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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">QWykcDh6pZR5LmZLn6HDW3p</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000500002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000500002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130056</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interleucina 1&#946; correlaciona-se com MIBG e par&#226;metros do exerc&#237;cio, na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Messias</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carreira</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Angela M. de Queiroz</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Sandra Marina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jader Cunha de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Benayon</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Ronaldo Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mar&#243;stica</surname>
            <given-names>Elisabeth</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <fpage>395</fpage>
      <lpage>403</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n&#237;veis de interleucina 1&#946; (IL 1&#946;) se associam a progn&#243;stico. A atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca avaliada atrav&#233;s da cintilografia com metiodobenzilguanidina (I123 MIBG) e par&#226;metros do exerc&#237;cio s&#227;o importantes preditores de progn&#243;stico. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o est&#225; bem definida. OBJETIVO: Avaliar associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de IL 1&#946; com par&#226;metros do exerc&#237;cio e do I123 MIBG. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo observacional transversal, com avalia&#231;&#227;o de 25 pacientes consecutivos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 45%, atrav&#233;s de: dosagem de IL 1&#946;; par&#226;metros do I123 MIBG [rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino precoce e tardia, taxa de washout (WO)]; e teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira pelo protocolo de Rampa. RESULTADOS: Separados em dois grupos pelos n&#237;veis de IL 1&#946; (normal vs. elevado), o grupo com n&#237;veis aumentados apresentava menor reserva de duplo produto (RDP), menor capacidade funcional (CF) e recupera&#231;&#227;o mais lenta da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no 1&#186; (RFC 1&#186;) e 2&#186; minuto (RFC 2&#186;), e maior WO. Na an&#225;lise univariada, todas as vari&#225;veis se correlacionaram com a IL 1&#946;; RDP: r = 0,203, p = 0,024; CF: r = 0,181, p = 0,034; RFC 1&#186;: r = 0,182, p = 0,034; RFC 2&#186;: r = 0,204, p = 0,023; WO: r = 0,263, p = 0,009. Na multivariada, apenas a WO permaneceu com correla&#231;&#227;o significativa (r2 = 0,263, p = 0,009). CONCLUS&#195;O: A hipertonia adren&#233;rgica foi o principal determinante dos n&#237;veis de IL 1&#946;, demonstrando que a atividade simp&#225;tica excessiva influencia a atividade inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica. As vari&#225;veis do teste ergom&#233;trico n&#227;o foram capazes de identificar pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de IL 1&#946;.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Interleucina-1beta</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>3-Iodobenzilguanidina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Interleucina 1</bold>
      <bold>&#946;</bold>
      <bold>correlaciona-se com MIBG e par&#226;metros do exerc&#237;cio, na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca?</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Leandro Rocha Messias; Maria Angela M. de Queiroz Carreira; Sandra Marina Miranda; Jader Cunha de Azevedo; Paula Cardoso Benayon; Ronaldo Campos Rodrigues; Elisabeth Mar&#243;stica; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita; Claudio Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil </p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="corresp">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n&#237;veis de interleucina 1&#946; (IL 1&#946;) se associam a progn&#243;stico. A atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca avaliada atrav&#233;s da cintilografia com metiodobenzilguanidina (I123 MIBG) e par&#226;metros do exerc&#237;cio s&#227;o importantes preditores de progn&#243;stico. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre essas vari&#225;veis n&#227;o est&#225; bem definida. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de IL 1&#946; com par&#226;metros do exerc&#237;cio e do I123 MIBG. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo observacional transversal, com avalia&#231;&#227;o de 25 pacientes consecutivos com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 45%, atrav&#233;s de: dosagem de IL 1&#946;; par&#226;metros do I123 MIBG [rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino precoce e tardia, taxa de washout (WO)]; e teste ergom&#233;trico em esteira pelo protocolo de Rampa. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Separados em dois grupos pelos n&#237;veis de IL 1&#946; (normal vs. elevado), o grupo com n&#237;veis aumentados apresentava menor reserva de duplo produto (RDP), menor capacidade funcional (CF) e recupera&#231;&#227;o mais lenta da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no 1&#186; (RFC 1&#186;) e 2&#186; minuto (RFC 2&#186;), e maior WO. Na an&#225;lise univariada, todas as vari&#225;veis se correlacionaram com a IL 1&#946;; RDP: r = 0,203, p = 0,024; CF: r = 0,181, p = 0,034; RFC 1&#186;: r = 0,182, p = 0,034; RFC 2&#186;: r = 0,204, p = 0,023; WO: r = 0,263, p = 0,009. Na multivariada, apenas a WO permaneceu com correla&#231;&#227;o significativa (r2 = 0,263, p = 0,009). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A hipertonia adren&#233;rgica foi o principal determinante dos n&#237;veis de IL 1&#946;, demonstrando que a atividade simp&#225;tica excessiva influencia a atividade inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica. As vari&#225;veis do teste ergom&#233;trico n&#227;o foram capazes de identificar pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de IL 1&#946;.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Interleucina-1beta, Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Exerc&#237;cio, 3-Iodobenzilguanidina.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome neuroend&#243;crina inflamat&#243;ria associada &#224; piora da capacidade funcional, &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida e ao aumento da morbimortalidade<sup>1,2</sup>. Nessa s&#237;ndrome, h&#225; uma ativa&#231;&#227;o do eixo renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e hiperestimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica, configurando um desequil&#237;brio neuro-humoral<sup>2</sup> que est&#225; diretamente relacionado &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, independentemente da classe funcional<sup>3</sup>, correlacionando-se com um pior progn&#243;stico<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>A atividade e a inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca podem ser avaliadas pela cintilografia com metaiodobenzilguanidina marcada com iodo 123 (I<sup>123</sup> MIBG)<sup>5,6</sup>. A imagem precoce representa a integridade dos terminais nervosos pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticos, e a densidade dos betarreceptores. A capta&#231;&#227;o neuronal pr&#233;-sin&#225;ptica contribui para a imagem tardia, combinando informa&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o neural, incluindo capta&#231;&#227;o, libera&#231;&#227;o e estocagem da noradrenalina nas ves&#237;culas pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticas. A taxa de <italic>washout</italic> &#233; um par&#226;metro que avalia o grau de atividade simp&#225;tica<sup>6</sup>. Pacientes com IC podem apresentar: reduzida capta&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador devido &#224; perda de neur&#244;nios simp&#225;ticos e/ou dist&#250;rbios na capta&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de noradrenalina; e aumento da taxa de <italic>washout</italic>, refletindo o transbordamento de noradrenalina para a corrente sangu&#237;nea<sup>5,7</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na IC, os n&#237;veis intracard&#237;acos e perif&#233;ricos das citocinas inflamat&#243;rias est&#227;o aumentados, e o aumento dos seus n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos &#233; proporcional &#224; piora cl&#237;nica, &#224; gravidade da doen&#231;a, contribuindo tamb&#233;m para a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, estresse oxidativo, indu&#231;&#227;o da anemia, edema pulmonar e perda de massa muscular<sup>8-10</sup>. Dentre as citocinas elevadas na IC, est&#225; a interleucina 1&#946; (IL 1&#946;), que deprime a contratibilidade card&#237;aca e est&#225; envolvida na apoptose mioc&#225;rdica, hipertrofia e arritmog&#234;nese<sup>9,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dentre as indica&#231;&#245;es do teste ergom&#233;trico na IC, est&#227;o: avaliar presen&#231;a de sintomas e a terap&#234;utica; detectar a presen&#231;a de isquemia; e determinar a capacidade funcional<sup>12</sup>. A capacidade funcional e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o (RFC) no p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o s&#227;o alguns dos par&#226;metros avaliados reconhecidos como preditores de progn&#243;stico<sup>13,14</sup>. </p>
