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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Hr5ZB3Sjzwj9DqQ8SZmSFRx</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000400015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000400015</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130081</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome hipereosinof&#237;lica idiop&#225;tica manifestando-se como endocardite de loefller grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aggarwal</surname>
            <given-names>Hari Krishan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jain</surname>
            <given-names>Deepak</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kaverappa</surname>
            <given-names>Vipin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jain</surname>
            <given-names>Promil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kumar</surname>
            <given-names>Ashwani</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yadav</surname>
            <given-names>Sachin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sharma University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Medicine </institution>
        <country country="IN">India</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Haryana</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sharma University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Pathology </institution>
        <country country="IN">India</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>e43</fpage>
      <lpage>e46</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>RELATO DE CASO</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>S&#237;ndrome hipereosinof&#237;lica idiop&#225;tica manifestando-se como endocardite de loefller grave</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Hari Krishan Aggarwal<sup>I</sup>; Deepak Jain<sup>I</sup>; Vipin Kaverappa<sup>I</sup>; Promil Jain<sup>II</sup>; Ashwani Kumar<sup>I</sup>; Sachin Yadav<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Department of Medicine, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Haryana </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Department of Pathology, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Haryana - &#205;ndia</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Cardiomiopatia Restritiva, S&#237;ndrome Hipereosinof&#237;lica, Mesilatos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A endocardite de Loeffler, tamb&#233;m conhecida como doen&#231;a endomioc&#225;rdica de Loeffler foi descrita pela primeira vez por Wilhelm Loeffler em um paciente com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca progressiva devido a infiltra&#231;&#227;o de eosin&#243;filos do endo-mioc&#225;rdio, secund&#225;ria &#224; eosinofilia perif&#233;rica<sup>1</sup>. Parece ser um subconjunto da s&#237;ndrome hipereosinof&#237;lica (HES), na qual o cora&#231;&#227;o est&#225; predominantemente envolvido, caracterizada por espessamento fibroso do endoc&#225;rdio de um ou ambos os ventr&#237;culos, levando a uma oblitera&#231;&#227;o apical e patofisiologia restritiva resultando em complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares m&#250;ltiplas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Relato do Caso</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma dona de casa de 42 anos idade apresentava tosse n&#227;o produtiva persistente e dispneia de esfor&#231;o com dura&#231;&#227;o de sete meses, que gradualmente evoluiu para dispneia em repouso associada a ortopneia nas &#250;ltimas duas semanas. Havia um hist&#243;rico de medicamentos antial&#233;rgicos utilizados no in&#237;cio dos sintomas e os registros m&#233;dicos da paciente revelaram um aumento da contagem de eosin&#243;filos perif&#233;ricos (7,8 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/l). Exame f&#237;sico detalhado revelou press&#227;o venosa jugular elevada, 6 cm acima do &#226;ngulo de Louie, que foi depois elevada sob inspira&#231;&#227;o profunda. A paciente tamb&#233;m apresentava edema pedal bilateral, murm&#250;rio pansist&#243;lico sobre o &#225;pice irradiando para a axila, crepita&#231;&#245;es finas inspirat&#243;rias sobre a base dos pulm&#245;es e sensibilidade leve sobre o hipoc&#244;ndrio direito. Sua contagem de sangue revelou eosinofilia perif&#233;rica (12 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/l) que se manteve persistentemente elevada &gt;10 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/l na contagem de sangue em s&#233;rie (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15fig01">Figura 1A</xref>). Sua CPK-MB estava elevada, mas os n&#237;veis de troponina card&#237;aca estavam dentro dos limites normais. O eletrocardiograma mostrou altera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o espec&#237;ficas da onda ST-T com condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular em atraso compat&#237;vel com miocardite. A radiografia de t&#243;rax revelou infiltrados envolvendo zonas basais bilaterais que se estendiam at&#233; a regi&#227;o peri-hilar, juntamente com efus&#227;o pleural. A ecografia documentou veia cava inferior e veia hep&#225;tica proeminentes. Sua glicemia estava normal, assim como suas fun&#231;&#245;es tireoidiana, renal e hep&#225;tica.</p>
