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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">nSvxwfsmgXD9jWwKpLcLfrf</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000400009</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130052</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e fun&#231;&#227;o renal na hipertens&#227;o arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sarmento</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Telmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maldonado</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Conde</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiopneumologia </institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Investiga&#231;&#227;o e Forma&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular</institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Luanda</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Metodista de Angola</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiopneumologia</institution>
        <country country="AO">Angola</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>362</fpage>
      <lpage>367</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica (DAP) possuem um risco elevado de eventos cardiovasculares existindo uma elevada preval&#234;ncia dessa patologia em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo consiste em verificar se existe uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a DAP e a fun&#231;&#227;o renal em pacientes hipertensos. M&#201;TODOS: A amostra deste estudo foi constitu&#237;da por um total de 909 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial. Foi avaliada a presen&#231;a de DAP, com recurso ao &#237;ndice tornozelo-bra&#231;o (ITB), e a determina&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal com base no c&#225;lculo da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular. Os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em grupos de acordo com o ITB anormal (&lt; 0,9) e normal (0,9-1,4). RESULTADOS: A porcentagem de pacientes com um ITB anormal foi de 8%. No grupo de pacientes com ITB anormal a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica foi de 23,4%, comparativamente a uma preval&#234;ncia de 11,2% no grupo com ITB normal. Por meio da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel, ajustando o modelo aos factores de risco cardiovasculares convencionais, identificou-se um efeito estatisticamente significativo e independente da eTFG sobre a probabilidade de desenvolvimento de DAP, com um OR de 0,987 (IC: 0,97-1,00). CONCLUS&#195;O: Demonstrou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a DAP e a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Dessa forma, a combina&#231;&#227;o de um diagn&#243;stico preciso da doen&#231;a renal e a medida de rotina do ITB poder&#225; constituir um meio mais eficiente de identifica&#231;&#227;o de DAP subcl&#237;nica, permitindo aos indiv&#237;duos se beneficiarem de interven&#231;&#245;es precoces com o intuito da diminui&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Renais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica e fun&#231;&#227;o renal na hipertens&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Carolina Sarmento<sup>I</sup>; Telmo Pereira<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Jo&#227;o Maldonado<sup>II</sup>; Jorge Conde<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Cardiopneumologia - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Investiga&#231;&#227;o e Forma&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular, Coimbra, Portugal </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Departamento de Cardiopneumologia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Metodista de Angola, Luanda, Angola</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica (DAP) possuem um risco elevado de eventos cardiovasculares existindo uma elevada preval&#234;ncia dessa patologia em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> O objetivo deste estudo consiste em verificar se existe uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a DAP e a fun&#231;&#227;o renal em pacientes hipertensos. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> A amostra deste estudo foi constitu&#237;da por um total de 909 pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial. Foi avaliada a presen&#231;a de DAP, com recurso ao &#237;ndice tornozelo-bra&#231;o (ITB), e a determina&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal com base no c&#225;lculo da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular. Os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em grupos de acordo com o ITB anormal (<underline>&lt;</underline> 0,9) e normal (0,9-1,4). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> A porcentagem de pacientes com um ITB anormal foi de 8%. No grupo de pacientes com ITB anormal a preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica foi de 23,4%, comparativamente a uma preval&#234;ncia de 11,2% no grupo com ITB normal. Por meio da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel, ajustando o modelo aos factores de risco cardiovasculares convencionais, identificou-se um efeito estatisticamente significativo e independente da eTFG sobre a probabilidade de desenvolvimento de DAP, com um OR de 0,987 (IC: 0,97-1,00). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Demonstrou-se uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a DAP e a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Dessa forma, a combina&#231;&#227;o de um diagn&#243;stico preciso da doen&#231;a renal e a medida de rotina do ITB poder&#225; constituir um meio mais eficiente de identifica&#231;&#227;o de DAP subcl&#237;nica, permitindo aos indiv&#237;duos se beneficiarem de interven&#231;&#245;es precoces com o intuito da diminui&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Doen&#231;a Arterial Perif&#233;rica, Hipertens&#227;o, Doen&#231;as Renais / complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) tem merecido um enfoque particular nos &#250;ltimos 10 anos, sendo reconhecida como um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica em virtude do crescente n&#250;mero de pessoas que afeta. A sua preval&#234;ncia atinge cerca de 10-11% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta nos EUA e cerca de 8% da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta na Europa. Essa parcela da popula&#231;&#227;o tem aumentado 4 a 5% ao ano, prevendo-se que em 2025 atinja aproximadamente 24.000 pessoas<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que a DRC partilha muitos fatores de risco com a DAP, n&#227;o &#233; surpreendente que a preval&#234;ncia de DAP seja alta em pacientes com DRC<sup>3-5</sup>. Sabe-se que indiv&#237;duos com diferentes graus de DRC t&#234;m uma elevada carga de morbilidade e mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica. E, por sua vez, indiv&#237;duos com DAP t&#234;m insufici&#234;ncia renal com maior frequ&#234;ncia do que indiv&#237;duos sem DAP<sup>1</sup>. Pacientes com DRC possuem uma alta predisposi&#231;&#227;o para o desenvolvimento de aterosclerose acelerada, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de certos fatores de risco cardiovasculares tradicionais como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> ou dislipidemia, que contribuem para o desenvolvimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e progress&#227;o da aterosclerose. Esses pacientes t&#234;m presentes, muitas vezes, n&#227;o apenas os tradicionais fatores de risco, mas tamb&#233;m mediadores inflamat&#243;rios elevados e ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina, que promovem o estresse oxidativo, o qual aumenta e acelera o processo ateroscler&#243;tico<sup>3,5-7</sup>. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o arterial &#233; tamb&#233;m um fator importante, ocorrendo na camada &#237;ntima em associa&#231;&#227;o com a aterosclerose, contribuindo assim para a forma&#231;&#227;o da placa, e na m&#233;dia, onde causa uma perda de distensibilidade arterial em virtude de altera&#231;&#245;es nos fatores promotores e inibidores da calcifica&#231;&#227;o, e principalmente devido &#224; diferencia&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso para c&#233;lulas osteobl&#225;sticas<sup>5,8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Sabe-se que existe uma alta preval&#234;ncia de DAP em pacientes com doen&#231;a renal, sendo ambas importantes fatores de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste estudo consistiu em verificar se existia uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a DAP e a fun&#231;&#227;o renal, pretendendo tamb&#233;m avaliar se a diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal est&#225; associada a um aumento do risco de eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A amostra deste estudo consistiu em indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o arterial seguidos em unidades de sa&#250;de familiares, apresentando-se medicados para a hipertens&#227;o arterial. A amostra deste estudo foi constitu&#237;da por um total de 909 indiv&#237;duos, 466 mulheres e 443 homens, apresentando idades compreendidas entre os 20 e 98 anos, sendo a m&#233;dia das idades de 64 anos. Estes foram divididos em grupos de acordo com o ITB em anormal (<underline>&lt;</underline> 0,9) e normal (0,9-1,4)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pela comiss&#227;o de &#233;tica das institui&#231;&#245;es envolvidas em conformidade com a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do ITB</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ITB foram colocadas bra&#231;adeiras nos membros inferiores (tornozelo) e superiores (bra&#231;o) sendo realizadas medi&#231;&#245;es da press&#227;o arterial bilateralmente com recurso a esfigmoman&#244;metros de coluna de merc&#250;rio adaptados. O procedimento foi realizado com o sujeito em dec&#250;bito dorsal ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de repouso de 10 minutos. Realizaram-se tr&#234;s medi&#231;&#245;es em cada membro, calculando-se depois a m&#233;dia dos valores tensionais para cada membro. Para o c&#225;lculo do ITB esquerdo e direito estimou-se a raz&#227;o entre a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica do tornozelo (esquerdo e direito) e a press&#227;o sist&#243;lica braquial mais alta. O valor de ITB selecionado para o estudo foi o que apresentou um &#237;ndice inferior.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Covari&#225;veis</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A informa&#231;&#227;o obtida consistiu num inqu&#233;rito realizado a cada indiv&#237;duo em que constavam todas as informa&#231;&#245;es relativas &#224; hist&#243;ria familiar e pessoal, an&#225;lises cl&#237;nicas, medica&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;as concomitantes e eventos cardiovasculares pr&#233;vios.