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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">S9XHRbhkpMdcm8f3sDms7xs</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000500007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000500007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130079</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A distensibilidade da aorta prediz o acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Telmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maldonado</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Liliana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Conde</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>437</fpage>
      <lpage>443</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A doen&#231;a cardiovascular continua a ser principal causa de morte nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e n&#227;o &#233; inteiramente prevista por fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos. O aumento da rigidez arterial constitui um importante determinante de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a velocidade da onda de pulso prediz a ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em pacientes hipertensos. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo de coorte, observacional, prospetivo, multic&#234;ntrico, incluindo 1.133 pacientes hipertensos (586 homens), com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 51,05 &#177; 12,64 anos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da VOP pelo m&#233;todo Complior, a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pormenorizada e &#224; medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. RESULTADOS: A incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de risco de AVC nos hipertensos com VOP aumentada foi de 3,25% (IC: 1,97%-5,25%), em compara&#231;&#227;o com 0,78% (IC: 0,28% - 1,87%) nos hipertensos com VOP normal (risco relativo (RR) = 4,15; IC: 1,53 - 11,26). Numa an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel, ajustando o modelo aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares cl&#225;ssicos, a VOP foi um preditor independente de AVC, com um hazard ratio (HR) = 1,40 (IC: 1,13 - 1,73, p &lt; 0,002), indicando um incremento de 40% no risco de AVC por cada incremento de 1 m/seg na VOP. A adi&#231;&#227;o da VOP a um modelo composto pelos fatores de risco cardiovascular convencionais melhorou significativamente a sua capacidade discriminativa para o risco de AVC (C de Harrel aumentou de 0,68 para 0,71 ap&#243;s inclus&#227;o da VOP; p &lt;0,01). CONCLUS&#195;O: A distensibilidade arterial aferida pela VOP a&#243;rtica &#233; um fator de risco independente de AVC em pacientes hipertensos, sendo recomend&#225;vel a sua integra&#231;&#227;o em programas de follow-up de situa&#231;&#245;es em que o risco cardiovascular &#233; manifesto.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Rigidez Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o, Aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>A distensibilidade da aorta prediz o acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes hipertensos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Telmo Pereira<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Maldonado<sup>II</sup>; Liliana Pereira<sup>I</sup>; Jorge Conde<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra - Portugal</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A doen&#231;a cardiovascular continua a ser principal causa de morte nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e n&#227;o &#233; inteiramente prevista por fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos. O aumento da rigidez arterial constitui um importante determinante de morbidade e mortalidade cardiovascular. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar se a velocidade da onda de pulso prediz a ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) em pacientes hipertensos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo de coorte, observacional, prospetivo, multic&#234;ntrico, incluindo 1.133 pacientes hipertensos (586 homens), com uma m&#233;dia de idade de 51,05 &#177; 12,64 anos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da VOP pelo m&#233;todo Complior, a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pormenorizada e &#224; medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial. </p>
    <p> RESULTADOS: A incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de risco de AVC nos hipertensos com VOP aumentada foi de 3,25% (IC: 1,97%-5,25%), em compara&#231;&#227;o com 0,78% (IC: 0,28% - 1,87%) nos hipertensos com VOP normal (risco relativo (RR) = 4,15; IC: 1,53 - 11,26). Numa an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel, ajustando o modelo aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares cl&#225;ssicos, a VOP foi um preditor independente de AVC, com um hazard ratio (HR) = 1,40 (IC: 1,13 - 1,73, p &lt; 0,002), indicando um incremento de 40% no risco de AVC por cada incremento de 1 m/seg na VOP. A adi&#231;&#227;o da VOP a um modelo composto pelos fatores de risco cardiovascular convencionais melhorou significativamente a sua capacidade discriminativa para o risco de AVC (C de Harrel aumentou de 0,68 para 0,71 ap&#243;s inclus&#227;o da VOP; p &lt;0,01). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A distensibilidade arterial aferida pela VOP a&#243;rtica &#233; um fator de risco independente de AVC em pacientes hipertensos, sendo recomend&#225;vel a sua integra&#231;&#227;o em programas de follow-up de situa&#231;&#245;es em que o risco cardiovascular &#233; manifesto.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Rigidez Vascular, Hipertens&#227;o, Aorta / anormalidades, Acidente Vascular Cerebral.