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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">JXjhkBwCgMBF9XjZCtwxbrS</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000500019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000500019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130097</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Varfarina em valvopatia: antiguidade &#233; ou n&#227;o &#233; posto?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e65</fpage>
      <lpage>e67</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>PONTO DE VISTA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Varfarina em valvopatia: antiguidade &#233; ou n&#227;o &#233; posto?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Max Grinberg</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - InCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas / terapia, Varfarina, Anticoagulantes / administra&#231;&#227;o &amp; dosagem.</p>
    <p>A pesquisa de novos f&#225;rmacos atuantes via oral sobre a cascata da coagula&#231;&#227;o (RE-LY, 2009<sup>1</sup>; ROCKET, 2011<sup>2</sup>; ARISTOTLE, 2011<sup>3</sup>) reproduz nos servi&#231;os que lidam com cardiopatia valvar esperan&#231;as e receios j&#225; vivenciados com a indica&#231;&#227;o da varfarina e o lidar com adversidades ao uso ao longo da segunda metade do s&#233;culo XX. Mente aberta fechada com a &#233;tica!</p>
    <p>A anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral tornou-se um dos mais complexos m&#233;todos terap&#234;utico-preventivos receitados ao portador de valvopatia no ambulat&#243;rio<sup>4</sup>. A n&#227;o identifica&#231;&#227;o de sinais de embolia ou de hemorragia durante o uso do anticoagulante oral est&#225; longe de constituir uma certeza de continuidade do <italic>status</italic> cl&#237;nico, at&#233; porque a conformidade com o estado da arte da aplica&#231;&#227;o da varfarina pode vir a sofrer, a qualquer momento, impactos multifatoriais na individualidade dos pacientes. M&#233;todo &#233; da Medicina, <italic>expertise</italic> &#233; do m&#233;dico, resultado &#233; do paciente!</p>
    <p>Os caminhos cl&#237;nicos pioneiros da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral n&#227;o foram exatamente os atuais idealizados para inova&#231;&#245;es desde a bancada para a beira do leito. No in&#237;cio, o conhecimento foi de natureza veterin&#225;ria, com o isolamento da dicumarina do trevo doce, componente da ra&#231;&#227;o causador de hemorragia digestiva no gado, passou pelo desenvolvimento da mais potente varfarina para uso como raticida e culminou com a observa&#231;&#227;o em pronto-socorro que a ingest&#227;o do mesmo com o intuito de suic&#237;dio podia ter a hemorragia controlada com transfus&#227;o de sangue e administra&#231;&#227;o de vitamina K, e a morte evitada. &#201; essencial o destaque: o anticoagulante oral mostrou inicialmente a sua face hemorr&#225;gica, indicativa do nome. Mais um dos encontros do acaso da natureza com a mente voltada para a ci&#234;ncia!</p>
    <p>O evento tromboemb&#243;lico associado &#224; doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, part&#237;cipe tardio da cadeia de perturba&#231;&#245;es cardiocirculat&#243;rias da homeostase consequente &#224; rea&#231;&#227;o imunopatol&#243;gica ao <italic>Streptococcuspyogenes</italic>, foi mais bem percebido em portadores de estenose mitral por Harris e Levine<sup>5</sup> nos prim&#243;rdios da d&#233;cada de 1940. Eles constataram, inclusive, que a embolia cerebral era mais comum em pacientes sem queixa de dispneia do que nos que haviam manifestado sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, o que acentuavam as inquietudes sobre imprevisibilidade da manifesta&#231;&#227;o neurol&#243;gica. Nessa ocasi&#227;o, ningu&#233;m pensara no anticoagulante como agente antitromb&#243;tico. Mas, na mesma d&#233;cada, ao seu final, Irwing Sherwood Wright (1901-1997) teve a iniciativa de prescrever dicumarol a fim de evitar recorr&#234;ncias emb&#243;licas relacionadas a condi&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas<sup>6</sup>. O pioneirismo deu-se numa &#233;poca em que as op&#231;&#245;es para um presumido sucesso antitromb&#243;tico recorrente eram a revers&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial pelo uso de quinidina e a ressec&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do ap&#234;ndice atrial.</p>