    <p>At&#233; o momento, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se a IL 1&#946; correlaciona-se com par&#226;metros da inerva&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica e/ou com par&#226;metros do exerc&#237;cio. Portanto, o objetivo do nosso estudo &#233; avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de IL 1&#946; com par&#226;metros do teste ergom&#233;trico e da cintilografia com I<sup>123</sup> MIBG em pacientes com IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo observacional, transversal, selecionando 25 pacientes consecutivos atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio especializado em IC. Os pacientes selecionados apresentavam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda menor ou igual a 45% mensurada atrav&#233;s da ecocardiografia pela t&#233;cnica de Simpson. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo os pacientes que apresentavam: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, diabetes, dispositivo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular, endocrinopatias, doen&#231;a de Parkinson, estado gripal e com doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas; al&#233;m de mulheres gr&#225;vidas ou em per&#237;odo de amamenta&#231;&#227;o. </p>
    <p>Pacientes com classe funcional da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) I e II foram selecionados para observar qual o perfil inflamat&#243;rio e adren&#233;rgico nesse grupo e, consequentemente, verificar se tais par&#226;metros influenciariam nas vari&#225;veis do exerc&#237;cio. Todos se encontravam em tratamento com doses otimizadas dos medicamentos padr&#227;o para IC, e n&#227;o foi suspensa nenhuma medica&#231;&#227;o para realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Os volunt&#225;rios assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido concordando em fazer parte do estudo. O projeto foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa da Institui&#231;&#227;o, sob o n&#250;mero 011/09.</p>
    <p>Para classifica&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica da IC, utilizamos os seguintes crit&#233;rios: isqu&#234;mica (hist&#243;ria de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, presen&#231;a de zona inativa no eletrocardiograma, ou cineangiocoronariografia evidenciando les&#227;o de troco de coron&#225;ria esquerda maior ou igual a 50%, ou les&#227;o maior ou igual a 70% em um dos tr&#234;s sistemas principais - descendente anterior, circunflexa e coron&#225;ria direita)<sup>15</sup>, hipertensiva (hist&#243;ria de hipertens&#227;o e aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios para etiologia isqu&#234;mica) e outras (pacientes que n&#227;o foram classificados nem como etiologia isqu&#234;mica, nem como hipertensiva, por exemplo: miocardiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica, p&#243;s-miocardite, <italic>peripartum</italic>).</p>
    <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com I&#185;<sup>2</sup>&#179; MIBG, foi necess&#225;rio submeter o paciente a um preparo pr&#233;vio para prote&#231;&#227;o da tireoide com 10 ml de xarope iodeto de pot&#225;ssio, administrado 48 h antes do exame. No dia da cintilografia, os pacientes foram orientados a n&#227;o fazer uso de bebidas contendo cafe&#237;na (caf&#233;, ch&#225; preto, refrigerantes, chocolate), e a realizar um jejum de duas horas. As imagens planares foram realizadas utilizando-se uma dose de 5 mCi de MIBG marcada com I&#185;<sup>2</sup>&#179;. A medida semiquantitativa de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do I&#185;<sup>2</sup>&#179; MIBG foi obtida pelo c&#225;lculo da rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino (C/M), para as imagens precoces (30 minutos ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador), tardias (4 horas ap&#243;s inje&#231;&#227;o), al&#233;m do c&#225;lculo da taxa de <italic>washout </italic>atrav&#233;s da f&#243;rmula {<italic>[(C/M precoce - C/M tardia) / (C/M precoce)] x 100}</italic><sup>5</sup>. </p>
    <p>Todos os exames foram realizados em c&#226;mara de cintila&#231;&#227;o tipo <italic>Anger</italic> tomogr&#225;fica digital (<italic>Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography</italic>) da marca <italic>Siemens</italic>, modelo <italic>E-Cam</italic> de detector duplo, com colimador de baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foram suspensas medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas para o tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e nenhum paciente do estudo fazia uso de outras medica&#231;&#245;es que poderiam influenciar nos resultados do I<sup>123</sup> MIBG, como antidepressivos tric&#237;clicos, reserpina, guanetidina, fenilefedrina, pseudoefedrina, fenilpropanolamina, antipsic&#243;tico, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram orientados no dia do teste ergom&#233;trico a n&#227;o fazer uso de bebidas contendo cafe&#237;na, n&#227;o fumar, fazer uma refei&#231;&#227;o leve no m&#225;ximo tr&#234;s horas antes (n&#227;o comparecer em jejum), n&#227;o praticar exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos extenuantes, nem ingerir bebida alco&#243;lica no dia e na v&#233;spera do exame, al&#233;m de manter o uso regular de suas medica&#231;&#245;es. Foram realizados dois testes. O teste ergom&#233;trico foi sintoma-limitado (<italic>software </italic>ErgoPC 13 vers&#227;o 2.2), em esteira da marca Imbramed, devidamente calibrada conforme orienta&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. O primeiro foi realizado com protocolo de Naughton, para treinar o paciente e melhor adapt&#225;-lo &#224; esteira.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s um intervalo de 7 a 10 dias, foi marcado o segundo exame utilizando protocolo individualizado de RAMPA, iniciando com a velocidade de 1,6 Km/h, sem inclina&#231;&#227;o. A velocidade e a inclina&#231;&#227;o foram programadas para atingir o VO<sub>2</sub> estimado do primeiro exame em 10 minutos no segundo exame. Nenhum paciente realizou o exame em menos de 8 minutos de exerc&#237;cio. As vari&#225;veis estudadas foram obtidas no segundo exame.</p>
    <p>Foram avaliados o comportamento da press&#227;o arterial durante o esfor&#231;o, da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o esfor&#231;o e na recupera&#231;&#227;o, e a capacidade funcional estimada. A medida da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi feita atrav&#233;s do intervalo RR do tra&#231;ado do ECG atrav&#233;s do pr&#243;prio <italic>software</italic>. A medida da press&#227;o arterial foi realizada por m&#233;todo indireto com utiliza&#231;&#227;o de esfignoman&#244;metro com coluna de merc&#250;rio, devidamente calibrado, aferido no bra&#231;o esquerdo do pacientes em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica. A capacidade funcional foi estimada pelo pr&#243;prio <italic>software</italic> atrav&#233;s do n&#250;mero de METs atingido. Para determina&#231;&#227;o da exaust&#227;o m&#225;xima, utilizamos a escala de BORG modificado<sup>16</sup>, e s&#243; participaram do estudo os pacientes que terminaram o exame por exaust&#227;o m&#225;xima (BORG 10).</p>
    <p>O protocolo de recupera&#231;&#227;o foi uniforme a todos os pacientes: 2 minutos em recupera&#231;&#227;o ativa (velocidade 1,6 km/h; sem inclina&#231;&#227;o) e 4 minutos em recupera&#231;&#227;o passiva, em posi&#231;&#227;o ortost&#225;tica na esteira. O valor da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o (RFC) foi determinado subtraindo o valor absoluto da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no pico do esfor&#231;o pelo valor absoluto da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca no primeiro e no segundo minuto da recupera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste ergom&#233;trico, foi colhida uma amostra de sangue atrav&#233;s de pun&#231;&#227;o de veia antecubital &#224; direita ap&#243;s garroteamento do bra&#231;o direito. Ap&#243;s assepsia adequada do s&#237;tio de pun&#231;&#227;o com &#225;lcool a 70%, foram colhidos 10 ml de sangue utilizando uma seringa de 20 ml e agulha 25x8 e distribu&#237;dos em dois frascos contendo EDTA. A mostra foi centrifugada a 100 rpm, e o plasma foi separado das c&#233;lulas para ent&#227;o realizar a dosagem plasm&#225;tica da IL 1&#946;. Foi utilizado o kit <italic>Quantikine Immunoassay R&amp;D Systems, Inc, Minneapolis, USA,</italic> que consiste em um ELISA, em fase s&#243;lida de dura&#231;&#227;o de 3,5 - 4,5 h. Esse ensaio emprega uma t&#233;cnica quantitativa de imunoensaio <italic>sandwich</italic> e as dosagens foram feitas conforme orienta&#231;&#227;o do fabricante. O valor de refer&#234;ncia utilizado como normal foi menor que 4,0 pg/ml.</p>
