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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">GzmD4KQmyz58bvC6Jgf7dvB</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000500006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130091</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Progn&#243;stico da incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica em idosos diab&#233;ticos &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Franco Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Carlos Sizino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>S&#225; Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Arestides de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Enaldo Vieira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Nathalie Oliveira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Terra Fonseca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Dantas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Joselina Luzia Menezes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sergipe</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>429</fpage>
      <lpage>436</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2013</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica (IC), definida como a incapacidade de atingir no esfor&#231;o 80% da frequ&#234;ncia de reserva esperada para a idade, &#233; um fator preditor de mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares e pode conferir pior progn&#243;stico a grupos em expans&#227;o devido ao acelerado processo de envelhecimento populacional, como em idosos diab&#233;ticos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da IC em idosos diab&#233;ticos considerando desfechos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (DCV) e &#243;bito geral, e comparar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas entre os que t&#234;m IC e os que n&#227;o t&#234;m. M&#201;TODO: Foram estudados 298 pacientes idosos e diab&#233;ticos submetidos a ecocardiografia de estresse sob esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico (EF), de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2010. Destes, 109 eram incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos, grupo G1, e foram comparados aos competentes, grupo G2, quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. RESULTADOS: O grupo G1, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, apresentou maior frequ&#234;ncia de DCV (9,2% &#215; 3,2; p = 0,027) e maior frequ&#234;ncia de &#243;bito para aqueles que sofreram DCV ou IAM. Angina t&#237;pica e dispneia pr&#233;vias &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da EF e sexo masculino foram mais frequentes no G1. A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas demonstrou que o &#237;ndice do escore de motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IEMVE) de repouso e de esfor&#231;o, o &#237;ndice de massa do VE (ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) e o di&#226;metro do AE (&#225;trio esquerdo) foram maiores entre os incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos. CONCLUS&#195;O: A IC foi associada, de forma independente, &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de DCV em idosos diab&#233;ticos</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Envelhecimento da Popula&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Mec&#226;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Progn&#243;stico da incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica em idosos diab&#233;ticos &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Juliana Silva Santana<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Carlos Sizino Franco Filho<sup>I</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Arestides de S&#225; Neto<sup>I</sup>; Enaldo Vieira de Melo<sup>I</sup>; Nathalie Oliveira de Santana<sup>I</sup>; Ana Terra Fonseca Barreto<sup>I</sup>; Luiza Dantas Melo<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto Filho<sup>I,II</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I,II</sup>; Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital e Cl&#237;nica S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica (IC), definida como a incapacidade de atingir no esfor&#231;o 80% da frequ&#234;ncia de reserva esperada para a idade, &#233; um fator preditor de mortalidade e eventos cardiovasculares e pode conferir pior progn&#243;stico a grupos em expans&#227;o devido ao acelerado processo de envelhecimento populacional, como em idosos diab&#233;ticos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da IC em idosos diab&#233;ticos considerando desfechos com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (DCV) e &#243;bito geral, e comparar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas entre os que t&#234;m IC e os que n&#227;o t&#234;m. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODO:</bold> Foram estudados 298 pacientes idosos e diab&#233;ticos submetidos a ecocardiografia de estresse sob esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico (EF), de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2010. Destes, 109 eram incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos, grupo G1, e foram comparados aos competentes, grupo G2, quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O grupo G1, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, apresentou maior frequ&#234;ncia de DCV (9,2% &#215; 3,2; p = 0,027) e maior frequ&#234;ncia de &#243;bito para aqueles que sofreram DCV ou IAM. Angina t&#237;pica e dispneia pr&#233;vias &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da EF e sexo masculino foram mais frequentes no G1. A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas demonstrou que o &#237;ndice do escore de motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IEMVE) de repouso e de esfor&#231;o, o &#237;ndice de massa do VE (ventr&#237;culo esquerdo) e o di&#226;metro do AE (&#225;trio esquerdo) foram maiores entre os incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A IC foi associada, de forma independente, &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de DCV em idosos diab&#233;ticos</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Envelhecimento da Popula&#231;&#227;o, Diabetes Mellitus, Ecocardiografia, Estresse Mec&#226;nico, Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O envelhecimento populacional acelerado que ocorre, principalmente, em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento como o Brasil relaciona-se com o aumento de preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, como diabetes melito (DM) e doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup>1</sup>. As principais causas de morte, tanto em idosos como em diab&#233;ticos, s&#227;o a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) e a doen&#231;a cerebrovascular (DCV)<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>A incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica (IC) &#233; caracterizada como a incapacidade de atingir no esfor&#231;o 80% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de reserva esperada para a idade e &#233; um fator preditor de mortalidade e eventos card&#237;acos adversos, mesmo em popula&#231;&#245;es saud&#225;veis<sup>3-8</sup>. Apesar disso, a IC ainda n&#227;o &#233; utilizada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e suas implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas s&#227;o subestimadas<sup>9</sup>. Embora seu mecanismo subjacente n&#227;o seja bem definido, algumas hip&#243;teses v&#234;m sendo propostas, dentre elas a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica<sup>10</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para se obter o diagn&#243;stico e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares &#233; necess&#225;rio o emprego racional de exames complementares de imagem com acur&#225;cia comprovada, destacando-se dentre eles a ecocardiografia sob estresse pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico (EF)<sup>11</sup>. A EF, metodologia diagn&#243;stica introduzida em 1979, vem evoluindo progressiva e significativamente nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, e tem import&#226;ncia central no diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo da isquemia e viabilidade mioc&#225;rdicas, estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e progn&#243;stico de pacientes com DAC estabelecida<sup>12,13</sup>. O estresse por esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico &#233; indicado como primeira escolha nos pacientes com capacidade f&#237;sica