    <p>Passaram-se alguns anos e Szekely<sup>7</sup> deu &#234;nfase ao primeiro ano p&#243;s-fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial como o per&#237;odo mais vulner&#225;vel de risco para a emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica em cardiopatia valvar reum&#225;tica, criando o conceito do benef&#237;cio preventivo prim&#225;rio da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral em presen&#231;a da "arritmia perp&#233;tua".</p>
    <p>A &#234;nfase do acr&#233;scimo de conhecimento estava nos dados cl&#237;nicos e havia car&#234;ncia sobre fundamentos bioqu&#237;micos da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral. O que se sabia, ao final da d&#233;cada de 1950, era que elevar o tempo de protrombina acima dos 20s, pelo uso do dicumarol, reduzia drasticamente a recorr&#234;ncia de manifesta&#231;&#227;o tromboemb&#243;lica em portadores de cardiopatia valvar reum&#225;tica<sup>8</sup> e que excessos podiam ser revertidos pela administra&#231;&#227;o de vitamina K.</p>
    <p>Na d&#233;cada de 1950, a varfarina ganhou destaque como anticoagulante mais pr&#225;tico, visto que a heparina era cara e necessitava de v&#225;rias doses di&#225;rias, o in&#237;cio da a&#231;&#227;o do dicumarol era muito tardio e outros anticoagulantes n&#227;o eram recomendados pelas adversidades. Faz-se surpreendente para a rotina atual que a varfarina fosse prescrita na dose inicial de 1 mg/kg de peso at&#233; 75 mg, via parenteral (venosa ou intramuscular, ampola com 75 mg de varfarina a ser dilu&#237;da em 3 ml de &#225;gua destilada) ou via oral, ao mesmo tempo em que se firmava o conceito que o grau de hipoprotrombinemia era dependente da dose de manuten&#231;&#227;o<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os relatos das primeiras observa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas objetivaram n&#227;o a verifica&#231;&#227;o do benef&#237;cio antitromb&#243;tico, mas a frequ&#234;ncia de evento hemorr&#225;gico e, t&#227;o somente, no decorrer do per&#237;odo inicial do uso da varfarina. Nesse destaque da seguran&#231;a do uso, Pollock<sup>10</sup> acompanhou 100 pacientes com indica&#231;&#245;es diversificadas pelo per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 15,8 dias que receberam indu&#231;&#227;o de 75 mg de varfarina endovenosa ou via oral e manuten&#231;&#227;o entre 4 mg e 19 mg de acordo com an&#225;lise di&#225;ria do tempo de protrombina, com alvo aqu&#233;m de 30% do normal; houve oito manifesta&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, cinco foram atribu&#237;das &#224; varfarina com base no valor do tempo de protrombina e nenhum dentre quatro &#243;bitos foi relacionado ao uso da droga.</p>
    <p>&#201; interessante observar, que, anos ap&#243;s, no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1980 de tantos progressos da Medicina, a constata&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o reduzia drasticamente o evento tromboemb&#243;lico associado &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n&#227;o provocava unanimidade de opini&#227;o. A aus&#234;ncia de estudos controlados e o receio da hemorragia determinavam relut&#226;ncia &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica. Milliken<sup>11</sup> deu o tom ainda cauteloso da recomenda&#231;&#227;o: muito embora pendente de pesquisas controladas, a suposta rela&#231;&#227;o risco-benef&#237;cio em cada paciente com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica deve ser considerada a fim de evitar mortes e sequelas do tromboembolismo; assim a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o deveria ser aplicada apenas para pacientes que sofreram manifesta&#231;&#227;o emb&#243;lica. Na mesma d&#233;cada houve a introdu&#231;&#227;o da Raz&#227;o Normalizada Internacional (INR) pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) e, ao final da mesma, a varfarina tinha o seguinte conceito: h&#225; muitas armadilhas que podem ser evitadas pela avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial e recomenda&#231;&#245;es ao paciente; a varfarina persiste droga de valor que precisa ser usada com muito respeito<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>O acervo cient&#237;fico acumulado desde ent&#227;o refor&#231;ou que a Medicina passou a dispor de dados e fatos do cotidiano e de estudos como AFASAK, 1989<sup>13</sup>; BAATAF, 1990<sup>14</sup>; SPAF, 1990<sup>15</sup>; e SPINAF, 1992<sup>16</sup>, que permitiram construir evid&#234;ncias para a recomenda&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica de desequilibrar o pro/anti da coagula&#231;&#227;o natural no portador de valvopatia com o uso da varfarina, sem contar com uma revela&#231;&#227;o evolutiva cl&#237;nica do efeito.</p>
