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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">ZtgmWZzdq3bwwG53jKWG8SB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000500016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000500016</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130106</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Correla&#231;&#227;o Anatomocl&#237;nica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Caso 2: morte s&#250;bita ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em paciente de 49 anos, feminina, diab&#233;tica, dislipid&#234;mica, hipertensa, obesa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>George Barreto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aiello</surname>
            <given-names>Vera Demarchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">FM </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">HC</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>e54</fpage>
      <lpage>e58</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>CORRELA&#199;&#195;O ANATOMOCL&#205;NICA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caso 2 - morte s&#250;bita ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em paciente de 49 anos, feminina, diab&#233;tica, dislipid&#234;mica, hipertensa, obesa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>George Barreto Miranda; Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca, Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica, Hipertens&#227;o, Obesidade, Diabetes Mellitus</p>
    <p>Mulher de 49 anos, natural de S&#227;o Jo&#227;o da Boa Vista (SP) e procedente de Guarulhos (SP) apresentou morte s&#250;bita em reinterna&#231;&#227;o para tratamento de infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>A paciente era assintom&#225;tica at&#233; o dia 22 maio de 2009, quando apresentou dor precordial intensa, com irradia&#231;&#227;o para membro superior esquerdo e foi internada com o diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>Era portadora de diabetes mellitus, hipercolesterolemia, hipertrigliceridemia e hipertens&#227;o arterial. O pai faleceu aos 55 anos devido a acidente vascular encef&#225;lico e a m&#227;e estava viva com 71 anos e sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e da anatomia coron&#225;ria foi realizada na interna&#231;&#227;o do infarto, a qual ocorreu em outro hospital.</p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma (25 maio de 2009) revelou di&#226;metros de aorta de 32 mm, &#225;trio esquerdo 43 mm, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em di&#225;stole 57 mm; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo 47%; espessura de septo interventricular 11 mm e de parede posterior 10 mm. Havia hipocinesia inferolaterodorsal.</p>
    <p>A cinecoronariografia (28 maio de 2009) revelou les&#227;o de 70% em ramo descendente anterior no seu ter&#231;o m&#233;dio e oclus&#227;o do ramo circunflexo antes de ramo ventricular posterior. N&#227;o foram observadas les&#245;es obstrutivas em coron&#225;ria direita e havia circula&#231;&#227;o colateral da coron&#225;ria direita para o ramo circunflexo; a ventriculografia revelou acinesia lateral.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o, evoluiu com crises de dispneia e "chiado no peito", al&#233;m de angina aos esfor&#231;os moderados.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico na sua primeira consulta no InCor (1 julho de 2009) revelou peso 113 kg, altura 166 cm, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea 41 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 80 bpm, press&#227;o arterial 140 x 90 mm Hg. O exame dos pulm&#245;es foi normal, e a ausculta card&#237;aca revelou sopro sist&#243;lico +/4+ em foco mitral. N&#227;o havia anormalidades no exame do abd&#244;men, das extremidades e do pesco&#231;o.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais (29 julho de 2009) revelaram: 12,7 g / dL de hemoglobina, 26,9% de hemat&#243;crito, 7150 leuc&#243;citos /mm<sup>3</sup> e 348000 plaquetas/mm<sup>3</sup>; glicemia 186 mg/dL, hemoglobina glicada 8,8%; ureia 35 mg/dL, creatinina 0,7 mg/dL, colesterol total 109 mg / dL, HDL-C 43 mg/dL, LDL-C 38 mg/dL, triglic&#233;rides 141 mg / dL, TSH 4,74 &#181;U/L e T4 livre 0,86 ng/dL.</p>
