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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Gsnm4pYFgHcmJyVbRRvbzVN</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000400010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000400010</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130053</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito da pl&#225;stica mitral nas vari&#225;veis do teste cardiopulmonar em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Togna</surname>
            <given-names>Dorival Julio Della</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Ant&#244;nio da Cunha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Romeu S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Le Bihan</surname>
            <given-names>David Costa de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Auristela Isabel de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nasr</surname>
            <given-names>Samira Kaissar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maia</surname>
            <given-names>Felipe Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Meneghelo</surname>
            <given-names>Zilda Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Amanda Guerra de Moraes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>368</fpage>
      <lpage>375</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A pl&#225;stica valvar mitral &#233; o procedimento cir&#250;rgico de escolha para pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral (IM) cr&#244;nica. Os bons resultados imediatos e tardios permitem a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica antes do in&#237;cio dos sintomas. O teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) pode avaliar objetivamente a capacidade funcional, mas pouco se conhece o efeito da cirurgia em suas vari&#225;veis. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar os efeitos da pl&#225;stica mitral nas vari&#225;veis do TCPE em pacientes com IM cr&#244;nica. M&#201;TODOS: Foram selecionados 47 pacientes com IM grave e submetidos pl&#225;stica da valva mitral, sendo nestes, realizado TCPE &#177; 30 dias antes da cirurgia, e de seis a 12 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. RESULTADOS: Houve predomin&#226;ncia da classe funcional I ou II pela NYHA em 30 pacientes (63,8%) e 34 pacientes (72,3%), respectivamente. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia foi observado uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO2), de 1.719 &#177; 571 para 1.609 &#177; 428 mL.min-1, p = 0,036. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o do Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope (OUES), de 1.857 &#177; 594 para 1.763 &#177; 514, p = 0,073 e o pulso de oxig&#234;nio (O2) aumentou ap&#243;s a cirurgia, de 11,1 &#177; 3,2 para 11,9 &#177; 3,2 mL.bat-1 (p = 0,003). CONCLUS&#195;O: A pl&#225;stica da valva mitral, n&#227;o determinou aumento do VO2 pico e do OUES apesar do remodelamento card&#237;aco positivo observado ap&#243;s sete meses de cirurgia. Entretanto, o pulso de O2 aumentou no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sugerindo melhora do desempenho sist&#243;lico do VE. O TCPE &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til, podendo auxiliar na conduta m&#233;dica em pacientes com IM.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeito da pl&#225;stica mitral nas vari&#225;veis do teste cardiopulmonar em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia mitral cr&#244;nica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Dorival Julio Della Togna; Alexandre Ant&#244;nio da Cunha Abizaid; Romeu S&#233;rgio Meneghelo; David Costa de Souza Le Bihan; Auristela Isabel de Oliveira Ramos; Samira Kaissar Nasr; Felipe Souza Maia; Zilda Machado Meneghelo; Amanda Guerra de Moraes Sousa</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>A pl&#225;stica valvar mitral &#233; o procedimento cir&#250;rgico de escolha para pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Mitral (IM) cr&#244;nica. Os bons resultados imediatos e tardios permitem a indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica antes do in&#237;cio dos sintomas. O teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) pode avaliar objetivamente a capacidade funcional, mas pouco se conhece o efeito da cirurgia em suas vari&#225;veis. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> Avaliar os efeitos da pl&#225;stica mitral nas vari&#225;veis do TCPE em pacientes com IM cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram selecionados 47 pacientes com IM grave e submetidos pl&#225;stica da valva mitral, sendo nestes, realizado TCPE &#177; 30 dias antes da cirurgia, e de seis a 12 meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS: </bold>Houve predomin&#226;ncia da classe funcional I ou II pela NYHA em 30 pacientes (63,8%) e 34 pacientes (72,3%), respectivamente. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia foi observado uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO2), de 1.719 &#177; 571 para 1.609 &#177; 428 mL.min-1, p = 0,036. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o do Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope (OUES), de 1.857 &#177; 594 para 1.763 &#177; 514, p = 0,073 e o pulso de oxig&#234;nio (O2) aumentou ap&#243;s a cirurgia, de 11,1 &#177; 3,2 para 11,9 &#177; 3,2 mL.bat-1 (p = 0,003). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> A pl&#225;stica da valva mitral, n&#227;o determinou aumento do VO2 pico e do OUES apesar do remodelamento card&#237;aco positivo observado ap&#243;s sete meses de cirurgia. Entretanto, o pulso de O2 aumentou no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, sugerindo melhora do desempenho sist&#243;lico do VE. O TCPE &#233; uma ferramenta &#250;til, podendo auxiliar na conduta m&#233;dica em pacientes com IM.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Insufici&#234;ncia da Valva Mitral/cirurgia, Exerc&#237;cio, Reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, ocorreu not&#225;vel progresso no entendimento da patofisiologia, manejo cl&#237;nico e tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia mitral (IM). Os avan&#231;os nos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos e nas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas, com possibilidade cada vez maior de preserva&#231;&#227;o do aparato valvar e da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, vem despertando interesse crescente nessa doen&#231;a.</p>
    <p>A presen&#231;a de sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma importante ferramenta na avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente com IM, sendo um forte marcador da qualidade de vida e de indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, conforme as diretrizes atuais<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