    <p>Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi utilizado o <italic>software</italic> SPSS vers&#227;o 15. Os valores foram expressos em percentual, mediana e amplitude interquartil. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis qualitativas foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi utilizado o teste <italic>U</italic> de Mann-Whitney devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o param&#233;trica dos dados. Foram utilizadas an&#225;lise univariada e multivariada para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis analisadas, com a IL 1&#946;. Foi considerado com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica o valor de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram avaliados pelo grau de atividade inflamat&#243;ria, dividindo nossa mostra em dois grupos: Grupo 1 (G1): IL 1&#946; &lt; 4,0 pg/ml (n&#227;o inflamado); e Grupo 2 (G2): IL 1&#946; <underline>&gt;</underline> 4,0 pg/ml (inflamado). As caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos grupos est&#227;o demonstradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4823tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, presen&#231;a de hipertens&#227;o arterial, dislipidemia, tabagismo e na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular. A etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca na maioria dos pacientes (Grupo 1: 7 (70%) pacientes apresentavam etiologia hipertensiva, e Grupo 2; 10 (66,7%) pacientes). O restante do Grupo 1 apresentava a seguinte etiologia: um (10%) paciente era isqu&#234;mico e dois (20%) classificados como n&#227;o isqu&#234;mico e n&#227;o hipertensivo, sendo um periparto e uma idiop&#225;tica. No Grupo 2; dois (13,3%) eram isqu&#234;mico, enquanto tr&#234;s (20%) apresentavam outra etiologia (um periparto e dois idiop&#225;ticas). N&#227;o houve tamb&#233;m diferen&#231;as significativas na etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, assim como nas medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas e na classe funcional do NYHA.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4823tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0395-30056-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Nos par&#226;metros da cintilografia, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino (C/M) precoce (G1: 1,76 (1,48 - 1,96) vs. G2 : 1,76 (1,64 - 1,99), p = 0,579) e na C/M tardia (G1: 1,76 (1,48 - 1,96) vs. G2 : 1,65 (1,5 - 1,83), p = 0,437). Por&#233;m, houve diferen&#231;a significativa na taxa de washout (G1: 20,5 (12 - 26,1)% vs. G2 : 31 (23,5 - 36,3)%, p = 0,003), demonstrando que o grupo de pacientes com pior perfil inflamat&#243;rio tamb&#233;m apresentava estado de hipertonia adren&#233;rgica em repouso.</p>
    <p>Durante o teste ergom&#233;trico, o grupo 2 apresentou uma menor varia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica intraesfor&#231;o, menor reserva de duplo produto, menor capacidade funcional e uma recupera&#231;&#227;o mais lenta da RFC no 1&#186; e no 2&#186; minutos, conforme a <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4823tab02">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4823tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0395-30056-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Como se sup&#244;s que outras vari&#225;veis poderiam influenciar nos resultados, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise uni e multivariada para determinar quais vari&#225;veis eram mais correlacionadas com a IL 1&#946; (vari&#225;vel dependente). Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4823tab03">Tabela 3</xref>, observa-se: na an&#225;lise univariada, a taxa de <italic>washout</italic> do I<sup>123</sup> MIBG, reserva de duplo produto, capacidade funcional e o RFC no 1&#186; e no 2&#186; minuto foram as vari&#225;veis que se associaram com a IL 1&#946;; na an&#225;lise multivariada, apenas a taxa de <italic>washout</italic> do I<sup>123</sup> MIBG foi a vari&#225;vel que realmente se correlacionou com os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IL 1&#946;.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4823tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0395-30056-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4823gra01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref> ilustra a correla&#231;&#227;o entre a IL 1&#946; com a taxa de <italic>washout</italic> do I<sup>123</sup> MIBG.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4823gra01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0395-30056-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, ap&#243;s an&#225;lise multivariada, foi observado que a IL 1&#946; correlacionou-se com taxa de <italic>washout</italic> do I<sup>123</sup> MIBG (marcador de hipertonia adren&#233;rgica). Pode-se supor que a atividade adren&#233;rgica em repouso influenciou nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos desse marcador. Dessa forma, a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com I<sup>123</sup> MIBG foi superior ao teste ergom&#233;trico convencional para detectar pacientes com IC e pior perfil inflamat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Existem v&#225;rias hip&#243;teses para explicar o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico do aumento das citocinas na IC. A hip&#243;tese do mecanismo central prop&#245;e que um evento, seja ele agudo ou cr&#244;nico, como isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, resultando em uma queda do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e/ou aumentando as press&#245;es de enchimento, ocasionaria um aumento do estresse da parede ventricular, ativando barorreceptores intraventriculares e estimulando a atividade simp&#225;tica<sup>17</sup>. Essa atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca aumentada, associada &#224; les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, seria o fator deflagrador para produ&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica das citocinas<sup>18</sup>. Uma vez produzida, essas citocinas ir&#227;o ativar macr&#243;fagos e mon&#243;citos locais deflagrando o processo inflamat&#243;rio local. Posteriormente, as citocinas s&#227;o liberadas na corrente sangu&#237;nea, ativando macr&#243;fagos e mon&#243;citos perif&#233;ricos e aumentando a produ&#231;&#227;o local destas subst&#226;ncias. Esse aumento sist&#234;mico, al&#233;m de novamente estimular a produ&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de citocinas, tamb&#233;m deprime a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. E por mecanismo direto (atuando na base de controle central), ou indireto (depress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica), ir&#225; perpetuar o estado hiperadren&#233;rgico caracter&#237;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, que tamb&#233;m &#233; um fator estimulante para a resposta inflamat&#243;ria, gerando um ciclo vicioso de retroalimenta&#231;&#227;o positiva<sup>19</sup>.</p>
    <p>Acreditamos que esse seja o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico respons&#225;vel pela correla&#231;&#227;o entre taxa de <italic>washout</italic> do I<sup>123</sup> MIBG com a IL 1&#946;, demonstrada em nosso estudo.</p>
    <p>Outra hip&#243;tese para explicar a atividade inflamat&#243;ria na IC &#233; o mecanismo perif&#233;rico, na qual o m&#250;sculo hipoperfundido em consequ&#234;ncia ao baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco ativa a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas por mon&#243;citos perif&#233;ricos, ocasionando mais depress&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, piorando ainda mais a perfus&#227;o perif&#233;rica<sup>19</sup>. E por &#250;ltimo, a hip&#243;tese do mecanismo intestinal: a hip&#243;xina mesent&#233;rica associada ao edema de al&#231;a intestinal ocasionaria transloca&#231;&#227;o de bact&#233;rias e/ou de suas endotoxinas do intestino para a corrente sangu&#237;nea, ativando e perpetuando a resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>No cora&#231;&#227;o, a IL 1&#946; deprime a contratibilidade mioc&#225;rdica dose dependente e est&#225; envolvida na apoptose mioc&#225;rdica, hipertrofia de mi&#243;citos e arritmog&#234;nese<sup>9,18</sup>. Ap&#243;s o epis&#243;dio de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, a IL 1&#946; regula a resposta inflamat&#243;ria sendo um dos fatores respons&#225;veis pelo remodelamento ventricular<sup>21</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em um estudo recentemente completado utilizando pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento de ST, Abbate e cols.<sup>22</sup> observaram efeitos favor&#225;veis do bloqueio do receptor da IL 1&#946; com anakinra, administrada por 14 dias, sobre o remodelamento ventricular observado aos 90 dias p&#243;s-infarto. Van Tassel e cols.<sup>23</sup> demonstraram que n&#237;veis aumentados de IL 1&#946; em pacientes com IC contribuem para uma pior toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio, e o bloqueio do seu receptor, utilizando anakinra, melhorou o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2 </sub>m&#225;ximo) com melhor efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria, avaliada pelo VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic>. Em nosso estudo, podemos observar que pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de IL 1&#946; tamb&#233;m apresentavam pior capacidade funcional.</p>
