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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">FJqTBDkjnQRSzhT4zxF4CRh</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000600004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000600004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130104</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto do padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico ventricular na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fusco</surname>
            <given-names>Dani&#233;liso R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okumoto</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo R. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanati</surname>
            <given-names>Sim&#233;ia G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>518</fpage>
      <lpage>523</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A relev&#226;ncia do padr&#227;o de geometria ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o &#233; conhecida. OBJETIVOS: Analisar a presen&#231;a de diferentes padr&#245;es de geometria ventricular esquerda (VE) e seu impacto como preditor de remodela&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. M&#201;TODOS: Pacientes com infarto agudo anterior (n = 80) foram divididos de acordo com o padr&#227;o de geometria: normal (&#237;ndice de massa [IMVE] normal e espessura relativa da parede [ERP] normal), remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica (IMVE normal e ERP aumentada), hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (IMVE e ERP aumentadas) e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (IMVE aumentado e ERP normal). Ap&#243;s seis meses, foi repetido o ecocardiograma. RESULTADOS: Quatro pacientes foram a &#243;bito. Dos sobreviventes, 41 apresentaram remodela&#231;&#227;o (R+), enquanto 39 n&#227;o remodelaram (R-). Considerando-se o padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico, houve a seguinte distribui&#231;&#227;o: 24 pacientes com padr&#227;o normal, 13 com remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica, 29 com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica e 14 com hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica. Os pacientes que remodelaram apresentaram maiores tamanhos de infarto analisados pelo pico da CPK (R+ = 4.610 (1.688 - 7.970), R- = 1.442 (775 - 4.247), p &lt; 0,001) e da CK-MB (R+ = 441 (246 - 666), R- = 183 (101 - 465), p &lt; 0,001), tend&#234;ncia a maior preval&#234;ncia de remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica (R+ = 10, R- = 3, p = 0,08) e menor preval&#234;ncia de hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (R+ = 2, R- = 12, p = 0,006). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, o tamanho do infarto foi preditor (OR = 1,01; p = 0,020) e a hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica foi fator protetor (OR = 0,189; p = 0,046) de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana. CONCLUS&#195;O: O padr&#227;o de geometria ventricular pode ter impacto no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>14</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Impacto do padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico ventricular na remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Elaine Farah; Dani&#233;liso R. Fusco; Paulo R. R. Okumoto; Marcos F. Minicucci; Paula S. Azevedo; Beatriz B. Matsubara; Katashi Okoshi; Sim&#233;ia G. Zanati; Sergio A. R. Paiva; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A relev&#226;ncia do padr&#227;o de geometria ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio n&#227;o &#233; conhecida. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Analisar a presen&#231;a de diferentes padr&#245;es de geometria ventricular esquerda (VE) e seu impacto como preditor de remodela&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Pacientes com infarto agudo anterior (n = 80) foram divididos de acordo com o padr&#227;o de geometria: normal (&#237;ndice de massa [IMVE] normal e espessura relativa da parede [ERP] normal), remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica (IMVE normal e ERP aumentada), hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (IMVE e ERP aumentadas) e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (IMVE aumentado e ERP normal). Ap&#243;s seis meses, foi repetido o ecocardiograma. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Quatro pacientes foram a &#243;bito. Dos sobreviventes, 41 apresentaram remodela&#231;&#227;o (R+), enquanto 39 n&#227;o remodelaram (R-). Considerando-se o padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico, houve a seguinte distribui&#231;&#227;o: 24 pacientes com padr&#227;o normal, 13 com remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica, 29 com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica e 14 com hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica. Os pacientes que remodelaram apresentaram maiores tamanhos de infarto analisados pelo pico da CPK (R+ = 4.610 (1.688 - 7.970), R- = 1.442 (775 - 4.247), p &lt; 0,001) e da CK-MB (R+ = 441 (246 - 666), R- = 183 (101 - 465), p &lt; 0,001), tend&#234;ncia a maior preval&#234;ncia de remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica (R+ = 10, R- = 3, p = 0,08) e menor preval&#234;ncia de hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (R+ = 2, R- = 12, p = 0,006). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, o tamanho do infarto foi preditor (OR = 1,01; p = 0,020) e a hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica foi fator protetor (OR = 0,189; p = 0,046) de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O padr&#227;o de geometria ventricular pode ter impacto no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Remodela&#231;&#227;o Ventricular, Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio, Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda, Hipertens&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s agress&#227;o ao cora&#231;&#227;o, podem ocorrer altera&#231;&#245;es moleculares, celulares e intersticiais card&#237;acas, que v&#227;o se manifestar clinicamente por altera&#231;&#245;es na arquitetura, massa, geometria, fun&#231;&#227;o e no tamanho do cora&#231;&#227;o. Esse fen&#244;meno recebe o nome de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup>1,2 </sup>e desempenha papel fundamental na fisiopatologia da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular que ocorre em diferentes modelos de agress&#227;o ao cora&#231;&#227;o<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por essa raz&#227;o, procura-se identificar vari&#225;veis associadas ao processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o que pudessem estratificar o risco de eventos cardiovasculares. Entre esses &#237;ndices, destaca-se o padr&#227;o de geometria ventricular. </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, observou-se que a sobrecarga de press&#227;o pode resultar em diferentes padr&#245;es de geometria. Utilizando como vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas o &#237;ndice de massa e a espessura relativa da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, os pacientes foram divididos em quatro diferentes padr&#245;es de geometria: normal (&#237;ndice de massa normal e espessura relativa normal), remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica (&#237;ndice de massa normal e espessura relativa aumentada), hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (&#237;ndice de massa aumentado e espessura relativa aumentada) e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (&#237;ndice de massa aumentado e espessura relativa normal). Nesse modelo, o padr&#227;o de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica foi preditor de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Devemos considerar, no entanto, que a import&#226;ncia do padr&#227;o de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio permanece por ser elucidada. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a presen&#231;a de diferentes padr&#245;es de geometria ventricular esquerda (VE) e seu impacto como preditor de remodela&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio de parede anterior. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo prospectivo, observacional, realizado na unidade coronariana de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes consecutivos, de ambos os sexos, com o primeiro epis&#243;dio de IAM de parede anterior no per&#237;odo compreendido entre dezembro de 2008 a julho de 2010. O diagn&#243;stico de IAM de parede anterior foi estabelecido pela hist&#243;ria de dor precordial com dura&#231;&#227;o superior a 20 minutos e pela presen&#231;a de supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais cont&#237;guas (V1-V4) ou pela presen&#231;a de bloqueio completo de ramo esquerdo novo ao eletrocardiograma. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram presen&#231;a de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, valvopatia prim&#225;ria significativa, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, condi&#231;&#227;o inadequada para realiza&#231;&#227;o do primeiro ecocardiograma durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, janela ecocardiogr&#225;fica inadequada, presen&#231;a de neoplasia, doen&#231;a autoimune, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica (clearence de creatinina <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 ml/min), insufici&#234;ncia hep&#225;tica, terapia cr&#244;nica com imunossupressores.</p>
    <p>O protocolo de estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o e os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s assinarem o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram avaliados diariamente e submetidos ao primeiro ecocardiograma; o tempo de seguimento ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar foi de seis meses, sendo que no sexto m&#234;s, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; reavalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e a novo ecocardiograma.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Dados relativos ao perfil cl&#237;nico dos pacientes foram obtidos a partir da anamnese e do exame f&#237;sico da admiss&#227;o. Amostras sangu&#237;neas foram obtidas conforme a rotina da unidade coronariana. Eletr&#243;litos, fun&#231;&#227;o renal e hemograma foram dosados na admiss&#227;o e a determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de glicemia e l&#237;pides foi realizada em amostra obtida ap&#243;s jejum de 12 horas. Os n&#237;veis de creatinofosfoquinase total (CPK) e da isoenzima MB (CKMB) foram avaliados na admiss&#227;o do paciente e a cada seis horas at&#233; que seus n&#237;veis entrassem em decl&#237;nio. Foram realizadas duas dosagens de troponina I (na admiss&#227;o e 90 minutos ap&#243;s a chegada do paciente).</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, os fatores de risco, os medicamentos prescritos e demais defini&#231;&#245;es utilizadas nesse estudo foram semelhantes &#224;s vari&#225;veis utilizadas em outros estudos cl&#237;nicos<sup>6-8</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o morfol&#243;gica e funcional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi realizada por meio do ecocardiograma. Os exames foram realizados por tr&#234;s ecocardiografistas que n&#227;o tinham conhecimento das caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes e do tratamento institu&#237;do. Os ecocardiogramas foram realizados na fase intra-hospitalar e seis meses ap&#243;s IAM pelo mesmo examinador. Em nosso servi&#231;o, a variabilidade interobservador &#233; &lt; 5% para as medidas unidimensionais e &lt; 10% para as medidas bidimensionais e vari&#225;veis de tempo derivadas do Doppler; a variabilidade intraobservador &#233; &lt; 5% para todas as vari&#225;veis.</p>