preservada<sup>12,14,15</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios autores demonstraram que a EF apresenta sensibilidade semelhante &#224; da cintilografia de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, mas com maior especificidade, possuindo tamb&#233;m maior sensibilidade e especificidade que o teste ergom&#233;trico convencional<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente trabalho tem o intuito de observar os idosos diab&#233;ticos submetidos &#224; EF com IC e compar&#225;-los com os competentes cronotr&#243;picos, com o objetivo de avaliar o valor progn&#243;stico da IC nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, considerando como desfecho: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, &#243;bito geral e &#243;bito cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trata-se de um estudo de coorte retrospectiva de 298 pacientes idosos e diab&#233;ticos submetidos &#224; EF, no per&#237;odo entre janeiro de 2001 e dezembro de 2010, no laborat&#243;rio de ecocardiografia do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (Ecolab). O seguimento foi realizado atrav&#233;s de contato telef&#244;nico a cada dois anos a partir de 2005. Nos casos em que o paciente ou familiar tenha afirmado na liga&#231;&#227;o telef&#244;nica a ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho, a informa&#231;&#227;o foi ratificada atrav&#233;s de resultados de exames e respectivas condutas ou de revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio; o &#243;bito foi ratificado no sistema de informa&#231;&#227;o da secretaria estadual de sa&#250;de. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que apresentavam imagem de m&#225; qualidade, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar significativa, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou impossibilidade de contato telef&#244;nico. O banco de dados foi preenchido com informa&#231;&#245;es colhidas de um question&#225;rio estruturado contendo dados cl&#237;nicos, par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (resultados da EF) e informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os eventos. O estudo foi realizado por dois observadores do mesmo servi&#231;o com larga experi&#234;ncia em EF, seguindo o mesmo protocolo. Para a an&#225;lise, os 298 pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo G1, com 109 pacientes que foram incapazes de atingir 80% da FC de reserva estimada para a idade durante a EF e, portanto, preenchiam crit&#233;rio para IC; grupo G2, com 189 pacientes que atingiram 80% da FC de reserva estimada para a idade e, portanto, considerados pacientes do grupo controle. Os grupos foram comparados quanto &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>Os princ&#237;pios &#233;ticos que regem a experimenta&#231;&#227;o humana foram cuidadosamente seguidos e, previamente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da EF, todos os pacientes assinaram termo de consentimento informado, autorizando o uso dos dados contidos no question&#225;rio para realiza&#231;&#227;o de pesquisas e divulga&#231;&#227;o posterior dos dados. O trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados cl&#237;nicos foram colhidos e registrados atrav&#233;s de entrevistas realizadas antes do procedimento. Foi utilizado um question&#225;rio estruturado que investigava peso, altura, sintomas, medica&#231;&#245;es, fatores de risco para DAC, hist&#243;rico de cardiopatia. Definiu-se obesidade como &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea maior que 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Ademais, os resultados de exames laboratoriais pr&#233;vios foram registrados.</p>
    <p>Definiu-se hipercolesterolemia como n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de colesterol total superior a 200 mg/dL (ap&#243;s jejum de 12 h) e hipertrigliceridemia como n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de triglic&#233;rides superior a 150 mg/dL (ap&#243;s jejum de 12 h) ou uso de agente antilipid&#234;mico (estatinas e/ou fibratos). Considerou-se hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica quando os pacientes informavam ter esse diagn&#243;stico (n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos aferidos no membro superior, em repouso, maiores ou iguais a 140 &#215; 90 medidos pelo m&#233;dico assistente) ou quando faziam uso de medica&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva.</p>
    <p>Diabetes melito foi definido pela presen&#231;a de glicemia em jejum acima de 126 mg/d ou pelo uso de insulina ou agentes hipoglicemiantes orais.</p>
    <p>Definiu-se IAM como aumento e diminui&#231;&#227;o caracter&#237;sticos de marcadores espec&#237;ficos para detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica associado a pelo menos uma das condi&#231;&#245;es seguintes: a) sintomas isqu&#234;micos indicativos de isquemia (eleva&#231;&#227;o ou depress&#227;o dos seguimento ST); b) desenvolvimento de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas no eletrocardiograma; c) outras altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas sugestivas. Identificou-se infarto do mioc&#225;rdio por meio de hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica, exames complementares pr&#233;vios (eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma e/ou cineangiocoronariografia) ou respectivas condutas m&#233;dicas. Considerou-se infarto antigo se o evento ocorreu previamente &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da EF, e evento novo o de ocorr&#234;ncia posterior ao exame.</p>
    <p>Segundo crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial de Sa&#250;de, a DCV &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica que consiste em d&#233;ficit neurol&#243;gico de origem vascular de desenvolvimento r&#225;pido que persiste por 24 h ou leva &#224; morte, na aus&#234;ncia de outras doen&#231;as que poderiam explicar os sintomas. O evento foi confirmado atrav&#233;s de revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rio ou exame complementar de imagem do enc&#233;falo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ecocardiografia sob estresse pelo esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para registro ecocardiogr&#225;fico, os pacientes eram acomodados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo, para realiza&#231;&#227;o da leitura ecocardiogr&#225;fica em janelas ac&#250;sticas paraesternais e apicais. As imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram obtidas atrav&#233;s do equipamento Hewlett Packard/Phillips SONOS 5500 com transdutor de 2,5 mHz e gravadas em videocassete ou DVD (<italic>Display Video Digital</italic>). Adotaram-se t&#233;cnicas cl&#225;ssicas descritas por Schiller e cols. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao protocolo-padr&#227;o de Bruce durante o teste ergom&#233;trico, a FC foi continuadamente monitorada e os pacientes foram encorajados a alcan&#231;ar o seu pico m&#225;ximo de esfor&#231;o f&#237;sico. A ocorr&#234;ncia de infradesnivelamento do segmento ST horizontal ou descendente <sup>&gt;</sup> 1 mm para homens e <sup>&gt;</sup> 1,5 mm para mulheres a 0,08 s do ponto J foi denominada altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica isqu&#234;mica ao exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    <p>A motilidade regional da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi acessada semiquantitativamente por ecocardiografista experiente, com n&#237;vel III de treinamento, conforme preconizado pela Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. A motilidade no repouso e em exerc&#237;cio foi graduada de 1 a 5 (1 = normal), de acordo com o modelo de 16 segmentos. O &#237;ndice de escore da motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (IEMVE) foi determinado em repouso e imediatamente ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio, e expresso como a soma do escore dos segmentos dividida pelo n&#250;mero de segmentos visualizados.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda foi estudada com base na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (pelos m&#233;todos de Teicholz e Simpsom), assim como pelo IEMVE em que os pacientes eram classificados como normais (igual a 1), com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular leve (entre 1,01-1,60), com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular moderada (entre 1,6-2,0) e com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular grave (maior que 2,0). O desenvolvimento de altera&#231;&#245;es de motilidade segmentar induzidas pelo esfor&#231;o foi considerado indicador de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica<sup>16</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para evitar vieses de idade e FC de repouso de cada indiv&#237;duo, a incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica foi definida como a incapacidade de atingir 80% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de reserva esperada pela idade, calculada pela seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o:</p>