    <p>A taxa de <italic>washout </italic>&#233; considerada um marcador de atividade simp&#225;tica, de forma que uma hiperatividade simp&#225;tica &#233; caracterizada por <italic>washout</italic> alto e baixa capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de I<sup>123</sup> MIBG<sup>24</sup>, podendo refletir de forma mais acurada a cin&#233;tica das catecolaminas atribu&#237;das &#224; atividade adren&#233;rgica, porque &#233; independente da quantidade de neur&#244;nios adren&#233;rgicos, medindo a capacidade mioc&#225;rdica de recaptar MIBG<sup>25</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ogita e cols.<sup>26</sup> estudaram o poder progn&#243;stico da taxa de <italic>washout</italic> para predizer morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O valor de 27% foi bom preditor de progn&#243;stico, pois o grupo de pacientes com valor acima deste corte apresentou maiores taxas de mortalidade, maior &#237;ndice de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar e piora cl&#237;nica da IC. Carrio' I e cols.<sup>27</sup> tamb&#233;m demonstraram que pacientes com taxa de <italic>washout</italic> maior que 27% apresentaram maiores &#237;ndices de morte s&#250;bita. Em nosso estudo, verificamos que pacientes do grupo inflamado apresentavam taxa de <italic>washout</italic> maior que 27%, ou seja, em concord&#226;ncia com os achados descritos<sup>26,27</sup>; este grupo tem maior probabilidade de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos adversos. No estudo ADMIRE-HF<sup>28</sup>, a taxa de <italic>washout</italic> tamb&#233;m foi associada a risco aumentado de eventos card&#237;acos, por&#233;m n&#227;o foi superior &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino (C/M) tardia.</p>
    <p>Segundo o estudo de Patrianakos e cols.<sup>29</sup>, n&#237;veis de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, incluindo a IL 1&#946;, encontravam-se aumentados em pacientes com miocardiopatia dilatada e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (padr&#227;o restritivo), sendo associado com decr&#233;scimo da capacidade funcional. Conclu&#237;ram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pode contribuir para o aumento dos n&#237;veis de citocinas e na redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade funcional. Em nosso estudo, n&#227;o avaliamos a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, por&#233;m o grupo de pacientes com pior perfil inflamat&#243;rio tamb&#233;m foi o grupo que obteve pior capacidade funcional estimada. Parthenakis e cols.<sup>30</sup>, estudando pacientes com IC, demonstraram que o aumento dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias est&#225; relacionado com redu&#231;&#227;o da inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca. Demonstraram que existia uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de I<sup>123</sup> MIBG, fator de necrose tumoral &#945;, (TNF-&#945;,), IL 1&#946;, par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e o VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo. Conclu&#237;ram que altera&#231;&#245;es da inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca t&#234;m correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com os n&#237;veis de citocinas, suportando a hip&#243;tese de que uma atividade adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca alterada e suas consequ&#234;ncias cardiovasculares levam a uma perda do efeito inibit&#243;rio sobre a produ&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, o que contribui para a eleva&#231;&#227;o dos seus n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos.</p>
    <p>Turpeinen e cols.<sup>5</sup>, estudando outra coorte de IC, avaliaram a correla&#231;&#227;o entre altera&#231;&#245;es da inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca, inflama&#231;&#227;o e atividade neuro-humoral. Conclu&#237;ram que altera&#231;&#245;es na inerva&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica card&#237;aca ocasionariam um aumento dos n&#237;veis de citocinas, e estes n&#237;veis aumentados, por sua vez, contribuiriam para perpetuar a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. Em nosso estudo, demonstramos que h&#225; uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre taxa de <italic>washout</italic> e IL 1&#946; (an&#225;lise multivariada), IL 1&#946; e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de recupera&#231;&#227;o (RFC) no 1&#186; e no 2&#186; minutos p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o (univariada), o que nos faz presumir que a hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica em repouso foi o fator contribuinte para a disfun&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica no p&#243;s-esfor&#231;o, conforme j&#225; demonstramos em outro estudo<sup>31</sup>. </p>
    <p>Nosso grupo de pesquisa<sup>32</sup> avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre taxa de <italic>washout</italic> e as vari&#225;veis do teste ergom&#233;trico convencional, em pacientes com IC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, e demonstrou que o grupo de pacientes com taxa de <italic>washout</italic> aumentada apresentava uma menor resposta inotr&#243;pica e cronotr&#243;pica durante o esfor&#231;o, e uma menor capacidade funcional. Por regress&#227;o linear, a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica no pico do esfor&#231;o e a capacidade funcional em METs foram as vari&#225;veis que melhor se correlacionaram com a taxa de <italic>washout</italic>.</p>
    <p>Essa mesma associa&#231;&#227;o entre atividade adren&#233;rgica e inflama&#231;&#227;o foi descrita em outras doen&#231;as, conforme demonstrado no estudo de Diakakis e cols.<sup>33</sup>, que avaliaram pacientes com intoler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose, demonstrando que uma inerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca alterada e uma atividade adren&#233;rgica aumentada est&#227;o correlacionadas com um pior perfil inflamat&#243;rio, podendo ser consideradas como um marcador precoce de aterosclerose. Avaliando pacientes diab&#233;ticos, Shinohara e cols.<sup>34</sup> descreveram a associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis elevados de IL 6 com preju&#237;zo na rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/mediastino tardia e aumento na taxa de <italic>washout</italic> do I<sup>123</sup> MIBG. Os autores referem que o mecanismo respons&#225;vel pela hiperatividade adren&#233;rgica relacionada ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de IL6 &#233; a estimula&#231;&#227;o &#946;<sub>2</sub>-adren&#233;rgica, e o aumento da resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica. A resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica &#233; um dos fatores respons&#225;veis pela neuropatia auton&#244;mica no diabetes tipo 2. Assim sendo, a estimula&#231;&#227;o &#946;<sub>2</sub>-adren&#233;rgica levaria &#224; hiperatividade simp&#225;tica, elevando os n&#237;veis de IL6, e, por sua vez, a eleva&#231;&#227;o desta citocina pioraria a resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, ocasionando mais disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca<sup>34</sup>.</p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis estudadas durante o teste ergom&#233;trico n&#227;o foram capazes de identificar nossa coorte de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com pior perfil inflamat&#243;rio. Ap&#243;s realizarmos an&#225;lise multivariada, verificamos que o grande fator que influenciou nossos achados foi a taxa de <italic>washout</italic> do I<sup>123</sup> MIBG. A reserva de duplo produto, capacidade funcional estimada e a RFC no 1&#186; e no 2&#186; minutos da recupera&#231;&#227;o foram associadas a IL 1&#946;, por&#233;m j&#225; demonstramos em estudos anteriores<sup>31,32</sup> que a taxa de <italic>washout</italic> se correlaciona com estas vari&#225;veis. A vari&#225;vel que n&#227;o avaliamos foi a variabilidade RR intraesfor&#231;o, vari&#225;vel que avalia a a&#231;&#227;o de ambos os componentes do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico no nodo sinusal<sup>35</sup>. Por&#233;m, j&#225; foi descrito que existe correla&#231;&#227;o entre taxa de <italic>washout</italic> e variabilidade RR<sup>36</sup>.</p>
