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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">xZncPSHXffgR4453QvYPF4G</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000400011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000400011</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130047</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O EcoDopplercardiograma na doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica: revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Markman Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Brivaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Recife</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Pernambuco</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Pernambuco</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>376</fpage>
      <lpage>785</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O ecoDopplecardiograma (Eco) tem-se firmado como m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de excelente acur&#225;cia no rastreio de hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar (HPP) e pesquisa dos shunts intrapulmonares (SIP) na doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica (DHC). Nesta &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, concretizou-se o Eco como de fundamental import&#226;ncia no diagn&#243;stico da cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica (CMC). OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica envolvendo artigos relevantes sobre a tem&#225;tica: o Eco na DHC. M&#201;TODOS: Em novembro de 2011, realizou-se uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica a partir das bases de dados da Pubmed, LILACS e SciELO, sendo relatadas as caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos selecionados. RESULTADOS: Foram encontrados 204 artigos a partir da busca de descritores e um termo livre, sendo 179 da Pubmed, 21 da LILACS e 01 da SciELO. Destes, foram selecionados 22 artigos para revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel, pois, fazer uma meta-an&#225;lise devido &#224; heterogeneidade dos mesmos. CONCLUS&#195;O: O Eco deve fazer parte da estratifica&#231;&#227;o da DHC para o rastreio de HPP, SIP e da CMC, j&#225; que a maioria das vezes, o diagn&#243;stico dessas complica&#231;&#245;es ocorre nos pacientes na fila de transplante hep&#225;tico.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Hepatopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Hepatopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Esquistossomose</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Portal</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>O EcoDopplercardiograma na doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica: revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vitor Gomes Mota; Brivaldo Markman Filho </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O ecoDopplecardiograma (Eco) tem-se firmado como m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo de excelente acur&#225;cia no rastreio de hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar (HPP) e pesquisa dos shunts intrapulmonares (SIP) na doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica (DHC). Nesta &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, concretizou-se o Eco como de fundamental import&#226;ncia no diagn&#243;stico da cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica (CMC). </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Realizar uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica envolvendo artigos relevantes sobre a tem&#225;tica: o Eco na DHC. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Em novembro de 2011, realizou-se uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica a partir das bases de dados da Pubmed, LILACS e SciELO, sendo relatadas as caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos selecionados. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Foram encontrados 204 artigos a partir da busca de descritores e um termo livre, sendo 179 da Pubmed, 21 da LILACS e 01 da SciELO. Destes, foram selecionados 22 artigos para revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel, pois, fazer uma meta-an&#225;lise devido &#224; heterogeneidade dos mesmos. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> O Eco deve fazer parte da estratifica&#231;&#227;o da DHC para o rastreio de HPP, SIP e da CMC, j&#225; que a maioria das vezes, o diagn&#243;stico dessas complica&#231;&#245;es ocorre nos pacientes na fila de transplante hep&#225;tico.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Ecocardiografia Doppler, Hepatopatias, S&#237;ndrome Hepatopulmonar, Esquistossomose; Hipertens&#227;o Portal</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica (DHC) apresenta elevada incid&#234;ncia e preval&#234;ncia em todo o mundo<sup>1</sup>. Entre as suas principais causas, destacam-se a ingest&#227;o cr&#244;nica e excessiva de &#225;lcool e as hepatites virais<sup>1</sup>. Os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em pacientes com DHC t&#234;m sido estudados desde 1977<sup>2</sup>. Todavia, a associa&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica com o sistema cardiovascular foi descrita h&#225; mais de 50 anos<sup>3</sup>. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre a hepatopatia cr&#244;nica e o aparelho cardiovascular tem sido definida como cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica (CMC)<sup>3,4</sup>. Por outro lado, o comprometimento do sistema respirat&#243;rio pela DHC tem sido denominada s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar<sup>5</sup>.</p>
    <p>A deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica &#233; marcada pelo aumento do &#243;xido n&#237;trico e outros mediadores inflamat&#243;rios, que t&#234;m sido implicados na vasodilata&#231;&#227;o espl&#226;ncnica e diminui&#231;&#227;o da complac&#234;ncia arterial, atuando assim, na fisiopatogenia da CMC e da s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar<sup>3-5</sup>. Zardi e cols<sup>3</sup> e Moller e cols.<sup>4</sup> definem, assim, a CMC como uma disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica em pacientes com cirrose hep&#225;tica e/ou hipertens&#227;o portal, caracterizada por brusca queda da resposta contr&#225;til card&#237;aca ao estresse f&#237;sico, patol&#243;gico ou farmacol&#243;gico, mas com d&#233;bito card&#237;aco normal em repouso. J&#225; a s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar &#233; caracterizada como uma tr&#237;ade de DHC, diferen&#231;a alv&#233;olo-arterial (DA-aO2) <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 mmHg ou press&#227;o parcial de oxig&#234;nio (PaO2) <underline>&lt;</underline> 80 mmHg e a ocorr&#234;ncia de <italic>shunt</italic> intrapulmonar (SIP)<sup>5-13</sup>. </p>