    <p>No paciente com IM assintom&#225;tica e boa fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, a cirurgia pode ser considerada se houver alta probabilidade de pl&#225;stica mitral com sucesso, por&#233;m esta estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o &#233; universalmente aceita<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, em pacientes com IM cr&#244;nica, os sintomas podem aparecer somente nas fases tardias da doen&#231;a e, por vezes, com comprometimento mioc&#225;rdico irrevers&#237;vel. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da classe funcional (CF) &#233; subjetiva e prejudicada em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es como no sedentarismo, comum no idoso, na autolimita&#231;&#227;o ao exerc&#237;cio, na obesidade ou na presen&#231;a de problemas ortop&#233;dicos.</p>
    <p>O teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) avalia a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio de forma mais objetiva, minimizando os aspectos subjetivos da anamnese. No paciente portador de valvopatia, o TCPE poderia avaliar a presen&#231;a de sintomas, sua capacidade funcional e a repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica.</p>
    <p>Poucos estudos foram realizados utilizando o TCPE em pacientes com IM e os efeitos da corre&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral, incluindo a preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, na capacidade de exerc&#237;cio<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Objetivos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da pl&#225;stica mitral nas vari&#225;veis do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio em pacientes com IM cr&#244;nica, grave, org&#226;nica e n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram selecionados pacientes consecutivos, com diagn&#243;stico de IM cr&#244;nica, grave, n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica e com indica&#231;&#227;o de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica baseada nas diretrizes da AHA/ACC<sup>1</sup>, acompanhados no ambulat&#243;rio de pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio da Se&#231;&#227;o M&#233;dica de Valvopatias do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, no per&#237;odo de agosto de 2008 a janeiro de 2011.</p>
    <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria, valvopatia associada, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, miocardiopatia dilatada n&#227;o relacionada a IM e doen&#231;a pulmonar moderada ou grave.</p>
    <p>O TCPE foi realizado em esteira ergom&#233;trica da marca Inbramed, e o analisador de gases utilizado foi da marca Medical Graphics Corporation&#174; (Minnesota<italic>, EUA</italic>) modelo Cardio O<sub>2</sub> com medida direta dos gases expirados, utilizando sensores que permitem a an&#225;lise respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o (<italic>breath-by-breath</italic>), com plotagem em tempo real, da m&#233;dia de sete expira&#231;&#245;es. Os pacientes respiravam somente por meio de um adaptador bucal pl&#225;stico acoplado a pneumotac&#244;metro de diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o do tipo Pitot, descart&#225;vel, n&#227;o valvulado e com 20 ml de espa&#231;o morto, tendo sido a cavidade nasal oclu&#237;da com grampo.</p>
    <p>O protocolo do exerc&#237;cio em esteira rolante foi o de Bruce, modificado de forma a torn&#225;-lo do tipo em rampa, com incrementos mais suaves a cada dois minutos. A fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o foi ativa nos dois primeiros minutos, com velocidade de 2,7 km/h, sem inclina&#231;&#227;o, e os quatro restantes, com o paciente sentado em cadeira. A intensidade do esfor&#231;o foi considerada satisfat&#243;ria, e o exerc&#237;cio classificado como m&#225;ximo, se a raz&#227;o de trocas respirat&#243;rias (RER) atingisse valores iguais ou superiores a 1,10 associadas a sintomas de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo, fadiga ou dispneia.</p>
    <p>As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram obtidas para an&#225;lise e expressas em formato tabular ou gr&#225;fico: consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>) no limiar anaer&#243;bico e pico atingido, pulso de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>/FC), VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic>, raz&#227;o de trocas respirat&#243;rias - RER (VCO<sub>2</sub>/VO<sub>2</sub>) e a inclina&#231;&#227;o da curva representativa da rela&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica entre a ventila&#231;&#227;o e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio (OUES, <italic>Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope</italic>).</p>
    <p>Inicialmente, todas as vari&#225;veis foram sujeitas a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o explorat&#243;ria, descritiva e gr&#225;fica (<italic>Box-Plot</italic>), com a finalidade de observar o comportamento das medidas e tamb&#233;m identificar poss&#237;veis erros de digita&#231;&#227;o e casos <italic>outliers</italic>. Os resultados foram resumidos em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP), mediana e percentis 25 (Per 25) e 75 (Per 75) para vari&#225;vel quantitativa e em frequ&#234;ncias, absolutas (n) e relativas (%), para vari&#225;vel qualitativa.</p>
    <p>A distribui&#231;&#227;o das medidas quantitativas tamb&#233;m foi avaliada pelo teste de normalidade de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Quando a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal n&#227;o foi rejeitada o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student pareado foi aplicado para a compara&#231;&#227;o antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Quando a normalidade foi rejeitada ou para medida qualitativa ordinal, o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de <italic>Wilcoxon</italic> foi utilizado nesta compara&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A presente investiga&#231;&#227;o foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, em reuni&#227;o de 04.01.2008, conforme o parecer n&#186; 3.596. Todos os participantes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre agosto de 2008 e janeiro de 2011, 47 pacientes (m&#233;dia das idades de 48,5 e DP = 17,5 anos) e sexo masculino em 30 pacientes (63,8%) foram consecutivamente e prospectivamente avaliados. A etiologia predominante foi a degenerativa (35 pacientes - 74,5%), 34 pacientes (72,3%) estavam em classe funcional I ou II pela NYHA e tr&#234;s pacientes (6,4%) apresentavam FA permanente.</p>
