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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">TBHhVdjdSYW9wzNw8NpPGyg</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000500004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130077</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Determinantes progn&#243;sticos em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Carolina Matos D'Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rio de Seixas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos da Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Portugu&#234;s</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Bahia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>412</fpage>
      <lpage>421</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Em pacientes com S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas (SCA) sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (SST), sugere-se que uma s&#233;rie de marcadores (c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, hiperglicemia e fun&#231;&#227;o renal) &#233; capaz de identificar indiv&#237;duos com maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o impacto desses par&#226;metros laboratoriais em desfechos intra-hospitalares de pacientes com SCA sem SST. M&#201;TODOS: Foram avaliados prospectivamente 195 pacientes admitidos consecutivamente com SCA sem SST. Foram registrados dados cl&#237;nicos, demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais ao longo do per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o no hospital, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de eventos combinados. RESULTADOS: A idade m&#233;dia foi de 67 &#177; 12 anos, e 52% eram homens. Na an&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC, somente a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/linf&#243;cito (AUC: 70%, IC95%: 56%-82%, p = 0,006) e a creatinina (AUC: 62%, IC95%: 50%-80%, p = 0,03) discriminaram aqueles pacientes com SCA sem SST que apresentaram algum desfecho. Os pacientes que sofreram algum evento adverso durante a interna&#231;&#227;o apresentaram menores contagens de linf&#243;citos (1502 &#177; 731 / mm&#179; vs. 2020 &#177; 862 / mm&#179;; p = 0,002), menores taxas de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (51 &#177; 27 mL/min vs. 77&#177;34 mL/min; p &lt; 0,001) e maiores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina (2,1 &#177; 2,7 mg/dL vs. 1,1 &#177; 1,3 mg/dL; p = 0,047) do que aqueles que tiveram uma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o sem intercorr&#234;ncias. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica demonstrou que as vari&#225;veis que permaneceram como preditores independentes e significativos foram: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (OR: 1,03; IC95%: 1,00-1,13; p = 0,002), e contagem de linf&#243;citos (OR: 1,02; IC95%: 1,01-1,04; p = 0,03). CONCLUS&#195;O: A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e a contagem de linf&#243;citos fornecem uma informa&#231;&#227;o potencialmente &#250;til para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em doentes com SCA sem SST.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperglicemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Renal</kwd>
        <kwd>Contagem de Leuc&#243;citos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Determinantes progn&#243;sticos em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda sem eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Jessica Carolina Matos D'Almeida Santos<sup>II</sup>; M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha<sup>I,II</sup>; Marcos da Silva Ara&#250;jo<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Portugu&#234;s </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Em pacientes com S&#237;ndromes Coronarianas Agudas (SCA) sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (SST), sugere-se que uma s&#233;rie de marcadores (c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, hiperglicemia e fun&#231;&#227;o renal) &#233; capaz de identificar indiv&#237;duos com maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar o impacto desses par&#226;metros laboratoriais em desfechos intra-hospitalares de pacientes com SCA sem SST. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram avaliados prospectivamente 195 pacientes admitidos consecutivamente com SCA sem SST. Foram registrados dados cl&#237;nicos, demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais ao longo do per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o no hospital, em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de eventos combinados. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A idade m&#233;dia foi de 67 &#177; 12 anos, e 52% eram homens. Na an&#225;lise da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC, somente a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/linf&#243;cito (AUC: 70%, IC95%: 56%-82%, p = 0,006) e a creatinina (AUC: 62%, IC95%: 50%-80%, p = 0,03) discriminaram aqueles pacientes com SCA sem SST que apresentaram algum desfecho. Os pacientes que sofreram algum evento adverso durante a interna&#231;&#227;o apresentaram menores contagens de linf&#243;citos (1502 &#177; 731 / mm&#179; vs. 2020 &#177; 862 / mm&#179;; p = 0,002), menores taxas de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (51 &#177; 27 mL/min vs. 77&#177;34 mL/min; p &lt; 0,001) e maiores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina (2,1 &#177; 2,7 mg/dL vs. 1,1 &#177; 1,3 mg/dL; p = 0,047) do que aqueles que tiveram uma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o sem intercorr&#234;ncias. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica demonstrou que as vari&#225;veis que permaneceram como preditores independentes e significativos foram: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (OR: 1,03; IC95%: 1,00-1,13; p = 0,002), e contagem de linf&#243;citos (OR: 1,02; IC95%: 1,01-1,04; p = 0,03). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e a contagem de linf&#243;citos fornecem uma informa&#231;&#227;o potencialmente &#250;til para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em doentes com SCA sem SST.</p>
    <p><bold> Palavras-chave:</bold> S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda, Hiperglicemia, Insufici&#234;ncia Renal, Contagem de Leuc&#243;citos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A SCA sem Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST (SST) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o de incid&#234;ncia elevada<sup>1</sup>, e o estabelecimento do risco de futuros eventos &#233; fundamental na avalia&#231;&#227;o e manejo desses pacientes. Com esse objetivo, diversos marcadores progn&#243;sticos foram investigados. C&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, hiperglicemia e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal foram considerados promissores, e s&#227;o facilmente acess&#237;veis j&#225; que fazem parte da avalia&#231;&#227;o laboratorial inicial.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de leucocitose foi associada com alta mortalidade em pacientes com SCA sem SST<sup>2-4</sup>. Entretanto, recentemente, aumento na contagem de subpopula&#231;&#245;es de c&#233;lulas brancas foi considerado melhor preditor de eventos adversos que a leucocitose. A presen&#231;a de neutrofilia est&#225; associada com um risco cerca de seis vezes maior de morte<sup>5</sup>, e com a ocorr&#234;ncia de reinfarto e re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por angina<sup>6</sup>. Uma baixa contagem de linf&#243;citos esteve independentemente associada com mortalidade e Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio (IM)<sup>7</sup>. Um novo marcador, a Raz&#227;o Neutr&#243;filo/Linf&#243;cito (RNL), poderia integrar o risco preditivo desses dois tipos de c&#233;lulas brancas em um s&#243; fator progn&#243;stico, e ele foi considerado superior &#224; contagem de leuc&#243;citos e seus subtipos<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Outra vari&#225;vel potencialmente &#250;til nesse cen&#225;rio &#233; a determina&#231;&#227;o da glicemia. Pacientes com SCA, que apresentam hiperglicemia na admiss&#227;o ao hospital, representam uma popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco<sup>10</sup>, apresentando maiores taxas de reinfarto, angina recorrente, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico<sup>11</sup>, independentemente do diagn&#243;stico de diabete melito<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o renal tamb&#233;m tem sido associada com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos em pacientes com SCA em diversos estudos da literatura<sup>14-16</sup>. Disfun&#231;&#227;o renal severa esteve associada com um risco quatro vezes maior de &#243;bito intra-hospitalar nesses pacientes<sup>14</sup>.</p>