    <p><fig id="a15fig01"/>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
    <p>
      <fig id="a15fig01a">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0e43-30081-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>&#13;
  <fig id="a15fig01xfig01b"/><fig id="a15fig01b"><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0e43-30081-gf02.jpg"/></fig></p>
    <p>O seu exame do esfrega&#231;o de sangue perif&#233;rico n&#227;o revelou qualquer parasita. O exame de fezes de rotina n&#227;o detectou a presen&#231;a de ovos ou cisto. Estudos imunol&#243;gicos, incluindo n&#237;veis de anticorpos anti-nucleares e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de IgE estavam dentro dos limites normais. O exame da medula &#243;ssea revelou medula celular normal com c&#233;lulas mieloides vistas em todas as fases de matura&#231;&#227;o junto com proemin&#234;ncia de precursores eosinof&#237;licos e nenhuma evid&#234;ncia de quaisquer c&#233;lulas imaturas ou parasitas. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15fig01">Figura 1B</xref>).</p>
    <p>Em ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica 2-D, os &#225;trios esquerdo e direito foram marcadamente dilatados comparados ao tamanho dos ventr&#237;culos pr&#243;ximo do normal. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 65%; no entanto, o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo estava hipertrofiado perto da parede &#225;pice e posterior. Um espessamento do folheto mitral posterior foi visto junto com efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica m&#237;nima. Estudos de velocidade de influxo mitral mostraram uma raz&#227;o E/A de 3,5 com um tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o de 95 mseg sugerindo disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica grave. Doppler colorido mostrou regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral significativa juntamente com regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide, sem evid&#234;ncia de qualquer trombo dentro do endoc&#225;rdio. Os resultados foram consistentes com cardiomiopatia restritiva grave (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="a15fig02">Figura 2</xref>). A tomografia computadorizada de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o excluiu o envolvimento de par&#234;nquima e n&#243;dulos linf&#225;ticos no pulm&#227;o.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="a15fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0e43-30081-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Com base em avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica detalhada, contagens persistentemente elevadas de easin&#243;filos por mais de seis meses, apoiadas pelos achados eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos sugestivos de miocardite e os achados cl&#225;ssicos no ecocardiograma 2-D de acordo com cardiomiopatia restritiva grave, estabeleceu-se o diagn&#243;stico de endocardite secund&#225;ria da S&#237;ndrome hipereosinof&#237;lica de Loeffler. A paciente foi tratada com corticosteroides orais (1 ;mg ;/ ;kg/d), agentes anticoagulantes, juntamente com diur&#233;ticos para sintomas de congest&#227;o. A paciente obteve al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico no segundo dia de tratamento, mas a eosinofilia perif&#233;rica persistiu. A dosagem oral de corticosteroides foi, ent&#227;o, mudada para 2mg/kg/dia e a paciente respondeu bem, com sua contagem eosinof&#237;lica reduzindo-se para a faixa normal dentro das 48 horas seguintes. Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas come&#231;aram a reverter para normalidade ainda antes do final da primeira semana. Os anticoagulantes tiveram que ser descontinuados em vista de INR l&#225;bil e aus&#234;ncia de trombos no interior do endoc&#225;rdio, e a paciente foi ent&#227;o iniciada com um inibidor da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (Aspirina). Uma nova ecocardiografia foi realizada tr&#234;s semanas mais tarde e n&#227;o apresentou melhora significativa na disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e a paciente recebeu alta dos corticosteroides orais e diur&#233;ticos, e foi orientada a realizar um seguimento ambulatorial.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A S&#237;ndrome Hipereosinof&#237;lica Idiop&#225;tica &#233; caracterizada por uma eleva&#231;&#227;o persistente da contagem absoluta dos eosin&#243;filos para 1,5 &#215; 10<sup>9</sup>/l ou superior, por um per&#237;odo de pelo menos seis meses, quando a causa subjacente n&#227;o pode ser encontrada apesar de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada a les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo mediada por eosin&#243;filos, manifestando-se como o acometimento pulmonar, card&#237;aco e/ou neurol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p>HES &#233; um grupo heterog&#234;neo de condi&#231;&#245;es amplamente classificadas como (A) Prim&#225;ria, que &#233; sin&#244;nimo de HES idiop&#225;tica, (B) Secund&#225;ria - causada por infec&#231;&#245;es (mais comumente parasitas e helmintos), dist&#250;rbios al&#233;rgicos, medicamentos, doen&#231;as autoimunes, endocrinopatias e doen&#231;as malignas metast&#225;ticas, e (C) Clonal - que inclui leucemias agudas, disfun&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas mieloides e doen&#231;as mieloproliferativas.</p>