    <p>O ECG (13 outubro de 2010) revelou ritmo sinusal, frequ&#234;ncia 57 bpm, PR de 139 MS, DQRS 79 MS, QT 392 MS; S&#194;QRS +10&#186; e n&#227;o havia ondas Q patol&#243;gicas ou altera&#231;&#245;es da regulariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0e54-30106-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Foram prescritos na primeira consulta: 10 mg de sinvastatina, 100 mg de metoprolol, 100 mg de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, 50 mg de losartana, 20 mg de propatilnitrato, 50 mg de losartana, 12,5 mg de hidroclorotiazida, 250 mg de clorpropamida di&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>O cardiologista intervencionista n&#227;o considerou como caso ideal para angioplastia e foi indicada cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o (14 outubro de 2009) consistiu da realiza&#231;&#227;o de enxerto de mam&#225;ria esquerda terminolateral em desdendente anterior e ponte veia safena para ventricular posterior esquerda. A interna&#231;&#227;o transcorreu sem complica&#231;&#245;es, e a paciente recebeu alta hospitalar no 7&#186; dia de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (21 outubro de 2009) com a prescri&#231;&#227;o de medica&#231;&#245;es semelhantes a aquelas que faziam uso, exceto pela troca de sinvastatina por 10 mg de rosuvastatina e acr&#233;scimo de metformina 500 mg di&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Cerca de duas semanas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o, queixou-se de dor em regi&#227;o esternal e apresentou sa&#237;da de secre&#231;&#227;o purulenta em ter&#231;o inferior do esterno. N&#227;o havia febre. Foram colhidas culturas desse material, e prescritos 1g de ciprofloxacino di&#225;rios (27 outubro de 2009). As culturas revelaram-se positivas para Pseudomonas aeruginosa sens&#237;vel ao ciprofloxacino, e <italic>staphylococcuscoagulase</italic> negativo resistente &#224; oxacilina.</p>
    <p>Os exames laboratoriais (28 outubro de 2010) revelaram: hemoglobina 9,8 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 28,4 g/dL, 9.640 leuc&#243;citos/mm<sup>3</sup> (1% bast&#245;es, 76% segmentados, 11% linf&#243;citos e 11% mon&#243;citos), 394.000 plaquetas/mm<sup>3</sup>, s&#243;dio 139 mEq/L, pot&#225;ssio 4,4 mEq/L, ureia 42 mg/dL, creatinina 1,1 mg/dL, glicemia 155 mg/dl, hemoglobina glicada 8,5% e &#225;cido &#250;rico 3,8 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>Foi prescrito ciprofloxacino, contudo sem melhora da secre&#231;&#227;o, e a paciente foi internada para controle da infec&#231;&#227;o (4 de novembro de 2009), quando foi acrescentada teicoplanina 800 mg di&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>O exame f&#237;sico (4 de novembro de 2009) revelou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 68 bp, press&#227;o arterial 130x90 mm Hg, presen&#231;a de secre&#231;&#227;o purulenta em regi&#227;o esternal baixa e leve hiperemia de regi&#227;o de safenedtomia.</p>
    <p>Exames laboratoriais (4 de novembro de 2009) revelaram hemoglobina 10,2 g/dL, hemat&#243;crito 32%, leuc&#243;citos 9.800/mm<sup>3</sup> (neutr&#243;filos 72%, eosin&#243;filos 1%., linf&#243;citos 16% e mon&#243;citos 11%), plaquetas 447.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, velocidade de hemossedimenta&#231;&#227;o 60 mm, PCR 20,1 mg/L, glicose 156 mg/dL, ur&#233;ia 33 mg / dL, creatinina 1,37 mg/dL (FG = 43 ml/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>/min), s&#243;dio 137 mg / dL, pot&#225;ssio 4,1 mEq/L.</p>
    <p>A tomografia de t&#243;rax (4 de novembro de 2009) revelou esternorrafia com bom alinhamento dos fragmentos &#243;sseos e discreto borramento da gordura pr&#233;-esternal. As estruturas vasculares mediastinais eram de calibre normal e contornos regulares. A traqueia e os br&#244;nquios principais eram perme&#225;veis e de calibre normal. N&#227;o havia adenomegalias. Havia cardiomegalia com pequeno derrame peric&#225;rdico. Presen&#231;a de discreto enfisema centrolobular bilateral e opacidade irregular no segmento superior do lobo inferior esquerdo, inespec&#237;fica, com espessamento pleural associado adjacente. Foram, ainda, observados: lit&#237;ase vesicular e borramento da gordura pararrenal &#224; direita. O rim direito era de dimens&#245;es reduzidas.</p>
    <p>Na manh&#227; do dia seguinte &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, foi encontrada ca&#237;da no ch&#227;o do banheiro, consciente, sem d&#233;ficit motor, desorienta&#231;&#227;o e, segundo a paciente, sem cefaleia. N&#227;o se recordava de como ca&#237;ra. A press&#227;o arterial foi 98 x 68 mm Hg, foi conduzida ao leito e foram administradas solu&#231;&#227;o salina 0,9% e dopamina; 40 min ap&#243;s, apresentou epis&#243;dio de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 139 bpm e press&#227;o arterial de 107x 71 mm Hg e a satura&#231;&#227;o de O<sub>2</sub> era 94%, em uso de m&#225;scara de oxig&#234;nio e alguns minutos depois apresentou parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria n&#227;o responsiva &#224;s manobras de ressuscita&#231;&#227;o e faleceu (6h45 de 5 de novembro 2009).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Aspectos cl&#237;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de uma mulher de 49 anos, com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, submetida a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e com alta hospitalar no s&#233;timo dia operat&#243;rio. Uma semana depois apresentou infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria, tratada com antibi&#243;ticos. Na evolu&#231;&#227;o, foi internada com diagn&#243;stico de mediastinite.</p>