    <p>C&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias, n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal s&#227;o, desse modo, vari&#225;veis que t&#234;m merecido destaque na literatura; contudo, poucas dessas pesquisas foram realizadas em nosso meio. O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar a import&#226;ncia dos par&#226;metros laboratoriais citados previamente na avalia&#231;&#227;o do progn&#243;stico de pacientes com SCA sem SST em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia em cardiologia em Salvador/BA. Um objetivo secund&#225;rio &#233; determinar se a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o invasiva reduz o impacto das vari&#225;veis preditoras, quando comparada com a terapia medicamentosa. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desenho do estudo e sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Pacientes consecutivos admitidos na Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia e depois internados na Unidade Coronariana do Hospital Portugu&#234;s (Salvador/BA) com o diagn&#243;stico de Angina Inst&#225;vel (AI) ou Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) sem SST no per&#237;odo de janeiro a dezembro de 2010 participaram do estudo. Foram inclu&#237;dos todos aqueles com: dor tor&#225;cica ou equivalente isqu&#234;mico dentro de 48h da admiss&#227;o, e pelo menos uma das tr&#234;s seguintes caracter&#237;sticas: 1) altera&#231;&#245;es isqu&#234;micas eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas (invers&#227;o de ondas T ou infradesnivelamento do segmento ST); 2) marcadores s&#233;ricos de necrose mioc&#225;rdica acima do limite superior de normalidade; ou 3) documenta&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com: supradesnivelamento do segmento ST <underline>&gt;</underline> 1 mm em duas ou mais deriva&#231;&#245;es ao ECG da admiss&#227;o, angiograma coron&#225;rio normal, doen&#231;a valvular prim&#225;ria hemodinamicamente significativa (insufici&#234;ncia ou estenose mitral e a&#243;rtica), miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, neoplasias malignas, doen&#231;as infecciosas, doen&#231;as autoimunes, e pacientes que sofreram trauma ou cirurgia recente.</p>
    <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo do estudo e defini&#231;&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Amostras de sangue para determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos, contagem de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias e creatinina s&#233;rica foram obtidas na apresenta&#231;&#227;o inicial ao pronto-socorro. Os seguintes dados foram avaliados: contagem total de c&#233;lulas brancas, neutr&#243;filos, linf&#243;citos e RNL, Glicemia Admissional (GA), creatinina e Taxa de Filtra&#231;&#227;o Glomerular (TFG). Al&#233;m dessas vari&#225;veis, foram tamb&#233;m analisados dados demogr&#225;ficos, IM pr&#233;vio, comorbidades, tabagismo, &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea, a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica (AI ou IAM sem SST), a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo (VE), os n&#237;veis de Troponina I (TnI) e CK-MB na admiss&#227;o ao pronto-socorro, os achados na coronariografia e dados da estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>O analisador hematol&#243;gico CellDyn 3700 foi utilizado para determina&#231;&#227;o da contagem de leuc&#243;citos e seus subtipos. Leucocitose foi definida como uma contagem de leuc&#243;citos &gt; 10.000 cel/mL, neutrofilia como uma contagem absoluta de neutr&#243;filos &gt; 7.000 cel/mL, e linfocitopenia como uma contagem absoluta de linf&#243;citos &lt; 1.500 cel / mL. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o valor do RNL: aqueles com RNL &gt; 4,7; e os com RNL <underline>&lt;</underline> 4,7. Esse ponto de corte foi baseado em estudo publicado previamente<sup>9</sup>.</p>
    <p>A creatinina foi medida pelo m&#233;todo colorim&#233;trico de Jaff&#233; (Dade-Behring, Newark, Delaware, EUA)<sup>17</sup>. O <italic>clearance</italic> de creatinina foi calculado atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault, definida como [(140- idade) x peso kg / (72 x creatinina s&#233;rica mg/dL)] x (0,85 se pertencente ao sexo feminino)<sup>18</sup>. A fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi classificada de acordo com as defini&#231;&#245;es do Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>A glicose plasm&#225;tica foi determinada enzimaticamente pelo m&#233;todo da glicose oxidase (Vitros 250 OrthosClinicalDiagnostics, Rochester, NY)<sup>20</sup>. Hiperglicemia na admiss&#227;o foi definida como GA &gt; 200 mg/dL.</p>
    <p>O paciente foi considerado diab&#233;tico, hipertenso ou dislipid&#234;mico se ele confirmou ter sido informado desse diagn&#243;stico previamente, ou se estava em uso de medica&#231;&#227;o para controle da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE foi classificada de acordo com sua fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, seguindo as defini&#231;&#245;es preconizadas pela American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Echocardiography<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Foi considerada doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva qualquer obstru&#231;&#227;o <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%, ou <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% se em tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, identificada na coronariografia. Os pacientes tratados com terapia medicamentosa foram comparados com os revascularizados por angioplastia coronariana ou Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Desfechos hospitalares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os desfechos intra-hospitalares estudados foram: IM n&#227;o fatal, AI recorrente, Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial (FA) aguda, choque cardiog&#234;nico e morte. IM n&#227;o fatal foi definido como o surgimento de uma onda Q ou eleva&#231;&#227;o da TnI durante hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, apesar de valores normais durante as primeiras 24h. Para pacientes que apresentaram infarto na admiss&#227;o, um novo pico de CK-MB (maior em 50% do valor anterior e acima do valor normal) foi necess&#225;rio para o diagn&#243;stico de reinfarto. Um epis&#243;dio de angina ao repouso foi definido como AI recorrente se um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios esteve presente: decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico de administrar nitrato sublingual ou iniciar nitrato intravenoso, ou necessidade de angiografia coronariana urgente. Para o diagn&#243;stico de FA aguda durante a interna&#231;&#227;o foi necess&#225;rio evid&#234;ncia eletrocardiogr&#225;fica de um ritmo irregular mantido com aus&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial, sem hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica. Choque cardiog&#234;nico foi definido como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &lt; 90 mmHg, por no m&#237;nimo 30 minutos, ou a necessidade de suporte vasoativo para manter a PAS &gt; 90 mmHg, durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com pacote SPSS, vers&#227;o 14,0. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o descritas como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis dicot&#244;micas s&#227;o apresentadas como propor&#231;&#245;es. Foram utilizados o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student, o teste x<sup>2</sup> e o teste exato de Fisher quando apropriados. Os valores com p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