</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial foi definida como press&#227;o sist&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 140mmHg e/ou press&#227;o diast&#243;lica <underline>&gt;</underline> 90mmHg em pelo menos duas ocasi&#245;es diferentes, ou a realiza&#231;&#227;o de tratamento anti-hipertensivo. A hipercolesterolemia foi definida como valor de colesterol total documentado <underline>&gt;</underline> 200mg/dl, ou medica&#231;&#227;o para a mesma. A diabetes <italic>mellitus</italic> definiu-se pela presen&#231;a de tratamento ativo com insulina ou medica&#231;&#227;o oral antidiabetes, ou pela presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis anormais de glicose no sangue em jejum. A classifica&#231;&#227;o quanto aos h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos foi: fumantes ou ex-fumantes e n&#227;o fumantes. Com base nas medidas antropom&#233;tricas, foi calculado o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Determina&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de Fun&#231;&#227;o Renal</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A determina&#231;&#227;o do n&#237;vel de fun&#231;&#227;o renal foi baseada no c&#225;lculo da taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (eTFG) com recurso &#224; f&#243;rmula desenvolvida no estudo <italic>Modification of Diet in Renal Disease</italic> (MDRD), na qual a eTFG = 186,3 x (Creatinina S&#233;rica<sup>-1.154</sup>) x (Idade-0,203) x (0,72 se for mulher) x 1,210 se for negro<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>Com base na eTFG, a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica foi definida como: fun&#231;&#227;o renal normal (TFG <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 ml / min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>); comprometimento ligeiro da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (TFG de 45 - 59,9 ml / min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>); comprometimento moderado da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (TFG 30-44,9 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>); comprometimento severo da fun&#231;&#227;o renal (TFG 15 - 29,9 ml / min por 1,73 m<sup>2</sup>); fase final da insufici&#234;ncia renal (TFG &lt; 15 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados relativos aos indiv&#237;duos da amostra foram informatizados e tratados com recurso ao programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) para Windows, vers&#227;o 19.0. A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi testada quanto &#224; normalidade pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, e quanto &#224; homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias, pelo teste de Levene.</p>
    <p>Para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o geral da amostra e da distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis qualitativas e quantitativas, recorreu-se a uma estat&#237;stica descritiva simples. Os valores das vari&#225;veis quantitativas est&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o e amplitude de varia&#231;&#227;o. Os valores das vari&#225;veis qualitativas est&#227;o apresentados como valores absolutos e em porcentagem. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos para vari&#225;veis param&#233;tricas concretizou-se com recurso ao teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes (compara&#231;&#245;es entre 2 grupos) ou ao teste Anova, com <italic>post-hoc</italic> de Tukey (compara&#231;&#245;es entre 3 ou mais grupos). O teste do qui-quadrado foi aplicado para a compara&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
    <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados recorreu-se ainda &#224; regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, tendo sido definidas como vari&#225;vel dependente dicot&#244;mica a DAP. Os modelos de regress&#227;o analisados inclu&#237;ram as vari&#225;veis de risco cardiovascular cl&#225;ssicas, nomeadamente g&#234;nero, idade, hist&#243;ria de doen&#231;a cardiovascular, hipercolesterolemia, hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes melitos, tabagismo, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD), h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos e o IMC. O crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica utilizado foi um valor de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05 para um intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra em estudo encontram-se descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4970tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Dos 909 indiv&#237;duos presentes neste estudo, a m&#233;dia de idades foi de 64 anos, com uma percentagem semelhante de homens e mulheres (49% e 51% respectivamente).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4970tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0362-30052-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Relativamente aos fatores de risco cardiovasculares da amostra, 34% dos indiv&#237;duos tinham diabetes, apenas 11% eram fumantes, 56% eram sedent&#225;rios e 60% tinham dislipidemia.</p>
    <p>Os indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o ITB (grupo com ITB normal <italic>versus</italic> grupo com ITB diminu&#237;do). A porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos com um ITB anormal foi de 8%, e a porcentagem de indiv&#237;duos com um ITB normal foi de 92%. Comparativamente aos indiv&#237;duos com um ITB normal, os indiv&#237;duos com um ITB <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,9 eram mais velhos, apresentavam maior preval&#234;ncia de diabetes e dislipidemia, bem como valores mais elevados de PAS e de triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o existiram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos relativamente ao sedentarismo, aos h&#225;bitos tab&#225;gicos, ao IMC e ao colesterol total.</p>
