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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XKL6PSM3yntV4ZHNgjVNFbQ</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000500010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000500010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130058</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transplante de c&#233;lulas mesenquimais de tecido adiposo na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica experimental</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Larocca</surname>
            <given-names>Ticiana Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Solano de Freitas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina Arag&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaneto</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alcantara</surname>
            <given-names>Adriano Costa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Carine Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo Fagundes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Macambira</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Milena Botelho Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro-dos-Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Rafael</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>460</fpage>
      <lpage>468</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A doen&#231;a de Chagas, causada pelo protozo&#225;rio Trypanosoma cruzi, &#233; uma das mais importantes causas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na Am&#233;rica Latina. A terapia celular vem sendo investigada como uma poss&#237;vel op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da terapia com c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais em um modelo experimental de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. M&#201;TODOS: Camundongos C57BL/6 foram infectados com 1000 tripomastigotas da cepa Colombiana de T. cruzi e, ap&#243;s seis meses de infec&#231;&#227;o, foram tratados com c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais derivadas de tecido adiposo humano (CTTAs) ou com meio DMEM (controle). O grupo tratado recebeu duas inje&#231;&#245;es intraperitoneais de CTTAs (1x106 c&#233;lulas / dose), com um m&#234;s de intervalo entre as duas doses. Antes e ap&#243;s 1 e 2 meses de tratamento, os animais chag&#225;sicos e controles normais foram submetidos &#224; eletrocardiograma e teste ergoespirom&#233;trico. Todos os animais foram sacrificados sob anestesia ap&#243;s 2 meses de tratamento, para an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica do cora&#231;&#227;o. RESULTADOS: N&#227;o foi observada melhora de arritmias e da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular no grupo tratado com CTTAs, por&#233;m sec&#231;&#245;es de cora&#231;&#245;es de camundongos deste grupo apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias (p &lt; 0,0001) e da &#225;rea de fibrose (p &lt; 0,01) em compara&#231;&#227;o com animais chag&#225;sicos tratados com DMEM. CONCLUS&#195;O: Deste modo, conclui-se que a administra&#231;&#227;o de CTTAs por via intraperitoneal &#233; capaz de reduzir inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose no cora&#231;&#227;o de camundongos cronicamente infectados por T. cruzi, por&#233;m n&#227;o teve efeitos na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca dois meses ap&#243;s o transplante.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>C&#233;lulas-Tronco</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Celular</kwd>
        <kwd>Tecido Adiposo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Transplante de c&#233;lulas mesenquimais de tecido adiposo na cardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica experimental</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ticiana Ferreira Larocca<sup>I,II</sup>; Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza<sup>I,II</sup>; Cristina Arag&#227;o Silva<sup>I,II</sup>; Carla Martins Kaneto<sup>II</sup>; Adriano Costa de Alcantara<sup>II</sup>; Carine Machado Azevedo<sup>II</sup>; Murilo Fagundes Castro<sup>I,II</sup>; Simone Garcia Macambira<sup>I</sup>; Milena Botelho Pereira Soares<sup>I,II</sup>; Ricardo Ribeiro-dos-Santos<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz - Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="not01">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A doen&#231;a de Chagas, causada pelo protozo&#225;rio Trypanosoma cruzi, &#233; uma das mais importantes causas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na Am&#233;rica Latina. A terapia celular vem sendo investigada como uma poss&#237;vel op&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica para pacientes com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da terapia com c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais em um modelo experimental de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Camundongos C57BL/6 foram infectados com 1000 tripomastigotas da cepa Colombiana de T. cruzi e, ap&#243;s seis meses de infec&#231;&#227;o, foram tratados com c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais derivadas de tecido adiposo humano (CTTAs) ou com meio DMEM (controle). O grupo tratado recebeu duas inje&#231;&#245;es intraperitoneais de CTTAs (1x106 c&#233;lulas / dose), com um m&#234;s de intervalo entre as duas doses. Antes e ap&#243;s 1 e 2 meses de tratamento, os animais chag&#225;sicos e controles normais foram submetidos &#224; eletrocardiograma e teste ergoespirom&#233;trico. Todos os animais foram sacrificados sob anestesia ap&#243;s 2 meses de tratamento, para an&#225;lise histopatol&#243;gica do cora&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> N&#227;o foi observada melhora de arritmias e da fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular no grupo tratado com CTTAs, por&#233;m sec&#231;&#245;es de cora&#231;&#245;es de camundongos deste grupo apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias (p &lt; 0,0001) e da &#225;rea de fibrose (p &lt; 0,01) em compara&#231;&#227;o com animais chag&#225;sicos tratados com DMEM. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Deste modo, conclui-se que a administra&#231;&#227;o de CTTAs por via intraperitoneal &#233; capaz de reduzir inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose no cora&#231;&#227;o de camundongos cronicamente infectados por T. cruzi, por&#233;m n&#227;o teve efeitos na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca dois meses ap&#243;s o transplante.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica / terapia, C&#233;lulas-Tronco, Terapia Celular, Tecido Adiposo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas, desencadeada ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o pelo protozo&#225;rio flagelado <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi, </italic>representa um grave problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, afetando cerca de 18 milh&#245;es de pessoas na Am&#233;rica Latina, com 200 mil novos casos por ano<sup>1</sup>. Estima-se que, nos pa&#237;ses end&#234;micos, cerca de 20 mil pacientes morram a cada ano, por complica&#231;&#245;es associadas a cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, para a qual ainda n&#227;o existe uma terap&#234;utica suficientemente eficaz. Por esses motivos, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia o estudo de novas alternativas terap&#234;uticas para os pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a sua alta preval&#234;ncia e sua elevada morbimortalidade, al&#233;m do grande impacto socioecon&#244;mico causado por essa doen&#231;a. </p>
    <p>Diversas pesquisas sobre o potencial terap&#234;utico do transplante de c&#233;lulas-tronco t&#234;m sido realizadas nos &#250;ltimos anos, sobretudo na &#225;rea das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Bocchi e cols.<sup>2</sup> estudaram o efeito de c&#233;lulas mononucleares de medula &#243;ssea, em pacientes portadores de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica refrat&#225;ria, tendo sido evidenciada melhora de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, classe funcional e qualidade de vida. Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado anteriormente que o transplante de c&#233;lulas da medula &#243;ssea sing&#234;nicas causa a melhora da miocardite chag&#225;sica em camundongos cronicamente infectados por <italic>T. cruzi</italic><sup>3</sup>, tendo como poss&#237;vel mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o a indu&#231;&#227;o de apoptose das c&#233;lulas mononucleares do infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio, com redu&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o e do percentual de fibrose. Apesar de estudo cl&#237;nico piloto com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares em portadores de miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica ter sugerido benef&#237;cios<sup>4</sup>, esses dados n&#227;o foram confirmados por ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado<sup>5</sup>. Desse modo, estudos em modelos animais devem ser desenvolvidos no sentido de investigar novos protocolos terap&#234;uticos baseados em c&#233;lulas-tronco.</p>