    <p>A atualiza&#231;&#227;o sobre esta tem&#225;tica pode auxiliar os profissionais da sa&#250;de no diagn&#243;stico precoce e tratamento das complica&#231;&#245;es cardiopulmonares nos hepatopatas cr&#244;nicos. Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica tem por objetivo analisar os artigos publicados sobre a ocorr&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em pacientes com DHC.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura foi elaborada a partir das bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MedLine), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de (LILACS) e Scientific Electronic Libray Online (SciELO), tendo a busca de dados ocorrido em novembro/2011. Executou-se uma estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa, cruzando-se os descritores (DeCS) - palavras-chaves para recupera&#231;&#227;o de assunto da literatura cient&#237;fica e termos livres (TL) - Termos n&#227;o encontrados no DeCS e <italic>Mesh</italic>, mas de import&#226;ncia para a busca dos dados da tem&#225;tica.</p>
    <p>Na Pubmed, foi realizada uma estrat&#233;gia de busca utilizando a sintaxe: "echocardiography" (<italic>Mesh</italic>) AND "cirrhotic cadiomyopathy" (termo livre), "echocardiography" (<italic>Mesh</italic>) AND "schistosomiasis" (<italic>Mesh</italic>), "echocardiography" (Mesh) AND "hepatopulmonary syndrome" (<italic>Mesh</italic>), "echocardiography" (<italic>Mesh</italic>) AND "portal hypertension" (<italic>Mesh</italic>). Na LILACS e SciELO foram utilizadas as palavras-chave: "ecocardiografia", "cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica", "esquistossomose", "s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar" e "hipertens&#227;o portal". </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o dos estudos encontrados pelas buscas nas bases de dados foram: ser artigos originais (excluindo-se editoriais e estudo de caso); ter como sujeitos de pesquisa indiv&#237;duos portadores de hepatopatia cr&#244;nica; abordar as altera&#231;&#245;es nas fun&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, atrav&#233;s do ecoDopplercardiograma (Eco), nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Estar publicado nos idiomas portugu&#234;s, ingl&#234;s e espanhol. Foram exclu&#237;dos estudos que n&#227;o referiam as altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas na doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica no t&#237;tulo do manuscrito. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise dos dados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos encontrados com a busca nas diferentes bases dos dados foi realizada em tr&#234;s etapas. Na primeira, foi realizada a leitura dos t&#237;tulos dos estudos encontrados. Exclu&#237;ram-se aqueles que sem d&#250;vida n&#227;o se adaptavam a qualquer um dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o deste estudo. Na segunda etapa, foi realizada a leitura dos resumos dos estudos selecionados na primeira etapa. Novamente, rejeitaram-se aqueles que de modo claro n&#227;o se enquadravam em qualquer um dos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o predeterminados. Na terceira etapa, todos os estudos que n&#227;o foram retirados nessas duas primeiras etapas, foram lidos por completo para sele&#231;&#227;o dos que seriam inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Na base de dados MedLine, via PubMed, cruzando-se as palavras-chave e o termo livre, obtiveram-se 204 artigos, dos quais 120 trabalhos foram exclu&#237;dos pelo t&#237;tulo, 84 resumos foram lidos; e 32 artigos foram selecionados para leitura na &#237;ntegra, sendo 22 escolhidos para revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4899fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4899fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0376-30047-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Nas bases de dados SciELO e LILACS foram encontrados 22 artigos, tendo todos sido exclu&#237;dos pelo t&#237;tulo.</p>
    <p>Um &#250;nico artigo foi exclu&#237;do por apresentar idioma alem&#227;o. Obtiveram-se 7 artigos repetidos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4899fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4899tab01"><bold>Tabela 1</bold></xref>)</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4899tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0376-30047-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>P&#244;de-se observar que a linha de pesquisa da ecocardiografia na DHC, dividiu-se em tr&#234;s &#225;reas de estudo: Hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar, s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar e CMC, nesta &#250;ltima, destaca-se a aprecia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica. A intensifica&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o dos manuscritos p&#244;de ser evidenciada na d&#233;cada de noventa e na primeira d&#233;cada do s&#233;culo XXI.</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o geogr&#225;fica das publica&#231;&#245;es foi marcada pela predomin&#226;ncia de publica&#231;&#245;es na Europa (40%), destacando-se a It&#225;lia e a Espanha. Em segundo lugar, aparece o Continente Americano (22%), com ressalto para o Brasil, que entre todos os pa&#237;ses, foi o que mais produziu artigos sobre o assunto (18%). Houve apenas um manuscrito multic&#234;ntrico<sup>14</sup>. </p>
    <p>Vinte e um artigos foram do tipo observacional. Houve apenas um estudo tipo coorte<sup>14</sup>. A m&#233;dia do tamanho da amostra dos manuscritos foi de 50 pacientes. O artigo<sup>15 </sup>com menor n&#250;mero de participantes apresentou 15 indiv&#237;duos e o com maior n&#250;mero, 130<sup>16</sup>. Na maioria dos trabalhos, houve um predom&#237;nio do sexo masculino, exceto um artigo<sup>7</sup>. A idade m&#233;dia dos indiv&#237;duos inclu&#237;dos nos estudos ficou em torno dos 50 anos. Apenas dois estudos<sup>13,17</sup> tiveram crian&#231;as em sua amostra. Um &#250;nico trabalho<sup>15</sup> n&#227;o apresentou grupo controle e somente dois<sup>13,18</sup> tiveram pacientes esquistossom&#243;ticos sem outra hepatopatia cr&#244;nica associada, sendo as amostras dos demais manuscritos compostas por pacientes cirr&#243;ticos. </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de SIP variou de 15% a 82%<sup>16,19</sup>. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico contrastado (ETTc) apresentou sensibilidade de 75% e especificidade de 100% na detec&#231;&#227;o do SIP, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico contrastado (ETEc)<sup>6</sup>. </p>