    <p>Os exames foram realizados em equipamento Philips HDI-5000 conforme t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o<sup>9</sup>. A massa do VE foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula M = 0,8 x [1,04 x (espessura do SIV + espessura da PP + di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE)<sup>3</sup> - (di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE)<sup>3</sup>] + 0,6, onde SIV &#233; a espessura do septo interventricular e PP &#233; a parede posterior do VE. Para o &#237;ndice de massa, a massa foi corrigida pela superf&#237;cie corp&#243;rea.</p>
    <p>A espessura relativa da parede (ERP) do VE foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula ERP = 2x espessura da PP/DDVE, onde DDVE &#233; o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o de geometria, o &#237;ndice de massa foi considerado aumentado se &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> e a ERP foi considerada aumentada se &gt; 0,42<sup>10</sup>. Os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com o padr&#227;o de geometria: normal (&#237;ndice de massa [IMVE] normal e espessura relativa da parede [ERP] normal), remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica (IMVE normal e ERP aumentada), hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (IMVE e ERP aumentadas) e hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (IMVE aumentado e ERP normal).</p>
    <p>Remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi definida como aumento de, pelo menos, 15% nos volumes sist&#243;licos e/ou diast&#243;licos do VE detectada entre o primeiro e o segundo ecocardiograma<sup>11</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o ou mediana e percentis 25% e 75% no caso de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. As vari&#225;veis proporcionais foram analisadas pelo teste qui-quadrado ou pelo teste de Fisher para compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram testadas quanto &#224; normalidade; vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student (compara&#231;&#245;es entre dois grupos) e ANOVA, enquanto vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o normais foram comparadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney (compara&#231;&#245;es entre dois grupos) e Kruskal-Wallis.</p>
    <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es existentes entre o padr&#227;o de geometria e a remodela&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-infarto foram analisadas por meio da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Foi utilizado o pacote estat&#237;stico SigmaStat for Windows 3.5 (Systat Software Inc. - San Jose, CA - USA). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado foi de 5% para todos os testes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, 90 pacientes consecutivos foram avaliados. Destes, tr&#234;s pacientes n&#227;o concordaram em participar, tr&#234;s pacientes apresentaram fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e quatro pacientes foram a &#243;bito no per&#237;odo de seis meses. Portanto, nossa amostra foi constitu&#237;da por 80 pacientes.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o, 41 pacientes evolu&#237;ram com remodela&#231;&#227;o (R+), enquanto 39 pacientes n&#227;o remodelaram (R-). As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5239tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Podemos observar que o tamanho do infarto foi maior nos pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com remodela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5239tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0518-30104-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o de geometria, 24 pacientes apresentaram padr&#227;o normal (N), 13 apresentaram remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica (RC), 29 apresentaram hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (HC) e 14 apresentaram hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (HE). O padr&#227;o de geometria dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o est&#225; representado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5239tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. Observa-se que pacientes que apresentaram remodela&#231;&#227;o apresentaram tend&#234;ncia &#224; maior preval&#234;ncia de remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica (R+ = 10, R- = 3, p = 0,08) e menor preval&#234;ncia de hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (R+ = 2, R- = 12, p = 0,006).