    <p>As c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais (CTM), encontradas no estroma de v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os, incluindo a medula &#243;ssea, v&#234;m sendo intensamente estudadas quanto &#224;s suas caracter&#237;sticas e ao seu potencial terap&#234;utico em diversos modelos experimentais pela facilidade com que podem ser obtidas e expandidas <italic>in vitro</italic>. No trabalho de Guarita-Souza e cols.<sup>6</sup>, ratos Wistar com cardiomiopatia dilatada chag&#225;sica, com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, foram transplantados com cocultura de CTM e mioblastos esquel&#233;ticos, tendo sido observada, um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante, importante melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o e di&#226;metros ventriculares.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, o presente estudo testou a hip&#243;tese de que a terapia com c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais humanas derivadas de tecido adiposo &#233; capaz de reduzir inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose e melhorar a aptid&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em um modelo experimental de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica em camundongos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Animais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trinta camundongos da linhagem C57BL/6 foram mantidos no biot&#233;rio do Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular (CBTC) com &#225;gua e comida <italic>ad libitum</italic>, sob condi&#231;&#245;es ideais de temperatura e luminosidade. O protocolo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica no Uso de Animais do Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, em 1&#186; de janeiro de 2010, sob o n&#250;mero 05/10. As manipula&#231;&#245;es foram feitas de acordo com as normas de manipula&#231;&#227;o de animais estabelecidas no <italic>"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences Washington,</italic> D. C. 1996), respeitando os Princ&#237;pios &#201;ticos na Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal do Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (Cobea).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Infec&#231;&#227;o de camundongos por T. cruzi</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Vinte camundongos da linhagem C57BL/6 com seis a oito semanas de idade foram inoculados por via intraperitoneal com 1000 tripomastigotas da cepa Colombiana de <italic>T. cruzi</italic><sup>7</sup>, obtidos do sobrenadante de cultura de c&#233;lulas da linhagem LCC-MK2 infectadas. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o aguda foi feita por meio da parasitemia peri&#243;dica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>C&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais derivadas do tecido adiposo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A linhagem de c&#233;lulas-tronco do tecido adiposo (CTTA) humanas foi obtida a partir de material de descarte de lipoaspira&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s incuba&#231;&#227;o com colagenase (Blendzyme1, Roche), a prepara&#231;&#227;o foi centrifugada, e as c&#233;lulas foram cultivadas em meio DMEM acrescido de L-glutamina (2 mM/L), gentamicina (50 &#181;g/mL), Hepes (10 mM) e 2 g/L de bicarbonato de s&#243;dio, enriquecido com 10% de soro fetal bovino, sendo mantidas em estufa a 37&#186;C a 5% de CO<sub>2</sub>. As CTTA foram isoladas de outras c&#233;lulas mononucleares por sua capacidade de ader&#234;ncia ao pl&#225;stico e de expans&#227;o, sendo posteriormente avaliadas quanto &#224; express&#227;o de marcadores de superf&#237;cie por citometria de fluxo, potencial de diferencia&#231;&#227;o osteog&#234;nica e adipog&#234;nica e estabilidade cromoss&#244;mica, comprovando as suas caracter&#237;sticas de c&#233;lulas mesenquimais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Tratamento dos animais chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cada camundongo C57BL/6, seis meses ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T. cruzi,</italic> foi transplantado com 1 x 10<sup>6</sup> CTTA derivadas de tecido adiposo humano, por via intraperitoneal. O transplante foi repetido ap&#243;s trinta dias. O grupo controle de animais infectados foi tratado com meio DMEM, tamb&#233;m por via intraperitoneal.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o de anestesia utilizando o sistema de isofluorano (0,5 a 2%), foi iniciada a aquisi&#231;&#227;o dos registros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos. Os registros de eletrocardiogramas foram adquiridos usando um equipamento Bio Amp PowerLab System (PowerLab 2/20; ADInstruments, Castle Hill, Australia), que permite o registro de sinais biol&#243;gicos em animais com total isolamento el&#233;trico. Os dados foram adquiridos e armazenados em computador, analisados no programa <italic>Chart 5 for Windows</italic> (Power Lab; ADInstruments, Castle Hill, Australia). As an&#225;lises de ECG inclu&#237;ram as medidas de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, dos intervalos PR e QT corrigido e a avalia&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o e arritmias. Para minimizar interfer&#234;ncias, foi utilizado filtro de 0,1 a 1 Hz.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional por ergometria</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para os estudos de ergometria, foi utilizado o equipamento LE 8700 - CO (Panlab, Barcelona, Espanha), com fluxo de ar na c&#226;mara controlado por um trocador de gases (LE 400, Panlab). A amostra de gases foi levada por um circuito fechado ao analisador de gases (OXYLET 00, Panlab), sendo os dados enviados ao computador atrav&#233;s de um amplificador contendo uma placa anal&#243;gico-digital (ML 820, PowerLAb, ADInstruments, Austr&#225;lia). Os dados foram armazenados em computador para an&#225;lise no programa <italic>Chart 5 for Windows - Metabolism for PowerLab System.</italic> Os animais foram colocados na esteira 20 minutos antes de iniciar o exerc&#237;cio. A velocidade inicial foi de 12 cm/s, com incrementos na velocidade de 6 cm/s a cada 5 minutos. O primeiro est&#225;gio foi estabelecido com a velocidade inicial de 12 cm/s. Ap&#243;s 5 minutos, o animal passava para o segundo est&#225;gio, com velocidade de 18 cm/s, e assim sucessivamente. Os testes foram realizados at&#233; os animais entrarem em exaust&#227;o, permanecendo por 5 segundos ou mais na &#225;rea de choque. Para minimizar interfer&#234;ncias, foi utilizado filtro de 0,1 a 1 Hz. Os par&#226;metros avaliados foram tempo de exerc&#237;cio, dist&#226;ncia percorrida, velocidade final, est&#225;gio m&#225;ximo alcan&#231;ado, consumo de oxig&#234;nio e produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gica e morfom&#233;trica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s eutan&#225;sia dos animais, os cora&#231;&#245;es e fragmentos de m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico foram removidos e fixados em formalina 4%, para processamento histol&#243;gico. Se&#231;&#245;es dos cora&#231;&#245;es e dos m&#250;sculos dos animais foram coradas por hematoxilina e eosina e analisadas por microscopia de campo claro, para a contagem de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, ou por tricr&#244;mio de Masson, para avalia&#231;&#227;o do percentual de fibrose. As quantifica&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em quatro cortes de 5 micr&#244;metros de cora&#231;&#227;o inteiro, com 20 a 30 micr&#244;metros entre cada corte, depois de escaneamento utilizando o sistema Aperio ScanScope (Aperio Technologies, Vista, CA). As imagens foram analisadas com o programa Image Pro Plus (vers&#227;o 7.0, Media Cybernetics, San Diego, CA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados obtidos foram avaliados considerando distribui&#231;&#227;o param&#233;trica, com o aux&#237;lio dos programas Graphpad Prism 5 (2007) e BioCalc. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es de intervalo PR, dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi utilizado o one-way ANOVA com p&#243;s-teste Tukey. O teste de Fisher foi utilizado para comparar os percentuais de animais com arritmias. O teste <italic>t</italic> n&#227;o pareado foi utilizado na ergometria e na histopatologia para comparar os animais cr&#244;nicos com os controles n&#227;o infectados de mesma idade, e para comparar os animais chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos dos dois grupos. Os resultados foram considerados significantes quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultado</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Mortalidade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estudo foi iniciado com 30 camundongos da linhagem C57BL/6, divididos em tr&#234;s grupos: controles n&#227;o infectados (n = 10); chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos tratados com DMEM (n = 10); e chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos tratados com CTTA (n = 10). N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos entre os animais n&#227;o infectados e os tratados com DMEM. Foram observados dois &#243;bitos no grupo de animais tratados com CTTA, e um deles ocorreu ainda em fase considerada pr&#233;-tratamento, por acidente hemorr&#225;gico abdominal durante a infus&#227;o intraperitoneal das c&#233;lulas-tronco. O segundo &#243;bito nesse grupo ocorreu cerca de um m&#234;s ap&#243;s o transplante das CTTA, por causa n&#227;o identificada. N&#227;o houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica no &#237;ndice de sobrevida entre os grupos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise dos intervalos eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os animais chag&#225;sicos dos dois grupos de animais chag&#225;sicos, quando comparados entre si. Houve signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, com p &lt; 0,001, quando comparado o intervalo PR dos animais n&#227;o infectados com os animais chag&#225;sicos tratados com DMEM ou com CTTA, o que n&#227;o ocorreu com o intervalo QTc. N&#227;o houve influ&#234;ncia da terapia com CTTA no prolongamento do intervalo PR, quando avaliado esse grupo nas fases pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento. Os intervalos PR e QTc permaneceram est&#225;veis nos dois grupos de animais chag&#225;sicos durante todo o per&#237;odo avaliado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4987tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4987tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de arritmias card&#237;acas, dentre os animais chag&#225;sicos tratados com DMEM, dois animais evolu&#237;ram com BAVT. Tr&#234;s animais desse grupo j&#225; tinham BAVT na fase pr&#233;-tratamento, e dois passaram a cursar concomitantemente com frequentes extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares na fase p&#243;s-tratamento.</p>
    <p>Entre os camundongos tratados com CTTA, tr&#234;s animais tinham BAVT, na fase pr&#233;-tratamento, e um deles apresentou revers&#227;o da arritmia, passando a ter ritmo sinusal, o que n&#227;o ocorreu em nenhum dos animais tratados com DMEM. De quatro animais do grupo CTTA com ECG normal, um evoluiu com BAV de 2&#186; grau tipo II e tr&#234;s animais evolu&#237;ram com BAVT.</p>
    <p>As diferen&#231;as entre os percentuais de arritmias em geral e de BAVT n&#227;o atingiram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando comparados os grupos tratados com DMEM ou com CTTA. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se observou diferen&#231;a quando os grupos foram comparados entre si nos dois tempos de infec&#231;&#227;o, apesar de ter sido observada uma tend&#234;ncia ao aumento de arritmias nos dois grupos estudados. Para arritmias em geral, os percentuais foram de 57% e 71% nos animais tratados com DMEM, e de 33% e 78% nos animais tratados com CTTA, nas fases pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-tratamento, respectivamente. Para BAVT, os percentuais foram de 43% e 71% nos animais tratados com DMEM, e de 33% e 56% nos animais tratados com CTTA, nas fases pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4987fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4987fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados da avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional ergoespirom&#233;trica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros de tempo de exerc&#237;cio, dist&#226;ncia percorrida, velocidade final e est&#225;gio m&#225;ximo alcan&#231;ado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os animais chag&#225;sicos dos dois grupos, quando comparados um com o outro, ou quando considerados isoladamente, nas fases pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-tratamento. Todos os par&#226;metros foram significativamente diferentes entre os animais n&#227;o infectados e os chag&#225;sicos em geral. O tempo de exerc&#237;cio, em segundos, foi 2577 &#177; 371 nos animais n&#227;o infectados; 1840 &#177; 342 e 1620 &#177; 690 nos animais do grupo DMEM nas fases pr&#233; e ap&#243;s 2 meses de tratamento, respectivamente; e de 1570 &#177; 436 e 1278 &#177; 454 nos animais do grupo CTTA nas fases pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento, respectivamente. A dist&#226;ncia percorrida, em metros, foi 730 &#177; 187 nos animais n&#227;o infectados; 396 &#177; 127 e 342 &#177; 171 nos animais do grupo DMEM nas fases pr&#233; e ap&#243;s dois meses de tratamento, respectivamente; e de 358 &#177; 131 e 221 &#177; 125 nos animais do grupo CTTA nas fases pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4987fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4987fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>O grupo DMEM evoluiu, ap&#243;s o primeiro m&#234;s, com aumento do VO<sub>2</sub>, sendo esse valor mantido ap&#243;s o segundo m&#234;s de observa&#231;&#227;o. O grupo CTTA apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia a eleva&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> ap&#243;s o tratamento, por&#233;m, erro padr&#227;o de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
    <p>Quanto &#224; produ&#231;&#227;o de di&#243;xido de carbono, observamos um aumento do VCO<sub>2</sub> em repouso no grupo DMEM ap&#243;s o primeiro m&#234;s, mas n&#227;o no grupo CTTA. Houve uma queda acentuada no VCO<sub>2</sub> em repouso e no pico do esfor&#231;o ap&#243;s o segundo m&#234;s nos grupos DMEM e CTTA, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, quando comparados com o primeiro m&#234;s p&#243;s-tratamento.</p>
    <p>O VO<sub>2</sub> em repouso, em mL/Kg/min, foi 3959 &#177; 830 nos animais n&#227;o infectados; 2779 &#177; 1004 e 3925 &#177; 1158 nos animais do grupo DMEM nas fases pr&#233;- e ap&#243;s dois meses de tratamento, respectivamente; e de 3442 &#177; 770 e 4094 &#177; 1203 nos animais do grupo CTTA nas fases pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-tratamento, respectivamente. No pico do esfor&#231;o, esses valores foram 6107 &#177; 983 nos animais n&#227;o infectados; 4213 &#177; 1438 e 5540 &#177; 1088 nos animais do grupo DMEM nas fases pr&#233;- e ap&#243;s dois meses de tratamento, respectivamente; e de 5479 &#177; 1061 e 5000 &#177; 1475 nos animais do grupo CTTA nas fases pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento, respectivamente. O VCO<sub>2</sub> em repouso, em mL/Kg/min, foi 3716 &#177; 1113 nos animais n&#227;o infectados e 3544 &#177; 472 e 1779 &#177; 1222 nos animais do grupo DMEM nas fases pr&#233;- e ap&#243;s dois meses de tratamento, respectivamente; e de 3988 &#177; 366 e 1993 &#177; 1784 nos animais do grupo CTTA nas fases pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-tratamento, respectivamente. No pico do esfor&#231;o, esses valores foram 5171 &#177; 1454 nos animais n&#227;o infectados; 4894 &#177; 880 e 2393 &#177; 1610 nos animais do grupo DMEM nas fases pr&#233;- e ap&#243;s dois meses de tratamento, respectivamente; e de 5261 &#177; 688 e 2425 &#177; 1802 nos animais do grupo CTTA nas fases pr&#233;- e p&#243;s-tratamento, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4987fig03">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4987fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas e morfol&#243;gicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Se&#231;&#245;es de cora&#231;&#245;es de camundongos chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas caracter&#237;sticas da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4987fig04">Figura 4</xref>). Observa-se a presen&#231;a de infiltrados inflamat&#243;rios focais e disseminados compostos predominantemente por c&#233;lulas mononucleares, miocit&#243;lise, mionecrose e fibrose. Ambos os grupos (tratados com DMEM ou CTTA) apresentaram padr&#227;o semelhante, por&#233;m o grau de inflama&#231;&#227;o e de fibrose nos cora&#231;&#245;es de animais tratados com CTTA foi menor do que os tratados com DMEM.</p>