    <p>[(FC est&#225;gio - FC repouso)/(220 - idade - FC repouso)] &#215; 100</p>
    <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es coletadas foram armazenadas no banco de dados constru&#237;do no <italic>software</italic> do programa SPSS for Windows. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram processadas utilizando-se os programas SPSS 17.0 e STATA 10.0 (vers&#245;es <italic>Trial</italic>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram caracterizadas como m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas por n&#250;mero de frequ&#234;ncia simples e percentual. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos foram utilizados os testes <italic>t</italic> de Student ou Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis quantitativas e o teste qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A an&#225;lise multivariada para a identifica&#231;&#227;o dos fatores independentes foi realizada pelo modelo de regress&#227;o de Poisson. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica considerado para todos os testes foi p = 0,05. Para an&#225;lise de sobrevida livre de eventos foi utilizada a curva de Kaplan Meier.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 298 idosos diab&#233;ticos com idade entre 60-91 anos, m&#233;dia de 67,4 anos. Destes, 36,6% (109) foram alocados no grupo G1. A m&#233;dia de seguimento foi de 53,7 &#177; 32,5 meses.</p>
    <p>Na amostra selecionada, os grupos em an&#225;lise (G1 e G2) eram semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco cardiovascular (HAS, sedentarismo, etilismo, tabagismo, IMC, hist&#243;ria familiar e idade); no entanto, angina t&#237;pica e dispneia pr&#233;vias &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da EF e sexo masculino foram mais frequentes entre os incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4940tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4940tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, o grupo G1 apresentou maior frequ&#234;ncia de dispneia durante a EF, menores frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas de repouso, de pico e final, menor press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica de pico, maior press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica inicial, maior di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo e maior &#237;ndice de massa do VE. A presen&#231;a de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, traduzida quantitativamente pelo IEMVE, demonstrou que os incompetentes mesmo em repouso s&#227;o mais isqu&#234;micos do que o grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4940tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4940tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A observa&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos analisados evidenciou maior frequ&#234;ncia de DCV entre os incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os pacientes com e sem IC para os desfechos IAM e &#243;bito geral (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4940tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4940tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise univariada dos fatores em poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o com a DCV encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o apenas com a vari&#225;vel IC (p = 0,02) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4940tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4940tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada atrav&#233;s da regress&#227;o de Poisson para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a vari&#225;vel independente DCV e as vari&#225;veis dependentes IC, IEMVE de esfor&#231;o e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE), foi observada forte associa&#231;&#227;o da IC com o DCV (p = 0,04) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4940tab05">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4940tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com DCV com os que n&#227;o evolu&#237;ram, verificou-se maior mortalidade no grupo G1 em rela&#231;&#227;o ao G2 (p = 0,004) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4940tab06">Tabela 6</xref>). Da mesma forma, ao comparar os pacientes que evolu&#237;ram com IAM com os que n&#227;o evolu&#237;ram, verificou-se maior frequ&#234;ncia de &#243;bito no grupo dos incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos (p = 0,015) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4940tab07">Tabela 7</xref>). Observa-se, portanto, que os incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos apresentam maior mortalidade cardiovascular do que o grupo controle.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4940tab06">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt06.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4940tab07">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt07.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O grupo G2 apresentou maior sobrevida livre do desfecho DCV (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_4940fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_4940fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na amostra selecionada, os grupos em an&#225;lise (G1 e G2) eram semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares (HAS, sedentarismo, etilismo, tabagismo, IMC, hist&#243;ria familiar e idade); no entanto, angina t&#237;pica e dispneia pr&#233;vias &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da EF e sexo masculino foram mais frequentes entre os incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos. A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas demonstrou que o IEMVE de repouso e de esfor&#231;o, o &#237;ndice de massa do VE e o di&#226;metro do AE foram maiores no grupo G1. A observa&#231;&#227;o da ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos analisados evidenciou maior frequ&#234;ncia de DCV entre os incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos. Este trabalho n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;a entre os que t&#234;m e os que n&#227;o t&#234;m IC para os desfechos IAM e &#243;bito geral. Entretanto, &#233; not&#243;rio salientar que, observando-se os pacientes que sofreram DCV ou IAM, foram mais frequentes os &#243;bitos entre os que eram portadores de IC.</p>
    <p>Observou-se que os grupos em an&#225;lise eram semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares, o que fortalece o papel da IC por diminuir a influ&#234;ncia das outras vari&#225;veis e o vi&#233;s de confus&#227;o, na ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos card&#237;acos estudados. A maior presen&#231;a de angina t&#237;pica e dispneia pr&#233;vias &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da EF e sexo masculino no grupo G1 relaciona a IC a maior preval&#234;ncia de DAC, semelhante ao encontrado por Travassos e cols.<sup>15</sup> segundo os quais os indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o aumentavam a FC proporcionalmente ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico eram mais sintom&#225;ticos.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, observou-se que o IEMVE de repouso e de esfor&#231;o foi maior no grupo dos que apresentavam IC, corroborando achados do trabalho realizado por esse mesmo grupo de estudo, publicado em 2007<sup>9</sup>, em que se avaliou o valor aditivo da IC durante a EF no diagn&#243;stico de DAC, mostrando a associa&#231;&#227;o da IC com doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o. Semelhantemente, o &#237;ndice de massa do VE e o di&#226;metro do AE (&#225;trio esquerdo) foram maiores no grupo dos incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos, sugerindo associa&#231;&#227;o da IC com altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais card&#237;acas, o que corrobora estudo recente realizado por Secundo e cols.<sup>17</sup>, realizado com 1.798 pacientes n&#227;o idosos, no qual se observou associa&#231;&#227;o da IC com &#237;ndice de massa do VE, mostrando a import&#226;ncia da atenua&#231;&#227;o da FC ao exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico com anormalidades estruturais do cora&#231;&#227;o, mesmo em pacientes n&#227;o idosos.</p>