    <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o entre fator progn&#243;stico e desfecho foi determinada utilizando-se an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. As vari&#225;veis que apresentaram p &lt; 0,10 foram consideradas em modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla com elimina&#231;&#227;o manual. Permaneceram no modelo as vari&#225;veis que atingiram signific&#226;ncia (p &lt; 0,05).</p>
    <p>A capacidade das vari&#225;veis em discriminar os indiv&#237;duos com maior risco de eventos adversos foi tamb&#233;m analisada atrav&#233;s da &#225;rea sob a curva ROC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cento e noventa e cinco pacientes foram estudados ao todo. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 67 &#177; 12 anos, e 52% (n = 102) eram do sexo masculino. Sessenta e nove por cento dos pacientes (n = 134) foram diagnosticados com AI e 31% (n = 61), com IAM sem SST. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais dos pacientes s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4948tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4948tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0412-30077-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os eventos combinados ocorreram em 16,4% (n = 32) dos indiv&#237;duos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4948tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). Dentre os pacientes que foram a &#243;bito, um tinha o diagn&#243;stico de AI (20%), e quatro de IAM sem SST (80%).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4948tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0412-30077-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise da curva ROC</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop_4948graf01">gr&#225;fico 1</xref> mostra as curvas ROC para as vari&#225;veis RNL, glicemia e creatinina s&#233;rica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; capacidade de identificar os desfechos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop_4948graf01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0412-30077-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>De acordo com a an&#225;lise da curva ROC, tanto a RNL (&#225;rea sob a curva [AUC]: 70%, IC95%: 56%-82%, p = 0,006) como a creatinina (AUC: 62%, IC95%: 50%-80%, p = 0,03) discriminaram aqueles pacientes com SCA sem SST que apresentaram algum desfecho. A curva da vari&#225;vel glicemia apresentou AUC de 63% (IC95%: 51%-75%), contudo ela foi marginalmente significativa (p = 0,062). </p>
    <p>Os valores das AUC das tr&#234;s vari&#225;veis s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4948tab03">tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4948tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0412-30077-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis contagem de leuc&#243;citos, neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, e TFG tamb&#233;m foram analisadas pela curva ROC. Elas, entretanto, n&#227;o foram capazes de discriminar aqueles indiv&#237;duos com maior risco.</p>
    <p>Ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra de acordo com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos combinados s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4948tab04">tabela 4</xref>. Os pacientes que sofreram algum evento adverso durante a interna&#231;&#227;o apresentaram menores contagens de linf&#243;citos (1502 &#177; 731/mm<sup>3</sup> vs. 2020 &#177; 862 / mm<sup>3</sup>; p = 0,002), menores TFG (51 &#177; 27 mL/min vs. 77 &#177; 34 mL / min; p &lt; 0,001) e maiores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina (2,1 &#177; 2,7 mg / dL vs. 1,1 &#177; 1,3 mg/dL; p = 0,047) do que aqueles que tiveram uma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o sem intercorr&#234;ncias. As contagens de leuc&#243;citos e neutr&#243;filos, a RNL e a GA n&#227;o apresentaram m&#233;dias significativamente diferentes entre os dois grupos de pacientes (7781 &#177; 3252 / mm<sup>3</sup> vs. 8140 &#177; 2835/mm<sup>3</sup>, p = 0,5; 5653 &#177; 3058/mm<sup>3</sup> vs. 5220 &#177; 2496/mm<sup>3</sup>, p = 0,4; 5,0 &#177; 4,4 vs. 3,5 &#177; 4,3, p = 0,07; 153 &#177; 71 mg/dL vs. 136 &#177; 80 mg/dL, p = 0,3; respectivamente).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4948tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0412-30077-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de linfocitopenia (OR: 3,1; IC95%: 1,4-6,7; p = 0,006) e RNL &gt; 4,7 (OR: 3,3; IC95%: 1,4-7,6; p = 0,006) foram mais frequentes naqueles pacientes que sofreram algum desfecho. Em contrapartida, a presen&#231;a de leucocitose, neutrofilia e hiperglicemia n&#227;o apresentou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos hospitalares foi mais frequente nos pacientes com idade maior que 65 anos, 75 vs. 54,6% (OR: 2,49; IC95%: 1,06-5,88; p = 0,049), em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem intercorr&#234;ncias.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois grupos de pacientes, com rela&#231;&#227;o a: frequ&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e comorbidades, da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VE, e nas m&#233;dias das dosagens de CK-MB e TnI.</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, as vari&#225;veis consideradas preditoras na an&#225;lise univariada foram: contagem de linf&#243;citos, como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua e categ&#243;rica, RNL &gt; 4,7, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina, TFG, e idade superior a 65 anos.</p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop_4948tab05">tabela 5</xref> mostra as <italic>Odds Ratio</italic> das vari&#225;veis estudadas de acordo com a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop_4948tab05">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0412-30077-gt05.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Preditores independentes dos desfechos intra-hospitalares</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entraram no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica aquelas vari&#225;veis que apresentavam p &lt; 0,10, ou relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica j&#225; bem documentada. Foram ent&#227;o selecionadas a partir da an&#225;lise univariada as seguintes vari&#225;veis: idade maior que 65 anos, contagem de linf&#243;citos e RNL como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e TFG. </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica demonstrou que as vari&#225;veis que permaneceram como preditores independentes e significativos de aumento de mortalidade e dos outros eventos cl&#237;nicos foram: TFG (OR: 1,03; IC95%: 1,00-1,13; p = 0,002), e contagem de linf&#243;citos (OR: 1,02; IC95%: 1,01-1,04; p = 0,03).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tratamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise secundaria do estudo foi avaliar se a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o invasiva reduz o impacto das vari&#225;veis preditoras nos desfechos intra-hospitalares de pacientes com SCA sem SST.</p>
    <p>Os doentes que foram submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o invasiva e tinham TFG &lt; 60 mL/min tiveram taxa de eventos adversos semelhantes aos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal conduzidos com terapia medicamentosa (44% vs. 56%; p = 0,37; respectivamente). De modo similar, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o invasiva n&#227;o esteve associada com menor risco de desfechos, quando comparada com o tratamento cl&#237;nico, em pacientes com linfopenia (41% vs. 59%; p = 0,56; respectivamente).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, TFG foi considerada determinante independente de eventos adversos intra-hospitalares em pacientes com SCA sem SST. Recentemente, v&#225;rios estudos prospectivos demonstraram que redu&#231;&#245;es na TFG est&#227;o associadas com pior progn&#243;stico em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas. Em pacientes com AI e IAM sem SST, a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal foi preditor de mortalidade hospitalar<sup>14</sup>, em 30 dias<sup>16</sup>, e em 7 meses<sup>15</sup>. No registro GRACE, redu&#231;&#245;es moderadas e severas da TFG representaram um risco duas e quatro vezes maior de &#243;bito, respectivamente<sup>22</sup>.</p>