    <p><fig id="aop4987fig04"/>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="aop4987fig04a">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gf04.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="aop4987fig04xfig04b"/><fig id="aop4987fig04b"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gf05.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="aop4987fig04xfig04c"/><fig id="aop4987fig04c"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gf06.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4987fig04">figura 4A</xref>, um corte de cora&#231;&#227;o normal, com colora&#231;&#227;o tricr&#244;mio de Masson, mostra uma estrutura arteriolar, com col&#225;geno circunjacente a ela (corado em azul), fibras card&#237;acas normais e aus&#234;ncia de infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4987fig04">figura 4B</xref> mostra corte de cora&#231;&#227;o chag&#225;sico cr&#244;nico, com colora&#231;&#227;o tricr&#244;mio de Masson, evidenciando intenso infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio multifocal produzido por c&#233;lulas mononucleares, frequentemente aderidas a fibras card&#237;acas, produzindo les&#245;es miocitol&#237;ticas nelas, sendo a &#225;rea inflamada entremeada por intensa fibrose (corada em azul). Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4987fig04">figura 4C</xref>, observa-se corte de cora&#231;&#227;o chag&#225;sico cr&#244;nico tratado com CTTA, com colora&#231;&#227;o por tricr&#244;mio de Masson, com discretos infiltrados focais compostos por c&#233;lulas mononucleares, sendo as &#225;reas inflamadas entremeadas por discreta fibrose (corada em azul).</p>
    <p>Ao avaliar por morfometria a inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose de forma comparativa entre os dois grupos de animais chag&#225;sicos, observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o de fibrose e inflama&#231;&#227;o nos animais tratados com CTTA, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. O n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias por mm<sup>2</sup> foi de 228,5 &#177; 80,4 nos animais n&#227;o infectados; de 758,4 &#177; 194,7 nos animais do grupo DMEM; e de 382,4 &#177; 91,9 nos animais do grupo CTTA. O percentual de fibrose no cora&#231;&#227;o foi de 2,60 &#177; 1,78 nos animais n&#227;o infectados; de 8,95 &#177; 3,31 nos animais do grupo DMEM; e de 3,89 &#177; 1,14 nos animais do grupo CTTA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4987fig05">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4987fig05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gf07.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Al&#233;m do cora&#231;&#227;o, foi realizada a avalia&#231;&#227;o histopatol&#243;gica de m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico. Tanto os animais chag&#225;sicos tratados com DMEM quanto os com CTTA apresentaram inflama&#231;&#227;o no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, caracterizando uma miosite intensa observada na fase cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a (dados n&#227;o mostrados).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, foi demonstrada redu&#231;&#227;o de inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose no cora&#231;&#227;o de camundongos com miocardiopatia chag&#225;sica, induzida pela cepa Colombiana de <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi, </italic>tratados com CTTA. Estudos anteriores haviam demonstrado dados semelhantes, por&#233;m com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas mononucleares de medula &#243;ssea<sup>3</sup>. A despeito disso, o tratamento com as CTTA n&#227;o influenciou o desenvolvimento de arritmias card&#237;acas e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o propiciou melhora dos par&#226;metros ergom&#233;tricos, tendo sido mantida a baixa toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio com a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>Os efeitos ben&#233;ficos da terapia com c&#233;lulas mesenquimais, atrav&#233;s do seu potencial regenerativo, j&#225; foram demonstrados em diversos estudos cl&#237;nicos e experimentais, como em doen&#231;as dos tecidos &#243;sseo e cartilaginoso<sup>8</sup>, insufici&#234;ncia renal<sup>9</sup>, doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>10</sup>, pulmonares<sup>11</sup>, dentre outras. Al&#233;m do potencial regenerativo, foi identificada ainda a atividade imunossupressora dessas c&#233;lulas<sup>12,13</sup>, que s&#227;o capazes de modular a fun&#231;&#227;o dos linf&#243;citos T, fundamentais para o desenvolvimento da resposta imune adaptativa. Portanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel que os efeitos das CTTA na redu&#231;&#227;o de fibrose e inflama&#231;&#227;o observados neste trabalho se devam a essa propriedade imunomoduladora, j&#225; descrita em diversos trabalhos na literatura. O fato de n&#227;o ter sido evidenciada redu&#231;&#227;o no percentual de arritmias sugere que pode n&#227;o ter havido uma regenera&#231;&#227;o do tecido e/ou recupera&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco ap&#243;s a utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse esquema terap&#234;utico, ao menos no tempo p&#243;s-tratamento avaliado.</p>
    <p>No trabalho de Guarita-Souza e cols.<sup>6</sup>, ratos Wistar foram infectados com 15 x 10<sup>4</sup> tripomastigotas, desenvolvendo cardiomiopatia dilatada com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Esses animais foram transplantados com cocultura de CTM e mioblastos esquel&#233;ticos, tendo sido observada, j&#225; ap&#243;s um m&#234;s do transplante, importante melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o e di&#226;metros ventriculares. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de outro tipo celular juntamente com as CTM torna dif&#237;cil avaliar o real papel das CTM neste modelo. &#201; poss&#237;vel que os mioblastos esquel&#233;ticos atuem na recoloniza&#231;&#227;o das &#225;reas fibr&#243;ticas, promovendo, assim, a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo celular utilizado em nosso estudo, algumas vantagens da utiliza&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas-tronco derivadas de tecido adiposo para o tratamento de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s de medula &#243;ssea j&#225; foram descritas anteriormente<sup>14</sup>, bem como a sua capacidade de diferencia&#231;&#227;o em cardiomi&#243;citos<sup>15,16</sup>. Quanto &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas xenog&#234;nicas (c&#233;lulas humanas em camundongos), estudos pr&#233;vios j&#225; demonstraram a seguran&#231;a e a potencial efic&#225;cia dessas c&#233;lulas, como o artigo publicado por Cai e cols.<sup>17</sup> em modelo de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em ratos. Do mesmo modo, Hwangbo e cols.<sup>18</sup> avaliaram o efeito do transplante de CTTA humanas em ratos Sprague-Dawley com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, com evid&#234;ncia de significativa melhora de fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, optamos pela utiliza&#231;&#227;o da via intraperitoneal pelo fato de termos evidenciado em estudos anteriores a perda de animais por &#243;bito ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de CTM por via endovenosa em camundongos. Em um trabalho realizado com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca refrat&#225;ria n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica, foram utilizadas as vias endovenosa e intracoronariana, com resultados satisfat&#243;rios, por&#233;m as c&#233;lulas estudadas foram as mononucleares, e n&#227;o as mesenquimais<sup>2</sup>. Tamb&#233;m utilizando c&#233;lulas mononucleares de medula &#243;ssea, Nakamuta e cols.<sup>19</sup> demonstraram maior reten&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca das c&#233;lulas, em modelo experimental de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, quando utilizada a via intramuscular. No entanto, Furlani e cols.<sup>20</sup> avaliaram, por microscopia intravital, a cin&#233;tica de migra&#231;&#227;o de CTM humanas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intravascular em camundongos SCID, atrav&#233;s de um cateter inserido na aorta abdominal infrarrenal. Neste trabalho, o tamanho das CTM variou de 16 a 53 &#181;m em suspens&#227;o, tendo sido observada interfer&#234;ncia na microcircula&#231;&#227;o sangu&#237;nea conforme a densidade celular, com interrup&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo e forma&#231;&#227;o de trombo em arter&#237;olas e v&#234;nulas nos animais nos quais foram injetadas as CTM. Em outro estudo, Gordon e cols.<sup>21</sup> demonstraram o efeito terap&#234;utico da inje&#231;&#227;o por via intraperitoneal de c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais humanas em camundongos com encefalomielite al&#233;rgica autoimune. Assim, al&#233;m de n&#227;o causar a perda de animais por embolia, esses trabalhos indicam que a via intraperitoneal de administra&#231;&#227;o pode n&#227;o comprometer os efeitos dessas c&#233;lulas.</p>