    <p>Na manh&#227; do dia seguinte, sofreu s&#237;ncope no banheiro; estava consciente, sem d&#233;ficit motor, desorientada e sem cefaleia. N&#227;o recordava como ca&#237;ra. Estava hipotensa e taquic&#225;rdica. Em seguida, sofreu parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e faleceu.</p>
    <p>Trata-se de s&#237;ncope por baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em uma mulher com pelo menos cinco fatores de risco para tromboembolismo pulmonar: acima de 40 anos, p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia de grande porte, diabetes, obesidade e infec&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,2</sup>. A suspeita cl&#237;nica de tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) aguda baseia-se na identifica&#231;&#227;o de um ou mais fatores de risco e um quadro cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel. N&#227;o h&#225; um quadro clinico espec&#237;fico ou patognom&#244;nico de tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo. Na maioria de pacientes com suspeita cl&#237;nica de tromboembolismo pulmonar, esta n&#227;o ser&#225; confirmada, e o diagn&#243;stico final poder&#225; apontar para uma condi&#231;&#227;o alternativa.</p>
    <p>Deve-se sempre considerar o diagn&#243;stico de TEP agudo frente a um dos seguintes cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos: s&#237;ncope em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco, sintomas tor&#225;cicos agudos na presen&#231;a de TVP aguda, pacientes criticamente enfermos ou com trauma; pacientes com taquiarritmias s&#250;bitas e inexplic&#225;veis, na presen&#231;a de fatores de risco; arritmia cr&#244;nica e que se apresentam com dor pleur&#237;tica e hemoptise s&#250;bitas; descompensa&#231;&#227;o inexplic&#225;vel de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou de pneumopatia cr&#244;nica; e parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria<sup>2-6</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em 2007, foi publicado um estudo realizado no InCor-USP, onde foram efetuadas 406 aut&#243;psias, das quais 34,1% tiveram diagn&#243;stico de tromboembolismo pulmonar como causa morte. Os dados tamb&#233;m mostraram uma diverg&#234;ncia no diagn&#243;stico para TEP de aproximadamente 63% entre o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico e a aut&#243;psia. Existem v&#225;rias hip&#243;teses que justificam essa discrep&#226;ncia, uma vez que o TEP pode se manifestar com um quadro cl&#237;nico oligossintom&#225;tico e n&#227;o ser reconhecido, ou ser t&#227;o catastr&#243;fico ao ponto de ser confundido com uma patologia card&#237;aca primaria<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outro poss&#237;vel diagn&#243;stico &#233; da s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-pericardiotomia. A paciente em quest&#227;o estava com duas semanas da cirurgia, referindo dor tor&#225;cica em regi&#227;o esternal com sa&#237;da de secre&#231;&#227;o purulenta, velocidade de hemosedimenta&#231;&#227;o aumentada e um pequeno derrame peric&#225;rdico evidenciado pela tomografia de t&#243;rax.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome p&#243;s-pericardiotomia &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria comum ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca. A etiologia aponta para um componente autoimune, relacionado aos anticorpos anticora&#231;&#227;o. A incid&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome varia de 10 a 30%, sendo observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia com o aumento da idade<sup>8</sup>. Manifesta-se entre a primeira e terceira semana p&#243;s-cirurgia. Os pacientes podem se apresentar com febre, dor pleur&#237;tica na regi&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax, derrame pleural ou peric&#225;rdico, atrito peric&#225;rdico, aumento da dor na ferida cir&#250;rgica, leucocitose e VHS acima de 40, exatamente como no caso estudo.</p>
    <p>As consequ&#234;ncias mais graves dessa s&#237;ndrome englobam: tamponamento card&#237;aco, constric&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica, obstru&#231;&#227;o dos enxertos, podendo - uma dessas complica&#231;&#245;es ter sido a causa morte da paciente.</p>
