<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CWGv6chgvYvzJkjsPpHY6Pz</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000500011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000500011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130076</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica na estenose a&#243;rtica: correla&#231;&#227;o com NT-ProBNP e remodelamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Boer</surname>
            <given-names>Berta Paula Napchan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Luiz Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abensur</surname>
            <given-names>Henry</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Gomes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grinberg</surname>
            <given-names>Max</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>469</fpage>
      <lpage>475</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica (EAO) &#233; pouco estudada. N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estabelecer uma poss&#237;vel correla&#231;&#227;o entre biomarcadores e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em portadores de EAO submetidos &#224; troca valvar atrav&#233;s de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e correlacionar com valores de NT-proBNP. M&#201;TODOS: Estudamos 31 pacientes com EAO (11 homens), com idade entre 21 e 81 anos (m&#233;dia de 61&#177;15 anos), submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico de EAO. Foi realizada dosagem s&#233;rica de NT-proBNP e o resultado, comparado com vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas obtidas pelo Doppler pulsado em fluxo mitral, Doppler pulsado em veias pulmonares e Doppler tecidual, tanto no pr&#233; quanto no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. RESULTADOS: Observou-se melhora na Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) de AE e Tempo de Relaxamento Isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV), al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#227;o nos seguintes par&#226;metros: a) Rela&#231;&#227;o da velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce mitral (onda E) com a velocidade do anel mitral (onda E&#180;) (E/E'), b) Volume sist&#243;lico de &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), c) Volume sist&#243;lico de AE indexado, d) Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE), e) Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico de VE (DSVE), f) Volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF), g) Massa indexada de VE e h) Rela&#231;&#227;o Volume/Massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Os valores do NT-proBNP correlacionaram-se de modo positivo com os diversos graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, tanto no pr&#233; como no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. CONCLUS&#195;O: 1) A cirurgia de troca valvar para corre&#231;&#227;o de EAO resultou em melhora significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular. 2) Os valores de NT-proBNP correlacionaram-se positivamente com as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que determinam disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, sendo o NT-proBNP um bom marcador para caracterizar essa disfun&#231;&#227;o em portadores de EAO.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Estenose A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Encef&#225;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica na estenose a&#243;rtica. Correla&#231;&#227;o com NT-ProBNP e remodelamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Berta Paula Napchan Boer; Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira; Roney Orismar Sampaio; Henry Abensur; Alessandra Gomes de Oliveira; Jo&#227;o Ricardo Fernandes; Max Grinberg</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em portadores de estenose a&#243;rtica (EAO) &#233; pouco estudada. N&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel estabelecer uma poss&#237;vel correla&#231;&#227;o entre biomarcadores e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em portadores de EAO submetidos &#224; troca valvar atrav&#233;s de ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica e correlacionar com valores de NT-proBNP. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudamos 31 pacientes com EAO (11 homens), com idade entre 21 e 81 anos (m&#233;dia de 61&#177;15 anos), submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico de EAO. Foi realizada dosagem s&#233;rica de NT-proBNP e o resultado, comparado com vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas obtidas pelo Doppler pulsado em fluxo mitral, Doppler pulsado em veias pulmonares e Doppler tecidual, tanto no pr&#233; quanto no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Observou-se melhora na Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) de AE e Tempo de Relaxamento Isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV), al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#227;o nos seguintes par&#226;metros: a) Rela&#231;&#227;o da velocidade diast&#243;lica precoce mitral (onda E) com a velocidade do anel mitral (onda E&#180;) (E/E'), b) Volume sist&#243;lico de &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), c) Volume sist&#243;lico de AE indexado, d) Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE), e) Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico de VE (DSVE), f) Volume diast&#243;lico final (VDF), g) Massa indexada de VE e h) Rela&#231;&#227;o Volume/Massa de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE). Os valores do NT-proBNP correlacionaram-se de modo positivo com os diversos graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, tanto no pr&#233; como no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> 1) A cirurgia de troca valvar para corre&#231;&#227;o de EAO resultou em melhora significativa da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular. 2) Os valores de NT-proBNP correlacionaram-se positivamente com as vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que determinam disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, sendo o NT-proBNP um bom marcador para caracterizar essa disfun&#231;&#227;o em portadores de EAO.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave: </bold>Estenose A&#243;rtica / cirurgia, Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular, Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Encef&#225;lico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) relaciona-se tanto ao relaxamento quanto ao seu enchimento. Em geral, a quantifica&#231;&#227;o dessa fun&#231;&#227;o &#233; realizada pelo EcoDopplercardiograma<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma maneira adicional de avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; por meio da medida s&#233;rica da fra&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral (NT-proBNP). N&#237;veis de NT-proBNP est&#227;o elevados em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o tanto sist&#243;lica quanto diast&#243;lica de VE<sup>5</sup>. Januzzi e cols.<sup>6</sup> mostraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de NT-proBNP e progn&#243;stico em insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica. Todavia, a medida do NT-proBNP n&#227;o consegue diferenciar a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica da diast&#243;lica. Dessa forma, quando se avalia a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, o NT-proBNP exerce um papel importante apenas quando combinado com a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica.</p>
    <p>Pacientes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da estenose a&#243;rtica (EAO) apresentam melhora imediata da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Por outro lado, a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica permanece e pode at&#233; mesmo piorar, uma vez que a regress&#227;o da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica ocorre com rapidez maior que a diminui&#231;&#227;o da fibrose intersticial<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Assim como o aumento de massa do VE, a fun&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda (AE) pode ser considerada um marcador de gravidade da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Lubien e cols.<sup>10 </sup>notaram maiores n&#237;veis de BNP quando ocorria a combina&#231;&#227;o de aumento do AE e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>No entanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre biomarcadores e remodelamento ventricular esquerdo, especificamente em pacientes com EAO submetidos &#224; troca valvar a&#243;rtica, ainda n&#227;o foi estabelecida<sup>11-13</sup>. Alguns estudos sugerem que o NT-proBNP pode ser utilizado em aplica&#231;&#245;es para diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico. Fisher e cols.<sup>14</sup> observaram que os doentes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva e valores de NT-proBNP acima da m&#233;dia apresentavam uma taxa de mortalidade em um ano de 53% em compara&#231;&#227;o com a taxa de 11% registrada nos doentes com valor abaixo da m&#233;dia. </p>