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, tendo uma importante rela&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e doen&#231;a coronariana<sup>1-3</sup>. Os avan&#231;os no conhecimento da HAS permitem conceitu&#225;-la como uma doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica, fazendo-se acompanhar de altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, na elasticidade arterial, na estrutura da parede arterial e no mioc&#225;rdio<sup>4,5</sup>. A HAS &#233; assim o fator de risco mais importante para a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC, expressando esta rela&#231;&#227;o por pelo menos tr&#234;s vias: les&#227;o focal das art&#233;rias intracerebrais (lipo-hialin&#243;lise), que gera em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise a oclus&#227;o arterial; necrose isqu&#234;mica com consequente surgimento de pequenas cavita&#231;&#245;es cerebrais (enfartes lacunares); rutura das pequenas art&#233;rias intracerebrais, causando hemorragias cerebrais<sup>6,7</sup>. Esta promove ainda hipertrofia e espessamento da camada m&#233;dia das pequenas art&#233;rias intracerebrais, e uma hipoperfus&#227;o e rarefa&#231;&#227;o isqu&#234;mica difusa da subst&#226;ncia branca<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>O aumento da rigidez arterial constitui um dos vetores fisiopatol&#243;gicos da HAS, contribuindo para o aumento do risco cardiovascular pela eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diminui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), o que traduz um contexto de hiperpulsatilidade arterial cuja express&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica mais paradigm&#225;tica &#233; o aumento da press&#227;o de pulso (PP)<sup>8</sup>. associa&#231;&#227;o previamente descrita do risco cardiovascular com a PP est&#225; desta forma interligado a um contexto fisiopatol&#243;gico de redu&#231;&#227;o da distensibilidade das grandes art&#233;rias centrais, da qual esta vari&#225;vel hemodin&#226;mica constitui um indicador grosseiro e pouco sens&#237;vel. A rigidez arterial pode assim ser avaliada, de forma n&#227;o invasiva, atrav&#233;s da velocidade de onda de pulso a&#243;rtica (VOP), sendo esta uma t&#233;cnica rigorosa e com uma s&#243;lida base experimental<sup>9</sup>. Do ponto de vista cl&#237;nico, v&#225;rios estudos t&#234;m mostrado que a VOP &#233; um marcador de risco cardiovascular independente em diversos contextos cl&#237;nicos<sup>1,8-11</sup>. Esta associa&#231;&#227;o decorre em larga medida dos efeitos adversos que a rigidez arterial exerce sobre a circula&#231;&#227;o central e sobre a intera&#231;&#227;o entre o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e a aorta<sup>12,13</sup>. O objetivo deste estudo &#233;, assim, verificar se a VOP prediz o AVC em pacientes hipertensos, para al&#233;m dos fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma amostra<italic> de</italic> 1133 pacientes hipertensos (586 homens e 547 mulheres), de nacionalidade portuguesa, com idade m&#233;dia 51,05 &#177; 12,64 anos (variando dos 19 aos 84 anos), foi inclu&#237;da num estudo de coorte observacional, prospetivo e multic&#234;ntrico. Todos os participantes estavam utilizando medica&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica para a HAS. Os objetivos do estudo foram explicados a todos os participantes e foi obtido o respectivo consentimento informado.</p>
    <p>Todos os participantes foram acompanhados durante 24 meses, com o objetivo de verificar a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores, como o acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), a doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e fal&#234;ncia renal ou card&#237;aca. Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o biom&#233;trica (altura, peso e &#237;ndice de massa corporal). Foi feito o controle da press&#227;o arterial de todos os participantes. Todos os pacientes foram ainda submetidos &#224; determina&#231;&#227;o da VOP a&#243;rtica e a an&#225;lises sangu&#237;neas de rotina. Tamb&#233;m foi recolhida informa&#231;&#227;o sobre h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos, consumo de &#225;lcool e medica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica das Institui&#231;&#245;es envolvidas, em conformidade com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial de repouso foi medida na art&#233;ria umeral ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de repouso de 10 minutos em dec&#250;bito dorsal. Utilizou-se um aparelho autom&#225;tico de medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial clinicamente validado - Classe A - (Colson MAM BP 3AA1-2<sup>&#174;</sup>; Colson, Paris)<sup>14 </sup>com bra&#231;adeira ajustada &#224; circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. Obtiveram-se tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es consecutivas no bra&#231;o direito, com um intervalo de um minuto entre as medi&#231;&#245;es, calculando-se a m&#233;dia das medi&#231;&#245;es efetuadas. Para a an&#225;lise, consideraram-se a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica, diast&#243;lica, m&#233;dia e diferencial, para al&#233;m da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A press&#227;o diferencial foi calculada como a diferen&#231;a entre a PAS e a PAD, e a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia foi obtida pela equa&#231;&#227;o PAM = PAD + 1/3 PP.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Velocidade de onda de pulso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A distensibilidade a&#243;rtica foi avaliada em todos os pacientes atrav&#233;s da determina&#231;&#227;o da velocidade da onda de pulso a&#243;rtica (VOP) com o aparelho Complior<sup>&#174;</sup> (Colson, Paris), de acordo com t&#233;cnica previamente descrita<sup>15</sup>. Resumidamente, a VOP foi calculada pela rela&#231;&#227;o dist&#226;ncia/tempo (metros/segundo), com avalia&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea da onda de pulso na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida direita e na art&#233;ria femoral direita. As determina&#231;&#245;es da VOP foram realizadas pelo mesmo operador e a qualidade dos registros foi avaliada por dois observadores independentes com grande experi&#234;ncia nesta metodologia. A reprodutibilidade dessas estimativas no nosso laborat&#243;rio, previamente determinada, compreende coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o superiores a 0,9 (0,98 e 0,95 respectivamente para diferen&#231;as inter e intraobservador)<sup>16</sup>. A normalidade da VOP foi definida com base nos crit&#233;rios de normalidade na popula&#231;&#227;o portuguesa recentemente publicados, consistindo numa defini&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica com base no percentil 95 ajustado ao sexo e idade, determinados numa amostra de indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis<sup>17</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados relativos aos pacientes da amostra foram informatizados e tratados com o aux&#237;lio do programa <italic>STATA</italic> para <italic>Windows</italic>, vers&#227;o 11.0. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi testada, quanto &#224; normalidade, pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, e quanto &#224; homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias, pelo teste de Levene. Recorreu-se a uma estat&#237;stica descritiva simples para carateriza&#231;&#227;o geral da amostra e da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis. Para avaliar a capacidade discriminativa/progn&#243;stica global da VOP para AVC, recorreu-se a curvas <italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic> (ROC). Foram estimadas curvas de sobrevida segundo o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meyer, com compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos pelo teste <italic>log-rank</italic>. Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox foi aplicada para determinar a influ&#234;ncia da VOP na ocorr&#234;ncia do evento definido, ap&#243;s a verifica&#231;&#227;o do cumprimento dos requisitos estat&#237;sticos de proporcionalidade dos riscos. Para comparar o poder discriminativo da VOP, estimaram-se medidas de ajustamento do modelo (teste de raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a, o crit&#233;rio de informa&#231;&#227;o de Akaike e o crit&#233;rio de informa&#231;&#227;o bayesiano de Schwartz), de discrimina&#231;&#227;o (coeficiente C de <italic>Harrel</italic>) e de calibra&#231;&#227;o (teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow).</p>
    <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos foram realizadas atrav&#233;s do teste &#967;2 para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, ou do teste <italic>t</italic> de <italic>Student</italic> (2 grupos), ou ANOVA com <italic>post-hoc</italic> de Tukey (3 grupos) para vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal.</p>
    <p>O crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica utilizado foi um valor de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05 para um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carater&#237;sticas gerais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As carater&#237;sticas gerais da popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa estudada est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5042tab01">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5042tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0437-30079-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A idade m&#233;dia foi de 51,05 &#177; 12,64 anos, variando entre os 19 e os 91 anos, com propor&#231;&#227;o semelhante de homens e mulheres (51,7% e 48,3%, respectivamente).</p>
    <p>Relativamente aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares, 30% tinham dislipidemia, 12% eram diab&#233;ticos, 10% eram fumantes e 2% tiveram AVC durante o <italic>follow-up</italic>. </p>
    <p>A VOP foi categorizada em normal ou anormal, de acordo com crit&#233;rios de normalidade para a VOP na popula&#231;&#227;o portuguesa, previamente publicados<sup>17</sup>. O grupo de VOP elevada revelou uma idade m&#233;dia superior, um maior IMC, n&#237;veis tensionais mais elevados e uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes diab&#233;ticos. Curiosamente, a propor&#231;&#227;o de fumantes foi menor no grupo de VOP aumentada.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_5042fig01">Figura 1</xref> mostra a curva de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meyer para a sobrevida livre de AVC, de acordo com a categoria de VOP. Verifica-se uma diferen&#231;a clara entre os grupos, sendo que, ao fim de dois anos de <italic>follow-up</italic>, a sobrevida livre de AVC &#233; maior nos pacientes com VOP normal, cerca de 99,22%, contrastando com os 96,75% documentados no grupo com VOP aumentada. Neste sentido, a incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de AVC no grupo com VOP aumentada foi de 3,25% (IC: 1,97% - 5,25%), em compara&#231;&#227;o com 0,78% (IC: 0,28% - 1,87%) no grupo com VOP normal, correspondendo a um risco relativo (RR) de 4,15 (IC: 1,53 - 11,26), a uma diferen&#231;a de risco de 2,46% (IC: 0,76% - 4,17%) e a uma fra&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica de risco nos pacientes com VOP aumentada de 75,93% (IC: 34,75% - 91,12%).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_5042fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0437-30079-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox foi utilizada para identificar os principais determinantes da ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC na coorte analisada. Na an&#225;lise univari&#225;vel para a ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC (cf. <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5042tab02">Tabela 2</xref>), utilizando os fatores de risco idade, sexo, IMC, PAM, diabetes, dislipidemia, tabaco e VOP (classificada com base no percentil 95), verificou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa da VOP com o AVC, com um <italic>hazard ratio</italic> (HR) de 5,29 (IC: 1,93 - 14,54). Considerando a rela&#231;&#227;o do risco de AVC com a VOP em termos absolutos, extraiu-se um HR de 1,29 (IC: 1,07 - 1,55).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5042tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0437-30079-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivari&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5042tab03">Tabela 3</xref>), ajustando o modelo para fatores de risco cardiovascular convencionais, a VOP permaneceu um preditor independente de AVC, com um HR de 4,89 (IC: 1,71 - 14). Replicada a an&#225;lise multivari&#225;vel, incluindo no modelo de regress&#227;o a VOP como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua, verificou-se um incremento no risco de AVC de cerca de 40% por cada 1 m/seg de incremento na VOP, independentemente de outros fatores de risco cardiovascular (HR = 1,40; 1,13 - 1,73; p = 0,002).