    <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho foi um vi&#233;s na avalia&#231;&#227;o da ergometria causado pela presen&#231;a de inflama&#231;&#227;o no m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico observada nos animais chag&#225;sicos. Mesmo nos animais que n&#227;o apresentaram BAVT, observamos um pior desempenho no teste ergom&#233;trico, especialmente nos par&#226;metros de tempo de exerc&#237;cio e dist&#226;ncia percorrida, al&#233;m de claudica&#231;&#227;o de marcha. Ao avaliar a histologia e a morfometria de se&#231;&#245;es de m&#250;sculo esquel&#233;tico, encontramos uma grande quantidade de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, caracterizando miosite, considerada como fator ortop&#233;dico limitante para a progress&#227;o do esfor&#231;o nos animais chag&#225;sicos no nosso trabalho. Em outro protocolo, estamos avaliando os efeitos da terapia com baixas doses de benzonidazol na miosite esquel&#233;tica em camundongos cronicamente infectados por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> submetidos ao transplante com c&#233;lulas-tronco mesenquimais card&#237;acas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em resumo, este trabalho contribuiu para a avalia&#231;&#227;o os efeitos da terapia com CTTA na forma arr&#237;tmica da doen&#231;a de Chagas, tendo demonstrado que o tratamento com as CTTA n&#227;o reduziu a incid&#234;ncia de arritmias card&#237;acas em camundongos cronicamente infectados pela cepa Colombiana de <italic>T. cruzi</italic>. Os animais tratados tiveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de inflama&#231;&#227;o e fibrose, com valores semelhantes &#224;queles encontrados em animais n&#227;o infectados, quando realizada a avalia&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica e morfom&#233;trica. Novos estudos poder&#227;o contribuir para o desenvolvimento de protocolos, com ajuste da terapia e do modelo experimental, at&#233; que possa ser desenvolvida uma abordagem terap&#234;utica suficientemente eficaz, que justifique futuros estudos em pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica cr&#244;nica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq, FABESB e FINEP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Ticiana Ferreira Larocca pelo Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz-Fiocruz.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="not01" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Ticiana Ferreira Larocca </p>
        <p> Av. Alphaville, 634 Cond Alpha Life, Ed. Paradiso, ap. 202, Alphaville I </p>
        <p> CEP 41701-015, Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="ticianaferreira@cardiol.br">ticianaferreira@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <ext-link xlink:href="mailto:ticianaferreira@cardiol.br" ext-link-type="email">ticiana@cbtc-hsr.org</ext-link>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 03/07/12, revisado em 10/12/12, aceito em 21/12/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>71</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>448</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gordon</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pavlovska</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glover</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uney</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wraith</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scolding</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Transplantation of adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells in experimental chronic chagasic cardiopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major cause of heart failure in Latin America. Tissue therapy has been investigated as a possible therapeutic option for patients with cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effects of therapy with mesenchymal stem cells in an experimental model of chronic Chagasic cardiomyopathy. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were infected with 1000 trypomastigotes from the Colombian strain of T. cruzi and, after six months of infection, were treated with mesenchymal human stem cells from adipose tissue (STAT) or with Dulbecco/Vogt modified Eagle's minimal essential medium - DMEM (control). The treated group received two intraperitoneal injections of STAT (1x10(6) cells/dose), with a month interval between the two doses. Before and after the first and second months of treatment, the chagasic and normal control animals underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing and electrocardiography. All animals were sacrificed under anesthesia after two months of treatment for histopathological analysis of the heart. RESULTS: No improvement was observed in arrhythmias and cardiovascular function in the group of animals treated with STAT; however, sections of mice hearts in this group revealed a significant reduction in the number of inflammatory cells (p&lt;0.0001) and areas of fibrosis (p&lt;0.01) in comparison with chagasic animals treated with DMEM. CONCLUSION: Thus, it is concluded that administration of intraperitoneal STAT can reduce inflammation and fibrosis in the heart of mice chronically infected with T. cruzi; however, there were no effects on the cardiac function two months after transplantation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Stem Cells</kwd>
        <kwd>Tissue Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Adipose Tissue</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="inicio-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Transplantation of adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells in experimental chronic chagasic cardiopathy</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ticiana Ferreira Larocca<sup>I,II</sup>; Bruno Solano de Freitas Souza<sup>I,II</sup>; Cristina Arag&#227;o Silva<sup>I,II</sup>; Carla Martins Kaneto<sup>II</sup>; Adriano Costa de Alcantara<sup>II</sup>; Carine Machado Azevedo<sup>II</sup>; Murilo Fagundes Castro<sup>I,II</sup>; Simone Garcia Macambira<sup>I</sup>; Milena Botelho Pereira Soares<sup>I,II</sup>; Ricardo Ribeiro-dos-Santos<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz - Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital S&#227;o Rafael, Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major cause of heart failure in Latin America. Tissue therapy has been investigated as a possible therapeutic option for patients with cardiovascular disease.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study evaluated the effects of therapy with mesenchymal stem cells in an experimental model of chronic Chagasic cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> C57BL/6 mice were infected with 1000 trypomastigotes from the Colombian strain of T. cruzi and, after six months of infection, were treated with mesenchymal human stem cells from adipose tissue (STAT) or with Dulbecco/Vogt modified Eagle's minimal essential medium - DMEM (control). The treated group received two intraperitoneal injections of STAT (1x10<sup>6</sup> cells/dose), with a month interval between the two doses. Before and after the first and second months of treatment, the chagasic and normal control animals underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing and electrocardiography. All animals were sacrificed under anesthesia after two months of treatment for histopathological analysis of the heart.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> No improvement was observed in arrhythmias and cardiovascular function in the group of animals treated with STAT; however, sections of mice hearts in this group revealed a significant reduction in the number of inflammatory cells (p&lt;0.0001) and areas of fibrosis (p&lt;0.01) in comparison with chagasic animals treated with DMEM.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Thus, it is concluded that administration of intraperitoneal STAT can reduce inflammation and fibrosis in the heart of mice chronically infected with T. cruzi; however, there were no effects on the cardiac function two months after transplantation.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Chagas Cardiomyopathy / therapy; Stem Cells; Tissue Therapy; Adipose Tissue.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chagas disease, triggered after infection with the flagellated protozoa <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi, </italic>represents a serious public health problem, affecting about 18 million people in Latin America, with 200 thousand new cases per year<sup>1</sup>. It is estimated that in endemic countries, about 20,000 patients die each year from complications associated with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy, for which there is still no sufficiently effective therapy. For these reasons, the study of new therapeutic options for patients with chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy is of fundamental importance, considering its high prevalence and high morbidity and mortality, in addition to the great socioeconomic impact caused by this disease.</p>
