferen&#231;a entre o IPM, estando em ambos os grupos aumentado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4929tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). A estimativa das press&#245;es de enchimento do VE (rela&#231;&#227;o E/e) foi semelhante para ambos os grupos. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4929tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0524-30099-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4929tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0524-30099-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Variabilidade intra e interobservador</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse foi de 0,98 (intraobservervador) e 0,96 (interobservador) para a velocidade da onda s', e 0,91 (intraobservador) e 0,90 (interobservador) para as medidas de <italic>strain</italic> . Os valores de <italic>strain rate</italic> n&#227;o foram usados para an&#225;lise em fun&#231;&#227;o de sua grande variabilidade e limitada obten&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O tromboembolismo pulmonar &#233; uma causa importante de morbimortalidade, e seu progn&#243;stico est&#225; associado &#224; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica decorrente da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD<sup>1</sup>. Na literatura, a preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD pelo ecocardiograma varia de 30% a 50%<sup>1,2</sup>; em nossa casu&#237;stica a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD foi um pouco menor (28%), possivelmente em raz&#227;o da exclus&#227;o de pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, eliminando dessa forma eventual comprometimento do VD associado &#224; cardiomiopatia. N&#237;veis elevados de BNP (<underline>&gt;</underline> 50 pg/mL) estiveram associados &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, seja qualitativamente (pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional) ou de maneira semiquantitativa, pelas vari&#225;veis do Doppler tecidual (velocidades da onda s' e <italic>strain</italic> do VD). O Doppler tecidual constitui-se de um m&#233;todo simples, r&#225;pido e n&#227;o invasivo para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da performance ventricular; por&#233;m os valores de corte para a identifica&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD n&#227;o s&#227;o inteiramente consistentes<sup>7,8</sup>. Em nossa s&#233;rie, valores de onda s' &lt; 10,8 cm/s foram capazes de identificar a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD com boa especificidade; no entanto, a sua sensibilidade foi baixa. Acreditamos que isso se deva basicamente a duas raz&#245;es: primeiramente, valores de velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas s&#227;o particularmente influenciados pela idade<sup>14</sup>; assim, a redu&#231;&#227;o da onda s' na disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD poderia n&#227;o ser t&#227;o marcante em pacientes mais jovens, que apresentam habitualmente velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas maiores, sendo essa situa&#231;&#227;o particularmente evidente na disfun&#231;&#227;o discreta do VD. Diferentemente da literatura, a idade m&#233;dia da nossa s&#233;rie &#233; mais baixa (55 anos), com propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de jovens em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Adicionalmente, os valores de corte para velocidades s' propostos na literatura para a identifica&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD foram obtidos de estudos incluindo popula&#231;&#245;es completamente distintas, ou seja, a partir da compara&#231;&#227;o de um grupo de indiv&#237;duos sadios com pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD, com resultante separa&#231;&#227;o mais precisa entre os grupos. Hsiao e cols.<sup>15</sup>, estudando pacientes com TEP e Doppler tecidual, mostraram que os pacientes com TEP apresentavam menores valores de onda s' (10, 6 cm/s) comparados a um grupo de indiv&#237;duos normais (13,1 cm/s); Meluzin e cols.<sup>7</sup>, por sua vez, estudando pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, obtiveram um ponto de corte um pouco menor (10,5 cm/s) para a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD concomitante, tamb&#233;m comparado a indiv&#237;duos normais. Como nossa popula&#231;&#227;o consistiu-se exclusivamente de pacientes com a doen&#231;a (TEP), observamos diferentes performances do VD, variando desde ventr&#237;culos completamente normais at&#233; fal&#234;ncia global da c&#226;mara; nessa situa&#231;&#227;o h&#225; maior probabilidade de sobreposi&#231;&#227;o da estimativa, e consequentemente menor sensibilidade do m&#233;todo. Em alguns casos, observamos ainda que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o basal do VD pelo Doppler tecidual n&#227;o refletia a altera&#231;&#227;o visualizada nas demais paredes, que eventualmente poderiam apresentar-se hipocin&#233;ticas e/ou com dilata&#231;&#227;o localizada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es