    <p>O mecanismo pelo qual diminui&#231;&#245;es na TFG est&#227;o associadas com maior risco cardiovascular provavelmente est&#225; relacionado &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e metab&#243;licas, como anemia, altera&#231;&#245;es na coagula&#231;&#227;o, protein&#250;ria e homocisteinemia, observadas nessa condi&#231;&#227;o<sup>23</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, na maioria dos estudos, redu&#231;&#245;es na TFG est&#227;o relacionadas com maior frequ&#234;ncia de fatores de risco para DCV<sup>14,15,24</sup>, que individualmente poderiam conferir maior risco de eventos adversos em pacientes com SCA. </p>
    <p>Eleva&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de creatinina estiveram relacionados com maior risco de eventos adversos nesse estudo (<italic>p </italic>= 0,047 na an&#225;lise univariada). Essa vari&#225;vel tamb&#233;m foi considerada preditora (<italic>p </italic>= 0,03) na an&#225;lise da curva ROC, apesar de apresentar capacidade discriminativa modesta (AUC de 65%). F&#225;cila e cols.<sup>25</sup> demonstraram que a determina&#231;&#227;o da creatinina tem grande import&#226;ncia para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o inicial de pacientes com SCA sem SST, e capacidade preditiva semelhante &#224; TFG (estat&#237;stica C = 0,81 para as duas vari&#225;veis).</p>
    <p>Dessa forma, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, tanto pela creatinina s&#233;rica como pela TFG, parece fornecer uma informa&#231;&#227;o valiosa para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco intra-hospitalar em doentes com SCA sem SST.</p>
    <p>A contagem de linf&#243;citos tamb&#233;m esteve, no modelo multivariado, associada a um risco aumentado de desfechos. J&#225; foi bem documentado que a inflama&#231;&#227;o tem um papel crucial na aterotrombose. Para fins progn&#243;sticos, as pesquisas cl&#237;nicas concentram-se sobre a contagem de leuc&#243;citos como um todo, neutr&#243;filos, e prote&#237;na C-reativa. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre o papel dos linf&#243;citos, os quais desempenham fun&#231;&#227;o importante no controle do sistema inflamat&#243;rio e na fisiopatologia da DAC. N&#250;&#241;ez e cols.<sup>7</sup> constataram que em pacientes com AI, somente linf&#243;citos, dentre os subtipos de c&#233;lulas brancas, estiveram associados com morte e IM durante um <italic>follow-up </italic>de cinco anos. Dragu e cols.<sup>6</sup>, em estudo com 1.307 pacientes com IM (68% deles apresentavam supradesnivelamento de ST), reportaram que linfocitopenia esteve independentemente relacionada com &#243;bito em longo prazo. Horne e cols.<sup>26</sup> ampliaram esses resultados para pacientes com angina est&#225;vel e AI.</p>
    <p>Ainda n&#227;o foi elucidado se essa associa&#231;&#227;o &#233; causal ou representa apenas um marcador de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e microvascular. A explica&#231;&#227;o mais aceita &#233; que a linfocitopenia &#233; reflexo de um estresse agudo, secund&#225;ria &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de cortisol<sup>7</sup>. Em um modelo alternativo, na SCA, o sistema imune seria agudamente desregulado, provocando perda de c&#233;lulas T regulat&#243;rias, e um consequente estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio, com libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas e deslocamento de mon&#243;citos e neutr&#243;filos para o local em isquemia<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste trabalho, constatamos que a contagem total de c&#233;lulas brancas e a contagem de neutr&#243;filos n&#227;o foram capazes de discriminar aqueles pacientes com maior risco de eventos adversos. Leucocitose e neutrofilia foram associadas com maior risco de morte em SCA<sup>2-5</sup>. Em contrapartida, no estudo de Cannon e cols.<sup>28</sup>, essa rela&#231;&#227;o s&#243; foi verdadeira em pacientes infartados; naqueles com AI, essa rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o atingiu signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Lloyd-Jones e cols.<sup>29</sup> relataram que em pacientes com AI, leucocitose n&#227;o esteve associada com desfechos intra-hospitalares, incluindo angina recorrente, IM e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de 71 pacientes com AI, uma baixa contagem de linf&#243;citos esteve relacionada com um risco alto de futuros eventos card&#237;acos<sup>30</sup>. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o entre a contagem de c&#233;lulas brancas ou de neutr&#243;filos com os eventos. De forma similar, N&#250;&#241;ez e cols.<sup>7</sup> demonstraram que em pacientes com dor tor&#225;cica aguda, ECG n&#227;o diagn&#243;stico e sem eleva&#231;&#227;o de troponinas, al&#233;m de linf&#243;citos, nenhuma outra subpopula&#231;&#227;o de leuc&#243;citos foi associada com IM ou morte. De acordo com esses dados, a contagem de c&#233;lulas brancas e de neutr&#243;filos parece n&#227;o ser um bom marcador de progn&#243;stico em pacientes com AI. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, a contagem de linf&#243;citos provavelmente identifica melhor aqueles com maior risco. </p>
    <p>No presente estudo, 69% dos pacientes (mais de dois ter&#231;os da amostra) foram diagnosticados com AI, o que pode justificar os resultados encontrados. Al&#233;m disso, devido ao tamanho relativamente modesto da amostra, talvez o estudo apresente um poder limitado para detectar uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre leucocitose e neutrofilia e os desfechos.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, observamos que os enfermos que apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o da RNL tiveram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es, com p tendendo a signific&#226;ncia (p = 0,07). Os doentes com RNL &gt; 4,7 apresentaram risco cerca de duas vezes maior de sofrer os desfechos combinados (p = 0,006 na an&#225;lise univariada). Concordando com esses resultados, na an&#225;lise da curva ROC, a RNL tamb&#233;m foi um preditor dos eventos intra-hospitalares. J&#225; foi demonstrado previamente que essa vari&#225;vel est&#225; independentemente relacionada com pior progn&#243;stico em curto e longo prazos em todas as manifesta&#231;&#245;es da SCA<sup>8,9</sup>. No nosso estudo, entretanto, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre RNL e desfechos perdeu signific&#226;ncia quando foi adicionada na an&#225;lise multivariada.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; GA, os pacientes que sofreram alguma complica&#231;&#227;o tiveram uma glicemia m&#233;dia mais elevada que aqueles que tiveram uma hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o sem intercorr&#234;ncias; contudo, essa rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi significativa. Na curva ROC, a GA tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi capaz de discriminar os pacientes de maior risco. Os resultados deste estudo s&#227;o divergentes com a literatura, que demonstrou consistentemente que hiperglicemia aguda &#233; um importante marcador no contexto da SCA<sup>10,12,13</sup>. Pacientes com GA elevada apresentam um risco de &#243;bito maior em 22% que pacientes normoglic&#234;micos<sup>31</sup>. Ishihara e cols.<sup>11</sup> demonstraram que para mortalidade hospitalar, a hiperglicemia na admiss&#227;o &#233; um marcador de risco mais forte que hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de DM. M&#252;despacher e cols.<sup>10</sup> constataram que a cada acr&#233;scimo de 1 mmol/L na GA foi acompanhada de um aumento de 8% no risco de &#243;bito intra-hospitalar. A diferen&#231;a entre os nossos resultados e a dos estudos citados antes se deve provavelmente ao pequeno tamanho da popula&#231;&#227;o; contudo, n&#227;o podemos excluir que as diferen&#231;as entre essas popula&#231;&#245;es possam tamb&#233;m interferir nos resultados.</p>