    <p>Morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) tamb&#233;m se mostra um diagn&#243;stico para esse caso. A presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em paciente com miocardiopatia isqu&#234;mica &#233; um potente preditor de MSC. Um desequil&#237;brio transit&#243;rio entre o suprimento e a demanda, seja por oclus&#227;o ou espasmo do enxerto no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, pode ter gerado um sistema de reentrada levando uma arritmia ventricular letal.</p>
    <p>A s&#237;ndrome de QT longo &#233; op&#231;&#227;o entre os diagn&#243;sticos para a paciente. Quando analisamos o eletrocardiograma, calculamos um QT corrigido de 550 ms pela f&#243;rmula de bazett. A ciprofloxacina, antibi&#243;tico usado pela paciente para tratamento da mediastinite, pode ter contribu&#237;do para o QT longo e induzido uma arritmia maligna, culminando na s&#237;ncope e parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria <bold>(Dr. George Barreto Miranda)</bold>.</p>
    <p><bold>Hip&#243;tese diagn&#243;stica:</bold> tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo. <bold>(Dr. George Barreto Miranda)</bold></p>
    <p>
      <bold>Necr&#243;psia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O cora&#231;&#227;o pesou 540 g e apresentava hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e infarto cicatrizado na parede diafragm&#225;tica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a16fig02">Figura 2</xref>). Havia aterosclerose coronariana com les&#245;es obstrutivas cr&#237;ticas (&gt;70%) em ter&#231;o inicial do ramo interventricular anterior e ter&#231;o distal do ramo circunflexo da coron&#225;ria esquerda. Havia ainda trombose antiga recanalizada tamb&#233;m no ter&#231;o distal do ramo circunflexo. A ponte de safena para ramo interventricular posterior mostrava trombose recente completamente oclusiva (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03">Figura 3</xref>). O enxerto de art&#233;ria tor&#225;cica interna esquerda (mam&#225;ria) para ramo interventricular anterior estava p&#233;rvio em toda a sua extens&#227;o. N&#227;o encontramos sinais histol&#243;gicos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica recente.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a16fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0e54-30106-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <fig id="fig03">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0e54-30106-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>A causa terminal do &#243;bito foi tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o bilateral, com trombos recentes ocluindo completamente as art&#233;rias pulmonares direita e esquerda ao n&#237;vel dos hilos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04">Figura 4</xref>). Histologicamente n&#227;o havia sinais de organiza&#231;&#227;o desses trombo&#234;mbolos.</p>
    <fig id="fig04">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0e54-30106-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    <p>Outros achados de necr&#243;psia dignos de nota foram a presen&#231;a de pequena quantidade de secre&#231;&#227;o esverdeada nas bordas da ferida operat&#243;ria e de moderada quantidade de secre&#231;&#227;o francamente purulenta nos seios da face, caracterizando uma sinusite frontal. O estudo histol&#243;gico das bordas da ferida cir&#250;rgica incluindo o osso esterno revelou exsudato fibrino-leucocit&#225;rio e restos celulares necr&#243;ticos e aus&#234;ncia de bact&#233;rias ou fungos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05">Figura 5</xref>). O estudo do ba&#231;o mostrou esplenite aguda reacional. O local de origem dos trombo&#234;mbolos n&#227;o foi determinado <bold>(Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold>.</p>
    <fig id="fig05">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0e54-30106-gf05.jpg"/></fig>
    <p><bold>Diagn&#243;sticos anatomopatol&#243;gicos:</bold> doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o com infarto cicatrizado em parede diafragm&#225;tica; aterosclerose coronariana operada com trombose da ponte de safena para ramo interventricular posterior; sinusite purulenta frontal; esplenite aguda reacional <bold>(Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold>.</p>