    <p>Relativamente &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o renal, os indiv&#237;duos com um ITB <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,9 apresentaram n&#237;veis de creatinina mais elevados, bem como uma menor eTFG. No grupo de indiv&#237;duos com ITB anormal a preval&#234;ncia de DRC foi de 23,4% (destes, 86,8% apresentavam comprometimento ligeiro da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e 13,2% comprometimento moderado da fun&#231;&#227;o renal), comparativamente a uma preval&#234;ncia de 11,2% (destes, 79,5% apresentavam comprometimento ligeiro da fun&#231;&#227;o renal; 19,6% comprometimento moderado da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e 0,9% comprometimento severo da fun&#231;&#227;o renal) no grupo com ITB normal.</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univari&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4970tab02">Tabela 2</xref>) mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o da DAP com a idade (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1,079; intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% [IC]:1,052-1,106), diabetes (OR = 1,883; IC:1,149-3,086), dislipidemias (OR = 2,546; IC:1,414-4,586), PAS (OR = 1,033; IC:1,022-1,044), eTFG (OR = 0,976; IC:0,963-0,989) e creatinina (OR = 4,517; IC:1,045-3,638).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4970tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0362-30052-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Fazendo uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4970fig01">Figura 1</xref>), incluindo no modelo de an&#225;lise os fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares que manifestaram maior associa&#231;&#227;o com a DAP no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univari&#225;vel (crit&#233;rio p &lt; 0,1), identificou-se um efeito estatisticamente significativo e independente da eTFG sobre a probabilidade de desenvolvimento de DAP, com um OR de 0,987 (IC: 0,97-1,00). Ou seja, por cada diminui&#231;&#227;o de 10 ml / min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> na eTFG, a probabilidade de DAP aumenta em cerca de 10%. Uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa e independente foi ainda observada com a idade, a diabetes e a PAS. Vale ressaltar a import&#226;ncia da diabetes enquanto fator de risco independente para DAP, com um OR de 2,470 (IC:1,24 -4,88), indicando uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o desse fator de risco com a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica nos membros inferiores.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4970fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0362-30052-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Refazendo a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivari&#225;vel, incluindo na an&#225;lise uma vers&#227;o dicotomizada da eTFG (normal <italic>versus</italic> anormal), verificou-se que indiv&#237;duos com diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal t&#234;m uma probabilidade 2,28 vezes maior de ter DAP (OR=2,28; IC:1,207-4,307), aspecto em linha com a an&#225;lise anterior. Verificamos ainda um efeito significativo e independente da diminui&#231;&#227;o da eTFG com a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cerebrovasculares pr&#233;vios (OR 2,247; IC 1,166-4,339).</p>
    <p>Perante a evid&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente e significativa entre a DAP e a eTFG, procuramos identificar o perfil da mesma, pelo que, para o efeito, a amostra em estudo foi dividida por tercis da eTFG, observando-se uma rela&#231;&#227;o curvil&#237;nea do risco de DAP com a eTFG (1&#186; tercil OR=1; 2&#186; tercil OR=1.354, IC:0.628-2.916; 3&#186; tercil OR=2.984; IC:1.057-5.907), observando-se assim um risco crescente de DAP, com um crescimento exponencial para valores progressivamente menores de eTFG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4970fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4970fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0362-30052-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Embora a preval&#234;ncia de DRC seja elevada em pacientes com DAP, apenas um pequeno n&#250;mero de estudos examinam essa rela&#231;&#227;o<sup>1,2,5,7,9-12</sup>. Por outro lado, a DRC tamb&#233;m n&#227;o tem sido avaliada como potencial fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da DAP.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, realizado numa amostra constitu&#237;da por indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o arterial, observou-se a exist&#234;ncia de uma associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa e independente entre a DAP e a DRC. Na amostra em estudo, a preval&#234;ncia de DAP foi de 8%. Indiv&#237;duos com valores de ITB anormais apresentaram n&#237;veis de creatinina mais elevados, bem como uma menor eTFG, sendo que a preval&#234;ncia de DRC neste grupo foi superior (23,4% comparativamente a 11,2% no grupo com ITB normal). Por&#233;m, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos indiv&#237;duos com um ITB normal, os indiv&#237;duos com um ITB <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,9 eram mais velhos, apresentavam maior preval&#234;ncia de diabetes e dislipidemia, bem como valores mais elevados de PAS e de triglicer&#237;deos. Os poss&#237;veis mecanismos, por meio dos quais um ITB anormal pode estar associado &#224; maior probabilidade da ocorr&#234;ncia da DRC, t&#234;m por base o fato de a aterosclerose ser um processo multisist&#234;mico, pelo que a presen&#231;a de manifesta&#231;&#245;es ateroscler&#243;ticas nos membros inferiores estar&#225; seguramente associada &#224; aterosclerose em outros pontos do sistema circulat&#243;rio, envolvendo tamb&#233;m as pequenas e m&#233;dias art&#233;rias renais. Um estreitamento das art&#233;rias renais pode, por sua vez, levar &#224; insufici&#234;ncia isqu&#234;mica e funcional atrav&#233;s de uma s&#233;rie de passos intermedi&#225;rios<sup>1</sup>.</p>