    <p>Na EAO a utilidade dos biomarcadores, em particular, o NT-ProBNP, n&#227;o foi bem avaliada. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar a redu&#231;&#227;o de massa do VE e o remodelamento ventricular e atrial esquerdos em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de troca valvar a&#243;rtica por EAO importante, al&#233;m de correlacionar os n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP com os diversos graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, tanto no pr&#233; como no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional longitudinal realizado em pacientes portadores de EAO importante, com indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Pacientes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram estudados 31 pacientes com EAO (11 do sexo masculino), com idade entre 21 e 81 anos, m&#233;dia de 61&#177;15 anos, todos em Classe Funcional III ou IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA), fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica preservada e com indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valvopatia. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>a) Insufici&#234;ncia coron&#225;ria grave.</p>
    <p>b) Outra valvopatia associada com grau moderado ou importante.</p>
    <p>c) Presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. </p>
    <p>Presen&#231;a de hipotireoidismo, neoplasia, insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica ou doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica grave.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os exames foram realizados com o paciente em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo, no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (1 a 3 meses antes da cirurgia) e no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (6 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento). Utilizou-se equipamento comercialmente dispon&#237;vel, HDI 5000, <italic>Philips Medical Systems</italic>, Andover, MA, EUA, apresentando transdutor setorial eletr&#244;nico multifrequencial, com recurso de Doppler pulsado, Doppler cont&#237;nuo, Doppler tecidual e Mapeamento de fluxo em cores. Os pacientes foram submetidos a monitora&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica simult&#226;nea e os exames, realizados de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>Foram obtidas pelo menos tr&#234;s medidas de cada vari&#225;vel, sendo utilizada a m&#233;dia dos valores de cada uma.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas avaliadas, tanto no pr&#233; quanto no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, foram:</p>
    <p>1- Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final e diast&#243;lico final do VE.</p>
    <p>2- Espessuras do septo e da parede posterior do VE no final da di&#225;stole, para c&#225;lculo do &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda (de acordo com formula&#231;&#227;o de Devereux)<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>3- Fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda, via c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) de acordo com a regra de Simpson (medida bidimensional)<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>4- &#193;rea valvar a&#243;rtica, pela equa&#231;&#227;o de continuidade<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>5- Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ventricular esquerda:</p>
    <p>5.1 Estudo com Doppler pulsado do fluxo transvalvar mitral: o fluxo transvalvar mitral foi avaliado no corte apical, 4 c&#226;maras, com o cursor do Doppler pulsado colocado na via de entrada de VE, na altura da extremidade distal dos folhetos da valva mitral, com amostra volume de 2 mm, sendo avaliados:</p>
    <p>5.1.a) pico da velocidade protodiast&#243;lica do enchimento ventricular esquerdo em cm/s (onda E). </p>
    <p>5.1.b) pico da velocidade telediast&#243;lica do enchimento ventricular esquerdo em cm/s (onda A). </p>
    <p>5.1.c) dura&#231;&#227;o da onda telediast&#243;lica do enchimento ventricular esquerdo em ms (onda A medida pelo Doppler pulsado).</p>
    <p>5.1.d) rela&#231;&#227;o da onda E com a onda A (E/A).</p>
    <p>5.1.e) medida do tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de enchimento ventricular esquerdo em ms (TD).</p>
    <p>5.2. Estudo do tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV).</p>
    <p>5.3. Estudo do fluxo das veias pulmonares com o Doppler pulsado, com a aferi&#231;&#227;o dos seguintes componentes:</p>
    <p>5.3.a) componente sist&#243;lico do fluxo das veias pulmonares em cm/s (onda S).</p>
    <p>5.3.b) componente diast&#243;lico do fluxo das veias pulmonares em cm/s (onda D).</p>
    <p>5.3.c) dura&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o da onda atrial em ms (tempo da onda A).</p>
    <p>5.3.d) pico da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial em cm/s (onda A). </p>
    <p>5.4. Estudo com Doppler tecidual do anel mitral: a an&#225;lise com Doppler tecidual foi obtida na proje&#231;&#227;o apical, 4 e 2 c&#226;maras, com volume amostral de 1 a 2 mm. </p>
    <p>Aferiram-se as velocidades m&#225;ximas do deslocamento mioc&#225;rdico no in&#237;cio e no final da di&#225;stole (onda E' e A', respectivamente) e durante a s&#237;stole (onda S'), no anel septal, anel lateral, anel inferior, anel anterior e no anel lateral do VD<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>O volume do AE foi determinado atrav&#233;s das proje&#231;&#245;es apical, 2 e 4 c&#226;maras. Mediram-se os volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico do AE para c&#225;lculo da fra&#231;&#227;o de esvaziamento do AE, com m&#233;todo semelhante ao m&#233;todo de Simpson<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Realizou-se an&#225;lise descritiva dos dados dos 31 pacientes, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o as informa&#231;&#245;es referentes aos dados demogr&#225;ficos, vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e dosagem do NT-proBNP no pr&#233; e no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis foram comparadas (seu valor m&#233;dio) entre os pacientes na EAO, entre os tempos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es de m&#233;dias foi usado o teste de Wilcoxon em raz&#227;o da n&#227;o normalidade das vari&#225;veis, com exce&#231;&#227;o do logaritmo do BNP que foi comparado pelo teste t-Student.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 31 pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica importante, sendo desses 20 mulheres (idade m&#233;dia 61&#177;15 anos).</p>
    <p>Os pacientes com EAO apresentam uma m&#233;dia de idade igual a 61,5&#177;14,72 (varia&#231;&#227;o entre 21 e 81 anos).</p>