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5042tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0437-30079-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Para avaliar de que forma a adi&#231;&#227;o da VOP aos fatores de risco cardiovascular cl&#225;ssicos melhorou a capacidade discriminativa para AVC, procedemos a uma an&#225;lise complementar de ajustamento de modelo, resumida na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5042tab04">Tabela 4</xref>. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_5042tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0437-30079-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Adicionando a VOP a&#243;rtica &#224;s vari&#225;veis idade e sexo, verificou-se uma melhoria significativa na discrimina&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia de AVC, como &#233; descrito nas medidas consideradas de ajuste do modelo. O coeficiente C melhorou de 0,61 para 0,69, com a adi&#231;&#227;o da VOP ao modelo, traduzindo assim uma melhoria na discrimina&#231;&#227;o do risco.Verificamos tamb&#233;m que a adi&#231;&#227;o da VOP provocou uma melhoria discriminativa global no modelo apresentado, aspeto refor&#231;ado pela redu&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de informa&#231;&#227;o de Akaike e pelo crit&#233;rio de informa&#231;&#227;o bayesiano de Schwartz. A adi&#231;&#227;o da VOP a um modelo de risco incluindo a idade, sexo, IMC, tabagismo, diabetes melito, dislipidemia e a PAM, revelou igualmente uma melhoria significativa na capacidade discriminativa global, com um aumento no coeficiente C de 0,68 para 0,71, e uma melhoria nos demais indicadores de ajustamento do modelo e calibra&#231;&#227;o (cf. <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_5042tab04">Tabela 4</xref>). Em termos globais, podemos verificar que a capacidade discriminativa melhorou nos modelos testados, indicando claramente a VOP como um fator de risco a considerar na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de AVC em pacientes hipertensos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A distensibilidade arterial &#233; uma &#225;rea importante na pesquisa cardiovascular, em especial devido ao seu valor na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. A VOP &#233; sem d&#250;vida o melhor indicador da rigidez a&#243;rtica e est&#225; inequivocamente relacionada com a mortalidade e morbilidade cardiovascular em pacientes com diabetes, hipertens&#227;o, nos idosos e na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral<sup>18-21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Um dos primeiros estudos a fornecer evid&#234;ncia direta da associa&#231;&#227;o da rigidez a&#243;rtica com a mortalidade global e mortalidade cardiovascular em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o foi publicado em 2001<sup>19</sup>. Neste estudo, a VOP associou-se significativamente com a mortalidade global e cardiovascular num modelo univariado de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, traduzindo-se esta associa&#231;&#227;o por um <italic>odds ratio</italic> (OR) respetivamente de 2,14 (IC: 1,71 - 2,67, p &lt; 0,0001) e de 2,35 (IC: 1,76 - 3,14, p &lt; 0,0001) por cada aumento de 1-DP da VOP a&#243;rtica. Nos modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, a VOP associou-se significativamente com todas as causas de morte, independentemente de outros fatores de risco, como a idade e a diabetes.</p>
    <p>Mais recentemente, o estudo EDIVA veio confirmar a VOP como um marcador independente de risco cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, com um HR ajustado de 1,316 por cada 1 m/s de aumento na VOP<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo acrescentam-se &#224;s evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis, tornando inequ&#237;voca a import&#226;ncia da VOP para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular na popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa, acima de fatores de risco cardiovasculares convencionais. De fato, acrescentando a VOP no modelo de ajustamento e discrimina&#231;&#227;o, verificou-se claramente um aperfei&#231;oamento nos crit&#233;rios de pontua&#231;&#227;o e calibra&#231;&#227;o do modelo. Em termos globais, foi verificado que a capacidade discriminativa melhora com a incorpora&#231;&#227;o da VOP, o que indica claramente que, mais do que um marcador de les&#227;o subcl&#237;nica de &#243;rg&#227;o<sup>19,21,22</sup>, a VOP a&#243;rtica constitui, acima de tudo, um verdadeiro fator de risco para AVC. O elevado poder discriminativo da VOP na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de AVC foi consubstanciado na an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meyer, onde verificamos uma melhor sobrevida livre de AVC nos hipertensos com VOP normal. Ali&#225;s, a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox multivari&#225;vel coloca a VOP como um determinante independente do AVC, aumentando o risco deste evento cardiovascular em cerca de 40% por cada incremento de 1m/seg na VOP.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos, com objetivo semelhante, t&#234;m sido publicados no decorrer dos &#250;ltimos anos, demonstrando uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre o aumento da VOP e o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e AVC em hipertensos<sup>5,14,18</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios mecanismos podem explicar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre aumento da VOP e o AVC. Em primeiro lugar, a rigidez arterial pode favorecer a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cerebrovasculares atrav&#233;s de um aumento da PP na regi&#227;o central. A amplitude da PP pode influenciar a remodelagem das art&#233;rias extracranianas e intracranianas, aumentando a espessura das paredes das car&#243;tidas, promovendo os processos ateroscler&#243;ticos, aumentando a probabilidade de rutura de placas vulner&#225;veis e contribuindo de forma expressiva para a preval&#234;ncia e gravidade de les&#245;es cerebrais na subst&#226;ncia branca cerebral. A aterosclerose e as placas que surgem pelo aumento da espessura comum da <italic>intima-media</italic> nas car&#243;tidas est&#227;o de fato relacionadas com les&#245;es cerebrais na subst&#226;ncia branca.</p>