intracard&#237;acas pelo BNP</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao BNP, n&#237;veis aumentados desse biomarcador foram encontrados primordialmente na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD (predominantemente disfun&#231;&#227;o acentuada do VD), sugerindo que o acometimento significativo dessa c&#226;mara seja crucial para a eleva&#231;&#227;o desse pept&#237;deo. Em raz&#227;o da vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o pulmonar resultante do TEP, ocorre um aumento do trabalho do VD na tentativa de manter elevada a press&#227;o pulmonar; na depend&#234;ncia do grau de eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o, pode ocorrer a dilata&#231;&#227;o e fal&#234;ncia do VD. Como o BNP &#233; secretado em resposta a aumento do estresse ventricular ou atrial, reflete sobrecarga de volume ou press&#227;o<sup>16</sup>, da&#237; resultando sua eleva&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD. No entanto, a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e o BNP n&#227;o &#233; linear, havendo um sem n&#250;mero de fatores que influenciam essa rela&#231;&#227;o, incluindo a secre&#231;&#227;o e a elimina&#231;&#227;o do biomarcador. A disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, por exemplo, est&#225; fortemente associada a um aumento de press&#245;es intracard&#237;acas (e consequentemente do BNP); em raz&#227;o dessa associa&#231;&#227;o, pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE diminu&#237;da foram exclu&#237;dos. Como a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tamb&#233;m se relaciona com n&#237;veis elevados de BNP<sup>17</sup>, sua influ&#234;ncia foi analisada a partir da estimativa da press&#227;o intraventricular pelo Doppler convencional e tecidual (obtida pela raz&#227;o E/e'); na nossa s&#233;rie, apesar de os pacientes com n&#237;veis mais elevados de BNP serem mais idosos, e presumivelmente com maior preval&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, ambos os grupos tinham medidas similares de press&#245;es de enchimento do VE. Particularmente em pacientes sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica associada, a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica apresenta correla&#231;&#227;o apenas modesta com os n&#237;veis de BNP<sup>18,19</sup>. Sendo assim, acreditamos que a influ&#234;ncia da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica sobre o BNP pode ser minimizada nesse grupo. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IPM, observamos um aumento desse &#237;ndice nos pacientes com TEP, independentemente da presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD ou do n&#237;vel de BNP. O aumento da resist&#234;ncia pulmonar (tal como ocorre no TEP) ocasiona um prolongamento do intervalo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica, e dessa forma, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD, podemos antecipar um aumento do IPM. Hsiao e cols.<sup>15</sup> observaram que pacientes com TEP poderiam ser especificamente identificados atrav&#233;s do IPM, em rela&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar decorrente de outras causas. Em nossa s&#233;rie, no entanto, esse &#237;ndice n&#227;o foi capaz de diferenciar os pacientes com BNP maior ou menor que 50 pg/mL.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao estudo necessitam coment&#225;rios: a metodologia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do VD foi essencialmente subjetiva, mesmo quando acrescida de par&#226;metros semiquantitativos. Outras t&#233;cnicas, como a medida da fra&#231;&#227;o de mudan&#231;a da &#225;rea do VD (<italic>fractional &#225;rea change</italic> - FAC) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson poderiam acrescentar maior consist&#234;ncia aos resultados; no entanto, a caracter&#237;stica da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (exames realizados frequentemente &#224; beira do leito, com pacientes dispn&#233;icos) limitou essa avalia&#231;&#227;o em um n&#250;mero significativo de pacientes. Adicionalmente, somente o segmento basal da parede do VD foi analisado pelo Doppler tecidual, e poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es em outros segmentos n&#227;o seriam detectadas. No entanto, no TEP, o envolvimento do VD ocorre mais frequentemente em toda a extens&#227;o de sua parede, eventualmente poupando o &#225;pex (sinal de <italic>McConne</italic>l)<sup>20</sup>, dessa forma possibilitando a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do Doppler tecidual como representativa da <italic>performance</italic> global do VD. Adicionalmente, o mapeamento colorido utilizado pelo Doppler tecidual &#233; extremadamente dependente da qualidade da imagem, fazendo-se necess&#225;rio um elevado n&#250;mero de quadros para a obten&#231;&#227;o de tra&#231;ados adequados. A influ&#234;ncia da respira&#231;&#227;o, em muitos casos, mais r&#225;pida, contribuiu para a dificuldade na aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens, com maior