    <p>Dos pacientes em estudo, 26 tinham EAO aterodegenerativa, 4 pacientes eram portadores de EAO cong&#234;nita e 1 paciente tinha etiologia reum&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao analisar a <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4888tab01">Tabela 1</xref>, nota-se a melhora dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, quando comparados os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4888tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0469-30076-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e correla&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Houve melhora do grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica comparando-se o per&#237;odo pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, embora n&#227;o houvesse normaliza&#231;&#227;o at&#233; o per&#237;odo estudado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4888tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4888tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0469-30076-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Houve redu&#231;&#227;o do NT-proBNP no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4888tab03">Tabela 3</xref>). Com a amostra classificada em 3 graus (Graus I, II e III), foi verificado se h&#225; diferen&#231;a entre os grupos de acordo com o valor do log-NT-proBNP. O teste ANOVA mostrou signific&#226;ncia entre os grupos (F= 3,850, p=0,027), o teste posthoc Bonferroni mostrou que existe diferen&#231;a entre o Grau I (m&#233;dia 4,58) e Grau II (m&#233;dia 4,69) quanto ao valor de log-NT-proBNP (p=0,025). Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a significativa, em termos estat&#237;sticos, entre os Graus II (m&#233;dia 4,69) e III (m&#233;dia 4,70) quanto ao valor do log-NT-proBNP (p=0,08) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4888tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4888tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0469-30076-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4888tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0469-30076-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s das Correla&#231;&#245;es de Pearson (linear) e Spearman, observamos que as vari&#225;veis E/E', FE/AE, Vol. sist&#243;lico de AE, Vol. sist&#243;lico de AE indexado, DSVE, Massa indexada do VE e Rela&#231;&#227;o Volume/Massa apresentam correla&#231;&#227;o com log-NT-proBNP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4888tab05">Tabela 5</xref>). As vari&#225;veis E/E', Vol. sist&#243;lico de AE, Vol. sist&#243;lico de AE indexado, DSVE e Massa indexada de VE apresentam correla&#231;&#227;o positiva, indicando que o logaritmo do NT-proBNP aumenta quando os respectivos valores aumentam. Por outro lado, o logaritmo do NT-proBNP decresce quando as vari&#225;veis Temp A mitral-Tempo A Pulmonar, FE do AE e a rela&#231;&#227;o Volume/Massa aumentam.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4888tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0469-30076-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis que apresentam correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman significantes s&#227;o as mesmas que apresentam correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. O comportamento das vari&#225;veis &#233; id&#234;ntico ao observado anteriormente, sendo que o logaritmo do NT-proBNP tamb&#233;m aumenta quando h&#225; aumento do DSVE.</p>
    <p>Verificando um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4888tab06">Tabela 6</xref>), o risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em um paciente com log-NT-proBNP igual a 4,78 (BNP=119.10) &#233; de 92,01% [IC 95%: 83,45%; 96,33%], o risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica aumenta em 2,64 [IC 95%: 1,21; 5,78] vezes para cada aumento de uma unidade no log-NT-proBNP.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4888tab06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0469-30076-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a geometria do VE em pacientes portadores de EAO e o grau de remodelamento ap&#243;s a troca valvar a&#243;rtica &#233; desconhecida. Na fase inicial do per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, poucos pacientes apresentam diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa de VE, ao passo que ap&#243;s 18 meses do procedimento ocorre uma redu&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia de VE e do VDF<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
    <p>A velocidade do fluxo transvalvar mitral &#233; um importante dado que permite avaliar as press&#245;es de enchimento; todavia, ela pode ser modificada ou influenciada por v&#225;rios fatores, o mesmo ocorrendo com o fluxo das veias pulmonares. Com o objetivo de minimizar essas limita&#231;&#245;es e aumentar a precis&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, foram inclu&#237;das no presente estudo a an&#225;lise por Doppler Tecidual e a avalia&#231;&#227;o do volume de AE<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foi poss&#237;vel observar que houve uma melhora da FEAE no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em compara&#231;&#227;o com os achados pr&#233;vios ao procedimento, significando uma melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s a cirurgia de troca valvar, secundariamente &#224; regress&#227;o da massa do VE e adapta&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o &#224; nova p&#243;s-carga<sup>22</sup>. A dilata&#231;&#227;o do AE acompanha o desenvolvimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica de VE e representa um potente preditor de eventos adversos, em especial arritimias. Por outro lado, a diminui&#231;&#227;o de volume do AE e a melhora da FEAE sugerem que houve remodelamento reverso, implicando redu&#231;&#227;o dos riscos cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>A redu&#231;&#227;o da massa indexada do VE, por sua vez, &#233; tamb&#233;m um forte preditor de eventos ap&#243;s a cirurgia de troca valvar em pacientes com valvopatia a&#243;rtica, sendo um fator independente de sexo, idade e tipo de substituto valvar, sendo ainda o mais consistente<sup>23</sup>.</p>
    <p>Segundo a <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic><sup>11</sup>, l&#233;m dos sinais e sintomas de IC com FEVE normal, o diagn&#243;stico de IC diast&#243;lica pode ser obtido atrav&#233;s do Doppler tecidual, no qual a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' &#233; fundamental, associado ao Doppler pulsado no fluxo transvalvar mitral e Doppler pulsado em veias pulmonares. O &#237;ndice de massa de VE e o volume de AE (indexado) corroboram para o diagn&#243;stico. Nagueh e cols.<sup>24</sup> demonstraram que, em pacientes com FEVE preservada, a rela&#231;&#227;o E/E' est&#225; entre 8 e 15, sendo outras medidas necess&#225;rias para o diagn&#243;stico de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. Cabe aqui ressaltar que, apesar da aplicabilidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pelo m&#233;todo de Doppler, este tem limita&#231;&#245;es. Os m&#233;todos de Doppler dependem do &#226;ngulo de insona&#231;&#227;o e requerem experi&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico executor. Os valores de NT-proBNP correlacionam-se com o comportamento morfofuncional e com as mudan&#231;as nas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas ap&#243;s o tratamento cir&#250;rgico de EAO, sendo observada uma queda dos n&#237;veis desse biomarcador ap&#243;s o procedimento, quando comparado com o seu valor no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Resultados de estudo feito por Nagueh e cols.<sup>11 </sup>corroboram esse comportamento. A explica&#231;&#227;o para esse fato &#233; que, ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da EAO, h&#225; uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia ao fluxo sangu&#237;neo e redu&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, que levam &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa do VE e da tens&#227;o diast&#243;lica na sua parede, o que por sua vez reduz a libera&#231;&#227;o dos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos. Estes, por&#233;m, n&#227;o conseguem retornar aos n&#237;veis considerados normais, em raz&#227;o da presen&#231;a de pr&#243;tese valvar a&#243;rtica, a qual gera um gradiente de press&#227;o VE-Aorta<sup>11</sup>. </p>
    <p>Em estudo de avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria, Frederiksen e cols.<sup>25</sup> demonstraram uma boa rela&#231;&#227;o entre a raz&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica E/E' e os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de NT-proBNP, de modo diferente do que ocorreu com a raz&#227;o E/A. import&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica e a capacidade preditora de eventos cardiovasculares dos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos como o NT-proBNP s&#227;o objeto recente de estudo na literatura m&#233;dica. Bergler-Klein e cols.<sup>12</sup> j&#225; haviam estudado o NT-proBNP na evolu&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria de pacientes com EAO sintom&#225;tica e observaram seu efeito preditor independentemente de sobrevida. demais, Gerber e cols.<sup>26</sup> sugeriram um efeito preditor do aparecimento de sintomas em pacientes com EAO.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas que caracterizam disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica<sup>27</sup> e o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de NT-proBNP. Foi demonstrado ainda que n&#237;veis elevados de NT-proBNP no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio predizem maior regress&#227;o da massa de VE ap&#243;s o tratamento cir&#250;rgico, n&#227;o importando a Massa de VE indexada. Tal fato sugere que a dosagem do NT-proBNP possa ser um bom marcador de progn&#243;stico em pacientes com EAO. Da mesma forma, as altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes portadores de EAO precedem o aumento de massa do VE; quando elas indicam disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE moderada a severa, essas altera&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o consideradas fator independente de mortalidade tardia ap&#243;s cirurgia de troca valvar. </p>