    <p>Em segundo lugar, a medi&#231;&#227;o da rigidez da aorta, que integra as altera&#231;&#245;es da parede arterial, pode tamb&#233;m refletir les&#245;es arteriais expressas a n&#237;vel sist&#234;mico. De fato, o enrijecimento a&#243;rtico que acompanha a idade e fatores de risco cardiovasculares s&#227;o causados por v&#225;rios fen&#244;menos, incluindo fibrose, necrose do m&#250;sculo liso medial, rutura nas fibras de elastina, calcifica&#231;&#245;es e difus&#227;o de macromol&#233;culas dentro da parede arterial, aspectos que tamb&#233;m t&#234;m sido descritos ao n&#237;vel da vasculatura cerebral. Em terceiro lugar, a doen&#231;a coronariana e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que s&#227;o favorecidas pela alta PP e a rigidez arterial, tamb&#233;m s&#227;o fatores de risco para acidente vascular cerebral<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>Considerando globalmente as evid&#234;ncias atuais, &#233; inequ&#237;voca a rela&#231;&#227;o da VOP com o risco cardiovascular, constituindo a VOP um poderoso marcador de risco de AVC e um excelente preditor independente do mesmo. Os resultados reportados permitem consolidar o papel deste par&#226;metro hemodin&#226;mico na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de AVC, indicando claramente que a VOP constitui, mais do que um marcador de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;o, um verdadeiro fator de risco independente. Dessa forma, tornam-se prementes a incorpora&#231;&#227;o do conceito de distensibilidade arterial na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e a sua difus&#227;o com vista &#224; otimiza&#231;&#227;o das decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas nos v&#225;rios n&#237;veis de preven&#231;&#227;o, mas com particular import&#226;ncia ao n&#237;vel da preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.</p>
    <p>Se a VOP dever&#225; constituir um alvo terap&#234;utico &#233; um aspeto que permanece ainda por esclarecer, bem como a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos f&#225;rmacos mais adequados para uma modula&#231;&#227;o positiva da fisiologia arterial neste contexto fisiopatol&#243;gico particular. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de ensaios cl&#237;nicos incorporando a VOP como <italic>endpoint</italic> permitir&#225; no futuro corresponder a esta quest&#227;o fundamental. Por outro lado, surge a necessidade de maior padroniza&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial, bem como a ades&#227;o &#224;s principais recomenda&#231;&#245;es que orientam a aplica&#231;&#227;o desses conceitos<sup>15</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da VOP a&#243;rtica afirma-se como um verdadeiro fator de risco cardiovascular, emergindo como uma forma simples e atraente para alargar a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do conceito de rigidez arterial e adapt&#225;-lo &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica quotidiana, podendo contribuir de forma decisiva para melhorar a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular e, particularmente, o risco de AVC.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Telmo Pereira </p>
        <p> Rua General Humberto Delgado, 102, Lousa </p>
        <p> CEP 3200-107, Coimbra - Portugal </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="telmopereira@spc.pt">telmopereira@spc.pt</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="telmo@estescoimbra.pt">telmo@estescoimbra.pt</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 02/08/12; revisado em 01/09/12; aceito em 09/11/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of stroke in hypertensive patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in developed countries and is not entirely predicted by classic risk factors. Increased arterial stiffness is an important determinant of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To assess whether Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) predicts the occurrence of stroke in hypertensive patients METHODS: A cohort, observational and prospective study, including 1133 hypertensive patients (586 men), with a mean age 51.05 &#177; 12.64 years, was designed. PWV with the Complior method was performed in all patients, as well as a detailed clinical evaluation and blood pressure measurement. RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of stroke in hypertensive patients with increased PWV was 3.25% (CI: 1.97% -5.25%), compared with 0.78% (CI: 0.28% -1.87%) in hypertensive patients with normal PWV (Risk Ratio (RR) =4.15; CI:1.53-11.26). In a multivariate analysis, adjusting the model to classical cardiovascular risk factors, PWV was an independent predictor of stroke, with a Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.40 (CI:1.13-1.73, p&lt;0.001), indicating a 40% increase in the risk of stroke per 1m/s increment in PWV. The addition of PWV to a model consisting of conventional cardiovascular risk factors significantly improved the discriminative capacity for stroke (Harrell's C increased from 0.68 to 0.71 after the inclusion of the PWV; p&lt;0.01). CONCLUSION: Aortic PWV is a risk factor for stroke in hypertensive patients, and its integration into clinical follow-up programs in patients whose cardiovascular risk is manifest is strongly recommended.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Vascular Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of stroke in hypertensive patients</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Telmo Pereira<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Maldonado<sup>II</sup>; Liliana Pereira<sup>I</sup>; Jorge Conde<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra - Portugal</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in developed countries and is not entirely predicted by classic risk factors. Increased arterial stiffness is an important determinant of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess whether Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) predicts the occurrence of stroke in hypertensive patients</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A cohort, observational and prospective study, including 1133 hypertensive patients (586 men), with a mean age 51.05 &#177; 12.64 years, was designed. PWV with the Complior method was performed in all patients, as well as a detailed clinical evaluation and blood pressure measurement.