      <p>Several studies regarding the therapeutic potential of stem cell transplantation have been performed in recent years, especially in the area of cardiovascular diseases. Bocchi et al<sup>2</sup> studied the effect of bone marrow mononuclear cells in patients with refractory nonischemic heart failure , resulting in improved ejection fraction, functional class and quality of life. It has also been previously demonstrated that transplantation of syngeneic bone marrow cells causes the improvement of chagasic myocarditis in mice chronically infected with T. <italic>cruzi</italic><sup>3</sup>, with the possible mechanism of action being the induction of apoptosis of the mononuclear cells of the inflammatory infiltrate, with reduction of inflammation and percentage of fibrosis. Despite the pilot clinical study with the use of mononuclear cells in patients with chronic chagasic myocardiopathy having suggested benefits<sup>4</sup>, these data were not confirmed by randomized clinical testing<sup>5</sup>. Thus, studies in animal models must be developed in order to investigate new therapeutic protocols utilizing stem cells.</p>
      <p>Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), found in the stroma of various organs including bone marrow, have been intensively studied as to their characteristics and therapeutic potential in several experimental models due to the ease with which they can be obtained and grown <italic>in vitro</italic>. In the work of Guarita-Souza et al<sup>6</sup>, Wistar rats with dilated chagasic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular systolic dysfunction were transplanted with an MSC coculture of skeletal myoblasts, with significant improvement in ventricular function and diameters observed one month after transplantation.</p>
      <p>In this context, the present study tested the hypothesis that therapy with mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipose tissue is capable of reducing inflammation and fibrosis and improves cardiorespiratory fitness in an experimental model of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy in mice.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Animals</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty mice of the C57BL/6 strain were kept in the animal house of the Center for Biotechnology and Tissue Therapy and provided with food and water <italic>ad libitum</italic>, under ideal conditions of temperature and luminosity. The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use of S&#227;o Rafael Hospital, on January 1<sup>st</sup>, 2010 under protocol number 05/10. Manipulations were performed according to the animal manipulation standards established in the "Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals" (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 1996), abiding by the Ethical Principles in Animal Experimentation of Col&#233;gio Brasileiro de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal (Cobea).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mice infection by T. cruzi</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Twenty mice of the C57BL/6 strain, six to eight weeks old, were inoculated intraperitoneally with 1000 trypomastigotes of the Colombian strain of T. <italic>cruzi</italic><sup>7</sup>, obtained from the supernatant of cell cultures infected with the LCC-MK2 strain. The assessment of acute infection was carried out by periodic parasitemia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The strain of human stem cells from adipose tissue (SCAT) was obtained from the disposal of liposuction material. After incubation with collagenase (Blendzyme1, Roche), the preparation was centrifuged and the cells were cultured in DMEM media, supplemented with L-glutamine (2 &#181;mol/L), gentamicin (50 &#181;g/mL), Hepes (10 &#181;mol) and sodium bicarbonate (2 g/L), enriched with 10% bovine fetal serum and kept in the oven at 37&#186;C and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>. The SCAT were isolated from other mononuclear cells by their capacity to adhere to plastic and due to their expansion, being subsequently evaluated as to the expression of surface markers by flow cytometry, osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential and stability of chromosomes, confirming the characteristics of mesenchymal cells.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Treatment of chronic chagasic animals</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Each C57BL/6 mouse was transplanted intraperitoneally with 1 x 10<sup>6</sup> human SCAT , six months after the infection with T. <italic>cruzi</italic>. The transplant was repeated after thirty days. The control group of infected animals was treated with DMEM, also intraperitoneally.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Electrocardiographic evaluation</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After induction of anesthesia using isoflurane (0.5 to 2%), the acquisition of electrocardiographic recordings was started. Recordings of electrocardiograms were acquired using Bio Amp PowerLab system equipment (PowerLab 2/20, ADInstruments, Castle Hill, Australia), which allows the recording of biological signals in animals with complete electrical isolation. Data were acquired and stored in a computer, and were then analyzed using the program Chart 5 for Windows (Power Lab; ADInstruments, Castle Hill, Australia). The ECG analysis included measurements of heart rate, adjusted PR and QT intervals and evaluation as to the presence of arrhythmias and conduction disturbances. To minimize interference a filter of 0.1 to 1 Hz was used.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Functional evaluation by ergometry</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For ergometric studies, LE 8700 - CO equipment (Panlab, Barcelona, Spain) was used, with air flow in the chamber controlled by a gas exchanger (LE 400, Panlab). A gas sample was taken by a closed circuit with the gas analyzer (OXYLET 00, Panlab), and the data was sent to the computer through an amplifier containing an analog-digital board (ML 820, PowerLab, ADInstruments, Australia). The data were stored on computer for analysis using the program Chart 5 for Windows - Metabolism for PowerLab System. The animals were placed on the treadmill for 20 minutes before exercise testing started. The initial speed was 12 cm/s, increasing the speed 6 cm/sec every 5 minutes. The first stage was established by the starting speed of 12 cm/s. After 5 minutes, the animal entered into the second stage with a speed of 18 cm/s, and so on. Tests were conducted until the animals reached exhaustion lasting for 5 seconds or showed signs of shock. To minimize interference a 0.1 to 1 Hz filter was used. The parameters evaluated were exercise time, distance covered, final speed, maximum stage reached, oxygen consumption, and carbon dioxide production.