    <p>Vasan e cols.<sup>28</sup> propuseram um crit&#233;rio para o diagn&#243;stico de IC diast&#243;lica que inclui sinais e sintomas de IC, FEVE preservada e evid&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica - caracterizada pela dosagem de BNP e por altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Assim, valores elevados de BNP poderiam auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diast&#243;lica, em pacientes com par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica normais ao ecocardiograma e anormalidades da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em pacientes com EAO submetidos &#224; cirurgia de troca valvar, houve melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e diminui&#231;&#227;o da massa do VE, al&#233;m de remodelamento negativo do AE e melhora da FEAE, no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, quando comparado com os valores anteriores ao procedimento. Houve ainda correla&#231;&#227;o positiva do NT-proBNP com os diversos graus de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, tanto no pr&#233; como no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Roney Orismar Sampaio </p>
        <p> Rua Comandante Garcia d'Avila, 412, Morumbi </p>
        <p> CEP 05654-040, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="orismar@cardiol.br">orismar@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br">sampaioroney@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 14/05/12, revisado em 16/11/12, aceito em 17/12/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1.  Nagueh SF, Appleton CP, Gillebert TC, Marino PN, Oh JK, Smiseth OA, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10(2):165-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>165</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nagueh</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Appleton</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillebert</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marino</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smiseth</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2.  Cohn JN, Ferrari R, Sharpe N. Cardiac remodeling--concepts and clinical implications: a consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling. Behalf of an International Forum on Cardiac Remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;35(3):569-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac remodeling: concepts and clinical implications: a consensus paper from an international forum on cardiac remodeling. Behalf of an International Forum on Cardiac Remodeling</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>569</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cohn</surname>
              <given-names>JN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrari</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharpe</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3.  Zornoff LA, Cicogna AC, Paiva SA, Spadaro J. Remodelamento e seu impacto na progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. 2002;12(3):371-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Remodelamento e seu impacto na progress&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular</article-title>
          <source>Rev Soc Cardiol Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>371</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zornoff</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cicogna</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spadaro</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4.  Paulus WJ, Tschope C, Sanderson JE, Rusconi C, Flachskampf FA, Rademakers FE, et al. How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(20):2539-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>How to diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2539</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <issue>20</issue>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paulus</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tschope</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sanderson</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rusconi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flachskampf</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rademakers</surname>
              <given-names>FE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5.  Krishnaswamy P, Lubien E, Clopton P, Koon J, Kazanegra R, Wanner E, et al. Utility of B-natriuretic peptide levels in identifying patients with left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Am J Med. 2001;111(4):274-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Utility of B-natriuretic peptide levels in identifying patients with left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Am J Med</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>274</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krishnaswamy</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lubien</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clopton</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kazanegra</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wanner</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6.  Januzzi JL, van Kimmenade R, Lainchbury J, Bayes-Genis A, Ordonez-Llanos J, Santalo-Bel M, et al. NT-proBNP testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: an international pooled analysis of 1256 patients: the International Collaborative of NT-proBNP Study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27(3):330-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>NT-proBNP testing for diagnosis and short-term prognosis in acute destabilized heart failure: an international pooled analysis of 1256 patients: the International Collaborative of NT-proBNP Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>330</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Januzzi</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Kimmenade</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lainchbury</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bayes-Genis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ordonez-Llanos</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santalo-Bel</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7.  Krayenbuehl HP, Hess OM, Monrad ES, Schneider J, Mall G, Turina M. Left ventricular myocardial structure in aortic valve disease before, intermediate, and late after aortic valve replacement. Circulation. 1989;79(4):744-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left ventricular myocardial structure in aortic valve disease before, intermediate, and late after aortic valve replacement</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1989</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>744</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krayenbuehl</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hess</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monrad</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mall</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turina</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8.  Villari B, Campbell SE, Schneider J, Vassalli G, Chiariello M, Hess OM. Sex-dependent differences in left ventricular function and structure in chronic pressure overload. Eur Heart J. 1995;16(10):1410-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Sex-dependent differences in left ventricular function and structure in chronic pressure overload</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>1995</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1410</fpage>