    <p>Enfatiza-se que todos estudos<sup>17,18,20-23</sup> nos quais se avaliaram, concomitantemente, a pesquisa de hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar e os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), verificou-se a superioridade da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica da cateteriza&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas sobre o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, assim como aumento das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. A varia&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar foi de 4 a 15%<sup>21,23</sup>. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico apresentou sensibilidade de 100% e especificidade de 80% na detec&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar comparando com a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas<sup>23</sup>. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Cronologia dos estudos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudos da d&#233;cada de 80</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica da DHC teve seus primeiros artigos publicados na d&#233;cada de 80 do s&#233;culo passado, apesar de relato de avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica desde 1977 em artigo encontrado fora da estrat&#233;gia desta revis&#227;o<sup>2</sup>. A primeira publica&#231;&#227;o, seguindo nossos crit&#233;rios de pesquisa, ocorreu em 1984<sup>15</sup>, seguindo-se com a publica&#231;&#227;o de dois trabalhos na mesma d&#233;cada, havendo um per&#237;odo de dez anos sem a publica&#231;&#227;o de artigos sobre esta tem&#225;tica. </p>
    <p>Verifica-se que as duas publica&#231;&#245;es da d&#233;cada de 80<sup>15,19</sup>, preocuparam-se em atestar a ocorr&#234;ncia de SIP em pacientes com DHC. Sanno e cols.<sup>15</sup>, em 1984, avaliaram a presen&#231;a de SIP atrav&#233;s do ETTc. Miimidis e cols.<sup>19</sup>, em 1988, compararam a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do ETTc com a cintilografia pulmonar de perfus&#227;o com macroagregados de albumina marcados com o radiof&#225;rmaco Tecn&#233;cio<sup>99m</sup> (Tc<sup>99m</sup>MAA), demonstrando a superioridade diagn&#243;stica do ETTc. No final dessa d&#233;cada, Keller e cols.<sup>24</sup>, coletaram par&#226;metros do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e achados sugestivos da CMC come&#231;aram a ser elucidados: o aumento dos volumes diast&#243;licos e sist&#243;licos finais do VE ap&#243;s a inser&#231;&#227;o da deriva&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea porto-sist&#234;mica intra-hep&#225;tica<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudos da d&#233;cada de 90</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os estudos da d&#233;cada de 90<sup>9,10</sup> centralizaram em comparar o ETTc com o ETEc para o diagn&#243;stico de SIP. Vedrinne e cols.<sup>9</sup>, em 1997, n&#227;o tiveram amostra significativa para comparar os m&#233;todos. Em 1999, Aller e cols.<sup>10</sup>, demonstraram melhor acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do ETEc, assim como correlacionaram graus menores de SIP com menores hipercapnia e capacidade de difus&#227;o de mon&#243;xido de carbono.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudos do s&#233;culo XXI </bold>
    </p>
    <p>Na virada do s&#233;culo XXI, surge a tend&#234;ncia do estudo pela hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar e par&#226;metros do VD<sup>22</sup>. Em avalia&#231;&#227;o com 83 pacientes, Auletta e cols.<sup>22</sup>, em 2000, demonstraram alta preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar (20%) e de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE e maiores di&#226;metros do &#225;trio direito e VD em pacientes com DHC avan&#231;ada quando comparados ao grupo sem hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar e ao grupo controle. Como limita&#231;&#227;o, este foi o &#250;nico estudo, entre aqueles que investigaram hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar, em que n&#227;o se comparou o ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico &#224; cateteriza&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas, considerado exame padr&#227;o ouro no diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar. A partir deste &#250;ltimo artigo, os trabalhos alternaram-se em focalizar a pesquisa de hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar<sup>17,20,21,23,25</sup> assim como confronta&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico com a cateteriza&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas<sup>20,21,23</sup>, o rastreio de SIP<sup>6,7,11-13,16,26</sup>, compara&#231;&#227;o de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do ETc e ETEc na pesquisa de SIP<sup>6,12</sup>, compara&#231;&#227;o da sensibilidade diagn&#243;stica entre a ecocardiografia e a Tc<sup>99m</sup>MAA na investiga&#231;&#227;o de SIP<sup>13,19,26</sup>, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica tanto do VD quanto do VE<sup>7,11,14,17,25,27,28</sup>. Um &#250;nico estudo<sup>28</sup> &#233; citado utilizando a ecocardiografia sob estresse com dobutamina e outro<sup>25</sup> avaliando a m&#233;dia de varia&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain </italic>do VE. Ressalta-se que alguns dos trabalhos<sup>11,14,16,20,21,23,25-28</sup> neste per&#237;odo, analisaram a correla&#231;&#227;o dos dados dos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos com os crit&#233;rios de gravidade da DHC, em especial o Child-Pugh-Turcotte e<italic> Model for End-Stage Liver Disease</italic>.</p>
    <p>Os trabalhos com investiga&#231;&#227;o de SIP foram retomados em 2004, ap&#243;s cinco anos sem artigos sobre o assunto. Kim e cols., em estudo seccional com 130 pacientes<sup>16</sup>, relataram que 82% apresentaram SIP ao ETTc. Houve correla&#231;&#227;o do grau de SIP com o <italic>score</italic> de Child-Pugh-Turcotte. Semelhantemente ao que ocorreu no final da d&#233;cada de 90, outros dois manuscritos<sup>6,12</sup> publicados no Brasil confirmaram a superioridade diagn&#243;stica do ETEc sobre o ETTc, embora Pavarino e cols., em 2004, relataram efic&#225;cia semelhante entre o ETTc e o ETEc. </p>