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5239tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0518-30104-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Considerando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o padr&#227;o de geometria e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, os pacientes com hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica apresentaram menores valores de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o que os pacientes com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (N = 0,48 &#177; 0,08; RC = 0,48 &#177; 0,10; HC = 0,49 &#177; 0,10; HE = 0,40 &#177; 0,09; p = 0,026). N&#227;o foram observadas outras diferen&#231;as.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#227;o de geometria e o tratamento utilizado, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as entre os grupos, particularmente nas medica&#231;&#245;es com propriedades de atenuar a remodela&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5239tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5239tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0518-30104-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, o tamanho do infarto foi preditor e a hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica foi fator protetor de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5239tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5239tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0518-30104-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores preditores de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca pode auxiliar no manejo terap&#234;utico ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e, por essa raz&#227;o, vem sendo alvo de estudos experimentais<sup>12-15</sup> e cl&#237;nicos<sup>6,7</sup>. Considerando a falta de informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a relev&#226;ncia do padr&#227;o de remodela&#231;&#227;o no modelo do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a presen&#231;a de diferentes padr&#245;es de remodela&#231;&#227;o e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular nesse modelo. </p>
    <p>O primeiro aspecto a ser considerado &#233; a presen&#231;a de diferentes padr&#245;es de geometria. Nos casos de hipertens&#227;o arterial, os quatro diferentes padr&#245;es de geometria s&#227;o explicados por meio dos diferentes mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos para a hipertens&#227;o, com diferentes padr&#245;es hemodin&#226;micos. Desse modo, a geometria iria depender do grau de vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, da intensidade da ativa&#231;&#227;o de fatores neuro-humorais e da presen&#231;a de sobrecarga de volume<sup>16</sup>. No modelo do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, Verna e colaboradores, em an&#225;lise do <italic>VALIANT Echocardiographic Study</italic><sup>10</sup>, observaram os quatro padr&#245;es de geometria em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular ap&#243;s o infarto: hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica (12,6%), hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica (18,6%), remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica (18,2%) e normal (50,6%). Nesse estudo, os diferentes padr&#245;es de geometria s&#227;o atribu&#237;dos &#224;s diferentes comorbidades apresentadas pelos pacientes como, por exemplo, hipertens&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, pacientes com infarto de parede anterior tamb&#233;m apresentaram os quatro padr&#245;es de geometria, o que poderia ser explicado por diferentes caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas. No entanto, em modelos experimentais, ratos com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e expostos &#224; fuma&#231;a do cigarro tamb&#233;m apresentaram diferentes padr&#245;es de geometria<sup>17,18</sup>. Se considerarmos que os animais tinham as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas (cepa, idade, sexo, proced&#234;ncia, condi&#231;&#245;es de aclimata&#231;&#227;o) e n&#227;o apresentavam comorbidades, esses achados sugerem que animais com as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas respondem de forma diferente quando submetidos ao mesmo agente agressor.</p>
    <p>Outro aspecto importante &#233; que diferentes autores mostraram que o padr&#227;o de remodela&#231;&#227;o pode ter implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas. Assim, em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o, o padr&#227;o de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica foi associado com risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares em rela&#231;&#227;o aos outros padr&#245;es de geometria<sup>19</sup>. Outros estudos sugerem que a remodela&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica est&#225; associada a aumento de risco de eventos cardiovasculares<sup>20-24</sup>. Por outro lado, a geometria n&#227;o esteve associada com pior progn&#243;stico em outras an&#225;lises<sup>25-27</sup>, indicando que a relev&#226;ncia do padr&#227;o de remodela&#231;&#227;o em pacientes hipertensos permanece controversa. Em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, o &#237;ndice de massa, a espessura relativa da parede e o padr&#227;o de geometria com hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica foram fatores preditores independentes de &#243;bito<sup>10</sup>. N&#227;o temos conhecimento de estudos que avaliaram a relev&#226;ncia do padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico como preditores de remodela&#231;&#227;o no modelo de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Nesse sentido, devemos ponderar que