    <p>Acreditamos que a IC &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome grave, complexa, e que o aprofundamento no entendimento da sua fisiopatologia &#233; fundamental para uma melhor estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica. Na busca por marcadores de risco, desponta em nosso meio a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com I<sup>123</sup> MIBG, um m&#233;todo relativamente novo, pouco usado, por&#233;m bastante &#250;til na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco desses pacientes. A associa&#231;&#227;o de seus par&#226;metros com marcadores inflamat&#243;rios e par&#226;metros do exerc&#237;cio demonstra a import&#226;ncia do sistema nervoso auton&#244;mico na fisiopatologia da IC. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Limita&#231;&#245;es de estudo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi o n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes. Por&#233;m, atrav&#233;s de um estudo-piloto com 16 pacientes, foi realizado um c&#225;lculo amostral e o n&#250;mero de total de 10 pacientes por grupo seria necess&#225;rio para identificar 33,8% de diferen&#231;a entre as m&#233;dias da taxa de <italic>washout</italic>, para um erro &#945; de 5% e um erro &#946; de 80%.</p>
    <p>Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi a impossibilidade de realizarmos teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) para aferir que os pacientes realizaram teste m&#225;ximo, entretanto, conforme descrito anteriormente, s&#243; participaram do estudo os pacientes que terminaram o teste por exaust&#227;o (nota 10 na escala de percep&#231;&#227;o de cansa&#231;o de BORG modificado). Sabemos que a capacidade funcional estimada tem uma alta margem de erro, ainda assim, acreditamos que seja um par&#226;metro importante na avalia&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, porque se correlaciona diretamente com o VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo<sup>37</sup> e com par&#226;metros do I<sup>123</sup> MIBG<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o foi realizado o TCPE, pois n&#227;o disp&#250;nhamos deste equipamento em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, na &#233;poca da realiza&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo. Entretanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pode ser feito com o teste ergom&#233;trico convencional e n&#227;o requer complexas metodologias para an&#225;lise.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O estado de hipertonia adren&#233;rgica, diagnosticado atrav&#233;s da taxa de <italic>washout</italic> do I<sup>123</sup> MIBG, foi o principal determinante dos n&#237;veis de IL 1&#946;, demonstrando que a atividade simp&#225;tica excessiva tem influ&#234;ncia na atividade inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica, e a inflama&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m exerce efeito na disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca. As vari&#225;veis do teste ergom&#233;trico n&#227;o foram capazes de identificar os pacientes com n&#237;veis elevados de IL 1&#946;.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela FAPERJ e CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Leandro Rocha Messias pela Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="corresp" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Leandro Rocha Messias </p>
        <p> Rua Noronha Torrez&#227;o, 46 - Apto 805, Santa Rosa </p>
        <p> CEP 24240-182, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lmessias@cardiol.br">lmessias@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="leandromess@gmail.com">leandromess@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 12/04/12, revisado em 06/10/12, aceito em 27/11/12.</p>
  </body>
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              <surname>Kuikka</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
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              <surname>Hartikainen</surname>
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        <mixed-citation>37. Myers J, Zaheer N, Quaglietti S, Madhavan R, Froelicher V, Heidenreich P. Association of functional and health status measures in heart failure. J Card Fail. 2006;12(6):439-45.</mixed-citation>
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          <article-title>Association of functional and health status measures in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>439</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Myers</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
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            <name>
              <surname>Zaheer</surname>
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              <surname>Quaglietti</surname>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Do interleukin-1&#946; levels correlate with MIBG and exercise parameters in heart failure?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Interleukin 1&#946; (IL 1&#946;) levels are associated with prognosis in heart failure. The cardiac adrenergic activity as assessed by metaiodobenzylguanidine (I123 MIBG) scintigraphy along with exercise parameters are important predictors of prognosis. The relationship between these variables is not fully established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of IL 1&#946; levels with exercise and I123 MIBG parameters. METHODS: Cross-sectional observational study evaluating 25 consecutive patients with heart failure and ejection fraction lower than 45% by means of: determination of IL 1&#946; levels; I123 MIBG parameters [early and late heart/mediastinum ratio, washout rate (WO)]; and treadmill exercise test using the ramp protocol. RESULTS: The patients were divided into two groups according to their IL 1&#946; levels (normal vs. increased). The group with increased levels showed lower double-product reserve (DPR); lower functional capacity (FC); slower heart rate recovery at the first (HRR 1&#186;) and second minute (HRR 2&#186;); and higher WO. In the univariate analysis, all variables correlated with IL 1&#946;; DPR: r = 0.203, p = 0.024; FC: r = 0.181, p = 0.034; HRR 1&#186;: r = 0.182, p = 0.034; HRR 2&#186;: r = 0.204, p = 0.023; WO: r = 0.263, p = 0.009. In the multivariate analysis, only WO maintained a significant correlation (r&#178; = 0.263, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Adrenergic overactivity was the main determinant of IL 1&#946; levels, thus demonstrating that an excessive sympathetic activity influences the systemic inflammatory response. Exercise test variables were not able to identify patients with high IL 1&#946; levels.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Interleukin-1beta Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>3-Iodobenzylguanidine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="front-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Do interleukin-1</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>&#946;</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>levels correlate with MIBG and exercise parameters in heart failure?</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Leandro Rocha Messias; Maria Angela M. de Queiroz Carreira; Sandra Marina Marina Miranda; Jader Cunha de Azevedo; Paula Cardoso Benayon; Ronaldo Campos Rodrigues; Elisabeth Mar&#243;stica; Evandro Tinoco Mesquita; Claudio Tinoco Mesquita</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Interleukin 1&#946; (IL 1&#946;) levels are associated with prognosis in heart failure. The cardiac adrenergic activity as assessed by metaiodobenzylguanidine (I123 MIBG) scintigraphy along with exercise parameters are important predictors of prognosis. The relationship between these variables is not fully established.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the association of IL 1&#946; levels with exercise and I123 MIBG parameters.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Cross-sectional observational study evaluating 25 consecutive patients with heart failure and ejection fraction lower than 45% by means of: determination of IL 1&#946; levels; I123 MIBG parameters [early and late heart/mediastinum ratio, washout rate (WO)]; and treadmill exercise test using the ramp protocol.