    <p><bold>Causa de &#243;bito:</bold> tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o bilateral, recente <bold>(Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Coment&#225;rios</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A paciente em quest&#227;o havia sido tratada com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por aterosclerose coronariana de grau acentuado, por&#233;m apresentou morte s&#250;bita no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio tardio em decorr&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo pulmonar maci&#231;o. V&#225;rios fatores podem ser considerados predisponentes &#224; trombose venosa e tromboembolismo no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Dentre eles, a imobilidade no leito, condi&#231;&#245;es sist&#234;micas como inflama&#231;&#227;o doen&#231;as neopl&#225;sicas etc. Em um estudo americano que inclui quase 200.000<sup>9</sup> hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es para cirurgia ou procedimento invasivo cardiovascular verificou-se que a incid&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo venoso variou conforme o procedimento realizado, sendo de 1,2% nos operados de aneurisma de aorta abdominal, 1,1% nos pacientes submetidos &#224; amputa&#231;&#227;o de membros e 0,54% naqueles submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A raz&#227;o de chance de ocorr&#234;ncia de tromboembolismo venoso foi de 3,9 nas corre&#231;&#245;es de aneurisma de aorta abdominal e de 1,9 na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, quando comparados ao procedimento de endarterectomia de car&#243;tida e de 1,14 para o g&#234;nero feminino<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>A paciente que aqui discutimos era diab&#233;tica, apresentava sinusite purulenta e suspeita de infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida operat&#243;ria, e, al&#233;m disso, apresentava sobrepeso. Essas condi&#231;&#245;es sem d&#250;vida favoreceram o desenvolvimento do tromboembolismo. Havia um estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico sist&#234;mico, a julgar tamb&#233;m pela presen&#231;a de trombose da ponte de safena <bold>(Dra. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold>.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Vera Demarchi Aiello </p>
        <p> Laborat&#243;rio de Anatomia Patol&#243;gica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o HCFMUSP </p>
        <p> Av. Dr En&#233;as C. Aguiar, 44 </p>
        <p> S&#227;o Paulo - SP. CEP: 05403-000 </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="vera.aiello@incor.usp.br">vera.aiello@incor.usp.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Editor da se&#231;&#227;o:</bold><email xlink:href="ajmansur@incor.usp.br">ajmansur@incor.usp.br</email>) </p>
    <p><bold>Editores associados:</bold> Desid&#233;rio Favarato (<email xlink:href="dclfavarato@incor.usp.br">dclfavarato@incor.usp.br</email>). Vera Demarchi Aiello (<email xlink:href="anpvera@incor.usp.br">anpvera@incor.usp.br</email>)</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Anatomopathological Session</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Case 2: sudden death after coronary artery bypass surgery in a 49-year-old female, diabetic, dyslipidemic, hypertensive, obese patient</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>ANATOMOPATHOLOGICAL SESSION</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Case 2 &#150; sudden death after coronary artery bypass surgery in a 49-year-old female, diabetic, dyslipidemic, hypertensive, obese patient</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>George Barreto Miranda; Vera Demarchi Aiello</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) HC-FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Death, Sudden, Cardiac; Myocardial Revascularization; Hypertension; Obesity; Diabetes Mellitus.</p>
      <p>The patient, a 49-year-old woman, was born in S&#227;o Jo&#227;o da Boa Vista (SP) and lived in Guarulhos (SP), died of cardiac sudden death during rehospitalization for treatment of wound infection after coronary artery bypass surgery.</p>
      <p>The patient was asymptomatic until May 22, 2009, when she started to have intense chest pain that radiated to the left arm and was hospitalized with the diagnosis of pain that irradiated acute myocardial infarction. She had diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and arterial hypertension. Her father had died at age 55 due to cerebrovascular accident and her mother was alive at 71 years with no cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p>Ventricular function and coronary anatomy assessment was performed on infarction admission, which took place at another hospital.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography (25 May 2009) disclosed aortic diameters of 32 mm, 43 mm left atrium, left ventricle during diastole of 57 mm; left ventricular ejection fraction of 47%, interventricular septum thickness of 11 mm and 10-mm posterior wall. Inferolaterodorsal hypokinesia was observed.</p>
      <p>Coronary angiography (May 28, 2009) disclosed a 70% lesion in the anterior descending branch in its middle third and occlusion of the circumflex branch before the posterior ventricular branch. There were no obstructive lesions in the right coronary artery and collateral circulation was observed from the right coronary artery to the circumflex branch; the ventriculography showed lateral akinesia.</p>