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Histological and morphometric evaluations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After euthanasia of the animals, the hearts and fragments of the skeletal muscle were removed and fixed in 4% formalin for histological processing. Sections of hearts and muscles of the animals were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and analyzed by bright field microscopy to count inflammatory cells, or by Masson's Trichrome to evaluate the percentage of fibrosis. The measurements were performed on four sections of 5 micrometers whole heart, with 20 to 30 micrometers between each section, after scanning with the Aperio ScanScope system (Aperio Technologies, Vista, CA). The images were analyzed with the program Image Pro Plus (release 7.0, Media Cybernetics, San Diego, CA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The data obtained were evaluated considering parametric distribution, with the aid of the Graphpad Prism 5 (2007) and BioCalc software. For comparisons of PR interval, QRS duration and heart rate one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-test was used. Fisher's test was used to compare the percentage of animals with arrhythmias. The unpaired <italic>t</italic> test was used for exercise testing and histopathology to compare the chronically infected animals with uninfected controls of the same age, and to compare chronic chagasic animals in the two groups. Results were considered significant when p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Mortality</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study started with 30 mice of the C57BL/6 strain, divided into three groups: uninfected controls (n = 10); chronic chagasic animals treated with DMEM (n = 10), and chronic chagasic animals treated with SCAT (n = 10). There were no deaths among the uninfected animals and those treated with DMEM. Two deaths were observed in the group of animals treated with SCAT, and one of them was considered to still be in the pretreatment phase, with death being caused by abdominal hemorrhagic accident during intraperitoneal infusion of the stem cells. The second death in this group occurred approximately one month after transplanting CTTA due to a non-identified cause. There was no statistical significance in survival rate between the groups.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Electrocardiographic results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the analysis of electrocardiographic intervals, no statistically significant difference was found between the two chagasic groups of animals when the two groups were compared. There was a statistically significant difference, with p &lt; 0.001, when comparing the PR interval of uninfected animals with chagasic animals treated with DMEM or with STAT, which did not occur with the QTc interval. There was no STAT therapy influence in terms of prolongation of the PR interval when this group was assessed at the pretreatment and post-treatment phases. The PR and QTc intervals remained stable in both groups of chagasic animals throughout the study period (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4987tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4987tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In evaluating for the presence of cardiac arrhythmias, among the chagasic animals treated with DMEM, two animals experienced complete atrioventricular block (CAVB). Three animals in this group already had CAVB in the pre-treatment phase, and two developed it concurrently with frequent ventricular extrasystoles in the post-treatment phase.</p>
      <p>Among mice treated with STAT, three animals had CAVB in the pre-treatment phase, and one of them showed arrhythmia reversal, with periods of sinus rhythm, which did not occur in any of the animals treated with DMEM. Of four animals in the STAT group with normal ECGs, one developed 2nd degree type II atrioventricular block (AVB) and three animals developed CAVB.</p>
      <p>The differences between the percentages of animal arrhythmias in general, and CAVB in particular, did not reach statistical significance when comparing the groups treated with DMEM or STAT. Also, there was no difference when the groups were compared during the two times of infection, although a trend towards increased arrhythmias had been observed in both groups. For arrhythmias in general, the percentages were 57% and 71% in animals treated with DMEM, and 33% and 78% in animals treated with STAT, in pre-and post-treatment phases respectively. For CAVB, the percentages were 43% and 71% in animals treated with DMEM and 33% and 56% in animals treated with STAT, in pre-and post-treatment phases respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4987fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4987fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results from the functional evaluation of ergoespirometry</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the parameters of exercise time, distance traveled, final speed and maximum stage reached, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups of chagasic animals, when compared with each other or when considered separately in the pre-and post-treatment phases. All parameters were significantly different between uninfected animals and chagasic animals in general. The exercise time, in seconds, was 2577 &#177; 371 in uninfected animals; 1840 &#177; 342 and 1620 &#177; 690 in the group of DMEM animals at pretreatment phase and after 2 months of treatment, respectively; and 1570 &#177; 436 and 1278 &#177; 454 in animals in the STAT group in the pre- and post-treatment phases, respectively. The distance run, in meters, was 730 &#177; 187 in uninfected animals; 396 &#177; 127 and 342 &#177; 171 in the group of DMEM animals at pretreatment phase and after 2 months of treatment, respectively; and 358 &#177; 131 and 221 &#177; 125 in animals of the STAT group in the pre- and post-treatment phases, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4987fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4987fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>After the first month, the DMEM group developed an increase of VO<sub>2</sub>, with this value maintained after the second month of observation. The STAT group showed a tendency to increased VO<sub>2</sub> after treatment; however, the standard error was of statistical significance.</p>
      <p>As for the production of carbon dioxide, it was observed there was an increase of VCO<sub>2</sub> at rest in the DMEM group after the first month, but not in the STAT group. There was a sharp drop in VCO<sub>2</sub> at rest and at peak effort after the second month in the DMEM and STAT groups, with statistical significance when compared with the first month after treatment.</p>
      <p>The VO<sub>2</sub> at rest, in mL/Kg/min, was 3959 &#177; 830 in uninfected animals; 2779 &#177; 1004 and 3925 &#177; 1158 in animals of group DMEM in the pre-phase and after two months of treatment, respectively; and 3442 &#177; 770 and 4094 &#177; 1203 in the animals of the STAT group in the pre- and post-treatment phases, respectively. At peak stress, these values were 6107 &#177; 983 in uninfected animals; 4213 &#177; 1438 and 5540 &#177; 1088 in animals of the DMEM group in the pre-phase and after two months of treatment, respectively; and 5479 &#177; 1061 and 5000 &#177; 1475 in the animals of group STAT in the pre- and post-treatment phases, respectively. The VCO<sub>2</sub> at rest, in mL/Kg/min, was 3716 &#177; 1113 in uninfected animals; 3544 &#177; 472 and 1779 &#177; 1222 in animals of group DMEM in the pre-phase and after two months of treatment, respectively; and 3988 &#177; 366 and 1993 &#177; 1784 in the animals of the STAT group in the pre- and post-treatment phases, respectively. At peak stress, these values were 5171 &#177; 1454 in uninfected animals; 4894 &#177; 880 and 2393 &#177; 1610 in animals of the DMEM group in the pre-phase and after two months of treatment, respectively; and 5261 &#177; 688 and 2425 &#177; 1802 in the animals of the STAT group in the pre- and post-treatment phases, respectively. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4987fig03-body2">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4987fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Histological and morphological evaluations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Sections of hearts from chronic chagasic mice showed histological characteristics of chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4987fig04-body2">Figure 4</xref>). Note the presence of focal inflammatory infiltrates and disseminated compounds, predominantly mononuclear cells, myocytolysis, myonecrosis and fibrosis. Both groups (treated with DMEM or STAT) showed a similar pattern, but the degree of inflammation and fibrosis of the hearts of the animals treated with STAT was lower than those treated with DMEM.</p>
      <p content-type="html"><fig id="en_aop4987fig04-body2"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/XKL6PSM3yntV4ZHNgjVNFbQ/c3d3372b2aaacb82ee9aa05b263e9712957d3c6b.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/XKL6PSM3yntV4ZHNgjVNFbQ/3056ad00183a9bc0617b1d5321a0e0f9c623835c.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gf04-en.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