    <p>Neste estudo, verificou-se tamb&#233;m que a eTFG pode ser um fator preditor da ocorr&#234;ncia de DAP, independentemente de outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares. Verificou-se que indiv&#237;duos com diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal apresentavam uma probabilidade 2,28 vezes maior de ter DAP, bem como a exist&#234;ncia de um risco crescente de DAP, com a diminui&#231;&#227;o da eTFG. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o entre a DRC e a DAP pode decorrer em parte da associa&#231;&#227;o da DRC com outros fatores de risco, como a hipertens&#227;o, a diabetes e a dislipidemia, acelerando dessa forma o processo ateroscler&#243;tico e a progress&#227;o da DAP. Contudo, podem existir outros mecanismos desconhecidos, envolvidos em ambas as doen&#231;as, que possam conduzir a uma progress&#227;o acelerada de uma ou de outra doen&#231;a ao longo do tempo. Essas duas doen&#231;as podem compartilhar n&#227;o s&#243; fatores de risco cardiovasculares tradicionais, mas tamb&#233;m fatores de risco n&#227;o tradicionais, como o aumento de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios, estresse oxidativo ou disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, que podem contribuir para a aterosclerose acelerada<sup>9,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, observou-se tamb&#233;m maior probabilidade da ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos cerebrovasculares pr&#233;vios em pacientes com diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal. Sabe-se que a morbilidade e mortalidade em pacientes com DRC &#233; extremamente elevada e a presen&#231;a de DRC agrava as consequ&#234;ncias da doen&#231;a cardiovascular. Em cada est&#225;dio da DRC, o risco da mortalidade cardiovascular &#233; v&#225;rias vezes maior que o risco de progress&#227;o para a fase final da doen&#231;a renal, no entanto os mecanismos respons&#225;veis s&#227;o ainda desconhecidos<sup>4</sup>. A DRC e a DAP s&#227;o importantes fatores preditores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e de todas as causas de mortalidade. Pacientes com DAP possuem uma alta preval&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares, como enfarte do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, estando esta tamb&#233;m associada a uma elevada mortalidade - tr&#234;s vezes maior do que na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, mesmo em pacientes sem DRC<sup>10,13</sup>. De acordo com alguns estudos, a mortalidade &#233; significativamente superior em pacientes com DRC combinada com DAP, tanto para a mortalidade cardiovascular como por todas as causas<sup>4,8,9</sup>.</p>
    <p>Embora se verifique uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e a doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, constituindo ambas importantes fatores preditores de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e de todas as causas de mortalidade, especialmente em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial, &#233; importante que sejam realizados estudos adicionais com o intuito de perceber e quantificar melhor essa rela&#231;&#227;o, bem como identificar novos fatores de risco potencialmente revers&#237;veis. Por outro lado, a natureza transversal e retrospectiva costitui uma limita&#231;&#227;o importante, tornando importante a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudos prospectivos, para um cabal esclarecimento da rela&#231;&#227;o aqui implicada. A impossibilidade de tra&#231;ar para al&#233;m de qualquer d&#250;vida uma rela&#231;&#227;o temporal entre o in&#237;cio da DAP e da DRC constituem tamb&#233;m uma limita&#231;&#227;o imput&#225;vel ao desenho experimental, limitando o estabelecimento de rela&#231;&#245;es de causalidade e refor&#231;ando a necessidade de estudos prospectivos para melhor compreens&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o encontrada.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre a DAP e a doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica foi verificada, indicando a exist&#234;ncia de uma rela&#231;&#227;o fisiopatol&#243;gica entre o envolvimento renal e os processos ateroscler&#243;ticos nos membros inferiores. Dessa forma, a combina&#231;&#227;o de um diagn&#243;stico preciso da doen&#231;a renal e a medida de rotina do ITB poder&#225; constituir um meio eficiente de identifica&#231;&#227;o de DAP subcl&#237;nica, permitindo aos indiv&#237;duos se beneficiarem de interven&#231;&#245;es precoces direcionadas &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Sarmento C, Pereira T, Maldonado J, Conde J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sarmento C, Pereira T, Maldonado J; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Pereira T, Maldonado J, Conde J.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Telmo Pereira </p>
        <p> Rua General Humberto Delgado, 102, Lousa </p>