      <p>After admission, the patient developed dyspnea crises and "wheezing", as well as angina on moderate exertion.</p>
      <p>Physical examination at her first visit to Incor (July 1, 2009) showed weight of 113 kg, height 166 cm, body mass index 41 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, heart rate of 80 bpm, blood pressure 140 x 90 mm Hg. Lung assessment was normal and cardiac auscultation showed a +/4+ systolic murmur in the mitral valve. No abnormalities were found on examination of the abdomen, extremities and neck.</p>
      <p>Laboratory assessment (29 July 2009) showed: hemoglobin = 12.7 g/dL, hematocrit = 26.9%, leukocytes = 7150/mm<sup>3</sup> and platelets = 348,000/mm <sup>3</sup>; blood glucose = 186 mg/dL, glycated hemoglobin = 8.8%; urea = 35 mg/dL, creatinine = 0.7 mg/dL, total cholesterol = 109 mg/dL, HDL-C = 43 mg/dL, LDL-C = 38 mg/dL, triglycerides = 141 mg/dL, TSH = 4.74 &#181;U / L and free T4 = 0.86 ng/dL.</p>
      <p>The ECG (October 13, 2010) showed sinus rhythm, 57 bpm, PR = 139 MS, DQRS = 79 MS, QT = 392 MS, S&#194;QRS = +10&#186; and no pathological Q waves or alterations in ventricular rate regularization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a16fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0e54-30106-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The following were prescribed at the first visit: 10 mg of simvastatin, 100 mg of metoprolol, 100 mg of acetylsalicylic acid, 50 mg of losartan, 20 mg of propatylnitrate, 50 mg of losartan, 12.5 mg of hydrochlorothiazide and 250 mg of chlorpropamide daily.</p>
      <p>The interventional cardiologist did not consider the patient as an ideal case for angioplasty and CABG was indicated.</p>
      <p>Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (October 14, 2009) consisted of performing terminolateral bypass graft from the left internal mammary artery to the left anterior descending artery, as well as saphenous vein bridge to left posterior ventricular artery. The hospitalization was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on day 7 postoperatively (October 21, 2009) with prescription medications such as those used before surgery, except for simvastatin, which was replaced by 10 mg of rosuvastatin and addition of metformin 500 mg daily.</p>
      <p>About two weeks after the surgery, the patient complained of sternum pain and had purulent discharge in the lower third of the sternal region. She had no fever. Cultures were collected from this material, and ciprofloxacin 1 g daily was prescribed (October 27, 2009). Cultures were positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensitive to ciprofloxacin and oxacillin-resistant <italic>staphylococcus coagulase</italic>-negative.</p>
      <p>Laboratory assessment (October 28, 2010) showed: hemoglobin = 9.8 g/dL, hematocrit = 28.4 g/dL, leukocytes = 9.640/mm<sup>3</sup> (1% band cells, 76% neutrophils, 11% lymphocytes and 11% monocytes), platelets = 394.000 /mm<sup>3</sup>, sodium = 139 mEq/L, potassium = 4.4 mEq/L, urea = 42 mg/dL, creatinine = 1.1 mg/dL, glycemia = 155 mg/dL, glycated hemoglobin = 8.5% and uric acid = 3.8 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>Ciprofloxacin was prescribed, but there was no improvement in the secretion and the patient was hospitalized for infection control (November 4, 2009), when teicoplanin was added, at a dose of 800 mg daily.</p>
      <p>Physical examination (November 4, 2009) showed heart rate of 68 bp, blood pressure of 130x90 mm Hg, presence of pus in the lower sternal region and mild hyperemia in the graft region.</p>
      <p>Laboratory assessment (November 4, 2009) showed hemoglobin = 10.2 g/dL, hematocrit = 32%, leukocytes = 9.800/mm<sup>3</sup> (72% neutrophils, 1% eosinophils, 16% lymphocytes and 11% monocytes), platelets = 447.000/mm<sup>3</sup>, erythrocyte sedimentation rate = 60 mm, CRP = 20.1 mg/L, glucose = 156 mg/dL, urea = 33 mg/dL, creatinine = 1.37 mg/dL (GFR = 43 mL/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>/min), sodium = 137 mg/dL, potassium = 4.1 mEq/L.</p>
      <p>Chest CT scan (November 4, 2009) showed sternotomy with good alignment of bone fragments and discrete blurring of presternal fat planes. Mediastinal vascular structures were of normal caliber and had regular outlines. The trachea and main bronchi were permeable and of normal caliber. There was no lymphadenopathy, but there was cardiomegaly with a small pericardial effusion. Presence of a mild bilateral centrilobular emphysema and nonspecific irregular opacity in the upper segment of the left lower lobe was observed, associated with adjacent pleural thickening. Gallstones and blurring of pararenal fat to the right were also observed. The right kidney showed decreased dimensions.</p>