    <p>O ponto de refer&#234;ncia da rela&#231;&#227;o benef&#237;cio que "estaria acontecendo", presumido pela a&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica, versus seguran&#231;a que "estaria em n&#237;vel adequado", pela inexist&#234;ncia de sinais de alerta sobre hemorragia, ao transcender a cl&#237;nica, centra-se no teste evolutivo do INR com periodicidade em <italic>feedback</italic> com realidades individuais. Assim, &#233; uma plataforma laboratorial constitu&#237;da em faixas de INR que d&#225; a relativa seguran&#231;a aos seguintes objetivos do contexto da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral: a) levar uma nova aplica&#231;&#227;o &#224; estabilidade; b) preservar a estabilidade conseguida; c) eliminar totalmente o efeito da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral ao surgimento de uma necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o invasiva; d) subsidiar avalia&#231;&#227;o de hemorragia durante o uso.</p>
    <p>Eventos tromb&#243;ticos ou hemorr&#225;gicos durante o uso da varfarina costumam estar associados a n&#250;meros de INR em faixas inadequadas e decorrentes de inobserv&#226;ncia da tr&#237;ade fundamental do uso (dose-controle-intera&#231;&#227;o com droga, alimento, procedimento). Todavia, n&#227;o &#233; rara a participa&#231;&#227;o de uma les&#227;o oculta (genital feminina, urin&#225;ria e digestiva) facilitadora do sangramento, que se manifesta, inclusive, com valores de INR dentro da faixa-alvo. Nesse aspecto, Lavitola e cols.<sup>17</sup> identificaram essa correspond&#234;ncia em todos os epis&#243;dios hemorr&#225;gicos associados a INR &lt; 3,5. Por outro lado, &#233; digno de nota que h&#225; uma express&#227;o heterog&#234;nea de hemorragia perante n&#237;veis altos de INR, real&#231;ando a individualidade.</p>
    <p>Nesta segunda d&#233;cada do s&#233;culo XXI, a varfarina guarda o destaque da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral, sendo a droga recomendada por diretriz brasileira e estrangeira e "certificada" por valor de INR preventivo/seguro. Como express&#227;o da realidade brasileira, cabe divulgar que cerca de 1.500 receitas emitidas no Ambulat&#243;rio de Valvopatias do InCor, mensalmente, incluem a varfarina, o que significa que um em cada dois pacientes (em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica e/ou com hist&#243;ria de evento tromboemb&#243;lico e/ou portador de pr&#243;tese met&#225;lica), mant&#233;m-se em permanente iatrogenia - em seu conceito de quebra de seguran&#231;a, independentemente de consequ&#234;ncia. Ademais, n&#227;o h&#225; perspectivas de mudan&#231;as no universo da indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral no campo da valvopatia nas pr&#243;ximas d&#233;cadas e, portanto, as incertezas sobre o equil&#237;brio entre dois estados sangu&#237;neos opostos continuam a desafiar a assist&#234;ncia, estimular a pesquisa e subsidiar o ensino.</p>
    <p>Considerando a perspectiva que eventual inova&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica poder&#225; vir a ser tanto uma alternativa quanto uma substitui&#231;&#227;o &#224; varfarina, sugerimos ao cardiologista que lida com o subgrupo de pacientes com valvopatia que tem necessidade de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de longo prazo, fazer reflex&#245;es sobre o conjunto de quest&#245;es abaixo, emanadas da experi&#234;ncia de fato vivenciada com o uso da varfarina e temperada pelo hist&#243;rico comentado. Afinal, por mais que as pesquisas possam vir a sustentar previsibilidades de utilidade e de seguran&#231;a da inova&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica a portadores de cardiopatia valvar, o mais de meio s&#233;culo da experi&#234;ncia universal com o uso da varfarina &#233; um forte aviso sobre a relev&#226;ncia da aten&#231;&#227;o &#224;s imprevisibilidades pr&#243;prias da fase 4 de mercado.</p>
    <p>1. Qual a import&#226;ncia do hist&#243;rico individual do paciente? Muitos anos de aus&#234;ncia de eventos trombo-hemorr&#225;gicos desaconselhariam eventual substitui&#231;&#227;o?</p>
    <p>2. A maior destina&#231;&#227;o de recursos para a disponibilidade da nova droga poderia ser compensada por redu&#231;&#245;es no custo do controle laboratorial e de interna&#231;&#245;es por intercorr&#234;ncias?</p>
    <p>3. A desimport&#226;ncia da periodicidade de um teste laboratorial reduzia a liga&#231;&#227;o do paciente com o m&#233;dico e, indiretamente, a ades&#227;o ao seguimento da valvopatia?</p>
    <p>4. A baixa da &#234;nfase no teste laboratorial, ao contr&#225;rio, eliminaria um fator de n&#227;o ades&#227;o?</p>