        <p> CEP 3200-107, Coimbra - Portugal </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="telmopereira@spc.pt">telmopereira@spc.pt</email>; </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="telmo@estescoimbra.pt">telmo@estescoimbra.pt</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/06/12; revisado em 04/07/12; aceito em 24/10/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Peripheral artery disease and kidney function in hypertensive patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) have a high risk of developing cardiovascular events. There is a high prevalence of PAD in individuals with kidney disease and both are important risk factors for cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between PAD and renal function in hypertensive patients. METHODS: The sample consisted of 909 individuals with arterial hypertension. The presence of PAD was evaluated using the ankle-brachial index (ABI) method and renal function was assessed based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The subjects were divided into groups, according to abnormal (ABI &lt; 0.9) and normal ABI (ABI 0.9-1.4). RESULTS: The percentage of subjects with abnormal ABI was 8%. In the group of individuals with abnormal ABI, prevalence of CKD was 23.4%, compared to a prevalence of 11.2% in patients with normal ABI. Multivariable logistic regression analysis, after adjusting the model to the conventional cardiovascular risk factors, identified a statistically significant and independent effect of eGFR on the likelihood of developing PAD, with an OR of 0.987 (CI: 0.97-1.00). CONCLUSION: An independent association between PAD and chronic kidney disease was observed in the present study. Therefore, the combination of an accurate diagnosis of kidney disease and routine ABI evaluation could constitute a more efficient means to identify subclinical PAD, allowing individuals to benefit from early interventions, aiming at reducing cardiovascular risk.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Peripheral Arterial Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Peripheral artery disease and kidney function in hypertensive patients</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Carolina Sarmento<sup>I</sup>; Telmo Pereira<sup>I,II,III</sup>; Jo&#227;o Maldonado<sup>II</sup>; Jorge Conde<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Cardiopneumologia - Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa&#250;de de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto de Investiga&#231;&#227;o e Forma&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular, Coimbra, Portugal</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Departamento de Cardiopneumologia - Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de - Universidade Metodista de Angola, Luanda, Angola</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) have a high risk of developing cardiovascular events. There is a high prevalence of PAD in individuals with kidney disease and both are important risk factors for cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The aim of this study was to investigate the association between PAD and renal function in hypertensive patients.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The sample consisted of 909 individuals with arterial hypertension. The presence of PAD was evaluated using the ankle-brachial index (ABI) method and renal function was assessed based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The subjects were divided into groups, according to abnormal (ABI <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.9) and normal ABI (ABI 0.9-1.4).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> The percentage of subjects with abnormal ABI was 8%. In the group of individuals with abnormal ABI, prevalence of CKD was 23.4%, compared to a prevalence of 11.2% in patients with normal ABI. Multivariable logistic regression analysis, after adjusting the model to the conventional cardiovascular risk factors, identified a statistically significant and independent effect of eGFR on the likelihood of developing PAD, with an OR of 0.987 (CI: 0.97-1.00).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> An independent association between PAD and chronic kidney disease was observed in the present study. Therefore, the combination of an accurate diagnosis of kidney disease and routine ABI evaluation could constitute a more efficient means to identify subclinical PAD, allowing individuals to benefit from early interventions, aiming at reducing cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Peripheral Arterial Disease; Hypertension; Kidney Diseases / complications.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has received particular attention in the last 10 years, being recognized as a public health problem due to the growing number of people it affects. Its prevalence is about 10-11% of the adult population in the U.S. and around 8% of the adult population in Europe. This part of the population has increased 4-5% a year and the disease is expected to affect approximately 24,000 people by 2025<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>As CKD shares many risk factors with peripheral arterial disease (PAD), it is not surprising that the prevalence of PAD is high in patients with CKD<sup>3-5</sup>. It is known that individuals with different degrees of CKD have a high burden of morbidity and mortality from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Moreover, individuals with PAD more frequently have kidney failure than individuals without the disease<sup>1</sup>. CKD patients have a high tendency toward the development of accelerated atherosclerosis, even in the absence of certain cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, which contribute to the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis progression. These patients often have not only the traditional risk factors, but also elevated inflammatory mediators and activation of the renin-angiotensin system that promote oxidative stress and enhances and accelerates the atherosclerotic process<sup>3,5-7</sup>.</p>