    <p>As principais caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias, expressas em frequ&#234;ncia (n e %) est&#227;o inseridas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5103tab01">tabela 1</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5103tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0368-30053-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>A descri&#231;&#227;o da t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica realizada nos 47 pacientes do estudo est&#227;o sumarizadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5103tab02">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5103tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0368-30053-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Dos 47 pacientes que realizaram a pl&#225;stica valvar mitral, 33 pacientes (70,2%) evolu&#237;ram com refluxo residual ausente, m&#237;nimo ou discreto, tr&#234;s pacientes (6,4%) com refluxo residual discreto a moderado, sete pacientes (14,9%) com refluxo residual moderado, dois pacientes (4,3%) com refluxo residual moderado a importante e dois pacientes (4,3%) com refluxo residual importante. Os dois pacientes com IM residual importante n&#227;o realizaram o TCPE p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio por terem sido reoperados antes e foram exclu&#237;dos do banco de dados do TCPE. Os demais pacientes com IM residual est&#227;o em acompanhamento cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>Os estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios foram realizados em m&#233;dia 42,2 (7,8) dias (mediana = 22,5 dias) antes e 218,1 (37,2) dias (mediana = 203,0 dias) ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a cirurgia houve significativas redu&#231;&#245;es das medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de remodelamento card&#237;aco, conforme pode ser observado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5103tab03">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5103tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0368-30053-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os TCPE foram realizados em m&#233;dia 31,6 (29,4) dias (mediana = 22,0 dias) antes e 219,1 (38,3) dias (mediana = 201,0 dias) ap&#243;s a cirurgia.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a pl&#225;stica mitral, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa do VO<sub>2</sub> pico. A vari&#225;vel VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa nas m&#233;dias dos valores pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e o OUES evoluiu com leve redu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s a cirurgia de 1.857 (594) para 1.763 (514), p = 0,073. O pulso de O<sub>2</sub> ap&#243;s a cirurgia aumentou de 11,1 (3,2) para 11,9 (3,2) mL.bat<sup>-1</sup>, p = 0,003. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5103tab04">Tabela 4</xref> mostra as compara&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias das vari&#225;veis analisadas do TCPE e a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5103fig01">Figura 1</xref> apresenta os perfis individuais das medidas pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria do VO<sub>2</sub>, pulso de O<sub>2</sub> e OUES.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5103tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0368-30053-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5103fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0368-30053-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A IM cr&#244;nica apresenta patofisiologia complexa e imp&#245;e sobrecarga volum&#233;trica ao VE, podendo levar &#224; queda irrevers&#237;vel de sua contratilidade. As condi&#231;&#245;es favor&#225;veis de carga imposta ao VE durante longo per&#237;odo de sua hist&#243;ria natural permite que o paciente se mantenha com poucos sintomas ou assintom&#225;tico, mesmo na presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do VE<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento definitivo da IM cr&#244;nica e grave &#233; o cir&#250;rgico e inclui a troca valvar mitral e a pl&#225;stica mitral. A pl&#225;stica mitral tem algumas vantagens em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; troca valvar, incluindo a n&#227;o obrigatoriedade de terapia anticoagulante em pacientes com ritmo sinusal, preserva&#231;&#227;o da integridade ventr&#237;culo-valvar, manuten&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e menor mortalidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato e tardio<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
    <p>As diretrizes atuais<sup>1-3</sup> recomendam a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica na IM grave e cr&#244;nica na presen&#231;a de sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou se houver evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, HAP ou aparecimento de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Na aus&#234;ncia de sintomas e de marcadores de mau progn&#243;stico o momento ideal de indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica &#233; controverso, mesmo se houver alta probabilidade de pl&#225;stica mitral com sucesso<sup>4</sup>. Em estudo de Rosenhek e cols.<sup>11</sup>, os pacientes com IM assintom&#225;tica foram seguidos clinicamente e de forma cautelosa, estrat&#233;gia conhecida como <italic>watchful waiting</italic>, com bons resultados cl&#237;nicos at&#233; o in&#237;cio dos sintomas ou de evid&#234;ncias de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, HAP ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
    <p>As diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>3</sup> recomendam o seguimento cl&#237;nico do paciente assintom&#225;tico com boa fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE, com reavalia&#231;&#245;es peri&#243;dicas a cada seis a 12 meses e monitoramento dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
    <p>Portanto, a presen&#231;a de sintomas &#233; um importante marcador de indica&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. As limita&#231;&#245;es e as dificuldades de se quantificar a classe funcional de forma adequada, principalmente no indiv&#237;duo sedent&#225;rio, sugerem a necessidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precisa<sup>12</sup>. O TCPE preenche essa lacuna, pois fornece de forma quantitativa e n&#227;o invasiva a CF, al&#233;m de in&#250;meras vari&#225;veis para estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica<sup>13</sup>. Entretanto, o TCPE permanece pouco entendido e subutilizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica atual. Isso se deve, em grande parte, aos custos relacionados &#224; capta&#231;&#227;o e an&#225;lise dos gases expirados e &#224; falta de profici&#234;ncia de pessoal habilitado na aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o combinada do teste ergom&#233;trico convencional e das medidas diretas do consumo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub>), produ&#231;&#227;o de g&#225;s carb&#244;nico (VCO<sub>2</sub>) e da ventila&#231;&#227;o (VE), analisadas individualmente ou associadas em diversas combina&#231;&#245;es, fornecem uma an&#225;lise detalhada e integrada das respostas ao exerc&#237;cio envolvendo os sistemas cardiovascular, pulmonar, hematopoi&#233;tico, muscular e neuropsicol&#243;gico.</p>