    <p>Os resultados relevantes deste estudo consistem na verifica&#231;&#227;o de que os idosos diab&#233;ticos com IC apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de DCV e maior mortalidade cardiovascular. Especulando-se o porqu&#234; de tais achados, o dist&#250;rbio auton&#244;mico pode ser a resposta. O envolvimento sist&#234;mico do DM, como a neuropatia auton&#244;mica cardiovascular, pode desempenhar papel importante no desenvolvimento de complica&#231;&#245;es cerebrovasculares. A autorregula&#231;&#227;o cerebral em seres humanos normais acordados &#233; profundamente dependente do t&#244;nus vascular e constitui um mecanismo que garante fluxo constante de sangue cerebral (FSC) e, assim, uma fonte de oxig&#234;nio suficiente, apesar das varia&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial. Esse mecanismo &#233; decorrente do funcionamento normal do barorreflexo<sup>18,19</sup>. Pacientes com diabetes s&#227;o mais propensos a n&#227;o manter o fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral est&#225;vel ao longo do dia. Raz&#245;es para essa associa&#231;&#227;o poderiam ser as perturba&#231;&#245;es no fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral decorrentes da redu&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade dos barorreceptores por disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica<sup>19</sup>. Hipotetiza-se que a suscetibilidade do c&#233;rebro para hipoperfus&#227;o e infarto seja uma das explica&#231;&#245;es para a associa&#231;&#227;o entre neuropatia auton&#244;mica e aumento do risco de DCV em pacientes com DM<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Apesar de n&#227;o estar bem esclarecida a etiologia da IC, estudos sugerem que esteja relacionada a um dist&#250;rbio auton&#244;mico<sup>6</sup>. Pensa-se, pois, que tanto a IC como a ocorr&#234;ncia aumentada de DCV nos idosos diab&#233;ticos podem estar relacionadas a uma mesma fisiopatogenia: disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica. Precisa-se, no entanto, da realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos metodologicamente bem desenhados para testar essa hip&#243;tese.</p>
    <p>Diferentemente de outros estudos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os que t&#234;m e os que n&#227;o t&#234;m IC para o desfecho IAM; possivelmente com uma amostragem popula&#231;&#227;o maior essa associa&#231;&#227;o tivesse signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Anjos-Andrade e cols.<sup>8</sup>, entre 2000 e 2008, estudando 610 pacientes com isquemia &#224; EF, verificaram que a IC &#233; um marcador de isquemia e DAC grave. Esse achado foi semelhante a um dado pr&#233;vio de Oliveira e cols.<sup>9</sup>, mesmo grupo do presente estudo, em que 4.042 pacientes foram seguidos entre 2000 e 2006, e se observou que a IC est&#225; associada com maior frequ&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica durante a EF, refor&#231;ando o conceito de que ela &#233; um marcador da gravidade da isquemia mioc&#225;rdica. Em outro estudo desse mesmo grupo (Oliveira e cols.<sup>14</sup>, realizado no per&#237;odo de dezembro de 2000 a julho de 2003, com 285 idosos submetidos &#224; EF, demonstrou-se que a IC estava associada a cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica e por isso a IC n&#227;o deve ser subestimada ou considerada fisiol&#243;gica em idosos.</p>
    <p>Diferentemente da maioria das pesquisas, n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a entre os grupos para o desfecho de &#243;bito geral. Entretanto, &#233; not&#243;rio salientar que, observando os pacientes que sofreram DCV ou IAM, foram mais frequentes os &#243;bitos entre os que eram portadores de IC, ou seja, houve maior mortalidade cardiovascular nesse grupo. O estudo realizado por Kiviniemi e cols.<sup>7</sup> mostrou que a IC &#233; um poderoso preditor de mortalidade card&#237;aca e fornece informa&#231;&#227;o importante, al&#233;m da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, em pacientes que sofrem IAM. Sugere, pois, que os pacientes infartados devam ser avaliados durante o seguimento para o comportamento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, considerando, portanto, que a IC &#233; importante para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco ap&#243;s IAM. Semelhante a uma investiga&#231;&#227;o publicada por Melzer e Dreger em 2010<sup>20</sup>, conclui-se que h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o entre inabilidade de aumentar FC proporcionalmente ao exerc&#237;cio e aumento da mortalidade em pacientes com DAC.</p>
    <p>Maior mortalidade cardiovascular e maior frequ&#234;ncia de DCV entre os incompetentes cronotr&#243;picos apontam para a necessidade de mais estudos investigando essa associa&#231;&#227;o, bem como para testar hip&#243;teses para poss&#237;veis mecanismos relacionados.</p>
    <p>Percebe-se que, apesar de a IC j&#225; apresentar suas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas bem estabelecidas, muitas possibilidades ainda precisam ser investigadas. Este trabalho mostra dados interessantes, abrindo espa&#231;o para novos estudos em busca de mais conhecimentos sobre as implica&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas da IC e poss&#237;vel utiliza&#231;&#227;o desse fator preditor nos protocolos da pr&#225;tica m&#233;dica. Apresentou a limita&#231;&#227;o de ter um n&#250;mero pequeno de desfechos cardiovasculares na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica foi associada de forma independente &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular em idosos diab&#233;ticos e a maior mortalidade cardiovascular nesses pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Agrade&#231;o aos pacientes e familiares pela concess&#227;o de seus dados cl&#237;nicos e resultados de exames complementares, fundamentais para a realiza&#231;&#227;o desta pesquisa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santana JS, Franco Filho JCS, S&#225; Neto AA, Santana NO, Oliveira JLM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Barreto ATF, Melo LD, Oliveira JLM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Melo EV; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santana JS, Franco Filho JCS, S&#225; Neto AA, Santana NO, Barreto ATF, Melo LD; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Santana JS, Barreto Filho JA, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Juliana Silva Santana pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Coeli CM, Ferreira LG, Drbal Mde M, Veras RP, Camargo KR Jr, Casc&#227;o AM. Mortalidade em idosos por diabetes mellitus como causa b&#225;sica e associada. Rev. Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2002;36(2):135-40. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Galon MZ, Meireles GC, Kreimer S, Marchiori GG, Favarato D, Almeida JA, et al. Perfil cl&#237;nico-angiogr&#225;fico na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana: desfecho hospitalar com &#234;nfase nos muito idosos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(4):442-9. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Vittorio TJ, Lanier G, Zolty R, Sarswat N, Tseng CH, Colombo PC, et al. Association between endothelial function and chronotropic incompetence in subjects with chronic heart failure receiving optimal medical therapy. Echocardiography. 2010;27(3):294-9. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Akcakoyun M, Emiroglu Y, Pala S, Kargin R, Guler GB, Esen O, et al. Heart rate recovery and chronotropic incompetence in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33(1):2-5. </p>