          <lpage>9</lpage>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villari</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campbell</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vassalli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiariello</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hess</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9.  Lorell BH, Grossman W. Cardiac hypertrophy: the consequences for diastole. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1987;9(5):1189-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Cardiac hypertrophy: the consequences for diastole</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1987</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1189</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lorell</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grossman</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10.  Lubien E, DeMaria A, Krishnaswamy P, Clopton P, Koon J, Kazanegra R, et al. Utility of B-natriuretic peptide in detecting diastolic dysfunction: comparison with Doppler velocity recordings. Circulation. 2002;105(5):595-601.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Utility of B-natriuretic peptide in detecting diastolic dysfunction: comparison with Doppler velocity recordings</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>595</fpage>
          <lpage>601</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lubien</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>DeMaria</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krishnaswamy</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clopton</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koon</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kazanegra</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11.  Nagueh SF, Middleton KJ, Kopelen HA, Zoghbi WA, Quinones MA. Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30(6):1527-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1527</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nagueh</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Middleton</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kopelen</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zoghbi</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quinones</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12.  Bergler-Klein J, Klaar U, Heger M, Rosenhek R, Mundigler G, Gabriel H, et al. Natriuretic peptides predict symptom-free survival and postoperative outcome in severe aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2004;109(19):2302-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Natriuretic peptides predict symptom-free survival and postoperative outcome in severe aortic stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2302</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bergler-Klein</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klaar</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heger</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenhek</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mundigler</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gabriel</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13.  Bergler-Klein J. Natriuretic peptides in the management of aortic stenosis. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2009;11(2):85-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Natriuretic peptides in the management of aortic stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Curr Cardiol Rep</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>85</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bergler-Klein</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14.  Fisher C, Berry C, Blue L, Morton JJ, McMurray J. N-terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide, but not the new putative cardiac hormone relaxin, predicts prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart. 2003;89(8):879-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>N-terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide, but not the new putative cardiac hormone relaxin, predicts prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>879</fpage>
          <lpage>81</lpage>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <volume>89</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fisher</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berry</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blue</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morton</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McMurray</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15.  Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al; Chamber Quantification Writing Group; American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee; European Association of Echocardiography. Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;18(12):1440-63.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1440</fpage>
          <lpage>63</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bierig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Flachskampf</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foster</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellikka</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16.  Otto CM. (editor). Textbook of clinical echocardiography 2nd ed. Washington: Saunders; 2000. p. 232-49.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Textbook of clinical echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>232</fpage>
          <lpage>49</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Otto</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Nagueh SF, Middleton KJ, Kopelen HA, Zoghbi WA, Quinones MA. Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30(6):1527-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1527</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nagueh</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Middleton</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kopelen</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zoghbi</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quinones</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18.  Pritchett AM, Jacobsen SJ, Mahoney DW, Rodeheffer RJ, Bailey KR, Redfield MM. Left atrial volume as an index of left atrial size: a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003;41(6):1036-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Left atrial volume as an index of left atrial size: a population-based study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1036</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pritchett</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobsen</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahoney</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodeheffer</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bailey</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redfield</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Lund O, Erlandsen M. Changes in left ventricular function and mass during serial investigations after valve replacement for aortic stenosis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2000;9(4):583-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Changes in left ventricular function and mass during serial investigations after valve replacement for aortic stenosis</article-title>
          <source>J Heart Valve Dis</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>583</fpage>
          <lpage>93</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lund</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erlandsen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Villari B, Vassalli G, Betocchi S, Briguori C, Chiariello M, Hess OM. Normalization of left ventricular nonuniformity late after valve replacement for aortic stenosis. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78(1):66-71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Normalization of left ventricular nonuniformity late after valve replacement for aortic stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1996</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>66</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Villari</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vassalli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Betocchi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Briguori</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chiariello</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hess</surname>
              <given-names>OM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Nagueh SF. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function. J Echocardiogr.2008;6:57-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular diastolic function</article-title>