    <p>As diretrizes recentes apoiam a estrat&#233;gia intervencionista (realiza&#231;&#227;o de coronariografia e interven&#231;&#227;o t&#227;o logo quanto poss&#237;vel, idealmente dentro de 24 horas da admiss&#227;o) para reduzir a isquemia recorrente em pacientes de risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto com SCA sem SST<sup>32</sup>. Entretanto, em alguns subgrupos de alto risco, como os pacientes muito idosos, com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal ou com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ainda &#233; controverso o benef&#237;cio da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o invasiva precoce. Diversas vari&#225;veis foram associadas com pior progn&#243;stico nesse contexto, mas poucas t&#234;m tamb&#233;m implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas.</p>
    <p>Pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o renal deteriorada s&#227;o menos propensos a receber terapias reconhecidas em melhorar a evolu&#231;&#227;o durante hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por SCA<sup>22</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, esses enfermos s&#227;o frequentemente exclu&#237;dos de estudos cl&#237;nicos controlados randomizados<sup>33</sup>, ou representam uma pequena porcentagem de pacientes em estudos observacionais<sup>34</sup>. Dessa forma, permanece incerto se esses pacientes t&#234;m beneficio progn&#243;stico maior quando manejados com a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o invasiva em adi&#231;&#227;o a terapia medicamentosa. Naqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal grave ou di&#225;lise, a estrat&#233;gia intervencionista parece ser prejudicial<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>At&#233; o momento, apenas um estudo avaliou as implica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas da linfopenia em doentes com SCA sem SST. N&#250;&#241;ez e cols.<sup>36 </sup>demonstraram que uma baixa contagem de linf&#243;citos &#233; um marcador de pacientes com SCA sem SST de alto risco, e a estrat&#233;gia intervencionista nesse contexto reduz o risco de IM n&#227;o fatal em longo prazo (tr&#234;s anos). Os autores sugerem que a disponibilidade e o baixo custo desse biomarcador o tornam uma ferramenta promissora na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e escolha da estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>No presente estudo, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o invasiva n&#227;o reduziu o risco conferido pela disfun&#231;&#227;o renal ou linfopenia, quando comparada com a terapia medicamentosa.</p>
    <p>Este trabalho apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m do tamanho da amostra, este foi um estudo unic&#234;ntrico; assim, seus resultados podem n&#227;o ser completamente estendidos para outras popula&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, este &#233; um estudo observacional, e as estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas n&#227;o foram randomizadas, o que poderia levar a um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, o principal achado deste estudo &#233; que a estimativa da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e a contagem de linf&#243;citos s&#227;o preditores independentes de eventos adversos intra-hospitalares na nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com SCA sem SST.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Programa PIBIC/Bahiana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte do trabalho de conclus&#227;o de curso de Jessica Carolina Matos D&#180;Almeida Santos pela Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Jessica DAlmeida Santos </p>
        <p> Cond Jardim Piat&#227;, Q2 L2 </p>
        <p> CEP 41650-200, Salvador, BA - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dalmeidajessica@gmail.com">dalmeidajessica@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 13/06/12, revisado em 12/12/12, aceito em 17/12/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic factors in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) without ST segment elevation (SSE), it is suggested that a series of markers (inflammatory cells, hyperglycemia and renal function) can identify individuals with increased risk for cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of these laboratory parameters on intra-hospital outcomes of patients with ACS with no SSE. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 195 patients consecutively admitted with ACS with no SSE. Demographic and clinical laboratory data were recorded during the course of the hospitalization period in relation to the occurrence of combined events. RESULTS: Mean age was 67 &#177; 12 years, and 52% were men. In analyzing the area under the ROC curve, only neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios (AUC: 70%, CI 95% 56%-82%, p = 0.006) and creatinine (AUC: 62%, CI 95% 50%-80%, p = 0.03) discriminated those patients with ACS with no SSE who presented an adverse outcome. The patients who suffered an adverse event during hospitalization had lower lymphocyte counts (1502 &#177; 731/mm &#179; vs. 2020 &#177; 862/mm&#179;; p = 0.002), lower glomerular filtration rates (51 &#177; 27 mL / min vs. 77 &#177; 34 mL/min; p &lt; 0,001) and higher serum creatinine levels (2.1 &#177; 2.7 mg/dL vs. 1.1 &#177; 1.3 mg/dL; p = 0.047) than those who progressed through hospitalization without incident. The logistic regression analysis showed that variables remaining as independent and significant predictors were: glomerular filtration rate (OR: 1.03; CI 95%: 1.00 - 1.13, p = 0.002), and lymphocyte count (OR: 1.02; CI95%: 1.01 to 1.04, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Assessment of renal function and lymphocyte count provide potentially useful information for the prognostic stratification in patients with ACS with no SSE (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0).</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperglycemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Renal Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Leukocyte Count</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Prognostic factors in patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Jessica Carolina Matos D'Almeida Santos<sup>II</sup>; M&#225;rio de Seixas Rocha<sup>I,II</sup>; Marcos da Silva Ara&#250;jo<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital Portugu&#234;s</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) without ST segment elevation (SSE), it is suggested that a series of markers (inflammatory cells, hyperglycemia and renal function) can identify individuals with increased risk for cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the impact of these laboratory parameters on intra-hospital outcomes of patients with ACS with no SSE.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We prospectively evaluated 195 patients consecutively admitted with ACS with no SSE. Demographic and clinical laboratory data were recorded during the course of the hospitalization period in relation to the occurrence of combined events.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Mean age was 67 &#177; 12 years, and 52% were men. In analyzing the area under the ROC curve, only neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios (AUC: 70%, CI 95% 56%-82%, p = 0.006) and creatinine (AUC: 62%, CI 95% 50%-80%, p = 0.03) discriminated those patients with ACS with no SSE who presented an adverse outcome. The patients who suffered an adverse event during hospitalization had lower lymphocyte counts (1502 &#177; 731/mm <sup>3</sup> vs. 2020 &#177; 862/mm<sup>3</sup>; p = 0.002), lower glomerular filtration rates (51 &#177; 27 mL / min vs. 77 &#177; 34 mL/min; p &lt; 0,001) and higher serum creatinine levels (2.1 &#177; 2.7 mg/dL vs. 1.1 &#177; 1.3 mg/dL; p = 0.047) than those who progressed through hospitalization without incident. The logistic regression analysis showed that variables remaining as independent and significant predictors were: glomerular filtration rate (OR: 1.03; CI 95%: 1.00 - 1.13, p = 0.002), and lymphocyte count (OR: 1.02; CI95%: 1.01 to 1.04, p = 0.03).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold> Assessment of renal function and lymphocyte count provide potentially useful information for the prognostic stratification in patients with ACS with no SSE.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Acute Coronary Syndrome; Hyperglycemia; Renal Insufficiency; Leukocyte Count.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) without ST segment elevation (SSE) is a condition of high incidence<sup>1</sup>, and the establishment of the risk of future events is critical in the evaluation and management of these patients. With this objective in mind, several prognostic markers were investigated. Inflammatory cells, hyperglycemia and renal insufficiency were considered promising and are easily accessible, since they are already part of the initial laboratory evaluation.</p>