    <p>Ainda no mesmo contexto, em estudo transversal com 41 pacientes portadores de s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar, Zamirian e cols.<sup>7</sup>, em 2007, descreveram o aumento do volume atrial esquerdo como preditor desta s&#237;ndrome<sup>7</sup>. Em outro manuscrito<sup>11</sup>, Lenci e cols.<sup>11</sup>, em 2008, tamb&#233;m correlacionaram os shunts de maior grada&#231;&#227;o com a hipoxemia, assim como, associaram o grau de SIP com um maior grau de descompensa&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica, atrav&#233;s da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Child-Pugh-Turcotte. Outro achado importante deste estudo foi que o aumento do grau de SIP na posi&#231;&#227;o vertical n&#227;o foi estatisticamente superior &#224; posi&#231;&#227;o supina.</p>
    <p>Contemplando a investiga&#231;&#227;o dos SIP, El-Shabraw e cols.<sup>13 </sup>em 2010, fizeram uma an&#225;lise comparativa entre o ETTc e a Tc<sup>99m</sup>MAA<sup>13</sup>. Ao contr&#225;rio dos dois estudos anteriores<sup>19,29</sup>, al&#233;m de ser um dos &#250;nicos trabalhos realizados em crian&#231;as, o manuscrito demonstrou uma maior preval&#234;ncia de SIP nos pacientes que realizaram Tc<sup>99m</sup>MAA, quando comparado ao ETTc. Neste mesmo ano, Fischer e cols.<sup>12</sup>, utilizando o ETEc, descreveram uma maior A-aO2 nos pacientes com SIP.</p>
    <p> A retomada pelos artigos direcionados &#224; CMC, foi realizada por Pozzi e cols.<sup>27</sup>, em 2005. No trabalho com 100 pacientes, evidenciou-se a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica do VE e presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica mais evidente nos cirr&#243;ticos pelo v&#237;rus da hepatite C Child-Pugh-Turcotte classe A, do que os pacientes portadores do v&#237;rus da hepatite B e do grupo controle.</p>
    <p>Em 2010, Rabie e cols.<sup>14</sup>, em estudo com 101 pacientes, a &#250;nica coorte desta revis&#227;o, real&#231;aram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica leve foi preditiva de baixa depura&#231;&#227;o de ascite e morte ap&#243;s a instala&#231;&#227;o da deriva&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea porto-sist&#234;mica intra-hep&#225;tica. Neste mesmo ano, Kim e cols. <sup>28</sup>, reafirmaram que os pacientes cirr&#243;ticos que se abstiveram de &#225;lcool por um per&#237;odo de seis meses, quando submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia sob estresse, apresentaram mais disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, baixa preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, aumento dos volumes diast&#243;licos e sist&#243;licos do VE, do que o grupo controle. O &#250;ltimo trabalho<sup>25</sup> abordando a CMC inovou. Kazankov e cols, em 2011, verificaram a m&#233;dia de varia&#231;&#227;o do strain reduzida em todos pacientes cirr&#243;ticos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Observa-se nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica um levantamento do que foi produzido em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tema "ecocardiografia na doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica cr&#244;nica". N&#227;o se p&#244;de fazer um metan&#225;lise, devido &#224; elevada heterogeneidade e inconsist&#234;ncia de informa&#231;&#245;es entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos nesta revis&#227;o. N&#227;o se t&#234;m relatos utilizados para an&#225;lise da sele&#231;&#227;o dos sujeitos de pesquisa, assim como o c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra, ou se esta foi realizada por conveni&#234;ncia. </p>
    <p>Outros dados n&#227;o encontrados na maioria dos trabalhos foram: gravidade da DHC, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e s&#243;cio-demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes, o tempo decorrido entre o diagn&#243;stico e o per&#237;odo em que o estudo foi realizado. Apenas a faixa et&#225;ria e sexo pareceram ser propriedades homog&#234;neas. A faixa et&#225;ria de 40 a 70 como a de maior preval&#234;ncia para DHC, talvez esteja imbricada no longo per&#237;odo de evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>A maioria dos manuscritos tinha como etiologia da DHC a cirrose hep&#225;tica. Neste grupo de pacientes, houve uma maior tend&#234;ncia &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos no rastreio do SIP. Nota-se que os estudos, em que os pacientes hepatopatas cr&#244;nicos tinham como etiologia a EHE, houve uma propens&#227;o &#224; pesquisa de hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar e estudo do VD. Apenas o Brasil e o Egito publicaram estudos com pacientes portadores de esquistossomose hepatoespl&#234;nica, provavelmente pela presen&#231;a de regi&#245;es end&#234;micas nestes pa&#237;ses<sup>13,18</sup>. Alguns artigos de nossa busca descreveram explicitamente que os pacientes analisados apresentaram doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica mista concomitante<sup>20-22,28</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4899tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). </p>
    <p>&#201; importante ressaltar que, atualmente, para defini&#231;&#227;o da CMC, faz-se necess&#225;rio afastar outras causas de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca subjacente (doen&#231;a coronariana, hipertens&#227;o arterial ou doen&#231;a valvar) e excluir causas de cirrose hep&#225;tica, como algumas etiologias (ex., sobrecarga de ferro e consumo de &#225;lcool), que t&#234;m impacto na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio<sup>3,4</sup>, o que claramente s&#243; foi considerado no trabalho de Kim e cols.<sup>28</sup>, em 2010. A maioria dos artigos que avaliaram a CMC, nesta revis&#227;o, n&#227;o exclu&#237;ram os pacientes alcoolistas.</p>