      <p>Arterial calcification is also an important factor in the intima occurring in association with atherosclerosis, thus contributing to plaque formation and in the media, causing a loss of arterial distensibility due to alterations in promoter and inhibitor factors of calcification and mainly due to differentiation of smooth muscle cells to osteoblast cells<sup>5,8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is known that there is a high prevalence of PAD in patients with kidney disease, both of which are important risk factors for the occurrence of cardiovascular events. Therefore, the objective of this study was to verify whether there was an independent association between PAD and kidney function and also to assess whether the decrease in kidney function was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The study sample consisted of individuals with hypertension followed in basic family health units, who were being medicated for systemic arterial hypertension (SAH). The study sample comprised 909 subjects, of which 466 were women and 443 men, with ages between 20 and 98 years, with a mean age of 64 years. These were divided into groups according to abnormal (<underline>&lt;</underline> 0.9) ankle-brachial index (ABI) and normal (0.9 to 1.4)<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>The study was approved by the ethics committee of the institutions involved in the study, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Ankle-brachial index (ABI) assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>To assess the ABI, cuffs were placed on the lower (ankle) and upper limbs (arm) and blood pressure measurements were performed bilaterally using an adapted mercury sphygmomanometer. The procedure was performed with the subject in the supine position after a 10-minute resting period. Three measurements were performed in each limb and then the mean blood pressure was calculated for each limb. To calculate the left and right ABI, the ratio between the ankle systolic pressure (left and right) and the highest brachial systolic pressure was estimated. The ABI value selected for the study was the one that showed the lowest index.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Covariables</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The information obtained consisted in a survey, containing information related each individual's family and personal history, medical tests, medication, concomitant diseases and previous cardiovascular events.</p>
      <p>Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure <underline>&gt;</underline> 90 mmHg on at least two different occasions, or current antihypertensive treatment. Hypercholesterolemia was defined as documented amount of total cholesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dL or current antihypercholesterolemic treatment. Diabetes mellitus was defined by current treatment with insulin or oral antidiabetic drugs, or abnormal levels of fasting blood glucose. The smoking status classification was divided as smokers or ex-smokers and nonsmokers. The body mass index was calculated based on anthropometric measurements (kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Kidney function assessment</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Kidney function assessment was based on the calculation of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using the formula developed in the "Modification of Diet in Renal Disease" (MDRD) study, in which the eGFR = 186.3 x (Serum Creatininea <sup>-1.154</sup>) x (Age<sup>-0.203</sup>) x (0.72 se for if female) x 1.210 if Black<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>Based on eGFR, chronic kidney disease was defined as normal kidney function (GFR <underline>&gt;</underline> 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>); slight impairment of kidney function (GFR = 45 to 59.9 mL / min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>); moderate impairment of kidney function (GFR = 30 to 44.9 mL / min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), severe impairment of kidney function (GFR = 15 to 29.9 mL/min/ 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>); end-stage kidney disease (GFR &lt; 15 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>3</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical Analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The data related to individuals in the sample were computerized and processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, release 19.0. Variable distribution was tested for normality using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and for variance homogeneity, Levene's test. Simple descriptive statistics was used for the general characterization of the sample and the distribution of qualitative and quantitative variables. The values of quantitative variables are shown as mean &#177; standard deviation and range. The values of qualitative variables are shown as absolute values and percentage. Comparisons between groups for parametric variables were performed using Student's <italic>t </italic>test for independent samples (comparisons between two groups) or ANOVA with post hoc Tukey's test (comparisons between 3 or more groups). The Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables.</p>