          <source>J Echocardiogr</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nagueh</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Ristic-Andjelkov A. [Postoperative changes in diastolic function of the left ventricle in patients with aortic valve stenosis]. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 2002;130(3-4):81-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Postoperative changes in diastolic function of the left ventricle in patients with aortic valve stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Srp Arh Celok Lek</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>81</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>3-4</issue>
          <volume>130</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ristic-Andjelkov</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23.  Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, Antunes MJ, Bar&#243;n-Esquivias G, Baumgartner H, et al; Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC); European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). Eur Heart J. 2012;33(19):2451-96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2451</fpage>
          <lpage>96</lpage>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vahanian</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alfieri</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andreotti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antunes</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bar&#243;n-Esquivias</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumgartner</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Nagueh SF, Middleton KJ, Kopelen HA, Zoghbi WA, Quinones MA. Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;30(6):1527-33.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>1997</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1527</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nagueh</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Middleton</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kopelen</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zoghbi</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quinones</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Frederiksen CA, Juhl-Olsen P, Jakobsen CJ, Sloth E. Echocardiographic evaluation of systolic and diastolic function: a preoperative study of correlation with serum NT-proBNP. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2012;26(2):197-203.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Echocardiographic evaluation of systolic and diastolic function: a preoperative study of correlation with serum NT-proBNP</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>197</fpage>
          <lpage>203</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Frederiksen</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Juhl-Olsen</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jakobsen</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sloth</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Gerber IL, Stewart RA, Legget ME, West TM, French RL, Sutton TM, et al. Increased plasma natriuretic peptide levels reflect symptom onset in aortic stenosis. Circulation. 2003;107(14):1884-90.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Increased plasma natriuretic peptide levels reflect symptom onset in aortic stenosis</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1884</fpage>
          <lpage>90</lpage>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gerber</surname>
              <given-names>IL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Legget</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>West</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>French</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sutton</surname>
              <given-names>TM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Tschope C, Kasner M, Westermann D, Gaub R, Poller WC, Schultheiss HP. The role of NT-proBNP in the diagnostics of isolated diastolic dysfunction: correlation with echocardiographic and invasive measurements. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(21):2277-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The role of NT-proBNP in the diagnostics of isolated diastolic dysfunction: correlation with echocardiographic and invasive measurements</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2277</fpage>
          <lpage>84</lpage>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tschope</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasner</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Westermann</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaub</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poller</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schultheiss</surname>
              <given-names>HP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Vasan RS, Levy D. Defining diastolic heart failure: a call for standardized diagnostic criteria. Circulation. 2000;101(17):2118-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Defining diastolic heart failure: a call for standardized diagnostic criteria</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2118</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <issue>17</issue>
          <volume>101</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Vasan</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Correlation to NT-ProBNP and remodeling after cardiac surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Few data are available on diastolic function in patients with aortic stenosis (AOS) with indication of surgical treatment. A potential correlation between biomarkers and diastolic function has not been established. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate diastolic function in patients with AOS waiting for aortic valve replacement (AVR) echocardiographically, and to verify its correlation with serum brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). METHODS: Thirty-one AOS patients (11 male), 21 to 81 years old (mean age, 61&#177;15 years old) were studied before and after AVR. Diastolic function was assessed with Doppler methods: transvalvar mitral flow, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and pulmonary venous Doppler (PVD), correlating with serum brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) before and 6 months after AVR. RESULTS: Comparing pre to post-operative period, we observed an increase of the left atrial ejection fraction and isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT), and the decrease of the mitral velocity to early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus ratio (E/E'), the difference between the pulmonary A wave duration and mitral A duration, left atrial systolic volume, left atrial systolic volume index, left ventricular diastolic diameter, left ventricular systolic diameter, end diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular mass index, left ventricular volume and mass index ratio. The values of NT-proBNP were positively correlated to diastolic dysfunction, both before and after surgery. CONCLUSION: AOS patients' ventricular diastolic function improved after AVR. The biomarker NT-proBNP might be a useful biomarker of diastolic function in these patients, before and after AVR. NT-proBNP values show a positive correlation with echocardiographic variables that determine diastolic dysfunction, and is a good marker for the characterization of this dysfunction in AOS patients.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Natriuretic Peptide, Brain</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Correlation to NT-ProBNP and remodeling after cardiac surgery</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Berta Paula Napchan Boer; Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira; Roney Orismar Sampaio; Henry Abensur; Alessandra Gomes de Oliveira; Jo&#227;o Ricardo Fernandes; Max Grinberg</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Few data are available on diastolic function in patients with aortic stenosis (AOS) with indication of surgical treatment. A potential correlation between biomarkers and diastolic function has not been established.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The aim of our study was to evaluate diastolic function in patients with AOS waiting for aortic valve replacement (AVR) echocardiographically, and to verify its correlation with serum brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Thirty-one AOS patients (11 male), 21 to 81 years old (mean age, 61&#177;15 years old) were studied before and after AVR. Diastolic function was assessed with Doppler methods: transvalvar mitral flow, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and pulmonary venous Doppler (PVD), correlating with serum brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) before and 6 months after AVR.