    <p>Atrav&#233;s de nossa pesquisa e tamb&#233;m fora da estrat&#233;gia de nossa busca, verificamos que a ecocardiografia &#233; o exame padr&#227;o ouro no diagn&#243;stico dos SI<sup>30</sup>, da CMC<sup>3,4</sup> e do rastreio de hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar<sup>31</sup>. Embora seja um m&#233;todo sistematizado, padronizado, confi&#225;vel, de f&#225;cil utiliza&#231;&#227;o e reprodutibilidade para pesquisa dessas patologias, ainda existe certa heterogeneidade na padroniza&#231;&#227;o da grada&#231;&#227;o e padroniza&#231;&#227;o da metodologia da investiga&#231;&#227;o do SIP<sup>6,7,9-</sup><sup>13,15,16,19,29</sup>. Apesar de que, para fins pr&#225;ticos, estas discrep&#226;ncias n&#227;o alteram a presen&#231;a dos SIP. Por&#233;m, faz-se necess&#225;ria a uniformiza&#231;&#227;o universal da t&#233;cnica de rastreio dos SIP para que futuras metan&#225;lises sejam realizadas sobre o tema em quest&#227;o. Tais resultados remetem &#224; necessidade de estudos mais detalhados nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, considerando-se a heterogeneidade encontrada. Por conseguinte, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais investimentos em m&#233;todos sistem&#225;ticos e testes padronizados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Verificamos nesta revis&#227;o que a CMC &#233; subdiagnosticada em pacientes com DHC, pois, na maioria das vezes, o diagn&#243;stico s&#243; ocorre nas fases terminais da doen&#231;a. Entre os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos da CMC, a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica est&#225; estabelecida, principalmente, quando avaliada pelo Doppler Tissular e puls&#225;til, assim como o volume do &#225;trio esquerdo. Quando avalia-se a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da ecocardiografia sob estresse e o strain card&#237;aco foram pouco estudados.</p>
    <p>No contexto do diagn&#243;stico dos SIP, o exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico com contraste &#233; considerado atualmente o padr&#227;o ouro. Faz-se a ressalva de que, quando o ETTc for duvidoso ou a janela ac&#250;stica insatisfat&#243;ria, o ETEc &#233; recomendado. </p>
    <p>O ecocardiograma deve fazer parte do rastreamento dos pacientes com DHC visto que os pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e/ou diast&#243;lica e hipertens&#227;o portopulmonar t&#234;m maior morbimortalidade. Uma melhor compreens&#227;o dos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, sobretudo a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do <italic>strain </italic>e da ecocardiografia 3D, nos pacientes com DHC poder&#227;o melhorar o manuseio desses pacientes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ao Prof. Dr. Hilton Justino da Silva pela colabora&#231;&#227;o e orienta&#231;&#227;o valiosa na constru&#231;&#227;o do artigo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Co-Investigadores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Liana Gon&#231;alves Macedo (Aluna do Doutorado em Medicina Tropical - UFPE), M&#244;nica Moraes de Chaves Becker (Chefe do setor de Ecocardiografia UFPE), Edmundo Pessoa de Almeida Lopes (Prof. Adjunto UFPE), Ana L&#250;cia Coutinho Domingues (Prof. Adjunta UFPE).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial de conflitos e interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflitos de interesse.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de V&#237;tor Gomes Mota pelo Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - UFPE.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Brivaldo Markman Filho </p>
        <p> Av. Visconde de Jequitinhonha, 2544/1902, Boa Viagem </p>
        <p> CEP 51130-020, Recife, PE - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="brimark@cardiol.br">brimark@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="brivaldomarkman@uol.com.br">brivaldomarkman@uol.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 18/05/12, revisado em 03/08/12, aceito em 09/10/12.</p>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Echocardiography in chronic liver disease: systematic review</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Doppler echocardiography (Echo) is a non-invasive method of excellent accuracy to screen portopulmonary hypertension (PPH) and to assess intrapulmonary shunts (IPS) in chronic liver disease (CLD). In the past decade, Echo proved to play a fundamental role in the diagnosis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM). OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review of relevant articles on the subject 'Echo in CLD'. METHODS: In November 2011, a systematic review was performed in the PubMed, LILACS and SciELO databases, and the characteristics of the studies selected were reported. RESULTS: The search based on descriptors and free terms obtained 204 articles (179 in Pubmed, 21 in LILACS, and 1 in SciELO). Of those 204 articles, 22 were selected for systematic review. A meta-analysis could not be performed because of the heterogeneity of the articles. CONCLUSIONS: Echo should be part of CLD stratification for screening PPH, IPS and CCM, because, most of the time, such complications are diagnosed only when patients are already waiting for a liver transplant.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography, Doppler</kwd>
        <kwd>Liver Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Hepatopulmonary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Schistosomiasis</kwd>
        <kwd>Portal Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Echocardiography in chronic liver disease: systematic review</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Vitor Gomes Mota; Brivaldo Markman Filho </bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Doppler echocardiography (Echo) is a non-invasive method of excellent accuracy to screen portopulmonary hypertension (PPH) and to assess intrapulmonary shunts (IPS) in chronic liver disease (CLD). In the past decade, Echo proved to play a fundamental role in the diagnosis of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM). </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To perform a systematic review of relevant articles on the subject 'Echo in CLD'. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> In November 2011, a systematic review was performed in the PubMed, LILACS and SciELO databases, and the characteristics of the studies selected were reported. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The search based on descriptors and free terms obtained 204 articles (179 in Pubmed, 21 in LILACS, and 1 in SciELO). Of those 204 articles, 22 were selected for systematic review. A meta-analysis could not be performed because of the heterogeneity of the articles. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Echo should be part of CLD stratification for screening PPH, IPS and CCM, because, most of the time, such complications are diagnosed only when patients are already waiting for a liver transplant. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Echocardiography, Doppler; Liver Diseases; Hepatopulmonary Syndrome; Schistosomiasis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chronic liver disease (CLD) has high incidence and prevalence worldwide<sup>1</sup>. Among its major causes, chronic and excessive alcohol consumption and viral hepatites stand out<sup>1</sup>. Since 1977, echocardiographic findings in patients with CLD have been studied<sup>2</sup>. However, the association between liver disease and the cardiovascular system has been described for more than 50 years<sup>3</sup>. The relationship between CLD and the cardiovascular system has been defined as cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM)<sup>3,4</sup>. The impairment of the respiratory system by CLD has been called hepatopulmonary syndrome<sup>5</sup>.</p>