      <p>The presence of leukocytosis was associated with high mortality in patients with ACS without SSE<sup>2-4</sup>. Recently, however, an increase in the count of subpopulations of white cells was considered a better predictor of adverse events than leukocytosis. The presence of elevated neutrophils is associated with a risk of death about six times higher <sup>5</sup>, and with the occurrence of reinfarction and rehospitalization for angina<sup>6</sup>. A low lymphocyte count was independently associated with mortality and myocardial infarction (MI)<sup>7</sup>. A new marker, the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NRL), could integrate the predictive risk of these two types of white cells into a single prognostic factor, and it was considered superior to leukocyte count and its subtypes<sup>8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>Another potentially useful variable in this scenario is the determination of glucose. Patients with ACS who have hyperglycemia on admission to hospital represent a high-risk population<sup>10</sup>, experiencing higher rates of reinfarction, recurrent angina, heart failure and cerebral vascular accident (stroke)<sup>11</sup>, regardless of diagnosis of diabetes mellitus<sup>12, 13</sup>.</p>
      <p>Renal insufficiency has also been associated with the occurrence of adverse events in patients with SCA in several studies<sup>14-16</sup>. Severe renal insufficiency was associated with a four-fold higher intra-hospital risk of death in these patients<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, inflammatory cells, glucose levels and renal insufficiency are variables that have been highlighted in the literature; however, few of these studies have been carried out in our area. The objective of this study is to evaluate the importance of the previously mentioned laboratory parameters in assessing the prognosis of patients with ACS without SSE in a referral hospital for cardiology in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. A secondary objective is to determine if invasive revascularization reduces the impact of predicting variables, compared with drug therapy. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study design and sample selection</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Consecutive patients admitted to the Emergency Ward and thereafter admitted to the Coronary Care Unit of the Hospital Portugu&#234;s (Salvador, Bahia, Brazil) with a diagnosis of unstable angina (UA) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI) without SSE, from January to December 2010, participated in the study. We included those patients with chest pain or equivalent ischemic condition within 48 hours of admission and at least one of the three following characteristics: 1) ischemic electrocardiographic changes (T-wave inversion or ST segment depression), 2) serum markers of myocardial necrosis above the upper limit of normal, and/or 3) documentation of prior coronary artery disease. We excluded patients with: ST-segment elevation <underline>&gt;</underline>1 mm in two or more leads on the admission ECG, normal coronary angiogram, hemodynamically significant primary valvular disease (mitral and aortic insufficiency or stenosis), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cancer, infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases and patients suffering from recent trauma or surgery.</p>
      <p>This study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of Bahia School of Medicine and Public Health (<italic>Escola Bahiana de Medicina and Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</italic>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study protocol and definitions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood samples for determination of blood glucose levels, inflammatory cell counts and serum creatinine were obtained at initial presentation to the emergency ward. The following data were evaluated: total white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes and NRL, blood glucose on hospital admission (GA), creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Besides these variables, demographic data were also analyzed, as well as information regarding previous MI, comorbidities, smoking, body mass index (BMI), clinical presentation (UA or AMI without SSE), systolic function of the left ventricle (LV), levels of Troponin I (Tnl) and CK-MB upon admission to the emergency ward, findings from coronarography and data from the revascularization strategy utilized. </p>
      <p>The CellDyn 3700 hematology analyzer was used to determine the leukocyte count and its subtypes. Leukocytosis was defined as a leukocyte count &gt; 10,000 cells/mL, neutrophilia as an absolute neutrophil count &gt; 7000 cells/mL, and lymphocytopenia as an absolute lymphocyte count &lt;1500 cells / mL. The patients were divided into two groups according to the value of the NRL: those with NRL &gt; 4.7, and those with NRL <underline>&lt;</underline> 4.7. This cutoff point was based on a previously published study.<sup>9</sup></p>
      <p>Creatinine was measured by the Jaff&#233; colorimetric method (Dade-Behring, Newark, Delaware, USA)<sup>17</sup>. Creatinine clearance was calculated through Cockcroft-Gault's formula, defined as [(140- age) x weight kg x (0.85 if female)/ (72 x serum creatinine mg/dL)]<sup>18</sup>. Renal function was classified according to the definitions of the Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>Plasma glucose was determined enzymatically by the glucose oxidase method (Vitros 250 OrthosClinicalDiagnostics, Rochester, NY)<sup>20</sup>. Hyperglycemia upon admission was defined as GA &gt; 200 mg/dL.</p>
      <p>The patient was considered diabetic, hypertensive or dyslipidemic if he confirmed having been informed of this diagnosis beforehand, or was using medication to control the disease.</p>
      <p>The left ventricular systolic function was classified according to its ejection fraction, following the definitions recommended by the American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Echocardiography<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>Obstructive coronary disease was considered any obstruction <underline>&gt;</underline> 70%, or <underline>&gt;</underline> 50% if in the main left coronary artery, identified by coronarography. The patients treated with drug therapy were compared with those who had been revascularized by coronary angioplasty or myocardial revascularization surgery (MRS) during hospitalization.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hospital outcomes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The intra-hospital outcomes studied were: non-fatal MI, recurrent UA, acute atrial fibrillation (AF), cardiogenic shock and death. Non-fatal MI was defined as the appearance of a Q wave or elevation of TnI during hospitalization, despite normal values during the first 24 hours. For patients who presented infarction at admission, a new peak CK-MB (greater than 50% than the previous value and above the normal value) was required for the diagnosis of reinfarction. An episode of angina at rest was defined as recurrent UA if one of the following criteria was present: physician's decision to administer sublingual nitrate or start intravenous nitrate, or need for urgent coronary angiography. For the diagnosis of acute AF during hospitalization, electrocardiographic evidence of an irregular rhythm maintained without atrial activation with no medical history of chronic atrial fibrillation was necessary. Cardiogenic shock was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) &lt; 90 mmHg for at least 30 minutes, or the need for vasoactive support to maintain SBP &gt; 90 mmHg during hospitalization. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS program, version 14.0. Continuous variables are described as averages &#177; standard deviation, and the dichotomous variables are presented as proportions. We used the Student <italic>t</italic> test, the x<sup>2</sup> test and Fisher's exact test when appropriate. Values of p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