    <p>5. Magr&#236; D, Palermo P, Cauti FM, Contini M, Farina S, Cattadori G, et al. Chronotropic incompentence and functional capacity in chronic heart failure: no role of &#946; -blockers and &#946; -blocker dose. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010;30(2):100-8.</p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. Savonen KP, Lakka TA, Laukkanen JA, Rauramaa TH, Salonen JT, Rauramaa R. Usefulness of chronotropic incompetence in response to exercise as a predictor of myocardial infarction in middle-aged men without cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(7):992-8. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">7. Kiviniemi AM, Tulppo MP, Hautala AJ, M&#228;kikallio TH, Perki&#246;m&#228;ki JS, Sepp&#228;nen T, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with chronotropic incompetence after an acute myocardial infarction. Ann Med. 2010;43(1):33-9. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Anjos-Andrade FD, Sousa AC, Barreto-Filho JA, Alves EO, Nascimento-J&#250;nior AC, de Santana NO, et al. Chronotropic incompetence and coronary artery disease. Acta Cardiol. 2010;65(6):631-8. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">9. Oliveira JL, G&#243;es TJ, Santana TA, Travassos TF, Teles LD, Anjos-Andrade FD, et al. Chronotropic incompetence and a higher frequency of myocardial ischemia in exercise echocardiography. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2007;5:38. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">10. Kawasaki T, Kaimoto S, Sakatani T, Miki S, Kamitani T, Kuribayashi T, et al. Chronotropic incompetence and autonomic dysfunction in patients without structural heart disease. Europace. 2010;12(4):561-6. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">11. Armstrong WF, Pellikka PA, Ryan T, Crouse L, Zoghbi WA. Stress echocardiography: recommendations for performance and interpretation of stress echocardiography. Stress Echocardiography Task Force of the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1998;11(1):97-104. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">12. Oliveira JL, G&#243;es TJ, Santana TA, Silva IS, Travassos TF, Teles LD, et al. Exercise stress echocardiography in the identification of coronary artery disease in the elderly with chronotropic incompetence. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;89(2):100-6,111-8. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">13. Campos-Filho O, Zielinsky P, Ortiz J, Maciel BC, Andrade JL, Mathias W Jr, et al. Diretriz para indica&#231;&#245;es e utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;82 Suppl 2:11-34. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">14. Oliveira JL, Barreto F&#186; JA, Oliveira GP, Sousa AC. Ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico: experi&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica e ecocardiogr&#225;fica de uma d&#233;cada. Rev Bras Ecocardiogr Imagem Cardiovasc. 2011;24(1):51-63. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">15. Travassos TF, Sousa AC, Barreto Filho JA, Teles DL, Andrade FD, Junior AC, et al. Isquemia mioc&#225;rdio investigada com ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico em pacientes com incompet&#234;ncia cronotr&#243;pica em uso de betabloqueador. Rev Bras Ecocardiogr Imagem Cardiovasc. 2010;23(2):22-30. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">16. Gardin JM, Adams DB, Douglas PS, Feigenbaum H, Forst DH, Fraser AG, et al. Recommendations for a standardized report for adult transthoracic echocardiography: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography's Nomenclature and Standards Committee and Task Force for a Standardized Echocardiography Report. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2002;15(3):275-90. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Secundo PF, Santos BF, Secundo Junior JA, da Silva JB, de Souza AR, Faro GB, et al. Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos associados a baixo &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;picos em pacientes n&#227;o idosos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012;98(5):413-20. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">18. Bentsen N, Larsen B, Lassin NA. Chronically impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in long-term diabetics. Stroke. 1975;6(5):497-502. </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">19. Mankovsky BN, Piolot R, Mankovsky OL, Ziegler D. Impairment of cerebral autoregulation in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and orthostatic hypotension. Diabet Med. 2003;20(2):119-26.  </p>
    <p content-type="ref-to-delete">20. Melzer C, Dreger H. Chronotropic incompetence: a never-ending story. Europace. 2010;12(4):464-5. </p>
    <p>
      <fn id="corresp" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Juliana Silva Santana </p>
        <p> Av. Jorge Amado, 1500, Edif&#237;cio Tivoli Residence, apto. 701, Jardins </p>
        <p> CEP 49025-330, Aracaju, SE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="julianasilvasantana@hotmail.com">julianasilvasantana@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 6/6/12; revisado em 6/6/12; aceito em 14/2/13.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Coeli CM, Ferreira LG, Drbal Mde M, Veras RP, Camargo KR Jr, Casc&#227;o AM. Mortalidade em idosos por diabetes mellitus como causa b&#225;sica e associada. Rev. Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2002;36(2):135-40.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Mortalidade em idosos por diabetes mellitus como causa b&#225;sica e associada: Rev</article-title>
          <source>Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>135</fpage>
          <lpage>40</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Coeli</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drbal Mde</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veras</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camargo Jr</surname>
              <given-names>KR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casc&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>19. Mankovsky BN, Piolot R, Mankovsky OL, Ziegler D. Impairment of cerebral autoregulation in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and orthostatic hypotension. Diabet Med. 2003;20(2):119-26.</mixed-citation>
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        <mixed-citation>20. Melzer C, Dreger H. Chronotropic incompetence: a never-ending story. Europace. 2010;12(4):464-5.</mixed-citation>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic value of chronotropic incompetence in elderly patients undergoing exercise echocardiography</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Chronotropic incompetence (CI), defined as failure to achieve less than 80% of age-expected heart rate, is a predictor of mortality and adverse cardiovascular events and may confer a worse prognosis in elderly diabetic individuals. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic value of chronotropic incompetence (CI) in elderly diabetic patients considering endpoints with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and overall mortality and compare clinical and echocardiographic characteristics between patients with and without CI. METHOD: A total of 298 elderly diabetic patients undergoing exercise echocardiography (EE) were studied from January 2001 to December 2010. Of these, 109 were chronotropic incompetent (group 1) and were compared with the chronotropic competent ones (group 2) regarding the occurrence of cardiovascular events, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics. RESULTS: Chronotropic incompetents patients showed a higher frequency of cerebrovascular disease (9.2% vs. 3.2, p = 0.027) and higher mortality was observed in those who had cerebrovascular disease or acute myocardial infarction. The presence of typical angina and dyspnea prior to the performance of EE and male gender were more frequent in group 1. Rest and exercise left ventricular wall motion score index, rate of left ventricle mass and left atrium diameter were higher in chronotropic incompetent individuals. CONCLUSION: Chronotropic incompetence was independently associated with the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease in elderly diabetic individuals.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Demographic Aging</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Stress, Mechanical</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Prognostic value of chronotropic incompetence in elderly patients undergoing exercise echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Juliana Silva Santana<sup>II</sup>; Jos&#233; Carlos Sizino Franco Filho<sup>I</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Arestides de S&#225; Neto<sup>I</sup>; Enaldo Vieira de Melo<sup>I</sup>; Nathalie Oliveira de Santana<sup>I</sup>; Ana Terra Fonseca Barreto<sup>I</sup>; Luiza Dantas Melo<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Augusto Barreto Filho<sup>I,II</sup>; Ant&#244;nio Carlos Sobral Sousa<sup>I,II</sup>; Joselina Luzia Menezes Oliveira<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Universidade Federal de Sergipe;</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Hospital e Cl&#237;nica S&#227;o Lucas, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Chronotropic incompetence (CI), defined as failure to achieve less than 80% of age-expected heart rate, is a predictor of mortality and adverse cardiovascular events and may confer a worse prognosis in elderly diabetic individuals.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the prognostic value of chronotropic incompetence (CI) in elderly diabetic patients considering endpoints with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), cerebrovascular disease (CVD) and overall mortality and compare clinical and echocardiographic characteristics between patients with and without CI.</p>