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The patients were divided into two groups according to their IL 1&#946; levels (normal vs. increased). The group with increased levels showed lower double-product reserve (DPR); lower functional capacity (FC); slower heart rate recovery at the first (HRR 1&#186;) and second minute (HRR 2&#186;); and higher WO. In the univariate analysis, all variables correlated with IL 1&#946;; DPR: r = 0.203, p = 0.024; FC: r = 0.181, p = 0.034; HRR 1&#186;: r = 0.182, p = 0.034; HRR 2&#186;: r = 0.204, p = 0.023; WO: r = 0.263, p = 0.009. In the multivariate analysis, only WO maintained a significant correlation (r2 = 0.263, p = 0.009).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Adrenergic overactivity was the main determinant of IL 1&#946; levels, thus demonstrating that an excessive sympathetic activity influences the systemic inflammatory response. Exercise test variables were not able to identify patients with high IL 1&#946; levels.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Interleukin-1beta Heart Failure; Exercise; 3-Iodobenzylguanidine.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Heart failure (HF) is an inflammatory neuroendocrine syndrome associated with worsening of the functional capacity, decreased quality of life, and increased morbidity and mortality<sup>1,2</sup>. In this syndrome, there is a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis activation and adrenergic overstimulation, thus configuring a neurohumoral imbalance<sup>2</sup> which is directly related to left ventricular dysfunction, regardless of the functional class<sup>3</sup>, and is correlated with a worse prognosis<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>The cardiac activity and sympathetic innervation may be evaluated by iodine 123 metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy (I<sup>123</sup> MIBG)<sup>5,6</sup>. The early imaging represents the presynaptic nerve ending integrity and beta-receptors density. Presynaptic neuronal uptake contributes to the late imaging, combining information on the neural function including norepinephrine uptake, release and storage in the presynaptic vesicles. The washout rate is a parameter which assesses the degree of sympathetic activity<sup>6</sup>. Patients with HF may present with: reduced radiotracer uptake due to the loss of sympathetic neurons and/or primary norepinephrine uptake disturbances; and increased washout rate reflecting norepinephrine overflow to the blood stream<sup>5,7</sup>.</p>
      <p>In HF, peripheral and intracardiac levels of inflammatory cytokines are elevated, and the increase in their serum levels is proportional to the clinical deterioration and severity of the disease, also contributing to endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, anemia, pulmonary edema, and loss of muscle mass<sup>8-10</sup>. Among the cytokines which are elevated in HF is interleukin 1&#946; (IL 1&#946;), which depresses cardiac contraction and is involved in myocardial apoptosis, hypertrophy and arrhythmogenesis<sup>9,11</sup>. </p>
      <p>The indications for an exercise test in HF include evaluation of the presence of symptoms and treatment; detection of the presence of ischemia; and determination of the functional capacity<sup>12</sup>. The functional capacity and heart rate recovery (HRR) in the post-exertion period are some of the parameters assessed that are known to be predictive of prognosis<sup>13,14</sup>.</p>
      <p>To date, it is not clear whether IL 1&#946; correlates with adrenergic innervation and/or exercise parameters. Therefore, the objective of our study is to evaluate the association of IL 1&#946; levels with exercise test and I<sup>123</sup> MIBG scintigraphy parameters in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A cross-sectional observational study of 25 consecutive patients seen in the HF outpatient clinic was conducted. The patients selected showed a left ventricular ejection fraction equal to or lower than 45% as measured by echocardiography using Simpson's technique. Patients presenting with atrial fibrillation, diabetes, ventricular pacing device, endocrine diseases, Parkinson's disease, cold, chronic inflammatory diseases, as well as pregnant women or those who were breastfeeding were excluded from the study.</p>
      <p>Patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes I and II were selected for observation of the inflammatory and adrenergic profiles in their group and, consequently, for observation of whether these parameters would influence exercise variables. All patients were being treated with optimized doses of standard medications for HF, and no medication was discontinued for the study to be conducted. Volunteers gave written informed consent to participate in the study. The project was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee, under number 011/09</p>
      <p>The following criteria were used for the classification of the cause of HF: ischemic (covering history of acute myocardial infarction; presence of an inactive area on electrocardiogram or coronary angiography showing left main coronary artery lesion equal to or greater than 50%, or lesion equal to or greater than 70% in one of the three main systems - anterior descending, circumflex and right coronary)<sup>15</sup>; hypertensive (covering history of hypertension and absence of criteria for ischemic etiology); and other (covering patients not classified as having ischemic or hypertensive etiology, for instance: idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, post-myocarditis, <italic>peripartum</italic>).</p>
      <p>For patients to undergo I<sup>123</sup> MIBG myocardial scintigraphy, they had to be previously prepared for thyroid protection with 10 mL of oral potassium iodide administered 48 h prior to the imaging test. On the day of the test, the patients were instructed not to take any caffeine-containing beverages (coffee, black tea, sodas, chocolate), and to remain fasted for two hours. Planar images were obtained using a 5 mCi dose of I<sup>123</sup>-labelled MIBG. The semiquantitative measure of I<sup>123</sup> MIBG myocardial uptake was obtained by calculating the heart/mediastinum ratio (H/M) for early imaging (30 minutes after radiotracer injection) and the late imaging (4 hours after injection), in addition to the calculation of the washout rate using the formula {<italic>[(H/M early -H/M late) / (H/M early] x 100}</italic><sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>All tests were carried out in a Siemens, E-Cam double detector model, with low-energy collimator and high-resolution Anger digital tomographic scintillation chamber (Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography).</p>
      <p>Medications used for the treatment of heart failure were not discontinued and none of the study patients was on other medication, such as tricyclic antidepressants, reserpine, guanethidine, phenylephrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, antipsychotic drugs, or calcium-channel blockers, which could influence the I<sup>123</sup> MIBG results.</p>
      <p>On the day of the exercise test, the patients were instructed not to drink any caffeine-containing beverages, not to smoke, to eat a light meal at most three hours prior to the test (they should not be fasting), not to practice extenuating physical exercises, not to drink alcoholic beverages on the day before and on the day of the test, and to keep taking their regular medications. Two tests were performed. The exercise test was symptom-limited (software program ErgoPC 13 version 2.2), in an Imbramed treadmill duly calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions. The first test was performed using the Naughton's protocol in order to train the patients and better adapt them to the treadmill.</p>
      <p>After a 7 to 10-day interval, the second test was performed using the customized ramp protocol, starting at a speed of 1.6 km/h, with no inclination. Speed and inclination were programmed so that the VO<sub>2</sub> estimated in the first test would be achieved in 10 minutes in the second test. No patient performed the test in less than 8 minutes of exercise. The study variables were obtained in the second test.</p>
      <p>Behavior of blood pressure during exercise, of heart rate during exercise and recovery, and the estimated functional capacity were evaluated. Heart rate was measured using the RR interval in the ECG tracing with the software program itself. Blood pressure was measured using the indirect method with a mercury-column sphygmomanometer duly calibrated, placed on the left arm of the patients in the standing position. Functional capacity was estimated by the software program by means of the number of METs reached. The modified BORG scale<sup>16</sup> was used to determine the peak exercise, and only patients who completed the test for maximum exhaustion (BORG 10) participated in the study.</p>