comprometimento para algumas vari&#225;veis como o <italic>strain e strain rate</italic>. Finalmente, como para qualquer das t&#233;cnicas relacionadas ao Doppler, o &#226;ngulo de insona&#231;&#227;o pode influenciar as medidas, tendo sido redobrada a aten&#231;&#227;o para a obten&#231;&#227;o das imagens de maneira adequada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A eleva&#231;&#227;o do BNP &#233; um marcador de disfun&#231;&#227;o de VD pelo ecocardiograma em pacientes com TEP agudo; embora as medidas de velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas pelo Doppler tecidual se apresentem adequadas para a confirma&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD, sua sensibilidade limitada sugere, no entanto, que sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o seja primordialmente para a complementa&#231;&#227;o de outras t&#233;cnicas.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ana Clara Tude Rodrigues </p>
        <p> Rua Mal Hastinfilo de Moura, 338, BL A 8D, Vila Suzana </p>
        <p> CEP 05641-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="claratude@yahoo.com">claratude@yahoo.com</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="claratude@einstein.br">claratude@einstein.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 03/06/12, revisado em 27/11/12, aceito em 02/01/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Right ventricular assessment by tissue-Doppler echocardiography in acute pulmonary embolism</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Assessment of the right ventricular (RV) function by echocardiography in patients with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is complex and frequently qualitative. Tissue Doppler has been used for the semiquantitative assessment of this chamber, although with some limitations. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate RV function in PTE using tissue-Doppler echocardiography, in addition to atrial natriuretic peptide (BNP). METHODS: Patients with PTE were studied using tissue-Doppler echocardiography and BNP up to 24 hours after diagnosis; myocardial velocities (s'), strain, strain rate and RV myocardial performance index were obtained. RV dysfunction was diagnosed by chamber hypokinesia, abnormal septal motion and a RV/LV ratio &gt;1. According to their BNP levels, the patients were divided into Group I, BNP &lt; 50 pg/mL and Group II, BNP &gt; 50 pg/mL. RESULTS: Of 118 patients, 100 (60 men, age = 55 &#177; 17 years) were analyzed; RV dysfunction was observed in 28%, more frequently in group II (19 vs. 9 patients, p &lt; 0.001). Patients in group II were older (64 &#177; 19 vs. 50 &#177; 15 years), and had lower s' velocity (10.5 &#177; 3.5 vs. 13.2 &#177; 3.1 cm/s), and higher pulmonary pressure (48 &#177; 11 vs. 35 &#177; 11 mmHg), p &lt; 0.001. The cut-off point of s' for RV dysfunction was 10.8 cm/s (specificity = 85%, sensitivity = 54%), with moderate correlation between BNP and s' wave (r = -0.39). CONCLUSION: In PTE, RV dysfunction on echocardiography is accompanied by BNP elevation; although tissue-Doppler imaging adequately confirms the presence of RV dysfunction, it has a limited sensitivity for this diagnosis.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Right</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Right ventricular assessment by tissue-Doppler echocardiography in acute pulmonary embolism</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ana Clara Tude Rodrigues; Adriana Cordovil; Claudia Monaco; Laise Guimar&#227;es; Alexandre Cury; Gustavo A F Naccarato; Edgar Lira-Filho; Claudio Henrique Fischer; Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira; Samira Morhy</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein - MDP - Ecocardiografia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Assessment of the right ventricular (RV) function by echocardiography in patients with pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is complex and frequently qualitative. Tissue Doppler has been used for the semiquantitative assessment of this chamber, although with some limitations.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate RV function in PTE using tissue-Doppler echocardiography, in addition to atrial natriuretic peptide (BNP).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Patients with PTE were studied using tissue-Doppler echocardiography and BNP up to 24 hours after diagnosis; myocardial velocities (s'), strain, strain rate and RV myocardial performance index were obtained. RV dysfunction was diagnosed by chamber hypokinesia, abnormal septal motion and a RV/LV ratio <underline>&gt;</underline>1. According to their BNP levels, the patients were divided into Group I, BNP &lt; 50 pg/mL and Group II, BNP <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 pg/mL.