      <p><bold>METHOD:</bold> A total of 298 elderly diabetic patients undergoing exercise echocardiography (EE) were studied from January 2001 to December 2010. Of these, 109 were chronotropic incompetent (group 1) and were compared with the chronotropic competent ones (group 2) regarding the occurrence of cardiovascular events, clinical and echocardiographic characteristics.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Chronotropic incompetents patients showed a higher frequency of cerebrovascular disease (9.2% vs. 3.2, p = 0.027) and higher mortality was observed in those who had cerebrovascular disease or acute myocardial infarction. The presence of typical angina and dyspnea prior to the performance of EE and male gender were more frequent in group 1. Rest and exercise left ventricular wall motion score index, rate of left ventricle mass and left atrium diameter were higher in chronotropic incompetent individuals.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Chronotropic incompetence was independently associated with the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease in elderly diabetic individuals.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Demographic Aging; Diabetes Mellitus; Echocardiography; Stress, Mechanical; Heart Failure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The rapid population aging that occurs mainly in developing countries such as Brazil is associated to the increased prevalence of chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular diseases<sup>1</sup>. The main causes of death in both elderly and in diabetic individuals are coronary artery disease (CAD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD)<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Chronotropic incompetence (CI) is characterized as the incapacity to achieve, on exertion, 80% of heart rate reserve for age and is a predictor of mortality and adverse cardiac events, even in healthy populations<sup>3-8</sup>. Nevertheless, the CI is yet to be used in clinical practice and its prognostic implications are underestimated<sup>9</sup>. Although its underlying mechanism is not well defined, some hypotheses have been proposed, among them the autonomic dysfunction<sup>10</sup>. </p>
      <p>To obtain the diagnosis and risk stratification of cardiovascular diseases, the rational use of imaging exams with proven accuracy is necessary, especially exercise echocardiography (EE)<sup>11</sup>. EE, a diagnostic methodology introduced in 1979, has progressively and significantly evolved in recent decades and has fundamental importance in the noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia and myocardial viability, risk stratification and prognosis of patients with established CAD<sup>12,13</sup>. The exercise stress test is indicated as first choice for patients with preserved physical capacity<sup>12,14,15</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several authors have demonstrated that EE has a similar sensitivity to that of myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, but with greater specificity, as it also has greater sensitivity and specificity than the conventional exercise testing<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study aims to assess elderly diabetics undergoing EE with CI and compare them with chronotropic competent ones, with the objective of evaluating the prognostic value of CI in this population, considering as outcome: acute myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular disease, overall death and cardiovascular death.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design and population</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a retrospective cohort study of 298 elderly and diabetic patients undergoing EE, between January 2001 and December 2010, at the Echocardiography Laboratory of Hospital S&#227;o Lucas (Ecolab). Follow-up was carried out by telephone every two years from 2005. In cases where the patient or family had reported the occurrence of the outcome over the phone, the information was confirmed through test results and respective conducts or chart review; death was ratified at the information system of the State Health Secretariat. We excluded patients with poor imaging quality, significant valvular heart disease, atrial fibrillation, or incapable to be reached by telephone.</p>
      <p>The database was filled out with information obtained from a structured questionnaire containing clinical, echocardiographic parameters (EE results) and information about events. The study was carried out by two observers from the same service with extensive experience in EE, following the same protocol. For the analysis, the 298 patients were divided into two groups: group G1, with 109 patients who were unable to reach 80% of HR reserve for estimated age during the EE and therefore met the criteria for CI; G2, with 189 patients who achieved 80% of HR reserve for estimated age and were, therefore, considered the control group patients. The groups were compared regarding clinical features, echocardiographic and cardiovascular events. </p>
      <p>The ethical principles required for human experimentation were thoroughly followed and, prior to completion of EE, all patients signed an informed consent form authorizing the use of data contained in the questionnaire for performing the research and subsequent data publication. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Clinical features</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Clinical data were collected and recorded through interviews before the procedure. A structured questionnaire assessing height, weight, symptoms, medications, risk factors for CAD and history of heart disease was used. Obesity was defined as body mass index &gt; 27 kg/ m<sup>2</sup>. Additionally, the results of previous laboratory tests were recorded.</p>
      <p>Hypercholesterolemia was defined as the serum level of total cholesterol &gt; 200 mg/dL (after 12-h fasting) and hypertriglyceridemia as triglyceride levels &gt; 150 mg/dL (after 12-h fasting) or the use of antilipemic agent (statin and/ or fibrate). Systemic arterial hypertension was considered when patients reported having received this diagnosis (blood pressure measured in the arm at rest, <sup>&gt;</sup> 140 &#215; 90 measured by the attending physician) or when they were taking antihypertensive medication. </p>
      <p>Diabetes mellitus was defined by fasting glucose &gt; 126 mg/dL or use of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents.</p>
      <p>AMI was defined as the increase and decrease characteristic of specific markers for detection of myocardial injury associated with at least one of the following: a) ischemic symptoms indicative of ischemia (elevation or depression of the ST segment), b) development of pathologic Q waves in electrocardiogram; c) other suggestive ECG alterations.</p>
      <p>Myocardial infarction was identified by clinical history, previous complementary examinations (electrocardiography, echocardiography and/or angiography) or respective medical conducts. Old infarction was considered if the event occurred prior to the performance of EE and new events, those occurring subsequent to the examination. </p>
      <p>According to the criteria of the World Health Organization, CVD is a clinical syndrome consisting of neurological deficit of vascular origin and rapid development that persists for 24 hours or leads to death, in the absence of other diseases that could explain the symptoms. The event was confirmed by medical chart review or complementary examination of brain imaging.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Exercise Stress Echocardiography</bold>
      </p>
      <p>For the echocardiography recording, patients were placed in the left lateral position for echocardiographic reading using parasternal and apical acoustic windows. Echocardiographic images were obtained using Hewlett Packard / Phillips SONOS 5500 equipment with a 2.5 MHz transducer and recorded on videocassette or DVD (Digital Video Display). The classic techniques described by Schiller et al. were used. All patients were submitted to the standard Bruce protocol during the exercise test; HR was continuously monitored and patients were encouraged to reach their peak physical effort. The occurrence of horizontal or downward ST segment depression <sup>&gt;</sup> 1 mm for men and <sup>&gt;</sup> 1.5 mm for women at 0.08 s from the J point was called ischemic electrocardiographic alteration at exertion.</p>