      <p>The association between prognostic factor and outcome was determined using logistic regression analysis. The variables that presented p &lt; 0.10 were considered in the multiple logistic regression model with manual deletion. Variables that remained in the model achieved significance (p &lt; 0.05). </p>
      <p>The ability of the variables to discriminate individuals at higher risk of adverse events was also assessed through the area under the ROC curve.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Population characteristics</bold>
      </p>
      <p>One hundred and ninety-five patients were studied in all. Mean age was 67 &#177; 12 years, and 52% (n = 102) were male. Sixty-nine percent of patients (n = 134) were diagnosed with UA and 31% (n = 61) with AMI without SSE. The demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of the patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4948tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4948tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0412-30077-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The combined events occurred in 16.4% (n = 32) of the individuals (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4948tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Among the patients who died, one was diagnosed with UA (20%) and four with AMI without SSE (80%). </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4948tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0412-30077-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ROC curve analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop_4948graf01-body2">Chart 1</xref> shows the ROC curves for the variables NRL, blood glucose and serum creatinine in relation to the ability to identify outcomes.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop_4948graf01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0412-30077-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>According to ROC curve analysis, both NRL (area under the curve [AUC]: 70%, CI 95% 56%-82%, p = 0.006) and creatinine (AUC: 62%, CI 95% 50%-80%, p = 0.03) discriminated those patients with ACS with no SSE who presented an outcome. The curve of the glucose variable showed an AUC of 63% (95% CI: 51%-75%); however, it was only marginally significant (p = 0.062).</p>
      <p>The AUC values of the three variables are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4948tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4948tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0412-30077-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The variables of leukocytes, neutrophil and lymphocyte count, and GFR were also analyzed by the ROC curve. However, they were not found to be capable of discriminating those individuals at greatest risk.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Outcome occurrence in relation to the clinical and laboratory variables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The general characteristics in accordance with the occurrence of combined events are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4948tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>. The patients who suffered an adverse event during hospitalization had lower lymphocyte counts (1502 &#177; 731/mm<sup>3</sup> vs. 2020 &#177; 862/mm<sup>3</sup>; p = 0.002), lower GFR (51 &#177; 27 mL / min vs. 77 &#177; 34 mL/min; p &lt; 0.001) and higher serum creatinine levels (2.1 &#177; 2.7 mg/dL vs. 1.1 &#177; 1.3 mg/dL; p = 0.047) than those who underwent hospitalization with no incidents. White blood cell and neutrophil counts, NRL and GA did not show significantly different averages between the two groups of patients (7781 &#177; 3252/mm<sup>3</sup> vs. 8140 &#177; 2835 / mm<sup>3</sup>, p = 0.5; 5653 &#177; 3058/mm<sup>3</sup> vs. 5220 &#177; 80 mg/dL, p = 0.3, respectively).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4948tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0412-30077-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Lymphocytopenia (OR: 3.1; CI95%: 1.4-6.7; p = 0.006) and NRL &gt; 4.7 (OR: 3.3; CI 95%: 1.4 to 7.6, p = 0.006) were more frequent in patients who had suffered an adverse outcome. In contrast, the presence of leukocytosis, neutrophilia and hyperglycemia was not statistically significant. The occurrence of adverse hospital events was more frequent in patients older than 65 years of age 75% vs. 54.6% (OR: 2.49; CI 95%: 1.06 to 5.88, p = 0.049) in comparison with those without complications.</p>
      <p>There were no significant differences between the two patient groups with respect to: frequency of risk factors for coronary artery disease and comorbidities, left ventricular systolic function, and average CK-MB and Tnl values.</p>
      <p>Thus, variables considered predictive in the univariate analysis were: lymphocyte count as a continuous and categorical variable, NRL &gt; 4.7, serum creatinine levels, GFR and age greater than 65 years.</p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop_4948tab05-body2">Table 5</xref> shows the odds ratios of variables studied according to the occurrence of outcomes.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop_4948tab05-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0412-30077-gt05-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Independent predictors of intra-hospital outcomes</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Those variables that had <italic>p </italic>&lt; 0.10, or whose clinical relevance was already well documented, were included in the logistic regression model. The following variables were then selected from the univariate analysis: GFR; and age greater than 65 years, lymphocyte count and NRL as continuous variables. </p>
      <p>The logistic regression analysis showed that the variables remaining as independent and significant predictors of increased mortality and of other clinical events were: GFR (OR: 1.03; CI 95%: 1.00 - 1.13, p = 0.002), and lymphocyte count (OR: 1.02; CI 95%: 1.01 to 1.04, p = 0.03).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Outcome occurrence in relation to treatment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A secondary interest of the study was to assess whether invasive revascularization reduces the impact of predictive variables on intra-hospital outcomes of patients with ACS but without SSE.</p>
      <p>Patients who underwent invasive revascularization and had a GFR &lt; 60 mL/min had a rate of adverse events similar to those patients with renal insufficiency who were offered drug therapy (44% vs. 56%, p = 0.37, respectively). Similarly, non-invasive revascularization was not associated with a lower risk of outcomes when compared with clinical treatment in patients with lymphopenia (41% vs. 59%, p = 0.56, respectively).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, GFR was considered a determining factor independent of intra-hospital adverse events in patients with ACS but without SSE. Recently, several prospective studies have demonstrated that reductions in GFR are associated with worse prognosis in various clinical situations. In patients with UA and AMI without SSE, renal insufficiency was a predictor of hospital mortality<sup>14</sup> within 30 days<sup>16</sup>, and within 7 months<sup>15</sup>. In the GRACE study, moderate and severe reductions of GFR represented a two-fold risk and a four-fold risk of death, respectively<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>The mechanism by which a reduced GFR is associated with increased cardiovascular risk is probably related to the hemodynamic and metabolic changes, such as anemia, clotting alterations, proteinuria and homocysteinemia observed in this condition<sup>23</sup>. In addition, in most of the studies, reductions in GFR are related to a higher frequency of risk factors for DCV<sup>14</sup><sup>,15,24</sup>, which by itself could pose a higher risk of adverse events in patients with ACS.</p>