    <p>O envolvimento card&#237;aco &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o extra-hematol&#243;gica mais comum da HES (50-60%). A doen&#231;a endomioc&#225;rdica de Loeffler &#233; uma subcategoria da s&#237;ndrome hipereosinof&#237;lica onde o cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; o &#243;rg&#227;o predominantemente envolvido. Os eosin&#243;filos podem sobreviver nos tecidos durante semanas e a desgranula&#231;&#227;o dos eosin&#243;filos ativados &#233; tida como respons&#225;vel pelo dano t&#243;xico para o cora&#231;&#227;o. Toxinas liberadas pelos eosin&#243;filos incluem neurotoxina derivadas de eosin&#243;filos, prote&#237;na cati&#244;nica, prote&#237;na b&#225;sica principal, e as esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio. Envolvimento valvular pode se manifestar como regurgita&#231;&#227;o envolvendo as v&#225;lvulas mitral e tric&#250;spide secund&#225;rias a intensas altera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias dentro do endoc&#225;rdio e disfun&#231;&#227;o do m&#250;sculo papilar. Al&#233;m disso, pode ser acrescentada a forma&#231;&#227;o de trombos, resultando em manifesta&#231;&#245;es cardio-emb&#243;licas.</p>
    <p>O quadro cl&#237;nico &#233; caracterizado por uma lenta e progressiva insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, secund&#225;ria ao comportamento restritivo do ventr&#237;culo, causado pela fibrose e oblitera&#231;&#227;o das cavidades ventriculares. Esse quadro pode complicar-se com a ocorr&#234;ncia de epis&#243;dios de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, fen&#244;menos tromboemb&#243;licos ou cardite aguda. A ecocardiografia em 2D &#233; a principal forma de imagem para o diagn&#243;stico e seguimento desses pacientes. A marca ecocardiogr&#225;fica caracter&#237;stica da endocardite de Loeffler inclui um padr&#227;o restritivo de enchimento com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda relativamente preservada<sup>3</sup>. Outros achados caracter&#237;sticos incluem espessamento da parede do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo posterio-basal, movimento restrito do folheto posterior da v&#225;lvula mitral, oblitera&#231;&#227;o apical de um ou ambos os ventr&#237;culos e contra&#231;&#227;o hiperdin&#226;mica das paredes ventriculares poupadas com alargamento atrial bilateral. O cateterismo card&#237;aco revela press&#245;es de enchimento ventricular marcadamente elevadas com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral ou tric&#250;spide. A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (MRI) permite um estudo preciso da anatomia e fun&#231;&#227;o, e discrimina a composi&#231;&#227;o dos tecidos. A MRI real&#231;ada por gadol&#237;nio identifica com precis&#227;o regi&#245;es de fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e pode ser &#250;til no diagn&#243;stico quando h&#225; suspeita de trombo ventricular. A bi&#243;psia percut&#226;nea endomioc&#225;rdica muitas vezes confirma o diagn&#243;stico; no entanto, devido &#224; participa&#231;&#227;o irregular do endo-mioc&#225;rdio, os resultados podem ser inconsistentes.</p>
    <p>A abordagem terap&#234;utica para essa doen&#231;a &#233; a normaliza&#231;&#227;o da eosinofilia perif&#233;rica, uma vez que tem sido postulado que o dano card&#237;aco &#233; secund&#225;rio &#224; toxicidade relacionada &#224; desgranula&#231;&#227;o dos eosin&#243;filos em vez do pr&#243;prio processo da doen&#231;a subjacente. Os corticosteroides s&#227;o medicamentos de primeira linha. A resposta pode ocorrer t&#227;o cedo quanto cinco a seis horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento, que se apresenta como uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na contagem de eosin&#243;filos. Em pacientes resistentes a esteroides, f&#225;rmacos citot&#243;xicos, tais como hidroxiureia e interferon-a s&#227;o uma abordagem terap&#234;utica alternativa. Recentemente, o imatinib, inibidor de tirosinequinase, surgiu como mais uma alternativa eficaz causando a regress&#227;o r&#225;pida tanto da prolifera&#231;&#227;o eosinof&#237;lica como da endo-miocardiopatia, especialmente quando muta&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas da fus&#227;o de FIPIL1-PDGFRA est&#227;o presentes<sup>5</sup>. Todos esses indiv&#237;duos alcan&#231;am uma remiss&#227;o hematol&#243;gica e molecular completa dentro de semanas ou meses do in&#237;cio do tratamento com imatinib.</p>