    <p>Poucos trabalhos t&#234;m avaliado a capacidade de exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s a cirurgia card&#237;aca, particularmente no paciente portador de doen&#231;a valvar<sup>14-16</sup>. Em estudo de Le Tourneau e cols.<sup>5</sup> o TCPE, a angiografia por radionucl&#237;deo e amostras de sangue para avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado neuro-hormonal foram obtidos antes e antes de um ano (216 &#177; 80 dias) ap&#243;s a cirurgia em 40 pacientes com IM n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica (24 pacientes submetidos ao reparo com sucesso e 16 a troca valvar). Apesar da melhora da classe funcional avaliada pela NYHA, a <italic>performance</italic> de exerc&#237;cio n&#227;o se modificou ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da IM (VO<sub>2</sub> pico de 19,3 &#177; 6,1 mL . kg<sup>-1</sup>.min.<sup>-1</sup> para 18,5 &#177; 5,6 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min.<sup>-1</sup> e porcentagem alcan&#231;ada do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x. predito de 79,5 &#177; 18,2% para 76,8 &#177; 16,9%) em todos os pacientes, independentemente do tipo de cirurgia realizada. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos, antes e ap&#243;s a cirurgia, na toler&#226;ncia m&#225;xima ao exerc&#237;cio avaliado pelo pulso de O<sub>2</sub> pico ou pela porcentagem do VO<sub>2</sub> predito, assim como nos pacientes classificados de acordo com a FE pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria (&lt; 60% em 14 pacientes e <underline>&gt;</underline> 60% em 26 pacientes) com respeito &#224; porcentagem do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x. predito p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (74,2 &#177; 16,5% <italic>versus</italic> 77,1 &#177; 17,7%) ou VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x. (18,1 &#177; 6,9 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup> . min.<sup>-</sup>1 versus 18,1 &#177; 4,7 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min.<sup>-1</sup>). Portanto, n&#227;o houve melhora da toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio ap&#243;s a cirurgia de corre&#231;&#227;o da IM em pacientes n&#227;o treinados e o autor considera que esse resultado poderia ser justificado pelo pr&#243;prio descondicionamento f&#237;sico induzido pela valvopatia ou pelo curso p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>Al&#233;m disso, no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio precoce de uma cirurgia card&#237;aca, muitos fatores, podem contribuir para uma redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, dentre eles podemos citar: piora ventilat&#243;ria (por derrame pleural, atelectasia ou paralisia do nervo fr&#234;nico), IC congestiva, anemia, mobilidade diminu&#237;da das costelas e do esterno, taquicardia sinusal, FA, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda transit&#243;ria e fadiga global<sup>17-19</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo principal desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da pl&#225;stica valvar mitral nas vari&#225;veis do TCPE em pacientes com IM cr&#244;nica e isolada. Os resultados pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios das vari&#225;veis do TCPE foram comparados, e o TCPE p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi realizado ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de progressivo e significativo remodelamento card&#237;aco, conforme comprovado pelo estudo ecocardiogr&#225;fico realizado em m&#233;dia oito meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia valvar.</p>
    <p>Como poderia se esperar, o ecocardiograma p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio revelou expressiva redu&#231;&#227;o dos volumes atrial e ventricular esquerdo, al&#233;m de redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o em art&#233;ria pulmonar. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa ap&#243;s a cirurgia, por&#233;m mantendo-se dentro da faixa de normalidade no momento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Essas observa&#231;&#245;es sugerem que os pacientes envolvidos no estudo tiveram sua indica&#231;&#227;o e interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica realizada antes do in&#237;cio de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda irrevers&#237;vel.</p>
    <p>Em ambos os momentos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio a qualidade ou intensidade do esfor&#231;o foi considerada satisfat&#243;ria, como demonstrada pela rela&#231;&#227;o de troca gasosa (RER) &gt; 1,10 e, portanto, preenchido os crit&#233;rios de maximalidade do esfor&#231;o.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a cirurgia o VO<sub>2</sub> pico diminuiu significativamente de 1719 &#177; 571 para 1609 &#177; 428 mL.min<sup>-1</sup> (p = 0,036) e a porcentagem alcan&#231;ada do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x. predito diminuiu de 75,5 &#177; 16,9% no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio para 70,1 &#177; 10,8% no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (p = 0,017).</p>
    <p>O VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x. &#233; uma importante vari&#225;vel do TCPE por ser considerada a m&#233;trica que define o limite do sistema cardiopulmonar<sup>13</sup> e representa o n&#237;vel m&#225;ximo do metabolismo oxidativo envolvendo grandes grupos musculares<sup>20</sup>. Esta vari&#225;vel, de acordo com a equa&#231;&#227;o de Fick, trata-se do produto do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e da diferen&#231;a arteriovenosa de oxig&#234;nio (Dif. a-v O<sub>2</sub>). Os principais determinantes do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x. s&#227;o fatores gen&#233;ticos e a quantidade de musculatura envolvida no exerc&#237;cio, e tamb&#233;m depende do sexo, idade e superf&#237;cie corporal, al&#233;m do n&#237;vel de treinamento ou condicionamento f&#237;sico<sup>17</sup>. O VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x. &#233; considerado reduzido quando abaixo de 80% do valor predito.</p>
    <p>Embora tenha havido varia&#231;&#227;o individual em nosso estudo, o n&#227;o aumento do VO<sub>2</sub> pico ou a sua porcentagem predita, j&#225; foi observado em poucos trabalhos pr&#233;vios realizados em pacientes com IM submetidos &#224; cirurgia<sup>5,6</sup>. Em estudo de Kim HJ e cols.<sup>6</sup>, com 31 pacientes submetidos &#224; pl&#225;stica mitral, o TCPE realizado antes e um ano ap&#243;s a cirurgia n&#227;o mostrou melhora significativa nos valores do VO<sub>2</sub> pico (VO<sub>2</sub> pico pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de 23,1 &#177; 6,2 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de 22,9 &#177; 6,4 mL .kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, p = 0,82). Os autores desse estudo sugerem que o TCPE pode ser &#250;til em determinar o momento da cirurgia e o valor pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio do VO<sub>2</sub> pico de 18,5 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup> poderia ser usado como marcador de melhora do grau funcional.</p>