    <p>5. A menor perspectiva de ajustes peri&#243;dicos da dose seria fator positivo para o cumprimento da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral pelo paciente?</p>
    <p>6. Uma dose fixa de anticoagulante oral seria um al&#237;vio ou uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o no seu entendimento de responsabilidade constru&#237;do h&#225; anos pelos vaiv&#233;ns da varfarina?</p>
    <p>7. Epis&#243;dios hemorr&#225;gicos com nova droga poderiam ser controlados com a mesma presteza?</p>
    <p>8. A imperiosidade da suspens&#227;o da nova droga em virtude de um procedimento a ser efetuado em car&#225;ter de urg&#234;ncia estaria bem amparada, te&#243;rica e praticamente, por medidas pr&#243;-retorno r&#225;pido &#224; coagula&#231;&#227;o normal?</p>
    <p>9. O potencial de uma les&#227;o oculta facilitadora de sangramento traria algum impacto?</p>
    <p>10. Haveria menos apreens&#227;o quanto ao uso da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral em idoso?</p>
    <p>11. Haveria vantagem em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de mulheres em idade f&#233;rtil acerca do potencial de embriopatia?</p>
    <p>12. Associa&#231;&#245;es com outras drogas influentes na coagula&#231;&#227;o ficariam mais seguras?</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Grinberg M.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Max Grinberg </p>
        <p> Rua Manoel Antonio Pinto, 04 ap. 21A, Parais&#243;polis </p>
        <p> CEP 05663-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="max@cardiol.br">max@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="grinberg@incor.usp.br">grinberg@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 02/08/12, revisado em 16/11/12, aceito em 27/11/12.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Warfarin in valvulopathy: how important is seniority?</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>VIEWPOINT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Warfarin in valvulopathy: how important is seniority?</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Max Grinberg</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - InCor, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart Valve Diseases / therapy; Warfarin; Anticoagulants / adminstration &amp; dosage.</p>
      <p>The research on new oral drugs that act on the coagulation cascade (RE-LY, 2009<sup>1</sup>; ROCKET, 2011<sup>2</sup>; ARISTOTLE, 2011<sup>3</sup>) reproduces, at the services that manage heart valve diseases, the hopes and fears already experienced with the indication of warfarin and the management of its adverse effects over the second half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. Open mind aligned with ethics.</p>
      <p>Oral anticoagulation has become one of the most complex therapeutic-preventive measures prescribed to patients with heart valve diseases in outpatient clinics<sup>4</sup>. The identification of signs of neither embolism nor hemorrhage during the use of the oral anticoagulant is far from being a certainty of the continuity of the clinical status, because conformity with the state of the art of warfarin application can suffer, at any time, multifactorial impacts dependent on patients' individuality. Methods belong to medicine, expertise to doctors, and results to patients.</p>
      <p>The pioneer clinical paths of oral anticoagulation were not those idealized for innovations from the bench to the bedside. At the beginning, knowledge on warfarin belonged to the veterinary field, with the isolation of dicoumarol from sweet clover, a component of cow food preparation that caused digestive hemorrhage in the cattle. On a second phase, a most potent warfarin was developed to be used as rodent poison, culminating with the observation at an emergency room that the hemorrhage resulting from its ingestion for suicidal purposes could be controlled with blood transfusion and vitamin K administration, avoiding death. It is worth emphasizing that the oral anticoagulant showed from the beginning its hemorrhagic face, indicative of its name. One of the haphazard encounters of nature with a science-oriented mind.</p>