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Of 118 patients, 100 (60 men, age = 55 &#177; 17 years) were analyzed; RV dysfunction was observed in 28%, more frequently in group II (19 vs. 9 patients, p &lt; 0.001). Patients in group II were older (64 &#177; 19 vs. 50 &#177; 15 years), and had lower s' velocity (10.5 &#177; 3.5 vs. 13.2 &#177; 3.1 cm/s), and higher pulmonary pressure (48 &#177; 11 vs. 35 &#177; 11 mmHg), p &lt; 0.001. The cut-off point of s' for RV dysfunction was 10.8 cm/s (specificity = 85%, sensitivity = 54%), with moderate correlation between BNP and s' wave (r = -0.39).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> In PTE, RV dysfunction on echocardiography is accompanied by BNP elevation; although tissue-Doppler imaging adequately confirms the presence of RV dysfunction, it has a limited sensitivity for this diagnosis.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Ventricular Function, Right; Echocardiography, Doppler/diagnosis; Pulmonary Embolism.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, with poor prognosis if associated with hemodynamic instability, a situation in which mortality can reach approximately 20%<sup>1</sup>. The adequate assessment of the right ventricular (RV) function is crucial in PTE<sup>1</sup>. However, its analysis using noninvasive methods such as two-dimensional echocardiography is limited because of the anatomical complexity of this chamber. In this sense, other echocardiographic techniques such as tissue Doppler imaging have been added to complement the diagnosis<sup>2</sup>, with studies showing an adequate correlation between systolic velocities on tissue Doppler imaging and RV ejection fraction on magnetic resonance imaging<sup>3</sup>, as well as the identification of RV impairment in patients with PTE<sup>4</sup>. The assessment of the RV function can also be complemented by the determination of atrial natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels<sup>5</sup>, which are elevated in the presence of increased intracardiac pressures<sup>6</sup>. However, the relationship between tissue Doppler measurements for the RV assessment in PTE is not fully understood, with different values found for myocardial velocities in this situation<sup>7,8</sup>, and it is even more limited for measurements such as strain and strain rate. More over, comparing the relationship between RV systolic dysfunction on tissue Doppler echocardiography and the functional reflex of RV overload, as estimated from BNP, would be of potential clinical interest.</p>
      <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the RV systolic function using two-dimensional tissue Doppler echocardiography in patients with acute PTE and to analyze its correlation with BNP. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From August 2007 to January 2010, all patients admitted to the Emergency Unit or hospitalized with clinically suspected PTE (pain/sudden-onset dyspnea in the past week) were recruited to participate in the study. PTE was confirmed by thoracic multislice computed tomography showing complete or partial filling defect in pulmonary branches or by ventilation/perfusion pulmonary scintigraphy showing a high probability of PTE. Patients with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, as characterized by an ejection fraction &lt; 55% on echocardiography, were excluded from the study to minimize the influence of this condition on BNP levels<sup>9</sup>. Other exclusion criteria were the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation or frequent extrasystoles) and an inadequate echocardiographic window. All patients received anticoagulation therapy (unfractionated or low-molecular-weight heparin, at the discretion of the assisting clinician). Patients with hemodynamic instability (systemic blood pressure &lt; 90/60 mmHg, signs of poor peripheral perfusion) were given thromboembolytic treatment (tissue plasminogen activator, 100 mg intravenously in two hours). The study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee, according to the Declaration of Helsinki, and all patients gave written informed consent to participate. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients underwent echocardiography (Vivid 7, GE Medical Systems, Horten, Norway) with measurements of the LV and ejection fraction according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>10</sup> up to 24 hours after diagnosis of acute PTE. The LV and RV diameters were measured in the 4-chamber apical view to obtain the RV/LV ratio. The parasternal, apical and subcostal views were used for the subjective assessment of the RV systolic function. RV systolic dysfunction was considered when hypokinetic chamber was present. Abnormal septal motion (straightening) and/or RV dilatation (RV/LV <underline>&gt;</underline> 1) were added to the subjective analysis of function analysis in order to improve it. RV function was evaluated by two observers; in case of discordance, the opinion of a third observer was requested. The pulmonary artery systolic pressure was derived from the tricuspid regurgitation added to right atrial pressure as estimated from the inferior vena cava diameter and collapsibility. E and A wave velocities were measured from the transmitral flow for the analysis of the LV