    <p>O pulso de O<sub>2</sub> fornece uma estimativa do volume sist&#243;lico do VE e reflete a quantidade de O<sub>2</sub> transportada e consumida pelo organismo em cada batimento card&#237;aco. &#201; considerado um forte preditor de mortalidade em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular<sup>21</sup>. Em nosso estudo, o pulso de O<sub>2</sub> pico apresentou um significativo aumento ap&#243;s a cirurgia, de 11,1 &#177; 3,2 para 11,9 &#177; 3,2 mL. bat<sup>-1</sup> (p = 0,003), sugerindo melhora da <italic>performance</italic> do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>A vari&#225;vel VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> n&#227;o apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa ap&#243;s a cirurgia de pl&#225;stica mitral, com valor p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de 34,43 &#177; 4,61. Essa rela&#231;&#227;o descreve a efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria durante o esfor&#231;o, mostrando a quantidade de ar que deve ser ventilada para eliminar 1L de CO<sub>2</sub> e os valores normais se situam entre 20,00 e 30,00<sup>18</sup>. No estudo de Arena e cols.<sup>22</sup> uma rela&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub><italic>slope</italic> superior a 34,00 foi um marcador progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel em pacientes com IC e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. N&#227;o encontramos na literatura informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o comportamento dessa vari&#225;vel em pacientes com IM submetidos &#224; pl&#225;stica mitral, por&#233;m os resultados de nossa casu&#237;stica, revelaram valores p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios pr&#243;ximo do limiar de mau progn&#243;stico.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, o OUES diminuiu de 1857 &#177; 594 (78,6 &#177; 15,5% do predito) para 1763 &#177; 514 (74,7 &#177; 14,6% do predito). Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontramos na literatura o comportamento dessa vari&#225;vel ap&#243;s a cirurgia card&#237;aca em pacientes com IM, entretanto, uma redu&#231;&#227;o do OUES foi observada em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria, submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, quando comparados aos pacientes submetidos &#224; angioplastia transluminal percut&#226;nea, assim como houve uma melhora significativa desta vari&#225;vel ap&#243;s treinamento f&#237;sico<sup>23</sup>. A melhora do OUES tamb&#233;m tem sido observada ap&#243;s treinamento f&#237;sico em pacientes com IC,<sup>24</sup> sugerindo que um determinado VO<sub>2</sub> seja alcan&#231;ado com um custo ventilat&#243;rio menor. Estudos pr&#233;vios sugerem que o OUES &#233; fortemente correlacionado com o VO<sub>2</sub> pico<sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, &#233; prov&#225;vel que a redu&#231;&#227;o do OUES e do VO<sub>2</sub> observado sete meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia tenha ocorrido pelo descondicionamento f&#237;sico e falta de treinamento dos pacientes em programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os benef&#237;cios dos programas de recondicionamento f&#237;sico ap&#243;s a pl&#225;stica mitral foram observados em estudo multic&#234;ntrico pr&#233;vio, com aumento significativo do VO<sub>2</sub> pico de 22% e do limiar anaer&#243;bio de 16%, independentemente de idade, sexo, fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, presen&#231;a de FA, concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina ou uso de medica&#231;&#227;o (betabloqueador ou inibidor da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#245;es</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Podemos concluir que, neste estudo prospectivo de pacientes com IM cr&#244;nica submetidos &#224; pl&#225;stica mitral e que n&#227;o participaram de programas de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, n&#227;o houve melhora da capacidade de exerc&#237;cio avaliada pelo TCPE ap&#243;s sete meses de cirurgia, apesar da expressiva remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca positiva. O pulso de O<sub>2</sub> aumentou ap&#243;s a cirurgia, sugerindo melhora do desempenho sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
    <p>Os resultados deste estudo refor&#231;am a necessidade dos pacientes realizarem reabilita&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica ap&#243;s a cirurgia de pl&#225;stica mitral. Os programas de recondicionamento f&#237;sico permitiriam uma abordagem mais adequada e completa para os pacientes no seu curso p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Dorival Julio Della Togna pelo Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Dorival Julio Della Togna </p>
        <p> Rua Correia de Lemos, 525 / 61, Ch&#225;cara Inglesa </p>
        <p> CEP 04140-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="dtogna17@yahoo.com.br">dtogna17@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 02/09/12, revisado em 25/11/12, aceito em 21/12/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of mitral valve repair on cardiopulmonary exercise testing variables in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Mitral valve repair is the surgical procedure of choice for patients with chronic Mitral Regurgitation (MR). The good early and late results allow surgical indication before symptom onset. The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) can objectively assess functional capacity, but little is known about the effect of surgery on their variables. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of mitral repair on CPET variables in patients with chronic MR. METHODS: A total of 47 patients with severe MR were selected; these patients underwent mitral valve repair and were submitted to CPET &#177; 30 days before surgery, as well as six to 12 months after the surgery. RESULTS: There was predominance of functional class I or II NYHA in 30 (63.8%) and 34 patients (72.3%), respectively. A significant decrease in oxygen consumption (VO2) was observed after surgery, from 1,719 &#177; 571 to 1609 &#177; 428 mL min-1, p = 0.036. There was a decrease in Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope (OUES) from 1,857 &#177; 594 to 1763 &#177; 514, p = 0.073 and oxygen pulse (O2) increased after surgery, from 11.1 &#177; 3.2 to 11.9 &#177; 3, 2 mL.beat-1 (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: The mitral valve repair did not increase peak VO2 and OUES despite positive cardiac remodeling observed seven months after surgery. However, O2 pulse increased postoperatively, suggesting improved LV systolic performance. The CPET is a useful tool to assist in the medical management of patients with MR. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mitral Valve Insufficiency</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Rehabilitation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Effect of mitral valve repair on cardiopulmonary exercise testing variables in patients with chronic mitral regurgitation</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Dorival Julio Della Togna; Alexandre Ant&#244;nio da Cunha Abizaid; Romeu S&#233;rgio Meneghelo; David Costa de Souza Le Bihan; Auristela Isabel de Oliveira Ramos; Samira Kaissar Nasr; Felipe Souza Maia; Zilda Machado Meneghelo; Amanda Guerra de Moraes Sousa</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Mitral valve repair is the surgical procedure of choice for patients with chronic Mitral Regurgitation (MR). The good early and late results allow surgical indication before symptom onset. The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) can objectively assess functional capacity, but little is known about the effect of surgery on their variables.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> Evaluate the effects of mitral repair on CPET variables in patients with chronic MR. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 47 patients with severe MR were selected; these patients underwent mitral valve repair and were submitted to CPET &#194;&#177; 30 days before surgery, as well as six to 12 months after the surgery.