      <p>Liver function deterioration is marked by the increase in nitric oxide and other inflammatory mediators, which have been implicated in splanchnic vasodilation and reduced arterial compliance, acting in the physiopathogeny of CCM and hepatopulmonary syndrome<sup>3-5</sup>. Zardi et al<sup>3</sup> and Moller et al<sup>4</sup> have defined CCM as a chronic cardiac dysfunction in patients with liver cirrhosis and/or portal hypertension, characterized by a sudden decrease in the cardiac contractile response to physical, pathological or pharmacological stress, but with normal cardiac output at rest. The hepatopulmonary syndrome, however, is characterized as a triad consisting of CLD, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (A-aO2 gradient) <underline>&gt;</underline> 15 mm Hg or arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) <underline>&lt;</underline> 80 mm Hg, and presence of intrapulmonary shunt (IPS)<sup>5-13</sup>. </p>
      <p>Updating that subject might help health professionals with the early diagnosis and treatment of cardiopulmonary complications in patients with CLD. This systematic review was aimed at assessing articles on the echocardiographic changes in patients with CLD.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Research strategy</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This systematic review of the literature was elaborated in November 2011 from the following databases: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MedLine); <italic>Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de </italic>(LILACS); and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). The research strategy consisted in crossing descriptors (DeCS), which are keywords for retrieving a subject in the scientific literature, and free terms (FT), which are found among neither the DeCS nor the MeSH headings, but are important to search data on the subject.</p>
      <p>In Pubmed, the syntax used in the search was as follows: "echocardiography" (<italic>MeSH</italic>) AND "cirrhotic cadiomyopathy" (free term); "echocardiography" (<italic>MeSH</italic>) AND "schistosomiasis" (<italic>MeSH</italic>); "echocardiography" (<italic>MeSH</italic>) AND "hepatopulmonary syndrome" (<italic>MeSH</italic>); "echocardiography" (<italic>MeSH</italic>) AND "portal hypertension" (<italic>MeSH</italic>). In LILACS and SciELO, the following keywords were used: "<italic>ecocardiografia"; "cardiomiopatia cirr&#243;tica"; "esquistossomose"; "s&#237;ndrome hepatopulmonar</italic>"; and "<italic>hipertens&#227;o portal</italic>". </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Selecting criteria</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The inclusion criteria for the studies obtained from the search in the databases were as follows: to be original articles (editorials and case study were excluded); the study subjects had to have CLD; the study should approach the cardiac function changes in that population by using Doppler echocardiography; the study should be published in Portuguese, English and Spanish. Studies not referring to the echocardiographic changes of CLD in their titles were excluded. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Data analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The articles obtained from the search in the different databases were selected in three steps. In the first step, the titles of the studies found were read. Those that did not meet the inclusion criteria of this study were excluded. In the second step, the abstracts of the articles selected in the first step were read. Again, those not meeting the inclusion criteria were excluded. In the third step, the full text of all studies selected in the two previous steps were read to be included in this systematic review.</p>
      <p>In the MedLine database, via PubMed, the keywords and free terms were crossed, and 204 articles were obtained, 120 of which were excluded based on their titles, 84 abstracts were read, and 32 articles were selected to be fully read. Of those 32 articles, 22 were chosen for this systematic review (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4899fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4899fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0376-30047-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the SciELO and LILACS databases, 22 articles were found, and all of them were excluded from this review based on their titles.</p>
      <p>One single article was excluded because it was written in German, and seven articles were repeated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4899fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>General characteristics of the studies included (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4899tab01-body2"><bold>Table 1</bold></xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4899tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0376-30047-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>It became evident that the 'echocardiography in CLD' research line was divided into the three following study areas: portopulmonary hypertension; hepatopulmonary syndrome; and CCM (in which, diastolic dysfunction assessment stands out). It was also evidenced that the production of manuscripts was intensified in the 1990s and first decade of the 21<sup>st</sup> century.</p>
      <p>The geographic distribution of the publications was predominantly European (40%), mainly Italian and Spanish studies. The American Continent appears as second (22%), with Brazil standing out as the number one producer of articles on the topic (18%). There was only one multicenter study<sup>14</sup>.</p>