      <p>The thromboembolic event associated with rheumatic disease, a late participant of the chain of cardiocirculatory abnormalities of homeostasis consequent to the immunopathological reaction to <italic>Streptococcuspyogenes</italic>, was better observed in patients with mitral stenosis by Harris and Levine<sup>5</sup> in the early 1940s. Those authors have also reported that cerebral embolism was more common in patients with no complaint of dyspnea than in those with signs of congestive heart failure, stressing the concerns on the unpredictability of the neurological manifestation. On that occasion, the anticoagulant drug was not considered an antithrombotic agent. But, at the end of that decade, Irwing Sherwood Wright (1901-1997) began to prescribe dicoumarol to prevent embolic recurrences related to cardiological conditions<sup>6</sup>. At that time, the options for a presumed antithrombotic success were reversion of atrial fibrillation by using quinidine and surgical resection of the atrial appendix.</p>
      <p>Some years have passed and Szekely<sup>7</sup> has emphasized the first year after atrial fibrillation as the most vulnerable period to systemic embolization in rheumatic heart disease, creating the concept of primary preventive benefit of oral anticoagulation in the presence of "perpetual arrhythmia".</p>
      <p> Emphasis was then given to additional knowledge on clinical data, while biochemical fundaments on oral anticoagulation still lacked. By the end of the 1950s, a prothrombin time over 20s, due to the use of dicoumarol, was known to drastically reduce the recurrence of thromboembolic manifestations in patients with rheumatic heart disease<sup>8</sup>, and excesses could be reverted with the administration of vitamin K.</p>
      <p>In the 1950s, warfarin was considered the most practical anticoagulant drug, because of the following: heparin was expensive and required several daily doses; dicoumarol took a while to begin acting; and other anticoagulants were not recommended due to their adverse effects. Given the current standards, it is surprising that warfarin would be prescribed at the initial dose of 1 mg/kg of weight up to 75 mg, via parenteral route (venous or intramuscular, ampoule with 75 mg of warfarin to be diluted into 3 mL of distilled water) or oral route; at the same time, the concept that the degree of hypoprothrombinemia depended on the maintenance dose gained momentum<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Reports on the first clinical observations were aimed not at assessing the antithrombotic benefit, but at assessing the frequency of the hemorrhagic event and only during the initial period of warfarin use. Regarding the safety of its use, Pollock<sup>10</sup> has followed up 100 patients with different indications for the mean period of 15.8 days. The patients received induction with 75 mg of intravenous or oral warfarin and maintenance doses between 4 mg and 19 mg, according to the daily analysis of the prothrombin time, targeted at 30% beyond the normal. There were eight hemorrhagic manifestations, five of which attributed to warfarin based on the prothrombin time value, and none of the four deaths was related to that drug use.</p>
      <p>It is worth noting that, at the beginning of the 1980s, a decade marked by numerous advances in Medicine, the clinical observation that anticoagulation drastically reduced the thromboembolic event associated with atrial fibrillation was not unanimous. The lack of controlled studies and the fear of hemorrhage determined reluctance to pharmacological prevention. Milliken<sup>11</sup> was cautious on his recommendation: pending controlled trials, the alleged risk-benefit ratio in each patient with chronic atrial fibrillation should be considered to prevent deaths and sequelae from thromboembolism; thus, anticoagulation should not be reserved solely for patients with embolic manifestations. On the same decade, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the International Normalized Ratio (INR), and, by its end, warfarin had acquired the following concept: "There are many pitfalls in warfarin therapy, but most can be avoided by close monitoring with a reliable prothrombin time assay and intensive patient counseling; warfarin remains a valuable drug but should be treated with respect"<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>The scientific production accumulated since then has provided Medicine with daily data and facts and studies, such as the AFASAK (1989)<sup>13</sup>, BAATAF (1990)<sup>14</sup>, SPAF (1990)<sup>15</sup> and SPINAF (1992)<sup>16</sup>, supporting the ethical recommendation on unbalancing the pro/anti natural coagulation in patients with heart valve disease by using warfarin, without counting on a clinical revelation of effect.</p>