      <p>The regional left ventricular motion was accessed semi-quantitatively by an experienced echocardiographist, with level III training, as recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography. Motility at rest and at exertion was graded 1 to 5 (1 = normal), according to the 16-segment model. The left ventricular wall motion index (LVWMI) was determined at rest and immediately after exercise, and obtained by adding the scores given to each of the 16 segments divided by the number of studied segments.</p>
      <p>Left ventricular systolic function was studied based on ejection fraction (using the Teicholz and Simpson methods), as well as by LVWMI, according to which patients were classified as normal (= 1), with mild ventricular dysfunction (1.01 - 1.60), moderate ventricular dysfunction (1.6 to 2.0) and severe ventricular dysfunction (&gt; 2.0). The development of wall motion abnormalities induced by stress was considered an indicator of myocardial ischemia<sup>16</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Chronotropic Incompetence</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To avoid age and resting HR biases of each individual, chronotropic incompetence was defined as the incapacity to achieve 80% of heart rate reserve predicted by age, calculated by the following equation:</p>
      <p>[(HR stage - HR rest)/(220 - age - HR rest)] &#215; 100</p>
      <p>The collected information was stored in the database created using SPSS for Windows software. Statistical analyses were processed using the SPSS release 17.0 and STATA release 10.0 (trial versions).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Quantitative variables were characterized as mean and standard deviation, while categorical variables were described by simple frequency number and percentage. The groups were compared using Student's <italic>t</italic> test or Mann-Whitney test for quantitative variables and Chi-square (&#967;<sup>2</sup>) for categorical variables. A multivariate analysis to identify independent factors was performed by Poisson regression model. The level of statistical significance for all tests was set at p = 0.05. Event-free survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 298 elderly diabetics, aged 60-91 years (mean of 67.4 years) were evaluated. Of these, 36.6% (109) were allocated to group G1. Mean follow-up was 53.7 &#177; 32.5 months.</p>
      <p>In the selected sample, the analysis groups (G1 and G2) were similar regarding cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, smoking, BMI, family history and age); however, typical angina and dyspnea prior to EE performance and male gender were more frequent among chronotropic incompetent patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4940tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4940tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Regarding the echocardiographic variables, G1 showed higher frequency of dyspnea during EE, lower resting, peak and final heart rate, lower peak systolic blood pressure, higher initial systolic blood pressure, greater left atrial diameter and higher LV mass index. The presence of myocardial ischemia, quantitatively represented by the LVWMI, demonstrated that the CI patients, even at rest, are more ischemic than the control group patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4940tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4940tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The observation of outcome occurrence showed higher frequency of CVD among chronotropic incompetent patients. There was no difference between patients with and without CI for the outcomes acute myocardial infarction and all-cause death (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4940tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4940tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The univariate analysis of the factors possibly associated with CVD found an association only with the variable CI (p = 0.02) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4940tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4940tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The multivariate analysis by Poisson regression to evaluate the association between the independent variable CVD and the dependent variables CI, stress LVWMI and ejection fraction (EF), showed a strong association between CI and CVD (p = 0.04) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4940tab05-body2">Table 5</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4940tab05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>When comparing patients who developed CVD and those who did not, there was a higher mortality rate in G1 compared to G2 (p = 0.004) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4940tab06-body2">Table 6</xref>). Similarly, when comparing patients who developed AMI with those who did not, there was a higher rate of mortality in the group of chronotropic incompetent patients (p = 0.015) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4940tab07-body2">Table 7</xref>). Therefore, it can be observed that the CI patients had higher cardiovascular mortality than those in the control group. The G2 group had higher survival free of CVD outcomes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_4940fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4940tab06-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt06-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4940tab07-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gt07-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_4940fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0429-30091-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the selected sample, the study groups (G1 and G2) were similar in relation to cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, smoking, BMI, family history and age); however, typical angina and dyspnea prior to the performance of EE and male gender were more frequent among chronotropic incompetent ones. The analysis of echocardiographic variables showed that LVWMI at rest and after exercise, the LV mass index and LA diameter were higher in G1. The occurrence of the outcomes analyzed showed higher frequency of CVD among chronotropic incompetent patients. This study found no difference between patients with and without CI for AMI and overall death outcomes. However, it is noteworthy that among patients who had myocardial infarction or CVD, death was more common among those who were CI.</p>
      <p>It was observed that the analyzed groups were similar regarding cardiovascular risk factors, which supports the role of the CI by reducing the influence of other variables and the confounding bias, in the occurrence of cardiac outcomes studied. The higher presence of typical angina and dyspnea prior to the performance of EE and male gender in G1 associates CI with a higher prevalence of CAD, similar to that found by Travassos et al<sup>15</sup>, who showed that individuals who did not increase HR proportionally to physical exercise were more symptomatic.</p>
      <p>Regarding echocardiographic parameters, it was observed that the LVWMI at rest and after exercise was higher in the CI group, corroborating the findings by this same study group, published in 2007<sup>9</sup>, in which we evaluated the additive value of CI during EE in CAD diagnosis, demonstrating the association of CI with ischemic heart disease. Similarly, LV mass index and LA diameter (left atrium) were higher in the group of chronotropic incompetent patients, suggesting an association between CI and structural cardiac alterations; this corroborates a recent study by Secundo et al<sup>17</sup>, carried out with 1,798 nonelderly patients, which showed an association between CI and LV mass index, demonstrating the importance of HR attenuation at physical exercise with structural heart abnormalities, even in nonelderly patients.</p>