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The cumulative incidence of stroke in hypertensive patients with increased PWV was 3.25% (CI: 1.97% -5.25%), compared with 0.78% (CI: 0.28% -1.87%) in hypertensive patients with normal PWV (Risk Ratio (RR) =4.15; CI:1.53-11.26). In a multivariate analysis, adjusting the model to classical cardiovascular risk factors, PWV was an independent predictor of stroke, with a Hazard Ratio (HR) = 1.40 (CI:1.13-1.73, p&lt;0.001), indicating a 40% increase in the risk of stroke per 1m/s increment in PWV. The addition of PWV to a model consisting of conventional cardiovascular risk factors significantly improved the discriminative capacity for stroke (Harrell's C increased from 0.68 to 0.71 after the inclusion of the PWV; p&lt;0.01).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Aortic PWV is a risk factor for stroke in hypertensive patients, and its integration into clinical follow-up programs in patients whose cardiovascular risk is manifest is strongly recommended.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Vascular Stiffness; Hypertension; Aorta / abnormalities; Stroke.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, and is closely related to stroke and coronary disease<sup>1-3</sup>. The advancing knowledge in SAH allow us to consider it a systemic disease associated to endothelial function, arterial elasticity, arterial wall structure and myocardial changes<sup>4,5</sup>. Thus, SAH is the most important stroke risk factor, due to at least three reasons: focal damage to intracerebral arteries (lipohyalinolysis), leading ultimately to arterial occlusion; ischemic necrosis and the subsequent appearance of small brain cavities (lacunar infarcts); and small intracerebral arteries rupture, leading to cerebral hemorragies<sup>6,7</sup>. SAH also promotes media hypertrophy and thickening in the small intracerebral arteries and diffuse ischemic rarefaction and hypoperfusion of the white matter<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The increased arterial stiffness is one of the pathophysiological vectors of SAH, contributing to the enhanced cardiovascular risk by increasing systolic blood pressure (SBP) and reducing diastolic blood pressure (DBP), leading to arterial hyperpulsatility, whose most important hemodynamic paradigm is the increased pulse pressure (PP)<sup>8</sup>. Thus, the previously described association between cardiovascular risk and PP is related to a pathophysiological context that includes the great central arteries reduced distensibility, of which this hemodynamic variable is a rough and poorly sensitive indicator. Therefore, arterial stiffness can be non-invasively evaluated by the aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), a rigorous technique with solid experimental support<sup>9</sup>. From a clinical point of view, studies have shown that PWV is an independent cardiovascular risk marker in various clinical contexts<sup>1,8-11</sup>. This association is largely derived from the adverse effects exerted by the arterial stiffness over central circulation and the interaction between the left ventricle (LV) and the aorta<sup>12,13</sup>. The aim of this study is to verify if PWV predicts stroke in hypertensive patients, on top of the traditional cardiovascular risk factors.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A sample of 1133 Portuguese hypertensive patients (586 men and 547 women), with mean age of 51.05 &#177; 12,64 years (ranging from 19 to 84 years old), was included in an observational, prospective and multicentric cohort study. All the participants were chronically taking drugs for treating SAH. The study's objectives were explained to all the participants, and the respective informed consent was obtained.</p>
      <p>All participants were followed for 24 months for verifying the occurrence of major cardiovascular events, such as stroke, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), peripheral artery disease, revascularization and cardiac or renal failure. All individuals were submitted to biometric evaluation (height, weight, and body mass index). Blood pressure was controlled in all participants. All patients were also submitted to routine blood tests and aortic PWV determination. Information was collected on smoking habits, alcohol consumption and drugs taken.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the Ethics Committees of the Institutions involved, in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood pressure measurement</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood pressure was measured at rest at the humeral artery, after resting for 10 minutes in supine position. A clinically validated automatic device (Class A - Colson MAM BP 3AA1-2&#174;; Colson, Paris)<sup>14</sup>, with a cuff adjusted to arm circumference, was used for measuring blood pressure. Three consecutive measurements were done on the right arm, with an interval of one minute between them, and the mean was calculated. Systolic, diastolic, mean and differential blood pressures were considered in the analysis, as well as heart rate. The differential pressure was calculated as the difference between SBP and DBP, and mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) was obtained by the equation MBP = DBP + 1/3 PP.