      <p>The recovery protocol was the same for all patients: 2 minutes in active recovery (speed 1.6 km/h; no inclination) and 4 minutes in passive recovery in the standing position on the treadmill. The heart rate recovery (HRR) value was determined by subtracting the absolute heart rate value at the peak exercise from the absolute heart rate value in the first and second minutes of recovery.</p>
      <p>Prior to the exercise test, a blood sample was collected by right antecubital venipuncture after applying a tourniquet on the right arm. After proper aseptic technique with alcohol 70% to clean the puncture site, 10 mL of blood were collected by means of a 20-mL syringe and 25x8 needle and distributed into two tubes containing EDTA. The sample was centrifuged at 100 rpm, and the plasma was separated from the cells; the plasma IL 1&#946; level was then determined. The Quantikine immunoassay kit (R&amp;D Systems, Inc, Minneapolis, USA) consisting of a solid-phase ELISA with 3.5 - 4.5 h duration was used. This is a quantitative sandwich immunoassay and the determinations were made according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The normal reference value used was lower than 4.0 pg/mL.</p>
      <p>The SPSS version 15 was used for the statistical analysis. Values were expressed as percentage, median and interquartile range. The chi square test was used for the analysis of qualitative variables. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for the analysis of quantitative variables because of the non-parametric data distribution. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to study the correlation between the variables analyzed and IL 1&#946;. The level of statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The patients were evaluated according to their degree of inflammatory activity, and the sample was divided into two groups: Group 1 (G1): IL 1&#946; &lt; 4.0 pg/mL (no inflammation); and Group 2 (G2): IL 1&#946; <underline>&gt;</underline> 4.0 pg/ml (with inflammation). The overall characteristics of the groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4823tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. No significant differences were observed as regards age, gender, body mass index, presence of hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking habit, and ventricular ejection fraction. The etiology of HF in most of the patients of our sample was hypertension: Group 1, 7 patients (70%), and Group 2, 10 patients (66.7%). The etiology of HF in the remaining patients of Group 1 was: one patient (10%) had ischemic HF and two (20%) were classified as having non-ischemic, non-hypertensive HF; one of these was peripartum and the other, idiopathic. In Group 2, two patients (13.3%) had ischemic HF, whereas three (20%) had HF of other causes (one peripartum and two idiopathic). No significant differences were observed regarding the etiology of HF, medications used, or NYHA functional class. </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4823tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0395-30056-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As regards the scintigraphy parameters, no significant difference was observed in the early heart/mediastinum ratio (H/M) (G1: 1.76 (1.48 - 1.96) vs. G2: 1.76 (1.64 - 1.99), p = 0.579) or late H/M ratio (G1: 1.76 (1.48 - 1.96) vs. G2: 1.65 (1.5 - 1.83), p = 0.437). However, there was a significant difference regarding the washout rate (G1: 20.5% (12 - 26.1) vs. G2: 31% (23.5 - 36.3), p = 0.003), thus demonstrating that the group of patients with the worst inflammatory profile also showed an adrenergic overactivity status at rest.</p>
      <p>During the exercise test, Group 2 showed lower intra-exercise systolic blood pressure variation, lower double-product reserve, lower functional capacity, and slower HRR at the 1&#186; and 2&#186; minutes, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4823tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4823tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0395-30056-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Since we considered that other variables could influence the results, uni and multivariate analyses were carried out to determine which variables were more correlated with IL 1&#946; (dependent variable). <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4823tab03-body2">Table 3</xref> shows that in the univariate analysis, the I<sup>123</sup> MIBG washout rate, double-product reserve, functional capacity and 1&#186; and 2&#186; minute HRR were variables associated with IL 1&#946;; in the multivariate analysis, the I<sup>123</sup> MIBG washout rate was the only variable that really correlated with serum IL 1&#946; levels.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4823tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0395-30056-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4823gra01-body2">Graph 1</xref> shows the correlation between IL 1&#946; and the I<sup>123</sup> MIBG washout rate.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4823gra01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-05-0395-30056-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After multivariate analysis, we observed that IL 1&#946; correlated with the I<sup>123</sup> MIBG washout rate (an adrenergic overactivity marker). We can presume that the resting adrenergic activity influenced the serum levels of this marker. Thus, I<sup>123</sup> MIBG myocardial scintigraphy was superior to conventional exercise test in the detection of patients with HF and a worse inflammatory profile.</p>
      <p>There are several hypotheses to explain the pathophysiological mechanism of increased cytokines in HF. The central mechanism hypothesis proposes that an event, whether acute or chronic, such as myocardial ischemia, which results in a decrease in cardiac output and/or increase in filling pressures, would lead to increased ventricular wall stress, thus activating intraventricular baroreceptors and stimulating the sympathetic activity<sup>17</sup>. This increased cardiac sympathetic activity associated with myocardial lesion would be the triggering factor for the myocardial production of cytokines<sup>18</sup>. Once produced, these cytokines will activate local monocytes and macrophages, thus triggering the local inflammatory process. Later, the cytokines are released in the bloodstream, activating peripheral monocytes and macrophages and increasing the local production of these substances. In addition to stimulating the cardiac production of cytokines again, this systemic elevation also depresses the myocardial function. By a direct (acting on the central control base) or indirect (myocardial depression) mechanism, it will perpetuate the hyperadrenergic status characteristic of heart failure, which is also a stimulating factor for the inflammatory response, thus generating a positive feedback vicious cycle<sup>19</sup>.</p>
      <p>We believe this is the pathophysiological mechanism that accounts for the correlation between the I<sup>123</sup> MIBG washout rate and IL 1&#946; demonstrated in our study.</p>
      <p>Another hypothesis to explain the inflammatory activity in HF is the peripheral mechanism, in which, as a result of the low cardiac output, the hypoperfused muscle would activate cytokine production by peripheral monocytes, thus leading to more depression of the ventricular function, and further worsening of the peripheral perfusion<sup>19</sup>. Lastly, the intestinal mechanism hypothesis: mesenterial hypoxia associated with intestinal loop edema would lead to translocation of bacteria and/or their endotoxins from the bowel into the bloodstream, thus activating and perpetuating the systemic inflammatory response<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the heart, IL 1&#946; causes a dose-dependent depression of myocardial contractility and is involved in myocardial apoptosis, myocyte hypertrophy, and arrhythmogenesis<sup>9,18</sup>. After an acute myocardial infarction episode, IL 1&#946; regulates the inflammatory response and is one of the factors responsible for ventricular remodeling<sup>21</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a recently completed study analyzing patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction, Abbate et al<sup>22</sup> observed favorable effects of IL 1&#946; receptor blockade with anakinra, administered for 14 days, on ventricular remodeling observed at 90 days after infarction. Van Tassel et al<sup>23</sup> demonstrated that increased IL 1&#946; levels in patients with HF contributed to worse exercise tolerance, and IL 1&#946; receptor blockade by means of anakinra improved peak oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2 </sub>peak) with better ventilatory efficiency, as assessed by the VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope. In our study, we could observe that patients with increased IL 1&#946; levels also showed poorer functional capacity.</p>