      <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4987fig04-body2">Figure 4A</xref>, a section of a normal heart with Masson's trichrome staining shows an arteriolar structure, with surrounding collagen (stained in blue), normal cardiac fibers and absence of inflammatory infiltrates. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4987fig04-body2">Figure 4B</xref> shows chronic chagasic heart sections, stained with Masson's trichrome, showing intense multifocal inflammatory infiltrates produced by mononuclear cells often adhered to cardiac fibers, producing myocytolitic lesions, with the inflamed areas interspersed with intense fibrosis (stained in blue). In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4987fig04-body2">Figure 4C</xref>, there is a sectioning of a chronic chagasic heart treated with STAT, stained with Masson's trichrome, with discrete focal infiltrates consisting of mononuclear cells and the inflamed areas interspersed with mild fibrosis (stained in blue).</p>
      <p>In evaluating and comparing, by morphometry, the inflammation and fibrosis between the two groups of chagasic animals, it was noticed there was a reduction of fibrosis and inflammation in animals treated with STAT, with statistical significance. The number of inflammatory cells per mm<sup>2</sup> was 228.5 &#177; 80.4 in uninfected animals; 758.4 &#177; 194.7 for the animals of group DMEM, and 382.4 &#177; 91.9 in animals from group STAT. The percentage of fibrosis in the heart was 2.60.5 &#177; 1.78 in uninfected animals; 8.95 &#177; 3.31 in the animals of group DMEM; and 3.89 &#177; 1.14 in animals from group STAT (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4987fig05-body2">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4987fig05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0460-30058-gf05-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In addition to the heart, a histopathological evaluation of skeletal muscle was performed. Both chagasic animals treated with DMEM and those treated with STAT showed inflammation in skeletal muscle, featuring an intense myositis observed in the chronic phase of the disease (data not shown).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study demonstrated a reduction of inflammation and fibrosis in the hearts of mice with chagasic cardiomyopathy induced by the Colombian strain of <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi,</italic> treated with STAT. Earlier studies had shown similar data, but with the use of mononuclear cells derived from bone marrow<sup>3</sup>. Despite this, treatment with STAT did not influence the development of cardiac arrhythmias and did not result in improvement of ergometric parameters, with a low tolerance to stress observed in keeping with disease progression.</p>
      <p>The beneficial effects of therapy with mesenchymal cells, through their regenerative potential, have already been demonstrated in several clinical and experimental studies, such as in diseases affecting bone and cartilage<sup>8</sup>, renal impairment<sup>9</sup>, cardiovascular disease<sup>10</sup> and pulmonary<sup>11</sup> diseases, among others. In addition to the regenerative potential, the immunosuppressive activity of these cells was also identified<sup>12,13</sup>, which can modulate the function of T lymphocytes , which are basic to the development of the adaptative immune response. Therefore, it is possible that the effects of STAT in reducing inflammation and fibrosis, as seen in this study, are due to this immunomodulating property, which has already been described in several articles in the literature. The fact that a reduction in the percentage of arrhythmias was not evident suggests that there may not have been tissue regeneration and/or recovery of the cardiac conduction system after using these therapy schemes, at least in the short post-treatment time assessed.</p>
      <p>In the work of Guarita-Souza et al<sup>6</sup>, Wistar rats were infected with 15 x 10<sup>4</sup> trypomastigotes, subsequently developing dilated cardiomyopathy with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. These animals were transplanted with MSC coculture of skeletal myoblasts and, within one month of transplantation, an important improvement of ventricular function and diameters was observed. The use of another type of cell along with the MSC makes it difficult to evaluate the actual role of MSC in this model. It is possible that skeletal myoblasts act on the recolonization of fibrotic areas, thereby promoting the improvement of cardiac function.</p>
      <p>In terms of the cellular type used in our study, a few advantages have been described previously with regards to the use of stem cells from adipose tissue for the treatment of cardiac diseases, in comparison to those of the bone marrow which have already been described<sup>14</sup>, as well as their differentiation capacity in cardiomyocytes<sup>15,16</sup>. As to the use of xenogenic cells (human cells in mice), previous studies have already shown the safety and potential effectiveness of these cells, such as the article published by Cai et al<sup>17</sup> regarding a model of myocardial infarction in rats. Similarly, Hwangbo et al<sup>18</sup> evaluated the effect of transplantation of human STAT in Sprague-Dawley rats with myocardial infarction, with evidence of significant improvement in left ventricular function.</p>
      <p>In the present study, the intraperitoneal route was used because previous studies have reported the death of animals following administration of intravenous MSC. In a study of non-ischemic refractory heart failure, the intracoronary and intravenous routes were used with satisfactory results, but the cells studied were mononuclear and not mesenchymal cells<sup>2</sup>. Also using mononuclear cells derived from bone marrow, Nakamuta et al<sup>19</sup> demonstrated greater cardiac cell retention in an experimental model of myocardial infarction when cells were implanted intramuscularly. However, Furlani et al<sup>20</sup> assessed, by means of intravital microscopy, the kinetics of the migration of human MSC after intravascular administration in SCID mice via a catheter inserted into the infrarenal abdominal aorta. In this study, the size of the suspended MSC ranged from 16 to 53 &#181;m, with interference being observed in blood microcirculation due to cell density, including interruption of blood flow and thrombus formation in arterioles and venules in the animals in which the MSC was injected. In another study, Gordon et al<sup>21</sup> demonstrated the therapeutic effect of intraperitoneal injection of human mesenchymal stem cells in mice with autoimmune allergic encephalomyelitis. In addition to preventing loss of animals due to embolism, these studies indicate that intraperitoneal administration does not compromise the effects of these cells.</p>
      <p>A limitation of this study is a bias in the evaluation of the ergometry, caused by the presence of inflammation in skeletal muscle observed in the chagasic animals. Even in animals that did not have CAVB, it was observed there was poor performance in exercise testing, especially in parameters of exercise time and distance run, in addition to a limping gait. In evaluating the histology and morphometry of sections of skeletal muscle, a large amount of inflammatory cells were identified, characterizing myositis, considered as a limiting orthopedic factor for the progression of stress in chagasic animals in our work. In another protocol, the effects of the therapy are evaluated with low doses of benznidazole in skeletal myositis in mice chronically infected with T. <italic>cruzi </italic>who have undergone transplantation of cardiac mesenchymal stem cells.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In summary, this study contributed to evaluating the effects of therapy with STAT in the arrhythmic form of Chagas disease and has demonstrated that treatment with STAT did not reduce the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in mice chronically infected with the Colombian strain of T. <italic>cruzi.</italic> Treated animals had a reduction of inflammation and fibrosis, with values similar to those found in uninfected animals, when the histological and morphometric evaluation was performed. Further studies may contribute to the development of protocols, with adjustment in therapy and experimental model, until a therapeutic approach can be developed that is effective enough to justify further studies in patients with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by CNPq, FABESB and FINEP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ticiana Ferreira Larocca, from Centro de Pesquisas Gon&#231;alo Moniz-Fiocruz.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