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> There was predominance of functional class I or II NYHA in 30 (63.8%) and 34 patients (72.3%), respectively. A significant decrease in oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) was observed after surgery, from 1,719 &#194;&#177; 571 to 1609 &#194;&#177; 428 mL min-1, p = 0.036. There was a decrease in Oxygen Uptake Efficiency Slope (OUES) from 1,857 &#194;&#177; 594 to 1763 &#194;&#177; 514, p = 0.073 and oxygen pulse (O<sub>2</sub>) increased after surgery, from 11.1 &#194;&#177; 3.2 to 11.9 &#194;&#177; 3, 2 mL.beat-1 (p = 0.003).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The mitral valve repair did not increase peak VO<sub>2</sub> and OUES despite positive cardiac remodeling observed seven months after surgery. However, O<sub>2</sub> pulse increased postoperatively, suggesting improved LV systolic performance. The CPET is a useful tool to assist in the medical management of patients with MR. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2013; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Mitral Valve Insufficiency/surgery; Exercise; Rehabilitation. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In recent decades, remarkable progress has occurred regarding the understanding of pathophysiology, clinical management and treatment of mitral regurgitation (MR). Advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques, with the possibility of increasing preservation of valve apparatus and left ventricular function, has attracted increasing interest in this disease.</p>
      <p>The presence of heart failure symptoms is an important tool to evaluate patients with MR and a strong indicator of quality of life and surgical indication, according to current guidelines<sup>1-3</sup>.</p>
      <p>In the patient with asymptomatic MR and good ventricular function, surgery may be considered if there is high probability of successful mitral valve repair, but this strategy is not universally accepted<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>However, in patients with chronic MR, symptoms may appear only in the later stages of the disease and sometimes coincide with irreversible myocardial damage. Furthermore, assessment of functional class (FC) is subjective and may be influenced in several situations, such as in sedentary life style, common in the elderly, in exercise restriction, in the presence of obesity or orthopedic problems.</p>
      <p>The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) more objectively assesses the capacity to exercise, minimizing the subjective aspects of obtaining the medical history. In patients with valvular heart disease, the CPET can assess the presence of symptoms, functional capacity and hemodynamic effect.</p>
      <p>Few studies have been carried out using CPET in patients with MR and the effects of mitral valve repair, including the preservation of left ventricular function, on exercise capacity<sup>5,6</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Objectives</bold>
      </p>
      <p>to evaluate the influence of mitral valve repair on the cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) variables in patients with chronic, nonischemic, severe, organic MR.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Consecutive patients with a diagnosis of chronic, nonischemic, severe, organic MR and surgical repair indication were selected based on the guidelines of AHA/ACC<sup>1</sup>; these patients were followed at the preoperative outpatient clinic of the Valve Disease Medical Section of Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, from August 2008 to January 2011.</p>
      <p>Patients with coronary artery disease, associated valvular heart disease, previous cardiac surgery, dilated cardiomyopathy unrelated to MR and moderate or severe lung disease were excluded.</p>
      <p>The CPET was performed on an Inbramed treadmill and a Medical Graphics Corporation&#174; (Minnesota, USA) Cardio O<sub>2</sub> gas analyzer was used to measure exhaled gases, using sensors that allow breath-by-breath analysis with real-time plotting of the mean of seven exhalations. The patients breathed exclusively through a plastic mouthpiece attached to a disposable differential pressure Pitot pneumotachometer with 20 mL of dead space after they had the nasal cavity occluded with a clamp.</p>
      <p>Bruce's modified protocol was applied for CPET on a treadmill to make it similar to a ramp, with small increments every two minutes. The recovery phase was active in the first two minutes with a velocity of 2.7 km/h, with no inclination and the remaining four, with the patient in the sitting position.</p>
      <p>The exercise intensity was considered satisfactory and the exercise classified as maximum, if the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) reached values <underline>&gt;</underline> 1.10, associated with symptoms of maximal effort, fatigue or breathlessness.</p>
      <p>The following variables were obtained for analysis and expressed in tables or charts: oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>) at anaerobic threshold and peak, oxygen pulse (VO<sub>2</sub> / HR), VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope, respiratory exchange ratio - RER (VCO<sub>2</sub> / VO<sub>2</sub>) and the slope of the curve representing the logarithmic relationship between ventilation and oxygen consumption, the Oxygen Uptake Efficiency slope (OUES).</p>
      <p>Initially, all variables were submitted to an exploratory, descriptive and graphical assessment (Box-Plot), used to observe the behavior of measures and also identify possible typos and outliers. The results were summarized as mean and standard deviation (SD), median and 25 (25<sup>th</sup> Per) and 75 (75<sup>th</sup> Per) percentiles for quantitative variable and in frequencies, absolute (n) and relative (%) for qualitative variables.</p>
      <p>The distribution of quantitative measurements was also assessed by the normality test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov. When the normal distribution was not rejected, the paired Student's <italic>t</italic> test was used to compare before and after surgery. When normality was rejected or to obtain ordinal qualitative measure, the nonparametric Wilcoxon test was used in this comparison.</p>
      <p>The present investigation was approved by the Ethics Committee of Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia during a meeting on 01.04.2008, according to Resolution N. 3596. All participants signed the free and informed consent form.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between August 2008 and January 2011, 47 patients (mean age 48.5, SD = 17.5 years), of which 30 were males (63.8%) were prospectively and consecutively evaluated. The predominant etiology was degenerative (35 patients - 74.5%), 34 patients (72.3%) were in NYHA functional class I or II and three patients (6.4%) had permanent AF.</p>