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Comparing pre to post-operative period, we observed an increase of the left atrial ejection fraction and isovolumetric relaxation time (IRT), and the decrease of the mitral velocity to early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus ratio (E/E'), the difference between the pulmonary A wave duration and mitral A duration, left atrial systolic volume, left atrial systolic volume index, left ventricular diastolic diameter, left ventricular systolic diameter, end diastolic volume (LVEDV), left ventricular mass index, left ventricular volume and mass index ratio. The values of NT-proBNP were positively correlated to diastolic dysfunction, both before and after surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> AOS patients' ventricular diastolic function improved after AVR. The biomarker NT-proBNP might be a useful biomarker of diastolic function in these patients, before and after AVR. NT-proBNP values show a positive correlation with echocardiographic variables that determine diastolic dysfunction, and is a good marker for the characterization of this dysfunction in AOS patients.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Aortic Valve Stenosis / surgery; Ventricular Dysfunction; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Left ventricle diastolic function is related both to its relaxation and filling. In general, it is quantified by Echo-Doppler<sup>1-4</sup>.</p>
      <p>An additional manner of evaluating cardiac function is by measuring the serum concentration of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). NT-proBNP levels are increased in patients with both systolic and diastolic LV dysfunction<sup>5</sup>. Januzzi et al<sup>6</sup> showed a correlation between NT-proBNP serum levels and prognosis in systolic heart failure. However, NT-proBNP measurement cannot differentiate systolic from diastolic heart failure. Thus, NT-proBNP exerts an important role in the evaluation of diastolic dysfunction only when combined with echocardiographic evaluation.</p>
      <p>Patients submitted to surgery for correction of aortic stenosis (AOS) present immediate improvement of systolic function. On the other hand, diastolic dysfunction remains and can ever worsen, since myocardial hypertrophy reversal occurs faster than interstitial fibrosis reduction<sup>7-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>As for LV mass increase, left atrial (LA) function can be considered a marker of diastolic dysfunction severity. Lubien et al<sup>10 </sup>observed higher BNP levels when LA increase is combined to LV hypertrophy.</p>
      <p>However, the relationship between biomarkers and LV remodeling, specifically in AOS patients submitted to aortic valve replacement has not yet been established<sup>10-13</sup> Some studies suggest that NT-proBNP can be used in diagnostic and prognostic applications. Fisher et al<sup>14</sup> observed that patients with congestive heart failure and higher than average NT-proBNP values had a 1-year mortality rate of 53%, as compared to a 11% rate registered for patients with lower than average values. </p>
      <p>Biomarkers, particularly NT-proBNP, have not been accurately evaluated in AOS. The present study aims to analyze LV mass reduction and left atrial and ventricular remodeling in patients submitted to aortic valve replacement surgery due to significant AOS, as well as correlating NT-proBNP levels with various levels of diastolic dysfunction, both before and after surgery.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a longitudinal observational study of patients with significant AOS who have indication of surgical treatment.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Patients</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty-one NYHA class III or IV AOS patients (11 male) aged 21 to 81 years old (mean age, 61&#177;15 years old) with preserved systolic function and indication of surgical treatment of the valvular heart disease were included. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exclusion criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>a) Severe coronary failure</p>
      <p>b) Other moderate or severe valvular heart disease</p>
      <p>c) Atrial fibrillation </p>
      <p>Hypothyroidism, neoplasia, chronic renal insufficiency or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Transthoracic echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The exams were carried out with the patient lying in the left side position, both 1 to 3 months before and 6 months after surgery. The equipment (HDI 5000 [Philips Medical Systems, Andover, MA, USA], with multi frequency electronic sector transducer, pulsed, tissue and continuous Doppler and colored flow mapping) used is commercially available. The patients were submitted to simultaneous electrocardiographic monitoring and the exams were performed according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography<sup>15</sup>. </p>
      <p>At least three measurements were obtained for each variable and the mean values were used for each one.</p>
      <p>The echocardiographic variables used both in the pre- and postoperative periods were:</p>
      <p>1- LV end-systolic diameter and end-diastolic diameter.</p>
      <p>2- End-diastolic septal and LV posterior wall thickness, used for calculating LV mass index (according to Devereux formula)<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>3- LV systolic function, calculated as LV ejection fraction (LVEF), according to Simpson rule (bidimensional measurement)<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>4- Aortic valve area, calculated by the continuity equation<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>5- LV diastolic function:</p>
      <p>5.1 Pulsed Doppler study of the mitral transvalvar flow: mitral transvalvar flow was assessed at the apical four-chamber view, with the pulsed Doppler probe placed in the LV entry pathway, at the distal mitral valve leaflets, with 2-mm sample volume. The following parameters were evaluated:</p>
      <p>5.1.a) Protodiastolic LV filling velocity (E wave), in cm/s. </p>
      <p>5.1.b) Telediastolic LV filling velocity (A wave), in cm/s. </p>
      <p>5.1.c) Telediastolic LV wave duration (A wave measured by pulsed Doppler), in ms.</p>
      <p>5.1.d) Ratio between E and A wave (E/A)</p>
      <p>5.1.e) LV filling flow deceleration time (DT), in ms. </p>
      <p>5.2 Isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT).</p>
      <p>5.3. Pulsed Doppler study of pulmonary venous flow, evaluating the following parameters:</p>
      <p>5.3.a) Pulmonary venous flow systolic component (S wave), in cm/s.</p>
      <p>5.3.b) Pulmonary venous flow diastolic component (D wave), in cm/s.</p>
      <p>5.3.c) Atrial wave contraction duration (A wave time), in ms.</p>
      <p>5.3.d) Atrial contraction peak (A wave), in cm/s. </p>
      <p>5.4. Tissue Doppler mitral ring study: the image was obtained by tissue Doppler at apical 2- and 4-chamber view, 1-2 mm sample volume. </p>
      <p>The maximum myocardial displacement speed was measured at the beginning and at the end of diastole (E' and A' waves, respectively), and during systole (S' wave), at the septal, lateral, inferior, anterior and rings and the VD lateral ring<sup>17,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>LA volume was measured at apical 2- and 4-chamber view. LA systolic and diastolic volumes were measured for calculating LA emptying fraction, using a method similar to Simpson's<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A descriptive analysis was performed on the data obtained from the 31 patients, taking into account demographics, echocardiographic variables and NT-proBNP values before and after surgery.</p>
      <p>The mean value found for each variable was compared among AOS patients, before and after surgery. For mean comparison, the Wilcoxon test was used since the variables do not follow a normal distribution, with the exception of the BNP logarithm (compared by the Student t-test).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty one patients (21 female; mean age 61&#177;15 years old) with significant aortic stenosis were included.</p>
      <p>AOS patients mean age was 61.5&#177;14.72 years old (ranging from 21 to 81 years).</p>