diastolic function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Tissue Doppler imaging</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Tissue Doppler tracings were obtained from the lateral and septal annulus and from the lateral tricuspid annulus using the 4-chamber apical view to obtain measurements of the myocardial velocities (s' and e' waves), with the sample volume as parallel to the wall as possible, so as to minimize the influence of the angle on Doppler velocities. LV filling pressure was estimated from the ratio between the early transmitral filling wave (E) and the mean of septal and lateral e' waves. Diastolic dysfunction was considered in the presence of increased LV filling pressures (E/e' &gt; 13)<sup>11</sup>. Images were obtained with the patient in breath-hold or breathing slowly, as much as possible. Color mapping was used to obtain tissue Doppler in the 4-chamber apical view with sector adjustment and depth to keep a minimum of 100 frames/min. The right ventricular myocardial performance index (MPI) was calculated as the ratio between the sum of the isovolumic contraction time (ICT) and isovolumic relaxation time (IRT) divided by the ejection time (ET): MPI = (ICT + IRT)/ET<sup>12</sup>, with measurements obtained from tissue Doppler imaging of the tricuspid annulus. Images were digitalized and the mean of 3 measurements was used, with further analysis. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>BNP determinations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Plasma BNP levels were determined up to 24 hours after PTE had been confirmed. After blood draw, the sample was put in an EDTA-containing tube and separated by centrifugation. BNP level was determined using a radioimmunoassay kit (Advia Centaur assay&#210;, Siemens Heathcare Diagnostics, Bayswater, Australia). The patients were divided into two groups according to their BNP levels<sup>13</sup>: group I, with BNP &lt; 50 pg/mL, and group II with BNP <underline>&gt;</underline> 50 pg/mL. For pulmonary thromboembolism, BNP values &lt; 50 pg/mL were described as adequate to identify patients with lower intracardiac pressures and consequently a more favorable prognosis<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; SD, and categorical variables, as percentages or frequencies observed. The groups were tested using the Student t test for continuous variables and the chi square test or Fischer test for categorical variables. The ROC (Receive Operating Characteristic) curve was used to identify the best cut-off point of tissue Doppler measurements more adequate to identify RV dysfunction. Correlation between BNP and the variables related to RV were tested using the Pearson's correlation. The analysis was carried out using the SPSS statistical software program (version 17.0; SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL), and the level of significance was set at 0.05. Measurements of s' velocities, strain, strain rate obtained from tissue Doppler imaging were repeated after three months by the same observer and by a distinct observer in 10 patients for measurements of intra and interobserver variability, and compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 118 patients had the diagnosis of PTE confirmed by tomography (n = 114) or pulmonary scintigraphy (n = 4). Of these, 5 refused to participate; 2 did not have their BNP collected; 7 did not show an adequate echocardiographic window; 2 showed left ventricular dysfunction; and 2 had significant arrhythmia. Thus, the final study group was comprised of 100 patients. Predisposing factors for PTE included venous thromboembolism (29%), neoplasia (24%), surgery (22%) and long-distance flight (6%). Predisposing factors for PTE were not identified in 19% of patients. Only 4 patients were hemodynamically unstable and, therefore, underwent thrombolysis; the other patients were treated medically. Most of the patients were males (60%), with a mean age of 55 &#177; 17 years. Tricuspid regurgitation was observed in 66 patients, and the pulmonary artery systolic pressure from the tricuspid regurgitation was 41&#177; 13 mmHg.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>RV assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Proper pulsed tissue Doppler tracings could be obtained for s wave measurement in all patients. For strain measurements, 17% of patients did not show satisfactory tracings for the analysis and in 26% of patients satisfactory tracings were not obtained for strain rate measurements, and this measurement was not used for the analysis. The tissue Doppler analysis showed a mean s' wave velocity of 12.4 &#177; 3.4 cm/s, with mean values of 21.4 &#177; 9.5% for strain, and increased MPI (0.53 &#177; 0.25). Of the 100 patients, 28 had RV systolic dysfunction on two-dimensional echocardiography. The ability of tissue Doppler s' wave to predict RV systolic dysfunction was analyzed by the ROC curve, which showed a cut-off value of 10.8 cm/s, with 85% specificity, 54% sensitivity, and area under the curve of 0.78 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4929fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). The strain measurements did not permit the identification of a proper cut-off point for the identification of RV dysfunction. The correlation between BNP levels and tissue Doppler myocardial velocities was tested, showing a significant, but modest, inverse correlation (p = 0.01) (r = - 0.39) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4929fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). However, no significant correlation was observed between BNP levels and MPI, or for strain measurements.