      <p>Elevations in serum creatinine levels were associated with an increased risk of adverse events in this study (<italic>p </italic>= 0.047 in univariate analysis). This variable was also considered a predictor (<italic>p </italic>= 0.03) in the ROC curve analysis, despite its modest discriminative capacity (AUC of 65%). F&#225;cila et al<sup>25</sup> demonstrated that the determination of creatinine has great importance for the initial stratification of patients with ACS without SSE, and a predictive capacity similar to GRF (CI = 0.81 for both variables).</p>
      <p>Thus, assessment of renal function, both by serum creatinine and by the GFR, seems to provide valuable information for intra-hospital risk stratification in patients with ACS without SSE.</p>
      <p>In the multivariate model, the lymphocyte count was also associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes. It has been well documented that inflammation plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis. For prognostic purposes, clinical research has focused on the leukocyte count as a whole, as well as neutrophils and C-reactive protein. However, little is known about the role of lymphocytes, which play an important role in controlling the inflammatory system and the pathophysiology of CAD (coronary artery disease). N&#250;&#241;ez et al<sup>7</sup> found that in patients with UA, only lymphocytes, among the subtypes of white blood cells, were associated with death and MI during a follow-up period of five years. Dragu et al<sup>6</sup> in a study of 1307 patients with MI (68% had ST elevation), reported that lymphocytopenia was independently associated with mortality in the long term. Horne et al<sup>26</sup> extended these results to patients with both stable and unstable angina.</p>
      <p>It has not yet been explained whether this association is causal or is simply a marker of myocardial and microvascular injury. The most accepted explanation is that lymphocytopenia reflects acute stress, secondary to release of cortisol<sup>7</sup>. In an alternative model, in ACS, the immune system would be acutely deregulated, causing loss of regulatory T-cells and a consequent pro-inflammatory condition, with the clearance of cytokines and dislocation of monocytes and neutrophils to the ischemic site<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, we found that the total white cell count and the total count of neutrophils were not able to discriminate those patients with increased risk of adverse events. Leukocytosis and neutrophilia were associated with an increased risk of death in ACS<sup>2-5</sup>. On the other hand, in Cannon et al.'s study<sup>28</sup>, this relationship was only true in infarcted patients; in those with UA, this relationship did not reach statistical significance. Lloyd-Jones et al<sup>29</sup> reported that in patients with UA, leukocytosis was not associated with intra-hospital outcomes, including recurrent angina, MI and revascularization. In a population of 71 patients with UA, a low lymphocyte count was associated with a high risk of future cardiac events<sup>30</sup>. There was no association between the white cell count or neutrophil count with the events. Similarly, Nu&#241;ez et al<sup>7</sup> demonstrated that in patients with acute chest pain, non-diagnostic ECG and no elevation of troponin, no other subpopulation of leukocytes was associated with myocardial infarction or death, including lymphocytes. ccording to these data, the white cell count and neutrophil count appear to be good prognostic markers in patients with UA. In this population, the lymphocyte count probably best identifies those at greatest risk.</p>
      <p>In this study, 69% of the patients (more than two-thirds of the sample) were diagnosed with UA, which may explain the results found. Furthermore, due to the relatively small sample size, the study may have limited power to detect an association between leukocytosis and neutrophilia and outcomes.</p>
      <p>In this study, we found that the patients who had a high NRL had a higher proportion of complications, with p tending towards significance (p = 0.07). The patients with NRL &gt; 4.7 presented approximately a two-fold risk of suffering combined outcomes (p = 0.006 in univariate analysis). In agreement with these results, in the ROC curve analysis, the NRL was also a predictor of intra-hospital events. It has been shown previously that this variable is independently associated with a worse prognosis in the short and long term in all manifestations of ACS<sup>8,9</sup>. In our study, however, the association between NRL and outcomes lost significance when it was added to the multivariate analysis.</p>
      <p>With respect to the GA, the patients who suffered a complication had average blood glucose higher than those who had no complications during hospitalization; however, this relationship was not significant. In the ROC curve, the GA was not capable of discriminating the patients at higher risk. The results of this study are divergent with the literature, which consistently showed that acute hyperglycemia is an important marker in the context of ACS<sup>10,12,13</sup>. Patients with high GA present a 22% higher death risk than normoglycemic patients<sup>31</sup>. Ishihara et al<sup>11</sup> showed that, in terms of hospital mortality, hyperglycemia upon admission is a more important risk marker than a previous history of diabetes mellitus. M&#252;despacher et al<sup>10</sup> found that for each increase of GA by 1 mmol/L, there was an 8% increase in the risk of intra-hospital death. The difference between our results and the studies mentioned here is probably due to the small size of the study population; however, we cannot exclude that the differences between these populations may also interfere in the results. </p>
      <p>Recent guidelines support the interventionist strategy (coronary angiography and intervention as soon as possible, ideally within 24 hours of admission) to reduce recurrent ischemia in patients of intermediate or high risk with ACS without SSE<sup>32</sup>. However, in some high-risk subgroups, such as the very old, with renal insufficiency or with cardiac insufficiency, the benefit of early invasive revascularization remains controversial. Several variables were associated with a worse prognosis in this context, but a few also have therapeutic implications.</p>
      <p>Patients with impaired renal function are less likely to receive therapies known to improve evolution of ACS during hospitalization<sup>22</sup>. In addition, these patients are often excluded from randomized controlled clinical studies<sup>33</sup>, or represent only a small percentage of patients in observational studies<sup>34</sup>. Thus, it remains uncertain if these patients have a better prognosis when managed with invasive revascularization in addition to drug therapy. In those with severe renal insufficiency or on dialysis, the interventionist strategy seems to be harmful<sup> 35</sup>.</p>
      <p>To date, only one study evaluated the therapeutic implications of lymphopenia in patients with ACS without SSE. N&#250;&#241;ez et al<sup>36</sup> demonstrated that a low lymphocyte count is a marker of high risk for patients with ACS without SSE, and the interventionist strategy in this context reduces the risk of non-fatal MI in the long term (three years). The authors suggest that the availability and low cost of this biomarker make it a promising tool for risk stratification and in choosing a revascularization strategy for these patients.</p>
      <p>In the present study, invasive revascularization did not reduce the risk conferred by renal insufficiency or lymphopenia, compared with drug therapy.</p>
      <p>This study has some limitations. Besides the sample size, this was a single-center study, thus its results cannot be fully extended to other populations. Moreover, this is an observational study and therapeutic strategies were not randomized, which could lead to a selection bias.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the main finding of this study is that the estimation of renal function and lymphocyte count are independent predictors of intra-hospital adverse events in our patient population with ACS without SSE.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by PIBIC/Bahiana.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of Jessica Carolina Matos D&#180;Almeida graduation final project at Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