      <p>The relevant results of this study consist in corroborating that older diabetics with CI have a higher frequency of CVD and increased cardiovascular mortality. When hypothesizing the reason for these findings, autonomic disorders may be the answer. Systemic involvement of DM, such as cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, can play an important role in the development of cerebrovascular complications. Cerebral autoregulation in normal humans in the awakening state is greatly dependent on vascular tone and constitutes a mechanism that ensures constant cerebral blood flow (CBF) and thus, a sufficient oxygen source, despite variations in blood pressure. This mechanism is due to normal baroreflex function<sup>18,19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Patients with diabetes are more likely to not being able to maintain stable cerebral blood flow throughout the day. Reasons for this association could be disturbances in cerebral blood flow caused by decreased baroreceptor sensitivity due to autonomic dysfunction<sup>19</sup>. It is hypothesized that the brain susceptibility to hypoperfusion and infarction is one of the explanations for the association between autonomic neuropathy and increased risk of CVD in patients with DM<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Although the etiology of CI is yet to be fully understood, studies have suggested that it may be related to autonomic disorders<sup>6</sup>. It is thought, therefore, that both CI and the increased occurrence of CVD in elderly diabetic individuals may be related to the same physiopathogeny: autonomic dysfunction. Nevertheless, methodologically well-designed studies must be carried out to test this hypothesis.</p>
      <p>Unlike other studies, there was no difference between those with and without CI for the outcome AMI; perhaps, with a larger sample size, this association would show statistical significance. Anjos-Andrade et al<sup>8</sup>, between 2000 and 2008, while studying 610 patients with ischemia on EE, found that CI is a marker of severe CAD and ischemia. This finding was similar to that from a prior study by Oliveira et al<sup>9</sup>, from the same group that performed the first study, in which 4042 patients were followed between 2000 and 2006, and observed that CI is associated with increased frequency of myocardial ischemia during EE, supporting the concept that it is a marker of myocardial ischemia severity. In another study by the same group (Oliveira et al<sup>14</sup>, carried out from December 2000 to July 2003, with 285 elderly individuals submitted to EE, it was demonstrated that CI was associated with ischemic heart disease and thus, it should not be underestimated or considered physiological in the elderly.</p>
      <p>Unlike most studies, no difference was found between the groups regarding the all-cause death outcome. However, it is noteworthy to point out that among the patients who had myocardial infarction or CVD, the death outcome was more frequent among patients with CI, that is, there was a higher cardiovascular mortality in this group.</p>
      <p>The study by Kiviniemi et al<sup>7</sup> showed that the CI is a powerful predictor of cardiac mortality and provides important information, in addition to ejection fraction, in patients with AMI. Therefore, it suggests that AMI patients should be assessed during the follow-up regarding heart rate behavior and, therefore, considers that the CI is important for risk stratification after myocardial infarction. Similar to a study published by Melzer Dreger in 2010<sup>20</sup>, we concluded that there is an association between the incapacity to increase HR proportionally to exercise and increased mortality in patients with CAD.</p>
      <p>Increased cardiovascular mortality and higher incidence of CVD among chronotropic incompetent patients indicate the need for further studies investigating this association, as well as to test hypotheses for possible related mechanisms.</p>
      <p>It can be observed that, although CI has well-established clinical implications, many possibilities remain to be investigated. This study shows interesting data, making room for new studies in search of more knowledge about the prognostic implications of CI and the possible use of this predictor in medical practice protocols. One of its limitations was the small number of cardiovascular outcomes in this population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chronotropic incompetence was independently associated with the occurrence of cerebrovascular disease in elderly diabetic patients and increased cardiovascular mortality in these patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We would like to thank the patients and families for providing clinical data and results of tests and examinations critical to this research.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santana JS, Franco Filho JCS, S&#225; Neto AA, Santana NO, Oliveira JLM; Acquisition of data: Barreto ATF, Melo LD, Oliveira JLM; Statistical analysis: Melo EV; Writing of the manuscript: Santana JS, Franco Filho JCS, S&#225; Neto AA, Santana NO, Barreto ATF, Melo LD; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santana JS, Barreto Filho JA, Sousa ACS, Oliveira JLM.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Juliana Silva Santana, from Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">1. Coeli CM, Ferreira LG, Drbal Mde M, Veras RP, Camargo KR Jr, Casc&#227;o AM. Mortalidade em idosos por diabetes mellitus como causa b&#225;sica e associada. Rev. Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica. 2002;36(2):135-40. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">2. Galon MZ, Meireles GC, Kreimer S, Marchiori GG, Favarato D, Almeida JA, et al. Perfil cl&#237;nico-angiogr&#225;fico na doen&#231;a arterial coronariana: desfecho hospitalar com &#234;nfase nos muito idosos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;95(4):442-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">3. Vittorio TJ, Lanier G, Zolty R, Sarswat N, Tseng CH, Colombo PC, et al. Association between endothelial function and chronotropic incompetence in subjects with chronic heart failure receiving optimal medical therapy. Echocardiography. 2010;27(3):294-9. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">4. Akcakoyun M, Emiroglu Y, Pala S, Kargin R, Guler GB, Esen O, et al. Heart rate recovery and chronotropic incompetence in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33(1):2-5. </p>
      <p>5. Magr&#236; D, Palermo P, Cauti FM, Contini M, Farina S, Cattadori G, et al. Chronotropic incompentence and functional capacity in chronic heart failure: no role of &#946; -blockers and &#946; -blocker dose. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010;30(2):100-8.</p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">6. Savonen KP, Lakka TA, Laukkanen JA, Rauramaa TH, Salonen JT, Rauramaa R. Usefulness of chronotropic incompetence in response to exercise as a predictor of myocardial infarction in middle-aged men without cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(7):992-8. </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">8. Anjos-Andrade FD, Sousa AC, Barreto-Filho JA, Alves EO, Nascimento-J&#250;nior AC, de Santana NO, et al. Chronotropic incompetence and coronary artery disease. Acta Cardiol. 2010;65(6):631-8. </p>
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      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">17. Secundo PF, Santos BF, Secundo Junior JA, da Silva JB, de Souza AR, Faro GB, et al. Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos associados a baixo &#237;ndice cronotr&#243;picos em pacientes n&#227;o idosos. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2012;98(5):413-20. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">18. Bentsen N, Larsen B, Lassin NA. Chronically impaired autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in long-term diabetics. Stroke. 1975;6(5):497-502. </p>
      <p content-type="ref-to-delete">19. Mankovsky BN, Piolot R, Mankovsky OL, Ziegler D. Impairment of cerebral autoregulation in diabetic patients with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and orthostatic hypotension. Diabet Med. 2003;20(2):119-26.  </p>
      <p>20. Melzer C, Dreger H. Chronotropic incompetence: a never-ending story. Europace. 2010;12(4):464-5.      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="corresp-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Juliana Silva Santana</p>
          <p> Av. Jorge Amado, 1500, Edif&#237;cio Tivoli Residence, apto. 701, Jardins</p>
          <p> Postal Code 49025-330, Aracaju, SE - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="julianasilvasantana@hotmail.com">julianasilvasantana@hotmail.com</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received June 06, 2012; revised manuscript June 06, 2012; accepted February 14, 2013.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