      <p>On the morning after hospital admission she was found lying on the bathroom floor, conscious, with motor deficit, disorientation and, according to the patient, without headache. She had no recollection of how she had fallen. Blood pressure was 98 x 68 mmHg; she was taken to bed and given 0.9% saline and dopamine and 40 min later, she had an episode of pre-syncope with a heart rate of 139 bpm and blood pressure of 107 x 71 mmHg and O<sub>2</sub> saturation was 94% with an oxygen mask and a few minutes later she had a cardiac arrest unresponsive to resuscitation and died (6:45 a.m. on November 5, 2009).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical aspects</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient was a 49-year-old woman with myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery, who was discharged on the 7<sup>th</sup> postoperative day. A week later she showed surgical wound infection, which was treated with antibiotics. The patient was later hospitalized with a diagnosis of mediastinitis.</p>
      <p>On the morning of the following day, she had a syncope episode in the bathroom; she was conscious, had no motor deficit, was disoriented and had no headache. She did not remember how she had fallen. She had hypotension and tachycardia. Subsequently, she underwent cardiac arrest and died.</p>
      <p>This is a case of syncope caused by low cardiac output in a woman with at least five risk factors for pulmonary embolism: age older than 40 years, postoperative period of major surgery, diabetes, obesity and infection<sup>1,2</sup>. The clinical suspicion of acute pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is based on the identification of one or more risk factors and a compatible clinical picture. There is no specific or pathognomonic clinical picture of acute PTE. In most patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism, that will not be confirmed and the final diagnosis may point to an alternative condition.</p>
      <p>One should always consider the diagnosis of acute PTE in the presence of one of the following clinical scenarios: syncope in the postoperative period in the presence of risk factors; acute chest symptoms in the presence of acute DVT; critically-ill patients or those with trauma; patients with sudden and inexplicable tachyarrhythmias in the presence of risk factors; chronic arrhythmia and those presenting with pleuritic pain and sudden hemoptysis, unexplained heart failure decompensation or chronic lung disease, and cardiac arrest<sup>2-6</sup>.</p>
      <p>In 2007, a study was carried out in Incor-USP, where 406 autopsies were performed, of which 34.1% were diagnosed with pulmonary embolism as the cause of death. The data also showed a divergence in the diagnosis of PTE of approximately 63% between clinical diagnosis and autopsy. There are several hypotheses to justify this discrepancy, as the PTE can manifest as an oligosymptomatic clinical picture and not be recognized, or be so catastrophic as to be mistaken for primary cardiac disease<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another possible diagnosis is the postcardiotomy syndrome. The patient had undergone surgery two weeks before, referred chest pain in the sternum region with purulent discharge, had increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a small pericardial effusion demonstrated by the chest CT.</p>
      <p>The postcardiotomy syndrome is a common postoperative complication after cardiac surgery. The etiology points to an autoimmune component related to anti-heart antibodies. The syndrome incidence ranges from 10 to 30% of cases and a decrease in its incidence is observed with increasing age<sup>8</sup>. It occurs between the first and third week after surgery. Patients may present with fever, pleuritic pain in the anterior chest region, pleural or pericardial effusion, pericardial friction rub, increased pain at the surgical incision site, leukocytosis and ESR &gt; 40, as in the case study.</p>
      <p>The most important consequences of this syndrome include cardiac tamponade, pericardial constriction and obstruction of grafts and one of these complications may have been the cause of the patient's death.</p>
      <p>Sudden cardiac death (SCD) can also be a diagnosis for this case. The presence of ventricular dysfunction in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy is a potent predictor of SCD. A transient imbalance between supply and demand, either by occlusion or spasm of the graft postoperatively, may have generated a system of reentry, leading to lethal ventricular arrhythmia.</p>