      <p>The main preoperative clinical characteristics expressed in frequency (n and %) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5103tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5103tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0368-30053-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The description of the surgical techniques performed in the 47 study patients is summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5103tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5103tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0368-30053-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 47 patients who underwent mitral valve repair, 33 patients (70.2%) had absent, minimal or mild residual regurgitation; three patients (6.4%) had mild to moderate, seven patients (14.9% ) had moderate, two patients (4.3%) had moderate to severe and two patients (4.3%) had significant residual regurgitation. The two patients with significant residual MR did not undergo CPET postoperatively, having been submitted to previous surgery and were excluded from the CPET database. The other patients with residual MR are being clinically monitored.</p>
      <p>The pre- and postoperative echocardiographic studies were performed on average 42.2 (7.8) days (median = 22.5 days) before and 218.1 (37.2) days (median = 203.0 days) after surgery.</p>
      <p>After surgery, there were significant reductions in echocardiographic measurements of cardiac remodeling, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5103tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5103tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0368-30053-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The CPETs were carried out on average 31.6 (29.4) days (median = 22.0 days) before and 219.1 (38.3) days (median = 201.0 days) after surgery.</p>
      <p>After mitral valve repair, there was a significant reduction in peak VO<sub>2</sub>. The variable VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope showed no significant difference in mean values pre- and postoperatively and OUES values showed a slight reduction after surgery, from 1857 (594) to 1763 (514), p = 0.073. O<sub>2</sub> pulse after surgery increased from 11.1 (3.2) to 11.9 (3.2) mL.beat-1, p = 0.003. <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5103tab04-body2">Table 4</xref> shows the pre- and postoperative comparisons of CPET variables and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5103fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref> shows the individual profiles of pre- and postoperative VO2, O2 pulse and OUES values.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5103tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0368-30053-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5103fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0368-30053-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion </bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chronic MR has a complex pathophysiology and causes LV volume overload, which can lead to irreversible decline of its contractility. The favorable LV loading conditions during the long period of its natural history allows the patient to remain asymptomatic or exhibit few symptoms, even in the presence of LV contractile dysfunction<sup>7,8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Definitive treatment of chronic and severe MR is surgical and includes mitral valve replacement and mitral valve repair. Mitral valve repair has some advantages over valve replacement, including not requiring anticoagulant therapy in patients with sinus rhythm, preserving the ventricular-valvular integrity, maintaining LV function and showing lower mortality in the immediate and late postoperative period<sup>9,10</sup>.</p>
      <p>Current guidelines<sup>1-3</sup> recommend surgical intervention in severe and chronic MR and in the presence of heart failure symptoms or when there is evidence of LV dysfunction, PAH or atrial fibrillation. In the absence of symptoms and markers of poor prognosis, the ideal time for surgical intervention is controversial, even in the presence of high probability of successful mitral valve repair<sup>4</sup>. In a study by Rosenhek et al<sup>11</sup>, patients with asymptomatic MR were clinically followed in a strategy known as 'watchful waiting', with good clinical results until the onset of symptoms or evidence of LV dysfunction, PAH or atrial fibrillation.</p>
      <p>The guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>3</sup> recommend clinical follow-up of asymptomatic patients with good LV systolic function, with sporadic reassessments every six to 12 months, as well as monitoring of echocardiographic parameters.</p>
      <p>Therefore, the presence of symptoms is an important marker of surgical indication. The limitations and difficulties of adequately quantifying functional class, especially in sedentary individuals, suggest the need for a more accurate assessment<sup>12</sup>. The CPET fills that gap by providing a quantitative and noninvasive assessment of FC, as well as several variables for prognostic stratification<sup>13</sup>. However, CPET remains poorly understood and underutilized in current clinical practice. This is mainly due to the costs related to the collection and analysis of expired gases and lack of trained personnel to apply and interpret test results.</p>
      <p>The combined evaluation of conventional exercise testing and direct measurement of oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub>), carbon dioxide production (VCO<sub>2</sub>) and ventilation (VE), analyzed individually or associated in different combinations, provide a detailed and integrated analysis of responses to exercise involving the cardiovascular, pulmonary, hematopoietic, neuropsychological and muscular systems.</p>
      <p>Few studies have evaluated exercise capacity after cardiac surgery, particularly in patients with valvular disease<sup>14-16</sup>. In a study by Le Tourneau et al<sup>5</sup>, CPET, radionuclide angiography and blood samples for assessment of neurohormonal status were obtained before and before one year (216 &#194;&#177; 80 days) after surgery in 40 patients with non-ischemic MR (24 patients successfully submitted to valve repair and 16 to valve replacement). In spite of the improvement in NYHA FC, the exercise performance did not change after surgical correction of MR (VO<sub>2</sub> peak of 19.3 &#194;&#177; 6.1 mL.kg-1.min.-1 to 18.5 &#194;&#177; 5.6-mL.kg -1.min.-1 and achieved percentage of predicted VO<sub>2</sub> max. of 79.5% &#194;&#177; 18.2 to 76.8 &#194;&#177; 16.9%) in all patients, regardless of the type of surgery performed.</p>
      <p>There were no differences between the groups before and after surgery, regarding tolerance to exercise assessed by peak O<sub>2</sub> pulse or percentage of predicted VO<sub>2</sub>, as well as in patients classified according to preoperative EF (&lt; 60% in 14 patients and <underline>&gt;</underline> 60% in 26 patients) regarding the percentage of postoperative predicted VO<sub>2</sub> max. (74.2% &#194;&#177; 16.5 <italic>versus</italic> 77.1 &#194;&#177; 17.7%) or VO<sub>2</sub> max. (18.1 &#194;&#177; 6.9 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min.<sup>-1</sup><italic>versus</italic> 18.1 &#194;&#177; 4.7 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min.<sup>-1</sup>). Therefore, there was no improvement in exercise tolerance after surgical correction of MR in untrained patients and the author considers that this result can be explained by the physical deconditioning induced by valvular heart disease or by the postoperative course.</p>