    <p>O progn&#243;stico geral para pacientes com endocardite de Loeffler &#233; insuficiente e depende do local de envolvimento no cora&#231;&#227;o. Tratando a eosinofilia &#233; poss&#237;vel interromper o avan&#231;o da doen&#231;a, mas o dano j&#225; feito pode ser o suficiente para resultar em consequ&#234;ncias letais. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca pode ser administrada convencionalmente com diur&#233;ticos e vasodilatadores. Uma terapia adequada de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o juntamente com um corticosteroide ou um agente citot&#243;xico n&#227;o s&#243; previne eventos emb&#243;licos pulmonares ou sist&#234;micos e crescimento de trombos, como tamb&#233;m limita a oblitera&#231;&#227;o da cavidade ventricular, induzindo assim uma remodelagem do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo favor&#225;vel no longo prazo<sup>6</sup>. Com um processo restritivo avan&#231;ado e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva refrat&#225;ria, a &#250;nica abordagem poss&#237;vel &#233; a endocardiectomia; contudo, est&#225; associada a alta morbidade e mortalidade e n&#227;o previne a recorr&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a. Uma alternativa pode ser o reparo ou substitui&#231;&#227;o das v&#225;lvulas mitral e tric&#250;spide, dependendo da gravidade da insufici&#234;ncia valvular.</p>
    <p>A endocardite de Loeffler &#233; essencialmente confinada aos cintur&#245;es temperados com uma predile&#231;&#227;o para o sexo masculino. O presente caso, uma mulher de meia-idade de regi&#227;o tropical, representa uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o incomum dessa rara doen&#231;a. Essa doen&#231;a pode ser agressiva e fatal. Uma melhor compreens&#227;o do processo patofisiol&#243;gico &#233; essencial para formular planos de tratamento eficazes, e para reduzir significativamente as taxas de mortalidade associadas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Aggarwal HK, Jain D; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Jain D, Kaverappa V, Jain P; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Jain D, Kaverappa V, Jain P, Kumar A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Jain D, Kaverappa V, Jain P, Kumar A, Yadav S; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kaverappa V, Jain P, Kumar A, Yadav S.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Deepak Jain </p>
        <p> 157-L1, Model Town </p>
        <p> 124001, Rohtak - &#205;ndia </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="jaindeepakdr@gmail.com">jaindeepakdr@gmail.com</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="jaindeepakdr@yahoo.co.in">jaindeepakdr@yahoo.co.in</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 02/05/12, revisado em 05/10/12, aceito em 04/12/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting as severe loeffler's endocarditis</article-title>
      </title-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>CASE REPORT</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting as severe loeffler's endocarditis</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Hari Krishan Aggarwal<sup>I</sup>; Deepak Jain<sup>I</sup>; Vipin Kaverappa<sup>I</sup>; Promil Jain<sup>II</sup>; Ashwani Kumar<sup>I</sup>; Sachin Yadav<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Department of Medicine, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Haryana</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Department of Pathology, Pt. B.D. Sharma University of Health Sciences, Haryana - &#205;ndia</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive; Hypereosinophilic Syndrome; Mesylates.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Loeffler's endocarditis, also known as Loeffler's endomyocardial disease, was first described by Wilhelm Loeffler in a patient with progressive heart failure due to eosinophilic infiltration of the endomyocardium, which was found to be secondary to peripheral eosinophilia<sup>1</sup>. It appears to be a subset of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), in which the heart is predominantly involved, characterized by fibrous thickening of the endocardium of one or both ventricles leading to apical obliteration and restrictive pathophysiology resulting in multiple cardiovascular complications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Case Report</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A 42-year-old housewife presented with a persistent non-productive cough and dyspnea on exertion of seven-month duration, which gradually progressed to dyspnea at rest associated with orthopnea over the last 2 weeks. A history of anti-allergic medications used at the onset of symptoms was elicited, and her medical records revealed an increased peripheral eosinophilic count (7.8&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/l). Detailed physical examination revealed elevated jugular venous pressure 6 cm above the angle of Louie, which was further elevated on deep inspiration. She also had bilateral pedal edema, a pansystolic murmur over the apex radiating to the axilla, fine inspiratory crackles over the lung bases and mild tenderness over the right hypochondrium. Her blood counts revealed