      <p>Twenty-one articles were observation studies. There was only one cohort study<sup>14</sup>. The mean sample size was 50 patients. The article<sup>15 </sup>with the smallest sample had 15 participants and that with the largest sample had 130 participants<sup>16</sup>. In all studies but one<sup>7</sup>, the male sex predominated. The mean age of the individuals in the studies included was approximately 50 years. Only two studies<sup>13,17 </sup>had children in their samples. Only one study<sup>15</sup> had no control group, and only two studies<sup>13,18</sup> had patients with schistosomiasis and no other CLD associated. The samples of the remaining studies comprised cirrhotic patients. </p>
      <p>The prevalence of IPS ranged from 15% to 82%<sup>16,19</sup>. Contrast-enhanced transthoracic echocardiography (CE-TTE) showed sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 100% for detecting IPS as compared with contrast-enhanced transesophageal echocardiography (CE-TEE)<sup>6</sup>. </p>
      <p>It is worth noting that, in all studies<sup>17,18,20-23</sup> assessing concomitantly portopulmonary hypertension and right ventricular (RV) echocardiographic parameters, the catheterization of right cardiac chambers proved to have higher diagnostic accuracy than transthoracic echocardiography. In addition, there was enlargement of the right cardiac chambers and/or RV dysfunction as compared to the control group. The prevalence of portopulmonary hypertension ranged from 4% to 15%<sup>21,23</sup>. The transthoracic echocardiography showed sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 80% to detect portopulmonary hypertension as compared with the catheterization of right cardiac chambers<sup>23</sup>. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Chronology of the studies</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Studies from the 1980s</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The first studies on the echocardiographic assessment of CLD were published in the 1980s, although one study of 1977<sup>2</sup>, which did not share the strategy of this review, used echocardiography to assess cardiovascular abnormalities in cirrhotic patients. The first article meeting our research criteria was published in 1984<sup>15</sup>, being followed by two other articles in the same decade. A ten-year period followed with no article on that topic being published. </p>
      <p>The publications in the 1980s<sup>15,19</sup> focused on the occurrence of IPS in patients with CLD. Sanno et al<sup>15</sup>, in 1984, assessed the presence of IPS by use of CE-TTE. In 1988, Mimidis et al<sup>19</sup>, comparing the diagnostic accuracy of CE-TTE with that of lung perfusion scan with technetium<sup>99m</sup> macro aggregated albumin (Tc<sup>99m</sup>MAA), showed the diagnostic superiority of CE-TTE. At the end of that decade, Keller et al<sup>24</sup> collected left ventricular (LV) parameters, and findings suggestive of CCM began to be elucidated: the increase in the LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes after intrahepatic portosystemic shunt<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Studies from the 1990s</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The studies from the 1990s<sup>9,10</sup> focused on comparing CE-TTE and CE-TEE in the diagnosis of IPS. In 1997, Vedrinne et al<sup>9</sup> had no significant sample to compare those methods. In 1999, Aller et al<sup>10</sup> showed the better diagnostic accuracy of CE-TEE, and also correlated lower degrees of IPS with lower hypercapnia and diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Studies from the 21st century</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In the beginning of the 21st century, the trend toward studying portopulmonary hypertension and RV parameters appears<sup>22</sup>. In 2000, Auletta et al<sup>22</sup>, assessing 83 patients, showed the high prevalence of portopulmonary hypertension (20%) and LV diastolic dysfunction, in addition to larger diameters of the right atrium and right ventricle in patients with advanced CLD as compared with a group without portopulmonary hypertension and a control group. As a limitation, that was the only study investigating portopulmonary hypertension that has not compared transthoracic echocardiography with right cardiac chamber catheterization, considered the gold-standard test for diagnosing portopulmonary hypertension. From that study onward, the aim of the articles alternated as follows: assessment of portopulmonary hypertension<sup>17,20,21,23,25</sup> and the diagnostic comparison of transthoracic echocardiography with right cardiac chamber catheterization<sup>20,21,23</sup>; IPS screening<sup>6,7,11-13,16,26</sup>; comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of CE-TTE and CE-TEE for assessing IPS<sup>6,12</sup>; comparison of the diagnostic sensitivity between echocardiography and Tc<sup>99m</sup>MAA for assessing IPS<sup>13,19,26</sup>; and diastolic function assessment of both the right and left ventricles<sup>7,11,14,17,25,27,28</sup>. Only one study<sup>28</sup> has reported the use of dobutamine stress echocardiography, while another<sup>25</sup> has assessed the mean variation of LV strain. It is worth noting that some studies<sup>11,14,16,20,21,23,25-28 </sup>have assessed the correlation between diagnostic methods and the CLD severity criteria, specially the Child-Pugh-Turcotte score and the Model for End-Stage Liver Disease.</p>
      <p>Studies assessing IPS were resumed in 2004, after five years with no article on the subject. Kim et al, in a cross-sectional study with 130 patients<sup>16</sup>, have reported that 82% had IPS on CE-TTE. The severity of the IPS correlated with the Child-Pugh-Turcotte score. Similarly to the end of the 1990s, two other articles<sup>6,12</sup> published in Brazil confirmed the diagnostic superiority of CE-TEE over CE-TTE, although Pavarino et al, in 2004, reported similar efficacy of CE-TTE and CE-TEE. </p>
      <p>In addition, in 2007, in a cross-sectional study with 41 patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome, Zamirian et al<sup>7</sup> described the increase in left atrial volume as a predictor of that syndrome<sup>7</sup>. In 2008, Lenci et al<sup>11</sup> also correlated the most severe shunts with hypoxemia, and associated IPS severity with a higher severity of liver decompensation by use of the Child-Pugh-Turcotte classification. Another important finding of that study was that the increase in IPS severity in the vertical position was not statistically greater than that in the supine position.</p>