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4929fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0524-30099-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4929fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0524-30099-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Groups assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sixty eight patients showed BNP &lt; 50 pg/mL, and were included in group I. Group II (n = 32) consisted of older patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4929tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>), with a higher prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation (88% vs. 56%, p &lt; 0.01) and higher pulmonary artery pressures (48 &#177; 11 vs. 35 &#177; 11 mmHg, p &lt; 0.001) when compared to group I patients. Group II also showed a higher prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction (59% vs. 13%, p &lt; 0.001) and lower s' velocities and RV strain. However, there was no difference between MPI, which was increased in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4929tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). The estimated LV filling pressures (E/e ratio) was similar in both groups. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4929tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0524-30099-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4929tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0524-30099-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intra and interobserver variability</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.98 (intraobserver) and 0.96 (interobserver) for s' wave velocity, and 0.91 (intraobserver) and 0.90 (interobserver) for strain measurements. The strain rate values were not used for the analysis due to their great variability and difficulty to be obtained.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Pulmonary thromboembolism is an important cause of morbidity and mortality, and its prognosis is associated with the hemodynamic instability resulting from RV systolic dysfunction<sup>1</sup>. In the literature, the prevalence of RV dysfunction on echocardiography varies from 30% to 50%<sup>1,2</sup>. In our case series, the prevalence of RV dysfunction was slightly lower (28%), possibly because patients with LV systolic dysfunction were excluded, thus eliminating an occasional RV impairment associated with the cardiomyopathy. Increased BNP levels (<underline>&gt;</underline> 50 pg/mL) were associated with a higher prevalence of RV systolic dysfunction, both qualitatively (on two-dimensional echocardiography) and semiquantitatively, as measured by tissue Doppler variables (s' wave velocities and RV strain). Tissue Doppler imaging is a simple, fast and noninvasive method for the assessment of ventricular performance. However, cut-off values for the identification of RV systolic dysfunction are not fully consistent<sup>7,8</sup>. In our case series, s' wave values &lt; 10.8 cm/s were able to identify RV systolic dysfunction with a good specificity, but low sensitivity. We believe that this was basically due to two reasons: first, myocardial velocity values are particularly influenced by age<sup>14</sup>; thus, the decrease in s' wave in RV dysfunction could be not so significant in younger patients who usually show higher myocardial velocities, a situation that is particularly evident in mild RV dysfunction. Unlike in the literature, the mean age of patients in our case series was lower (55 years), with a significant proportion of young individuals in the postoperative period. Furthermore, cut-off values for s' velocities proposed in the literature for the identification of RV dysfunction were obtained from studies including completely different populations, i.e., from the comparison between a group of healthy individuals and patients with RV dysfunction, which resulted in a more precise separation between the groups. Hsiao et al<sup>15</sup> studied patients with PTE using tissue Doppler imaging and showed that these patients had lower s' wave values (10.6 cm/s) when compared to a group of normal individuals (13.1 cm/s). Meluzin et al<sup>7</sup>, in turn, studied patients with heart failure and right ventricular dysfunction, and obtained a slightly lower cut-off point (10.5 cm/s) for concomitant RV systolic dysfunction, also in comparison to normal individuals. Since our population consisted exclusively of patients with the disease (PTE), we observed