peripheral eosinophilia (12&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/l) which remained persistently elevated &gt;10&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/l on serial blood counts (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig01-body2">Figure 1A</xref>). Her CPK-MB was elevated but cardiac troponin levels were within normal limits. Electrocardiogram showed non-specific ST-T wave changes with delayed intraventricular conduction consistent with myocarditis. Chest radiography revealed infiltrates involving the bilateral basal zones, extending up to the perihilar region, along with pleural effusion. Ultrasonography documented a prominent inferior vena cava and hepatic vein. Her blood sugar levels, thyroid, renal and liver function tests were all normal.</p>
      <p content-type="html"><fig id="en_a15fig01-body2"><graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Hr5ZB3Sjzwj9DqQ8SZmSFRx/48201459edb07e5dd9211cc485ced46fea3f7b5f.jpg"/><graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0e43-30081-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>&#13;
&#160;&#13;
</p>
      <p>Her peripheral blood smear examination failed to reveal any parasites. Routine stool examination did not detect the presence of any ova or cysts. Immunological studies, including antinuclear antibody levels and serum IgE levels, were within normal limits. Bone marrow examination revealed a normal cellular marrow with myeloid cells seen in all stages of maturation, along with a prominence of eosinophilic precursors and no evidence of any immature cells or parasites. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig01-body2">Figure 1B</xref>).</p>
      <p>On 2-D transthoracic echocardiography, the left and right atria were markedly dilated when compared to near-normal-sized ventricles. Left ventricular ejection fraction was 65%, however, the left ventricle was hypertrophied near the apex and posterior wall. A thickening of the posterior mitral leaflet was seen along with minimal pericardial effusion. Mitral inflow velocity studies showed an E/A ratio of 3.5 with a deceleration time of 95 msec, suggesting severe diastolic dysfunction. Color Doppler imaging showed significant mitral regurgitation along with tricuspid regurgitation, with no evidence of any thrombus within the endocardium. The findings were consistent with severe restrictive cardiomyopathy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_a15fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). High resolution computed tomography ruled out the involvement of lung parenchyma and/or lymph nodes.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_a15fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0e43-30081-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Based on the detailed clinical evaluation and persistently elevated eosinophil counts for more than six months, supported by electrocardiographic findings suggestive of myocarditis and classical findings on 2-D echocardiogram consistent with severe restrictive cardiomyopathy, the diagnosis of Loeffler's endocarditis secondary to HES was established. The patient was treated with oral corticosteroids (1mg/kg/d) and anticoagulants, along with diuretics for congestive symptoms. She experienced symptomatic relief by the second day of treatment, but peripheral eosinophilia persisted. The dosage of oral corticosteroids was then increased to 2mg/kg/day; the patient responded well, with her eosinophil count decreasing to normal range within the next 48 hours. Electrocardiographic changes began reverting to baseline by the end of first week. Anticoagulants were discontinued due to a labile INR. There was no thrombus within the endocardium and the patient was started on a platelet inhibitor (Aspirin). Repeat echocardiography performed three weeks later showed no significant improvement in diastolic function and the patient was discharged on oral corticosteroids and diuretics and was advised to follow up regularly as an outpatient.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome is characterized by persistent elevation of absolute eosinophil count to 1.5&#215;10<sup>9</sup>/l or above for a period of at least 6 months, where the underlying cause cannot be found despite comprehensive evaluation. This condition is associated with eosinophil-mediated end organ damage, manifesting as pulmonary, cardiac and/or neurological involvement.</p>
      <p>HES is a heterogeneous group of conditions broadly classified as (A) Primary- which is synonymous with idiopathic HES, (B) Secondary - caused by infections (most commonly parasitic and helminthic), allergic disorders, medications, autoimmune disorders, endocrinopathies and metastatic malignancies and (C) Clonal- which includes acute leukemias, chronic myeloid disorders and myeloproliferative syndromes.</p>