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Pulse wave velocity</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aortic distensibility was evaluated by means of the aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) determination with the Complior<sup>&#174;</sup> device (Colson, Paris), according to a previously described technique<sup>15</sup>. Briefly, PWV was calculated by the distance/time rate (m/s), simultaneously measuring the right carotid artery and the right femoral artery pulse wave velocities. PWVs were determined by the same operator and the quality of the measurements was verified by two independent observers with large experience in this measurement. The previously determined reproducibility of these estimates in our laboratory comprises correlation coefficients higher than 0.9 (0.98 and 0.95, respectively, for inter- and intra-observer differences)<sup>16</sup>. Normal PWV definition was based on the recently published normal values for the Portuguese population, a statistic definition based on the 95th percentile adjusted to age and gender and determined on a sample of healthy individuals<sup>17</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Patients' data was computerized and treated with STATA software for Windows, version 11.0. The variables were tested for normal distribution by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and, for variance homogeneity, by the Levene test. Simple descriptive statistics were used for the general characterization of the sample and variable distribution. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves were used for evaluating the global prognostic/discriminatory capacity of PWC in stroke. Survival curves were estimated by the Kaplan-Meyer method, and the groups were compared using the log-rank test. Cox regression analysis was applied to determine the influence of PWV in the defined event occurrence, after verifying compliance to the risk proportionality statistic requirements. Measurements for model adjustment (likelihood ratio test, Akaike information criterion and Schwartz Bayesian information criterion), discrimination (Harrel's C coefficient) and calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test) were estimated to allow the comparison of the discriminative power of PWV.</p>
      <p>Comparisons between groups were done by the &#967;2 test for categorical variables, or the Student's t test (2 groups) or ANOVA Tukey's post-hoc test (3 groups) with quantitative variable with normal distribution.</p>
      <p>The statistical significance criterion was a value of p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.5 with a 95% confidence interval.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>General features</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The general characteristics of the hypertensive study population are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5042tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_5042tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0437-30079-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Mean age was 51.05 &#177; 12.64 years old, ranging from 19 to 91, with similar proportions observed among men and women (51.7% and 48.3%, respectively).</p>
      <p>Regarding cardiovascular risk factors, 30% of the patients had dyslipidemia, 12% were diabetic, 10% were smokers and 2% had a stroke during the follow-up period.</p>
      <p>PWV was considered normal or abnormal according to previously published normal criteria for the Portuguese population<sup>17</sup>. The high PWV group had higher mean age, higher BMI, higher blood pressure levels and a higher proportion of diabetic patients. Curiously, the smoker's rate was lower.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_5042fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the Kaplan-Meyer survival curve for stroke-free survival, according to PWV category. A clear difference can be observed between groups so that, after two years' follow-up, stroke-free survival is greater in patients with normal PWV (approximately 99.22%), as compared to the 96.75% found in the increased PWV group. Thus, the cumulative stroke incidence in the increased PWV group was 3.25% (CI: 1.97%-5.25%), compared to 0.78% (CI: 0.28% - 1.87%) in the normal PWV group, a relative risk (RR) of 4.15 (CI: 1.53 - 11.26), a risk difference of 2.46% (CI: 0,76% - 4.17%) and a risk etiologic fraction of 75.93% (CI: 34.75% - 91.12%) in patients with increased PWV.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      <p>Cox regression analysis was used to identify the main determinants of stroke occurrence in the analyzed cohort. At the univariate analysis for stroke occurrence (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5042tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>) based on the risk factors age, gender, BMI, MBP, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking status and PWV (classified according to the 95th percentile), a statistically significant association was found between PWV and stroke, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 5.29 (CI: 1.93-14.54). A HR of 1.29 (CI: 1.07-1.55) was obtained taking into account the absolute relationship of stroke risk and PWV.</p>
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      <p>PWV remained as an independent stroke predictor with an HR of 4.89 (CI: 1.71 - 14) in the multivariate regression analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5042tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>), adjusting the model for conventional cardiovascular risk factors. When the multivariate analysis was replicated adding PWV as a continuous variable, an increase of 40% of the stroke risk was verified for each 1 m/s increase in PWV, independently from other cardiovascular risk factor (HR = 1.40; 1.13 - 1.73; p = 0.002).</p>
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      <p>We performed a complementary analysis for model adjustment (summarized on <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5042tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>) in order to evaluate how the addition of PWV to the classic risk factors would improve the discriminative capacity for stroke.</p>
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      </p>