      <p>Of the study patients, 26 had atherodegenerative AOS, 4 had congenital AOS and 1 had rheumatic AOS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Echocardiographic data</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Improvement of echocardiographic parameters between the pre- and postoperative periods can be observed on analyzing data on <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4888tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4888tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0469-30076-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Diastolic dysfunction and NT-proBMP correlation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Diastolic dysfunction improved between the pre- and postoperative periods, although values were not yet normal at the study period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4888tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4888tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0469-30076-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>NT-proBNP levels decreased postoperatively in comparison to the pre-operative period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4888tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>). After classification in three levels (I, II and III), the sample was evaluated for the difference among the groups according to log-NT-proBNP value. ANOVA test showed significance between groups (F=3.850, p=0.027) and the Bonferroni post hoc test demonstrated a difference on log-NT-proBNP values between Grade I (mean 4.58) and Grade II (mean 4.69) (p=0.025). However, no statistically significance difference was found between Grades II (mean 4.69) and III (mean 4.70) on log-NT-proBNP values (p=0.08) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4888tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4888tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0469-30076-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4888tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0469-30076-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Using Pearson linear correlation and Spearman correlation, we have observed that the variables E/E', EF/LA, LA systolic volume, indexed LA systolic volume, LVSD, indexed LV mass and volume/mass ratio show a correlation with log-NT-proBNP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4888tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>). The variables E/E', LA systolic volume, indexed LA systolic volume, LVSD and indexed LV mass show a positive correlation, indicating that NT-proBNP logarithm increases with increasing values of the respective variables. On the other hand, NT-proBNP logarithm decreases when the variables mitral A time-pulmonary A time, LAEF and volume/mass ratio increase.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4888tab05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0469-30076-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The variables with significant Spearman and Pearson correlations are the same. The variables behavior is identical to the one observed previously, and NT-proBNP logarithm also increases with LVSD increase.</p>
      <p>When verification is done on a logistic regression model (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4888tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>), the risk of diastolic dysfunction in a patient with log-NT-proBNP equal to 4.78 (BNP=119.10) is 92.01% [CI 955, 83.45%; 96.33%], the risk of diastolic dysfunction increases 2.64 times [CI 95%, 1.21; 5.78] for each 1-unit increase in log-NT-proBNP.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4888tab06-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0469-30076-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The relationship between LV geometry in AOS and remodeling after aortic valve replacement is not known. In the early postoperative period, few patients present LV mass reduction, but 18 months after the procedure LV hypertrophy and end-diastolic volume decrease<sup>19,20</sup>.</p>
      <p>Mitral transvalvar flow velocity is an important parameter for evaluating filling pressures; however, it can be modified or influenced by various factors and the same is true for pulmonary venous flow. Tissue Doppler analysis and LA volume evaluation<sup>21</sup> were included in the present study for minimizing these limitations and increasing diastolic dysfunction diagnostic precision<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>It was possible to verify an improvement of LAEF in the postoperative period (as compared to the findings before surgery), meaning an improvement in diastolic function after valve replacement surgery due to LV mass regression and adaptation of the heart to the new post-load values<sup>22.</sup> LA dilation follows LV diastolic dysfunction development and is an important predictor of adverse events, particularly arrhythmias. On the other hand, LA volume reduction and LAEF improvement suggest that reverse remodeling occurred, implying that cardiovascular risk was reduced.</p>
      <p>Indexed LV mass reduction, in turn, is also a strong (and the most consistent) predictor of events after valve replacement surgery, independently from gender, age and valve replacementtype<sup>23</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to the <italic>European Society of Cardiology</italic><sup>11</sup>, besides considering the symptoms of HF with normal LVEF, diastolic HF can be diagnosed by tissue Doppler (on which E/E' ratio is essential), combined with evaluation of mitral transvalvar flow and pulmonary venous flow by pulsed Doppler. LV mass index and LA indexed volume corroborate the diagnosis. Nagueh et al<sup>24</sup> showed that, in patients with preserved LVEF, E/E' ratio is 8 to 15 and that other measurements are required for diagnosing diastolic dysfunction. We must now highlight that, despite the applicability of diastolic function evaluation by Doppler, the method has some limitations. Doppler methods depend on the insonation angle and require experienced physicians. NT-proBNP values correlate to morphofunctional behavior and echocardiographic variables changes after surgical treatment of AOS, and decreased levels of this biomarker can be observed on the postoperative period. The results of the study by Nagueh et al<sup>11</sup> support this statement. This behavior can be explained by a reduction of blood flow resistance and LV hypertrophy after surgery, leading to a reduction in LV mass and diastolic wall tension, consequently reducing natriuretic peptide release. The peptides, though, do not return to normal levels due to the aortic-LV pressure gradient generated by the aortic valve prosthesis<sup>11</sup>. </p>
      <p>In a postoperative study, Frederiksen et al<sup>25</sup> showed a good correlation between E/E' echocardiographic ratio and NT-proBNP levels, something that was not seen for the E/A ratio. The prognostic importance and predictive ability for cardiovascular events of natriuretic peptides such as NT-proBNP have been recently considered a study subject on the medical literature. Berger-Klein et al<sup>12</sup> had already studied NT-proBNP in the postoperative evolution of symptomatic AOS patients and observed its predictive effect, independent from survival. Besides, Gerber et al<sup>26</sup> suggested an predictive effect of symptoms development in AOS patients.</p>
      <p>The present study showed a correlation between the different echocardiographic variables that characterize diastolic dysfunction<sup>27</sup> and NT-proBNP serum levels. We were also able to demonstrate that high preoperative NT-proBNP levels predict greater LV mass regression after surgical treatment, in spite of the indexed LV mass values. This fact suggests that NT-proBNP measurement may be good prognostic marker in AOS patients. Also, diastolic function echocardiographic changes in AOS patients precede LV mass increase. When these changes indicate moderate to severe LV dysfunction, they are considered an independent factor for late mortality after valve replacement surgery. </p>
      <p>Vasan et al<sup>28</sup> proposed a criterion for diagnosing diastolic HF that includes signs and symptoms of HF, preserved LVEF and evidences of diastolic dysfunction (BNP measurement and echocardiographic changes). This, high BNP values can help in the diagnosis of diastolic heart failure in patients with normal systolic function echocardiographic parameters and abnormal diastolic function.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There was an improvement of diastolic function and reduction of LV mass in AOS patients submitted to valve replacement surgery. Besides that, negative LA remodeling and LAEF improvement in the postoperative period were observed compared to pre-procedure values. NT-proBNP values showed a positive correlation with the various degrees of diastolic dysfunction, both pre- and postoperatively.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