      <p>In 2010, El-Shabraw et al<sup>13</sup>, investigating the IPS, compared CE-TTE and Tc<sup>99m</sup>MAA<sup>13</sup>. Conducted in children and unlike the two previous studies<sup>19,29</sup>, it showed a higher prevalence of IPS in patients undergoing Tc<sup>99m</sup>MAA as compared with CE-TTE. In that same year, Fischer et al<sup>12</sup>, using CE-TEE, reported a greater A-aO2 in patients with IPS.</p>
      <p>In 2005, Pozzi et al<sup>27</sup> resumed the articles directed to CCM. Their study with 100 patients evidenced the presence of eccentric LV hypertrophy and of diastolic dysfunction more evident in patients with hepatitis C virus cirrhosis classified as Child-Pugh-Turcotte A than in patients with hepatitis B virus and those of the control group.</p>
      <p>In 2010, Rabie et al<sup>14</sup>, studying 101 patients, the only cohort of this review, reported that mild diastolic dysfunction predicted low ascites clearance and mortality after percutaneous intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt insertion. In that same year, Kim et al<sup>28</sup> re-stated that cirrhotic patients abstaining from alcohol for six months, when undergoing stress echocardiography, showed more diastolic dysfunction, low prevalence of coronary artery disease, decrease in the ejection fraction, and increase in LV diastolic and systolic volumes than the control group. The last article on CCM, published in 2011 by Kazankov et al<sup>25</sup>, innovated by assessing the reduction in mean strain rate of all cirrhotic patients.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This is a systematic review about echocardiography in CLD. A meta-analysis could not be performed, because of the elevated heterogeneity and inconsistency of information of the studies here reviewed. There was neither analysis of the selection of the research subjects, nor report on the calculation of the sample size, nor whether it involved convenience sampling. </p>
      <p>Other data not found in most studies reviewed were as follows: CLD severity; patients' clinical, social, and demographic characteristics; and time elapsed between the CLD diagnosis and the time the study was performed. Only age group and sex seemed to be homogeneous properties. The greater prevalence of CLD in the age group of 40 to 70 years might result from the long course of that disease.</p>
      <p>Most articles reported liver cirrhosis as the etiology of CLD. In such patients, there was a greater trend towards assessing diastolic function and comparing the diagnostic methods for IPS screening. It is worth noting that the studies with patients with CLD whose etiology was hepatosplenic schistosomiasis (HSS) tended to assess portopulmonary hypertension and the right ventricle. Only Brazil and Egypt have published studies with patients with HSS, probably because that disease is endemic in some regions of those countries<sup>13,18</sup>. Some articles reviewed have reported that their patients had concomitant mixed liver disease<sup>20-22,28</sup> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4899tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). </p>
      <p>It is worth noting that currently the diagnosis of CCM requires eliminating other causes of underlying heart disease (coronary artery disease, arterial hypertension, and heart valve disease) and of liver cirrhosis (some etiologies, such as iron overload and alcohol consumption), which have an impact on myocardial structure and function<sup>3,4</sup>. It was only in 2010 that Kim et al<sup>28</sup> clearly considered that in a study. Most articles assessing CCM in this review have not excluded alcoholic patients.</p>
      <p>Through our research and also out of our search strategy, we observed that echocardiography is the gold-standard test to diagnose SI<sup>30</sup> and CCM<sup>3,4</sup>, and to screen portopulmonary hypertension<sup>31</sup>. Although it is a systematized, standardized, reliable, reproducible method of easy use to research those pathologies, there is still certain heterogeneity in the gradation and investigation methodology of IPS<sup>6,7,9-13,15,16,19,29</sup>. However, from the practical viewpoint, those discrepancies do not change the presence of IPS. Nevertheless, the universal standardization of the IPS screening technique is required so that future meta-analyses can be performed on the subject. Such results indicate the need for more detailed studies in that population, considering the heterogeneity found. Thus, further investments in systematic methods and standardized tests are required.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From this review, we concluded that CCM is underdiagnosed in patients with CLD, because, most of the time, the diagnosis of CCM is only established in the terminal phases of CLD. The following diagnostic criteria for CCM have been established: diastolic dysfunction, mainly when assessed on tissue and pulsed Doppler echocardiography; and left atrial volume. When assessing systolic function, stress echocardiography and cardiac strain imaging have been poorly studied.</p>
      <p>In the context of diagnosing IPS, contrast-enhanced echocardiography is currently considered gold standard. It is worth noting that, when CE-TTE is dubious or the acoustic window is unsatisfactory, CE-TEE is recommended.</p>
      <p>Echocardiography should be part of the screening of patients with CLD, because patients with systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction and portopulmonary hypertension have higher morbidity and mortality. A better understanding of the echocardiographic findings, mainly cardiac strain imaging and 3D echocardiography, in patients with CLD will improve their management.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We thank Prof. Dr. Hilton Justino da Silva for his collaboration and valuable guidance in elaborating this article.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Co-researchers</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Liana Gon&#231;alves Macedo (PhD candidate in Tropical Medicine - UFPE), M&#244;nica Moraes de Chaves Becker (head of the Echocardiography sector - UFPE), Edmundo Pessoa de Almeida Lopes (Adjunct professor - UFPE), Ana L&#250;cia Coutinho Domingues (Adjunct professor - UFPE).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by V&#237;tor Gomes Mota, from Centro de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - UFPE.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