      <p>The reference point of the relationship between benefit that "would be happening", presumed based on the pharmacological action, and safety that "would be at a proper level", based on the lack of alert signs of hemorrhage, is centered on periodically assessing the INR according to individual results. Thus, the laboratory platform constituted by INR bands provides relative safety to the following objectives of the oral anticoagulation context: a) to lead a new application to stability; b) to preserve the stability achieved; c) to totally eliminate the effect of oral anticoagulation in face of the need for an invasive intervention; and d) to allow assessment of hemorrhage during its use.</p>
      <p>Thrombotic or hemorrhagic events during the use of warfarin are usually associated with inadequate INR values, resulting from non-compliance with the fundamental triad of its use (dose-control-interaction with drug, food and procedure). However, the participation of a hidden lesion (female genital, urinary and digestive) is not rare, facilitating bleeding, which manifests at INR values within the target range. Lavitola et al<sup>17</sup> have identified that correspondence in all hemorrhagic episodes associated with INR &lt; 3.5. On the other hand, it is worth noting the existence of a heterogeneous hemorrhagic expression at high INR values, emphasizing the role of individuality.</p>
      <p>In this second decade of the 21st century, warfarin occupies the central position in oral anticoagulation, being recommended by national and international guidelines and "certified" according to preventive/safe INR values. As an expression of the Brazilian reality, it is worth noting that the 1,500 prescriptions issued per month at the Valvulopathy Outpatient Clinic of the InCor include warfarin, meaning that one in every two patients (with chronic atrial fibrillation and/or a history of thromboembolic event and/or metallic valve prosthesis) is kept in permanent iatrogenesis - considering its concept of security breach, regardless of consequence. In addition, there is no perspective of change in the universe of oral anticoagulation for heart valve diseases in coming decades. Thus, the uncertainties about the balance between two opposed blood states continue to challenge health care, to stimulate research and to promote knowledge.</p>
      <p>Considering the perspective that an occasional pharmacological innovation might become both an alternative to and a substitute for warfarin, we suggest that cardiologists managing the subgroup of patients with heart valve diseases, who require long-term anticoagulation, consider the questions below derived from the experience with the use of warfarin. Even though studies might predict the usefulness and safety of pharmacological innovations to patients with heart valve diseases, the universal experience over more than half a century with the use of warfarin is a strong indication that attention should be given to the unpredictability of phase 4 clinical trials.</p>
      <p>1. What is the importance of the patient's individual history? Would several years of lack of thrombohemorrhagic events advise against an eventual substitution?</p>
      <p>2. Could the destination of resources to the availability of a new drug be compensated by cost reductions in laboratory control and in hospitalizations due to intercurrences?</p>
      <p>3. Did the decrease in the importance of performing the laboratory test periodically reduce the bond between the patient and the physician, and, indirectly, the adhesion to heart valve disease follow-up?</p>
      <p>4. Conversely, would reducing the emphasis on the laboratory test eliminate a factor of non-adhesion?</p>
      <p>5. Would the perspective of fewer periodic dose adjustments be a positive factor for patient's compliance with oral anticoagulation?</p>
      <p>6. Would a fixed dose of oral anticoagulation be a relief or a concern according to your understanding built over the years observing warfarin?</p>
      <p>7. Could hemorrhagic episodes with a new drug be controlled promptly?</p>
      <p>8. Would the urgency of suspending a new drug due to an emergency procedure be supported, from the theoretical and practical viewpoints, by measures favoring a rapid return to normal coagulation?</p>
      <p>9. Could a hidden lesion that facilitates bleeding have any impact?</p>
      <p>10. Would the use of oral anticoagulation in the elderly generate less apprehension?</p>
      <p>11. Considering the potential for embryopathy, would there be any advantage regarding the use of the drug by women of childbearing age?</p>
      <p>12. Would the association with other drugs influencing coagulation become safer?</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Grinberg M.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