different RV performances, ranging from completely normal ventricles to global chamber failure; in this situation, there is a higher probability of estimate overlapping, and consequently a lower sensitivity of the method. In some cases, we also observed that the assessment of the basal RV region by tissue Doppler imaging did not reflect the change seen in the other walls, which occasionally could be hypokinetic and/or with local dilatation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Intracardiac pressure assessment by BNP</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In relation to BNP, increased levels of this biomarker have been found primarily in the presence of RV systolic dysfunction (predominantly marked RV dysfunction), thus suggesting that a significant impairment of this chamber is crucial for the elevation of the levels of this peptide. Because of the pulmonary vasoconstriction resulting from PTE, there is an increase in the RV workload in an attempt to keep the pulmonary pressure high; depending on the degree of pressure elevation, RV dilatation and failure may occur. Since BNP is secreted in response to increased ventricular or atrial stress, it reflects volume or pressure overload<sup>16</sup>, which results in its elevation in patients with RV systolic dysfunction. However, the correlation between RV dysfunction and BNP is not linear, with countless factors influencing this relationship, including the biomarker secretion and clearance. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction, for instance, is strongly associated with increased intracardiac pressures (and consequently increased BNP levels); because of this association, patients with decreased LV ejection fraction were excluded. Since the diastolic dysfunction is also correlated with increased BNP levels<sup>17</sup>, its influence was analyzed from the estimated intraventricular pressure by tissue and conventional Doppler imaging (obtained from the E/e' ratio); in our case series, despite patients with higher BNP levels were older, and presumably with a higher prevalence of diastolic dysfunction, both groups had similar LV filling pressure measurements. Diastolic dysfunction shows only a modest correlation with BNP levels<sup>18,19</sup> , particularly in patients without associated systolic dysfunction,. Thus, we believe that the influence of diastolic dysfunction on BNP levels may be minimized in this group.</p>
      <p>In relation to MPI, we observed that this index was increased in patients with PTE, regardless of the presence of RV dysfunction or BNP levels. Increased pulmonary resistance (as seen in PTE) causes a prolonged isovolumic contraction interval and, thus, even in the absence of RV dysfunction, we can anticipate an increased MPI. Hsiao et al<sup>15</sup> observed that patients with PTE could be specifically identified by means of MPI in relation to patients with pulmonary hypertension from other causes. In our case series, however, this index was not able to differentiate between patients with BNP levels higher and those with lower than 50 pg/mL.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Some comments should be made in relation to the study limitation: the methodology for RV assessment was essentially subjective, even when semiquantitative parameters were added. Other techniques, such as the measurement of the RV fractional area change (FAC) and ejection fraction by Simpson's method could add more consistency to the results. However, the characteristic of the study population (tests performed frequently at bedside, with dyspneic patients) limited this assessment in a significant number of patients. Also, only the basal segment of the RV wall was analyzed by tissue Doppler imaging, and possible changes in other segments could thus have been missed. However, in PTE, involvement of the RV occurs more commonly in the entire extension of its wall, occasionally preserving the apex (McConnel sign)<sup>20</sup>, thus permitting the use of tissue Doppler imaging as representative of the global RV performance. Also, the color mapping used by tissue Doppler imaging is extremely dependent on the quality of image; thus, a high number of frames is necessary for adequate tracings to be obtained. The influence of breathing, which in many cases is faster, added to the difficulty to acquire the images, with variables such as strain and strain rate being more affected. Finally, as for any technique related to Doppler, the insonation angle may influence the measurements; thus, careful attention was given so that images could be properly obtained. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Increased BNP levels are a marker of RV dysfunction on echocardiography in patients with acute PTE. Myocardial velocities measurements by tissue Doppler imaging are adequate to confirm RV dysfunction; however, its limited sensitivity suggests that its use should be left mainly as a complement for other techniques. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
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