o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco ap&#243;s o infarto est&#225; bem caracterizado. Em cora&#231;&#245;es infartados, consequentemente &#224; expans&#227;o, o ventr&#237;culo perde sua forma el&#237;ptica normal, assumindo configura&#231;&#227;o esf&#233;rica. Nesse novo formato, h&#225; aumento da tens&#227;o parietal, com aumento significativamente maior na di&#225;stole do que na s&#237;stole. Acredita-se que o aumento desse estresse estimularia a replica&#231;&#227;o dos sarc&#244;meros, preferencialmente em s&#233;rie. Portanto, maiores cavidades ventriculares na fase aguda do infarto seriam est&#237;mulo para posteriores dilata&#231;&#245;es ventriculares, o que caracteriza, clinicamente, o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o infarto<sup>1,2,4,28</sup>. O nosso estudo, no entanto, n&#227;o confirmou essa teoria. Diferentemente do esperado, a presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#227;o exc&#234;ntrica na fase precoce foi fator protetor para a ocorr&#234;ncia de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s seis meses da oclus&#227;o coronariana. Aspecto relevante a ser considerado &#233; que os mecanismos respons&#225;veis por esse fen&#244;meno permanecem por ser investigados.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, devemos considerar que diversas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas podem modular o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o infarto. Entre elas, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, destacam-se a terapia de reperfus&#227;o, os inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, os betabloqueadores e os antagonistas da aldosterona. Desse modo, o tratamento utilizado durante a fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o pode ser fator confundidor em estudos que avaliem o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o infarto. No entanto, devemos enfatizar que, em nosso estudo, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as no tratamento entre os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram ou n&#227;o com remodela&#231;&#227;o ou entre os pacientes com diferentes padr&#245;es de geometria. Assim, esse achado tem duas implica&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o continua a ser evento frequente ap&#243;s o infarto de parede anterior, apesar de adequadamente tratado. Adicionalmente, podemos inferir que o tratamento n&#227;o influenciou os nossos resultados sobre a relev&#226;ncia do padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico como determinante da remodela&#231;&#227;o, nesse modelo. </p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o padr&#227;o de geometria ventricular pode ter impacto no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio de parede anterior.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Leonardo Ant&#244;nio Mamede Zornoff </p>
        <p> Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Rubi&#227;o Jr </p>
        <p> CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lzornoff@cardiol.br">lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br">lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 29/10/12; revisado em 20/01/12; aceito em 13/02/13.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Impact of ventricular geometric pattern on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The relevance of left ventricular (LV) geometric pattern after myocardial infarction is not known. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the presence of different LV geometric patterns and teir impact as a predictor of remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction. METHODS: Patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction (n = 80) were divided according to the geometric pattern: normal (normal left ventricular mass index [LVMI] and normal relative wall thickness [RWT]), concentric remodeling (normal LVMI and increased RWT), concentric hypertrophy (increased LVMI and RWT) and eccentric hypertrophy (increased LVMI and normal RWT). After six months, echocardiographic assessment was repeated. RESULTS: Four patients died. Of the survivors, 41 showed remodeling (R +), whereas 39 did not (R-). Considering the geometric pattern, the cases were distributed as follows: 24 patients with normal pattern, 13 with concentric remodeling, 29 with concentric hypertrophy and 14 with eccentric hypertrophy. Patients who showed remodeling had larger infarction sizes analyzed by peak CPK (R + = 4,610 (1,688-7,970), R- = 1,442 (775-4247), p &lt;0.001) and CK-MB (R + = 441 (246 - 666), R- = 183 (101-465), p &lt;0.001), trend towards higher prevalence of concentric remodeling (R+ = 10, R- = 3, p = 0.08) and lower prevalence of eccentric hypertrophy (R + = 2 R- = 12, p = 0.006). In the multivariate regression analysis, infarction size was a predictor (OR = 1.01, p = 0.020) and eccentric hypertrophy was a protective factor (OR = 0.189, p = 0.046) of ventricular remodeling after coronary occlusion. CONCLUSION: The LV geometric pattern of can have an impact on the remodeling process in patients with myocardial infarction.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Ventricular Remodeling</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Impact of ventricular geometric pattern on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Elaine Farah; Dani&#233;liso R. Fusco; Paulo R. R. Okumoto; Marcos F. Minicucci; Paula S. Azevedo; Beatriz B. Matsubara; Katashi Okoshi; Sim&#233;ia G. Zanati; Sergio A. R. Paiva; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The relevance of left ventricular (LV) geometric pattern after myocardial infarction is not known.