      <p>The long QT syndrome is among the diagnostic options for the patient. When the electrocardiogram was analyzed, we calculated a corrected QT of 550 ms by Bazett's formula. Ciprofloxacin, the antibiotic used to treat patients with mediastinitis may have contributed to the long QT and induced malignant arrhythmia, culminating in syncope and cardiorespiratory arrest <bold>(Dr. George Barreto Miranda)</bold>.</p>
      <p><bold>Diagnostic hypothesis:</bold> acute pulmonary thromboembolism. <bold>(Dr. George Barreto Miranda)</bold></p>
      <p>
        <bold>Necropsy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The heart weighed 540 g and showed left ventricular concentric hypertrophy and myocardial scarring on the diaphragmatic wall (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a16fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). There was coronary atherosclerosis with critical obstructive lesions (&gt; 70%) in the first third of the anterior interventricular branch and distal third of the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery. There was also a recanalized old thrombosis in the distal third of the circumflex branch. The saphenous graft to the posterior interventricular branch showed recent thrombosis that was completely occlusive (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>). The left internal thoracic artery graft (mammary) to the anterior interventricular branch was patent throughout its length. There were no histological signs of recent myocardial ischemia.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a16fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0e54-30106-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <fig id="fig03-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0e54-30106-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>The cause of death was massive bilateral pulmonary thromboembolism, with recent thrombus completely occluding the right and left pulmonary arteries at the hilum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). Histologically, there were no signs of organization of these thromboemboli.</p>
      <fig id="fig04-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0e54-30106-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>Other necropsy findings of note were the presence of a small amount of greenish secretion in the surgical wound borders and moderate amount of pus in the facial sinuses, characterizing frontal sinusitis. Histological examination of the surgical wound borders, including the sternum, showed fibrin and leukocyte exudate and necrotic cell debris and no bacteria or fungi (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>). The study of the spleen showed acute splenitis. The place of origin of the thromboemboli was not determined <bold>(Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold>.</p>
      <fig id="fig05-body2">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0e54-30106-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      <p><bold>Anatomopathological diagnoses:</bold> ischemic heart disease with myocardial scarring on the diaphragmatic wall; operated coronary atherosclerosis with thrombosis of the saphenous graft to the posterior interventricular branch; purulent frontal sinusitis; acute splenitis <bold>(Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold>.</p>
      <p><bold>Cause of death:</bold> recent massive bilateral pulmonary thromboembolism <bold>(Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Comments</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patient had been treated by CABG for advanced coronary atherosclerosis, but died from sudden death in the late postoperative period due to massive pulmonary thromboembolism. Several factors can be considered as predisposing to venous thrombosis and thromboembolism postoperatively and among them, immobilization in bed, systemic conditions such as inflammation, neoplastic diseases etc. In an American study that included nearly 200.000<sup>9</sup> hospitalizations for cardiovascular surgery or invasive procedure it was observed that the incidence of venous thromboembolism varied according to the procedure performed, being 1.2% in those with abdominal aortic aneurysm, 1.1% in patients submitted to limb amputation and 0.54% in those undergoing CABG. The odds ratio for the occurrence of venous thromboembolism was 3.9 in abdominal aortic aneurysm repairs and 1.9 in myocardial revascularizations, when compared to carotid endarterectomy procedure and 1.14 for the female gender<sup>10</sup>.</p>
      <p>The patient discussed here was diabetic, had purulent sinusitis and suspected wound infection, and, moreover, was overweight. These conditions undoubtedly favored the development of thromboembolism. There was a systemic prothrombotic state, considering the presence of bypass graft thrombosis <bold>(Dr. Vera Demarchi Aiello)</bold>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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