      <p>When aortic PWV was added to age and gender, a significant improvement was observed in stroke occurrence discrimination, as described in the measurements considered while adjusting the model. The C coefficient improved from 0.61 to 0.69 after PWV was added to the model, a change translated as an improvement in risk discrimination. We have also verified that adding PWV led to a global improvement in the discrimination capacity of the presented model, an aspect that was reinforced by the reduction observed in the Akaike information criteria and Schwartz Bayesian information criterion. Adding PWV to a risk model that included age, gender, BMI, smoking status, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and MBP led equally to a significant improvement in the global discrimination capacity, an increase of the C coefficient (from 0.68 to 0.71) and an improvement of the other calibration and model adjustment indicators (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_5042tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>). Globally, we can observe that the discriminative capacity improved in the tested models, indicating clearly that PWV is to be considered a risk factor in stroke risk stratification in hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Arterial distensibility is an important field in cardiovascular research, particularly due to its value in risk stratification in various clinical situations. PWV is definitely the best indicator of aortic stiffness and is unequivocally related to cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes, hypertension, the elderly and the general population<sup>18-21</sup>.</p>
      <p>One of the first studies to provide direct evidence of the association of aortic stiffness with global and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients was published in 2001<sup>19</sup>. In this study, PWV was significantly associated with global and cardiovascular mortality in an univariate logistic regression model; this association was demonstrated by an odds ratio (OR) of, respectively, 2.14 (CI: 1.71-2.67, p&lt;0.0001) and 2.35 (CI: 1.76-3.14, p&lt;0.0001) for each 1 SD of aortic PWV. In the multivariate logistic regression models, PWV was significantly associated with death due to all causes, independent from other risk factors, such as age and diabetes.</p>
      <p>More recently, the EDIVA study confirmed PWV as an independent marker of cardiovascular risk in the general population, with an adjusted HR of 1.316 for each 1 m/s increase in PWV<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study's results add to the available evidence and make PWV unequivocally important for cardiovascular risk stratification in the hypertensive population, on top of the conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Indeed, when PWV was added to the discrimination and adjustment model, clear improvement was verified in the model's calibration and scoring criteria. Globally, discriminative capacity improved as PWV was incorporated in the model, clearly indicating that, more than a marker of organ subclinical damage<sup>19,21,22</sup>, aortic PWV is, above all, a true stroke risk factor. The high discriminative power of PWV was corroborated by Kaplan-Meyer analysis that showed better stroke-free survival in hypertensive patients with normal PWV. For that matter, multivariate Cox regression analysis places PWV as an independent determining factor for stroke, increasing the risk of this cardiovascular event approximately 40% for each 1 m/s increase in PWV.</p>
      <p>A number of studies with similar objectives have been published in the last few years, showing a strong association between PWV increase and stroke and cardiovascular complications in patients with high blood pressure<sup>5,14,18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Various mechanisms can explain the association between PWC increase and stroke. First, arterial stiffness can favor the occurrence of cerebrovascular events by increasing PP at the central region. PP amplitude can influence intra- and extracranial arteries remodeling, increasing carotid wall thickness, promoting atherosclerosis, increasing the likelihood of vulnerable plaque rupture and contributing significantly to the prevalence and severity of white matter brain lesions. Both atherosclerosis and the plaques that appear as a consequence to the common thickness increase of the intima and media layers in the carotid walls are indeed related to white matter brain lesions.</p>
      <p>Second, aortic stiffness measurements, including arterial wall changes, may also reflect systemic arterial lesions. In fact, the aortic stiffness related to age and other cardiovascular risk factors has numerous causes, such as fibrosis, medial smooth muscle necrosis, elastin fiber rupture, calcifications and macromolecule diffusion within the arterial wall, factors that have already been described in the brain vasculature. Third, heart failure and coronary disease, favored by high PP and arterial stiffness, are also risk factors for stroke<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>Taking into account current evidence, the relationship between PWV and cardiovascular risk factors is clear, and PWC can be considered a powerful stroke risk indicator and an excellent independent stroke predictor. The reported results allow the consolidation of the role of this hemodynamic parameter in stroke risk stratification, clearly indicating that PWV is, more than an organ lesion marker, a true independent risk factor. Thus, the incorporation of the arterial distensibility concept in clinical practice and its diffusion aiming to optimize clinical decision is imperative, especially at the primary prevention level.</p>
      <p>It is not clear whether PWV should constitute a therapeutic target, and the most adequate drugs for positive modulation of the arterial physiology in this particular pathophysiological context remain to be identified. Future studies having PWV as an endpoint will allow us to answer this fundamental issue. On the other side, better standardization of arterial stiffness evaluation methods is needed, as well as adherence to the main recommendations guiding the application of these concepts<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Aortic PWV analysis has established itself as a true cardiovascular risk factor, emerging as an attractive and simple manner of broadening the arterial stiffness concept and adapting it to daily clinical practice, contributing decisively to improve cardiovascular and, particularly, stroke risk evaluation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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