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> To analyze the presence of different LV geometric patterns and teir impact as a predictor of remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Patients with anterior acute myocardial infarction (n = 80) were divided according to the geometric pattern: normal (normal left ventricular mass index [LVMI] and normal relative wall thickness [RWT]), concentric remodeling (normal LVMI and increased RWT), concentric hypertrophy (increased LVMI and RWT) and eccentric hypertrophy (increased LVMI and normal RWT). After six months, echocardiographic assessment was repeated.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Four patients died. Of the survivors, 41 showed remodeling (R +), whereas 39 did not (R-). Considering the geometric pattern, the cases were distributed as follows: 24 patients with normal pattern, 13 with concentric remodeling, 29 with concentric hypertrophy and 14 with eccentric hypertrophy. Patients who showed remodeling had larger infarction sizes analyzed by peak CPK (R + = 4,610 (1,688-7,970), R- = 1,442 (775-4247), p &lt;0.001) and CK-MB (R + = 441 (246 - 666), R- = 183 (101-465), p &lt;0.001), trend towards higher prevalence of concentric remodeling (R+ = 10, R- = 3, p = 0.08) and lower prevalence of eccentric hypertrophy (R + = 2 R- = 12, p = 0.006). In the multivariate regression analysis, infarction size was a predictor (OR = 1.01, p = 0.020) and eccentric hypertrophy was a protective factor (OR = 0.189, p = 0.046) of ventricular remodeling after coronary occlusion.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The LV geometric pattern of can have an impact on the remodeling process in patients with myocardial infarction.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Ventricular Remodeling; Myocardial Infarction; Ventricular Function, Left; Hypertension.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After cardiac injury, molecular, cellular and interstitial alterations may occur in the heart, which will manifest clinically as alterations in heart architecture, mass, geometric pattern, function and size. This phenomenon is called cardiac remodeling<sup>1,2</sup> and plays a key role in the physiopathology of ventricular dysfunction that occurs in different models of cardiac injury<sup>3,4</sup>.</p>
      <p>For this reason, we seek to identify variables associated with the remodeling process that could stratify the risk of cardiovascular events. Among these indices, the left ventricular (LV) geometric pattern is particularly significant.</p>
      <p>It has been observed in hypertensive patients that pressure overload can result in different geometric patterns. Using the LV mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness (RWT) as echocardiographic variables, the patients were divided into four different geometric patterns: normal (normal LVMI and normal RWT), concentric remodeling (normal LVMI and increased RWT), concentric hypertrophy (increased LVMI and increased RWT) and eccentric hypertrophy (increased LVMI and normal RWT). In this model, the concentric hypertrophy pattern was predictive of cardiovascular events<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>One must consider, however, that the importance of cardiac remodeling pattern after acute myocardial infarction remains to be clarified. Thus, the objective of the present study was to analyze the presence of different left ventricular (LV) geometric patterns and their impact as predictors of remodeling in patients with myocardial infarction of the anterior wall.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This was a prospective observational study, carried out in the coronary care unit of our institution. Consecutive patients of both sexes that had the first episode of anterior wall AMI from December 2008 to July 2010 were included. The diagnosis of anterior wall AMI was established by history of chest pain lasting longer than 20 minutes and the presence of ST-segment elevation in at least two contiguous precordial leads (V1-V4) or the presence of new complete left bundle-branch block at electrocardiogram. Exclusion criteria were the presence of congenital heart disease, significant primary valvular disease, atrial fibrillation, inadequate circumstances to undergo the first echocardiogram during hospitalization, inadequate echocardiographic window, cancer, autoimmune disease, chronic renal failure (creatinine clearance <underline>&lt;</underline> 30 mL/min), liver failure and chronic therapy with immunosuppressant agents. </p>
      <p>The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of our institution, and patients were enrolled after signing the free and informed consent form. During hospitalization, patients were evaluated daily and submitted to the first echocardiogram; follow-up duration after hospital discharge was six months, and at that time, patients underwent clinical reassessment and a new echocardiogram. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Data related to patient clinical profiles were obtained from medical history and physical examination on admission. Blood samples were obtained according to the coronary care unit routine. Electrolytes, renal function and blood count were measured on admission and blood glucose and lipids were measured in samples obtained after a 12-hour fast. The levels of total creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) were evaluated at baseline and every six hours until their levels started to decrease. Two troponin I measurements were performed (at baseline and 90 minutes after patient arrival).</p>