      <p>Cardiac involvement is the most common extra-hematologic manifestation of HES (50-60%)<sup>2</sup>. Loeffler's endomyocardial disease is a subcategory of HES where the heart is predominantly involved. Eosinophils can survive in the tissues for weeks and the degranulation of activated eosinophils is thought to be responsible for the toxic damage caused to the heart. Toxins released by the eosinophils include eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, cationic protein, major basic protein and reactive oxygen species. These toxins may damage endothelial cells and myocytes, leading to necrosis and thrombosis and eventually culminating in endomyocardial fibrosis. Valvular involvement may manifest as regurgitation involving the mitral and tricuspid valves secondary to intense inflammatory changes within the endocardium and papillary muscle dysfunction. In addition, there may be superimposed thrombus formation resulting in cardio-embolic manifestations.</p>
      <p>The clinical presentation is characterized by a slowly progressive heart failure, secondary to restriction of the ventricles caused by fibrosis and obliteration of the ventricular chambers. This may be complicated by episodes of atrial fibrillation, thromboembolic phenomenon or acute carditis. 2-D echocardiography is the critical imaging modality for the diagnosis and follow-up of these patients. The echocardiographic hallmark of Loeffler's endocarditis includes a restrictive pattern of filling with relatively preserved left ventricular systolic function<sup>3</sup>. Other characteristic findings include thickening of the left ventricular posterior basal wall, restricted motion of the posterior leaflet of the mitral valve, apical obliteration of one or both ventricles and hyperdynamic contraction of the spared ventricular wall with bilateral atrial enlargement. Cardiac catheterization reveals markedly elevated ventricular filling pressures with mitral or tricuspid regurgitation. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) permits an accurate functional and anatomical study, and discriminates between tissue compositions. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI accurately identifies regions of myocardial fibrosis and can be of diagnostic assistance when a ventricular thrombus is suspected. Percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy often confirms diagnosis; however, due to patchy involvement of the endomyocardium, the results may be inconsistent.</p>
      <p>The therapeutic approach towards this entity is normalization of peripheral eosinophilia, since it has been postulated that the cardiac damage is secondary to eosinophils' degranulation-related toxicity rather than the underlying disease process itself. Corticosteroids are the first-line drugs. Response can occur as early as five to six hours after initiation of treatment, which is revealed as a decreased eosinophil count. In steroid-resistant patients, cytotoxic drugs such as hydroxyurea and Interferon-a are an alternative therapeutic approach<sup>4</sup>. Recently, the tyrosin-kinase inhibitor imatinib has emerged as an effective additional alternative causing a rapid regression of both the eosinophilic proliferation and the endomyocardiopathy, especially when FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene mutations are present<sup>5</sup>. All of these individuals achieve a complete hematological and molecular remission within weeks to months of starting imatinib therapy.</p>
      <p>The overall prognosis for patients with Loeffler's endocarditis is poor and depends on the location of involvement in the heart. In treating the eosinophilia it is possible to halt the progression of the disease, but the damage already done may be enough to result in lethal consequences. Heart failure can be managed conventionally with diuretics and vasodilators. Appropriate anticoagulation therapy, along with a corticosteroid or a cytotoxic agent, not only prevents pulmonary or systemic embolic events and thrombus growth but also limits the obliteration of the ventricular chamber, thereby inducing a favorable long-term left ventricular remodelling<sup>6</sup>. With an advanced restrictive process and refractory congestive heart failure, the only potential approach is endocardiectomy; however, it is associated with high morbidity and mortality and does not prevent disease recurrence. Repair or replacement of mitral and tricuspid valves may be attempted, depending on the severity of valvular insufficiency.</p>
      <p>Loeffler's endocarditis is primarily confined to the temperate belts with a predilection for males. The present case, a middle-aged female from a tropical region, represents an unusual presentation of this rare disease entity. This disease can be aggressive and fatal. A better understanding of the pathophysiological process is essential to formulate effective treatment plans, and to significantly reduce the mortality rates associated with this disease.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Aggarwal HK, Jain D; Acquisition of data: Jain D, Kaverappa V, Jain P; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Jain D, Kaverappa V, Jain P, Kumar A; Statistical analysis: Jain D, Kaverappa V, Jain P, Kumar A, Yadav S; Writing of the manuscript: Kaverappa V, Jain P, Kumar A, Yadav S.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