      <p>The washout rate is considered a sympathetic activity marker, so that sympathetic overactivity is characterized by high washout and low I<sup>123</sup> MIBG myocardial uptake<sup>24</sup>, which could more accurately reflect the catecholamine kinetics attributed to the adrenergic activity, because it is independent of the amount of adrenergic neurons, measuring the myocardial MIBG reuptake ability<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Ogita et al<sup>26</sup> studied the prognostic power of the washout rate to predict morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure. The 27% value was a good predictor of prognosis, because the group of patients with values above this cut-off point showed higher mortality rates, higher hospital readmission rates, and clinical worsening of HF. Carri&#243; et al<sup>27</sup> also demonstrated that patients with a washout rate higher than 27% showed higher rates of sudden death. In our study, we found that patients of the group with inflammation had washout rates higher than 27%, thus corroborating the findings described<sup>26,27</sup>; this group has a higher probability of the occurrence of adverse events. In the ADMIRE-HF study<sup>28</sup>, the washout rate was also associated with an increased risk of cardiac events; however, it was not superior to the late heart/mediastinum (H/M) ratio.</p>
      <p>According to Patrianakos et al's study<sup>29</sup>, the levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IL 1&#946;, were increased in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and diastolic dysfunction (restrictive pattern), and was associated with a decreased functional capacity. The authors concluded that the diastolic dysfunction may contribute to the increase in cytokine levels and to the reduction of the functional capacity. In our study, we did not evaluate the diastolic function; however, the group of patients with a worse inflammatory profile was also the group with a worse estimated functional capacity. Parthenakis et al<sup>30</sup> studied patients with HF and demonstrated that increased serum levels of inflammatory cytokines are related to reduced cardiac sympathetic innervation. The authors demonstrated that there was a relationship between myocardial I<sup>123</sup> MIBG uptake, tumoral necrosis factor &#945; (TNF-&#945;), IL 1&#946;, parameters of the left ventricular function, and VO<sub>2</sub> peak. They concluded that changes in the cardiac sympathetic innervation have a significant correlation with cytokine levels, thus corroborating the hypothesis that an abnormal cardiac adrenergic activity and its cardiovascular consequences lead to a loss of the inhibitory effect on the production of inflammatory cytokines, which contributes to the elevation of their plasma levels.</p>
      <p>Turpeinen et al<sup>5</sup> studied another HF cohort and analyzed the correlation between changes in the cardiac sympathetic innervation, inflammation and neurohumoral activity. The authors concluded that changes in the cardiac adrenergic innervation would lead to increased cytokine levels, which, in turn, would contribute to perpetuate the cardiac autonomic dysfunction. In our study, we demonstrated that there is an association between the washout rate and IL 1&#946; (multivariate analysis), IL 1&#946; and heart rate recovery (HRR) at the 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> minutes post-exercise (univariate analysis), which leads us to assume that the adrenergic overactivity at rest was the factor that contributed to the post-exercise parasympathetic dysfunction, as has already been demonstrated in another study<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>Our research team<sup>32</sup> evaluated the relationship between the washout rate and conventional exercise test variables in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction and demonstrated that the group of patients with increased washout rate showed a lower inotropic and chronotropic response during exercise, as well as a lower functional capacity. In the linear regression analysis, systolic blood pressure at peak exercise and functional capacity in METs were the variables that best correlated with the washout rate.</p>
      <p>This association between adrenergic activity and inflammation has also been described in other diseases, as was demonstrated in Diakakis et al's study<sup>33</sup>, in which the authors evaluated patients with glucose intolerance and demonstrated that an abnormal cardiac sympathetic innervation and increased adrenergic activity are correlated with a worse inflammatory profile, and can be considered an early atherosclerosis marker. Shinohara et al<sup>34</sup> evaluated diabetic patients and described the association of high IL6 levels with impaired late heart/mediastinum ratio and increased I<sup>123</sup> MIBG washout rate. The authors reported that the mechanism responsible for the adrenergic overactivity related to increased IL6 levels is the &#946;<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic stimulation and the increased insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is one of the factors responsible for autonomic neuropathy in type-2 diabetes. Thus, &#946;<sub>2</sub>-adrenergic stimulation would lead to sympathetic overactivity, with increased IL6 levels, and the elevation of this cytokine, in turn, would worsen insulin resistance and result in more cardiac autonomic dysfunction<sup>34</sup>.</p>
      <p>The variables studied during the exercise test were not able to identify our heart failure cohort with a worse inflammatory profile. After multivariate analysis, we verified that the main factor that influenced our findings was the I<sup>123</sup> MIBG washout rate. The double product reserve, estimated functional capacity, and 1<sup>st</sup> and 2<sup>nd</sup> HRR were associated with IL 1&#946;; however, in previous studies<sup>31,32</sup>, we had already demonstrated that the washout rate is correlated with these variables. We did not evaluate the intra-exercise RR variability variable, which assesses the action of both components of the autonomic nervous system in the sinus node<sup>35</sup>. However, it has already been reported that there is a correlation between washout rate and RR variability<sup>36</sup>.</p>
      <p>We believe that HF is a severe, complex syndrome, and that further understanding of its pathophysiology is fundamental for an improved therapeutic approach. In the search for risk markers, I<sup>123</sup> MIBG myocardial scintigraphy has emerged as a relatively new, not frequently used method, but it is quite useful in the risk stratification of these patients. The association of its parameters with inflammatory markers and exercise parameters shows the importance of the autonomic nervous system in the pathophysiology of HF.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study limitations</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main study limitation was the small number of patients. However, by means of a pilot study of 16 patients, a sample calculation was carried out and the total number of 10 patients per group would be necessary to identify a 33.8% difference between the washout rate means for and &#945; error of 5% and a &#946; error of 80%.</p>
      <p>Another limitation was the impossibility to perform a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) to ensure that the patients had performed the maximum test. However, as previously described, only patients who completed the test for exhaustion (score 10 in the perceived tiredness scale of modified BORG) participated in the study. We are aware of the fact that the estimated functional capacity has a large error margin; nonetheless, we believe that it is an important parameter in the assessment of patients with HF, because it is directly correlated with VO<sub>2</sub> peak<sup>37</sup> and I<sup>123</sup> MIBG parameters<sup>31</sup>.</p>
      <p>CPET was not performed because the equipment was not available in our institution at the time the present study was conducted. However, blood pressure and heart rate may be assessed by conventional exercise test without requiring complex methodology for analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The adrenergic overactivity status, as diagnosed by the I<sup>123</sup> MIBG washout rate, was the main determinant of IL 1&#946; levels, thus demonstrating that an excessive sympathetic activity has an influence on the systemic inflammatory activity, and inflammation also has an effect on the cardiac autonomic dysfunction. The exercise test variables were not able to identify patients with high IL 1&#946; levels.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by FAPERJ e CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Leandro Rocha Messias, from Universidade Federal Fluminense.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