      <p>Clinical variables, risk factors, prescription drugs and other definitions used in this study were similar to the variables used in other clinical studies<sup>6-8</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>LV morphological and functional assessment was performed by echocardiography. The examinations were performed by three echocardiographists blinded to patients' clinical characteristics and treatment. Echocardiograms were performed in-hospital and six months after the AMI by the same examiner. In our service, the interobserver variability is &lt; 5% for one-dimensional and &lt; 10% for two-dimensional measurements and Doppler-derived time variables; the intraobserver variability is &lt; 5% for all variables.</p>
      <p>The examinations were performed in Philips HDI-5000 equipment according to the standard technique<sup>9</sup>. LV mass was calculated by the formula M = 0.8 x [1.04 x (IVS thickness + thickness of PW + LV diastolic diameter)<sup>3</sup> - (LV diastolic diameter) <sup>3</sup>] + 0.6, where IVS is the interventricular septum thickness and PW is the LV posterior wall. The mass was corrected for body surface area for LVMI.</p>
      <p>The relative wall thickness (RWT) was calculated by the formula RWT = 2x PW thickness / LVDD, where LVDD is the left ventricular diastolic diameter. </p>
      <p>Regarding the geometric pattern, the LVMI was considered increased when &gt; 115 g/m<sup>2</sup> and RWT was considered increased when &gt; 0.42<sup>10</sup>. Patients were divided according to the geometric pattern: normal (normal LVMI and normal RWT), concentric remodeling (normal LVMI and increased RWT), concentric hypertrophy (increased LVMI and RWT) and eccentric hypertrophy (increased LVMI and normal RWT).</p>
      <p>Ventricular remodeling was defined as an increase of at least 15% in LV systolic and/or diastolic volume detected between the first and second echocardiography<sup>11</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Continuous variables are shown as mean and standard deviation or median and 25% and 75% percentiles in case of non-normal distribution. The proportional variables were analyzed by Chi-square test or Fisher's test for comparison between groups. Continuous variables were tested for normality; continuous variables with normal distribution were compared by Student's <italic>t</italic> test (comparisons between two groups) and ANOVA, while non-normal continuous variables were compared by Mann-Whitney test (comparisons between two groups) and Kruskal-Wallis test.</p>
      <p>The associations between the geometric pattern and remodeling after myocardial infarction were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The statistical package SigmaStat for Windows release 3.5 (Systat Software Inc. - San Jose, CA - USA) was used for the analyses. The level of significance was set at 5% for all tests.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the study period, 90 consecutive patients were evaluated. Of these, three patients did not agree to participate, three patients had atrial fibrillation, and four patients died within six months. Therefore, our sample consisted of 80 patients. </p>
      <p>Regarding the remodeling process, 41 patients had remodeling (R +), whereas 39 patients did not (R-). Patients' clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5239tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. It can be observed that the infarction size was higher in patients who progressed to remodeling.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5239tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0518-30104-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the geometric pattern, 24 patients had a normal pattern (N), 13 had concentric remodeling (CR), 29 had concentric hypertrophy (CH) and 14 had eccentric hypertrophy (EH). Patient geometric pattern in relation to the remodeling process is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5239tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. It can be observed that patients with remodeling showed a tendency toward a higher prevalence of concentric remodeling (R+ = 10 +, R- = 3, p = 0.08) and lower prevalence of eccentric hypertrophy (R + = 2, R- = 12, p = 0.006).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5239tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0518-30104-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Considering the association between LV geometric pattern and function, patients with eccentric hypertrophy showed lower ejection fraction than patients with concentric hypertrophy (N = 0.48 &#177; 0.08, CR = 0.48 &#177; 0.10 , CH = 0.49 &#177; 0.10, EH = 0.40 &#177; 0.09, p = 0.026). There were no other differences. </p>