      <p>Moreover, in the early postoperative period of cardiac surgery, many factors can contribute to a decrease in exercise capacity compared to preoperative level, among them: worsening in ventilation (by pleural effusion, atelectasis or phrenic nerve paralysis), congestive heart failure, anemia, decreased mobility of the ribs and the sternum, sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, transient left ventricular dysfunction, and overall fatigue<sup>17-19</sup>.</p>
      <p>The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of mitral valve repair on the CPET variables in patients with chronic and isolated MR. The pre- and postoperative results of CPET variables were compared and the postoperative CPET was performed after a period of significant and progressive cardiac remodeling, as shown by echocardiography performed an average of eight months after valve surgery.</p>
      <p>As might be expected, the postoperative echocardiogram showed a significant reduction in left atrial and ventricular volumes, in addition to a decrease in pulmonary artery pressure. Ejection fraction decreased significantly after surgery, but remained within the normal range at the postoperative period. These observations suggest that the patients involved in the study had their indication and surgical intervention performed before the onset of irreversible left ventricular dysfunction.</p>
      <p>In both the pre- and postoperative periods, the quality or intensity of effort was considered satisfactory, as shown by the gas exchange ratio (RER) &gt; 1.10, thus meeting the maximal effort criteria.</p>
      <p>After surgery, VO<sub>2</sub> peak decreased significantly, from 1719 &#194;&#177; 571 to 1609 &#194;&#177; 428 mL min<sup>-1</sup> (p = 0.036) and the percentage of predicted VO<sub>2</sub> max achieved decreased from 75.5 &#194;&#177; 16.9% preoperatively to 70.1 &#194;&#177; 10.8% postoperatively (p = 0.017).</p>
      <p>VO<sub>2</sub> max is an important CPET variable as it is considered the measurement that defines the limit of the cardiopulmonary system<sup>13</sup> and represents the maximum level of oxidative metabolism involving large muscle groups<sup>20</sup>. This variable, according to Fick's equation, it is the product of cardiac output and oxygen arteriovenous difference (O<sub>2</sub> av. diff). The main determinants of VO<sub>2</sub> max. are genetic factors and the amount of muscles involved in the exercise and also depends on sex, age and body surface, as well as the level of training or physical conditioning<sup>17</sup>. VO<sub>2</sub> max. is considered impaired when &lt; 80% of its predicted value.</p>
      <p>Although there was individual variation in our study, the absence of increase in VO<sub>2</sub> peak or its predicted percentage has been observed in a few previous studies carried out in patients with MR who underwent surgery<sup>5,6</sup>. In the study by Kim HJ et al<sup>6</sup> of 31 patients undergoing mitral valve repair, CPET performed before and one year after surgery showed no significant improvement in peak VO<sub>2</sub> (preoperative peak VO<sub>2</sub> of 23.1 &#194;&#177; 6.2 mL.kg-1.min-1 and postoperative of 22.9 &#194;&#177; 6.4 mL.kg<sup>-1</sup>.min<sup>-1</sup>, p = 0.82). The authors of this study suggest that CPET can be helpful in determining the timing of surgery and a preoperative value of VO<sub>2</sub> peak of 18.5 mL.kg-1.min-1 could be used as a marker of functional degree improvement.</p>
      <p>The O<sub>2</sub> pulse provides an estimate of LV systolic volume and reflects the amount of O<sub>2</sub> transported and consumed by the body at each heartbeat. It is considered a strong predictor of mortality in patients with chronic cardiovascular disease<sup>21</sup>. In our study, the peak O<sub>2</sub> pulse showed a significant increase after surgery, from 11.1 &#194;&#177; 3.2 to 11.9 &#194;&#177; 3.2 mL.bat<sup>-1</sup> (p = 0.003), suggesting improvement in left ventricular performance.</p>
      <p>The variable VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope was not significantly different after mitral valve repair surgery, with a postoperative value of 34.43 &#194;&#177; 4.61. This ratio describes ventilatory efficiency during exercise, showing the amount of air that must be ventilated to remove 1L of CO<sub>2</sub> and normal values are between 20.00 and 30.00<sup>18</sup>. In the study by Arena et al<sup>22</sup> a VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope &gt; 34.00 was a marker for poor prognosis in patients with heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction. We found no information in the literature on the behavior of this variable in patients with MR who underwent mitral valve repair, but the results of our study showed postoperative values close to the threshold of poor prognosis.</p>
      <p>After surgery, OUES decreased from 1857 &#194;&#177; 594 (78.6 &#194;&#177; 15.5% of predicted value) to 1763 &#194;&#177; 514 (74.7 &#194;&#177; 14.6% of predicted value). There are no data in the literature on the behavior of this variable after cardiac surgery in patients with MR; however, a reduction in OUES was observed in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, when compared to patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, as well as a significant improvement of this variable after physical training<sup>23</sup>. The improvement in OUES has also been observed after exercise training in patients with HF<sup>24</sup>, suggesting that a certain VO<sub>2</sub> is reached at a lower ventilatory cost. Previous studies suggest that OUES is strongly correlated with the peak VO<sub>2</sub><sup>25,26</sup>.</p>
      <p>In our study, it is likely that the reduction in OUES and VO<sub>2</sub> observed seven months after surgery occurred due to physical deconditioning and lack of training of patients in rehabilitation programs.</p>
      <p>The benefits of physical reconditioning programs after mitral valve repair were observed in a previous multicenter study, with a significant increase of 22% in VO<sub>2</sub> peak and anaerobic threshold of 16%, regardless of age, sex, left ventricular function, presence of AF, hemoglobin concentration or medication use (beta-blocker or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor)<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We can conclude that in this prospective study of patients with chronic MR submitted to mitral valve repair and who did not participate in cardiac rehabilitation programs after surgery, there was no improvement in exercise capacity measured by CPET seven months after surgery, despite the significant positive cardiac remodeling. The O<sub>2</sub> pulse increased after surgery, suggesting improvement in left ventricular systolic performance.</p>
      <p>The results of this study reinforce the need for patients to perform physical rehabilitation after surgery for mitral valve repair. The physical reconditioning programs allow a more complete and appropriate approach for patients during their postoperative course.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Dorival Julio Della Togna, from Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