      <p>Regarding the association between the geometric pattern and the treatment used, no differences were observed between the groups, particularly with medications of which properties attenuate remodeling (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5239tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5239tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0518-30104-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In the multivariate regression analysis, infarction size was a predictor and eccentric hypertrophy was a protective factor for ventricular remodeling after coronary occlusion (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5047tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5047tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-06-0518-30104-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The identification of cardiac remodeling predictors can help the therapeutic management after myocardial infarction and, therefore, has been the subject of experimental<sup>12-15</sup> and clinical<sup>6,7 </sup>studies. Considering the lack of information on the relevance of the remodeling pattern in the acute myocardial infarction model, the aim of the study was to analyze the presence of different remodeling patterns and their association with ventricular function in this model. </p>
      <p>The first aspect to be considered is the presence of different geometric patterns. In cases of hypertension, the four different geometric patterns are explained by the different physiopathological mechanisms for hypertension, with different hemodynamic patterns. Thus, the geometric pattern would depend on the degree of vasoconstriction, intensity of neurohumoral factor activation and presence of volume overload<sup>16</sup>. Verna et al., in an analysis of the VALIANT Echocardiographic Study<sup>10</sup> in the myocardial infarction model, observed the four geometric patterns in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: concentric hypertrophy (12.6%), eccentric hypertrophy (18.6%) concentric remodeling (18.2%) and normal pattern (50.6%). In this study, the different geometric patterns are attributed to the different comorbidities shown by patients, such as arterial hypertension. </p>
      <p>In our study, patients with anterior wall myocardial infarction also had the four geometric patterns, which could be explained by different clinical characteristics. However, in experimental models, mice with myocardial infarction and exposed to cigarette smoke also showed different geometric patterns<sup>17,18</sup>. Considering that the animals had the same characteristics (strain, age, gender, origin, acclimatization conditions) and no comorbidities, these findings suggest that animals with the same characteristics respond differently when exposed to the same offending agent. </p>
      <p>Another important aspect is that different authors have shown that the remodeling process may have prognostic implications. Thus, in patients with hypertension, the concentric hypertrophy pattern has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events when compared to other geometric patterns<sup>19</sup>. </p>
      <p>Other studies have suggested that concentric remodeling is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events<sup>20-24</sup>. On the other hand, the geometric pattern was not associated with worse prognosis in other studies<sup>25-27</sup>, indicating that the relevance of the remodeling pattern in hypertensive patients remains a controversial issue. In patients with acute myocardial infarction, the LVMI, RWT and concentric hypertrophy geometric pattern were independent predictors of death<sup>10</sup>. We are not aware of studies that evaluated the relevance of geometric patterns as predictors of remodeling in the acute myocardial infarction model.</p>
      <p>In this sense, one should consider that the cardiac remodeling process after myocardial infarction is well characterized. In infarcted hearts, the ventricle loses its normal elliptical form after the expansion, taking on a spherical shape. With this new format, there is increased wall tension, with significantly greater increase during diastole than in systole. It is believed that the increased stress stimulates sarcomere replication, preferably in series. Therefore, larger ventricular cavities in the acute phase of myocardial infarction would be stimulate subsequent ventricular dilatation, which clinically characterizes the cardiac remodeling process after myocardial infarction<sup>1,2,4,28</sup>. Our study, however, did not confirm this theory. Differently from what was expected, the presence of eccentric dilation in the early phase was a protective factor for the occurrence of remodeling after six months of coronary occlusion. An important aspect to be considered is that the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon remain to be investigated.</p>
      <p>Finally, we must consider that different therapeutic strategies can modulate the remodeling process after infarction. Among them, reperfusion therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, beta-blockers and aldosterone antagonists are significant in clinical practice.</p>
      <p>Thus, the treatment used during the recovery phase may be a confounding factor in studies that assess the remodeling process after infarction. However, we must emphasize that in our study, there were no differences in treatment among patients who progressed or not with remodeling or between patients with different geometric patterns. Thus, this finding has two implications. First, the process of remodeling remains a frequent event after anterior wall myocardial infarction, although adequately treated. Additionally, it can be inferred that the treatment did not influence our results on the relevance of the geometric pattern as a determinant of remodeling in this model.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the ventricular geometry pattern can have an impact on the remodeling process in patients with myocardial infarction of the anterior wall.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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