      <p>Logistic regression was also used for the statistical analysis and PAD was defined as the dichotomous dependent variable. Regression models assessed in the study included classic cardiovascular risk variables, namely gender, age, history of cardiovascular disease, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking status, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, smoking habits and BMI. Statistical significance was set at p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 for a confidence interval of 95%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The general characteristics of the study sample are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4970tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Of the 909 subjects in this study, the mean age was 64 years, with a similar percentage of men and women (49% and 51%, respectively). Regarding cardiovascular risk factors in the sample, 34% of the subjects had diabetes, only 11% were smokers, 56% were sedentary and 60% had dyslipidemia.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4970tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0362-30052-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Individuals were divided into two groups according to the ABI (group with normal ABI <italic>versus</italic> group with reduced ABI). The percentage of individuals with an abnormal and a normal ABI was 8% and 92%, respectively. When compared with individuals with a normal ABI, individuals with an ABI <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.9 were older, had higher prevalence of diabetes and dyslipidemia, as well as higher values of SBP and triglycerides.</p>
      <p>There were no significant differences between the groups in relation to physical inactivity, smoking habits, BMI and total cholesterol. Regarding kidney function, individuals with an ABI <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.9 showed higher creatinine levels and lower eGFR. In the group of patients with abnormal ABI, the prevalence of CKD was 23.4% (of these, 86.8% had mild kidney function impairment and 13.2% had moderate kidney function impairment), compared with a prevalence of 11.2% (of these, 79.5% had mild kidney function impairment, 19.6% had moderate kidney function impairment and 0.9% had severe kidney function impairment) in the group with normal ABI.</p>
      <p>The univariate logistic regression analysis (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4970tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>) showed an association of PAD with age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.079, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] :1.052 - 1.106), diabetes (OR = 1.883; 95%IC: 1.149-3.086), dyslipidemia (OR = 2.546, 95%CI: 1.414 - 4.586), SBP (OR = 1.033, 95%CI: 1.022 - 1.044), eGFR (OR = 0.976, 95%CI: 0.963-0.989) and creatinine (OR = 4.517, 95%CI: 1.045-3.638).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4970tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0362-30052-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Performing the multivariable logistic regression analysis (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4970fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>), including in the analysis model the classic risk factors for cardiovascular disease that showed greater association with PAD in the univariate logistic regression model (criterion: p &lt; 0.1), we identified a statistically significant and independent effect of eGFR on the likelihood of PAD development, with an OR of 0.987 (95%CI: 0.97-1.00). That is, for each decrease of 10 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> in the eGFR, the probability of PAD increases by approximately 10%. A statistically significant and independent association was also observed with age, diabetes and SBP. It is noteworthy the importance of diabetes as an independent risk factor for PAD, with an OR of 2.470 (95%CI: 1.24-4.88), indicating a strong association between this risk factor and atherosclerotic disease in the lower limbs.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4970fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0362-30052-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>When remaking the multivariable logistic regression analysis including in the analysis of a dichotomized version of eGFR (normal <italic>vs</italic>. abnormal), it was observed that individuals with impaired kidney function have a 2.28-fold higher probability of having PAD (OR = 2.28; 95%CI: 1.207-4.307), which is in accordance with the previous analysis. We also observed a significant and independent effect of eGFR decrease with the occurrence of previous cerebrovascular accidents (OR 2.247, 95%CI: 1.166 to 4.339).</p>
      <p>Given the evidence of a significant and independent association between PAD and eGFR, we sought to identify its profile and thus, the study sample was divided by eGFR tertiles, showing a curvilinear association of risk for PAD with eGFR (1<sup>st</sup> tertile, OR = 1; 2<sup>nd</sup> tertile, OR = 1.354, 95%CI: 0.628-2.916; 3<sup>rd</sup> tertile, OR = 2.984, 95%CI: 1.057-5.907), thus demonstrating an increasing risk of PAD, with an exponential growth for progressively smaller values of eGFR (see <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4970fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4970fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0362-30052-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Although the prevalence of CKD is high in patients with PAD, only a few studies have assessed this association<sup>1,2,5,7,9-12</sup>. On the other hand, CKD also has been evaluated as a potential risk factor for the development of PAD. In this study, carried out in a sample of hypertensive individuals, we observed the existence of an independent and statistically significant association between PAD and CKD. In the study sample, the prevalence of PAD was 8%.</p>
      <p>Individuals with abnormal ABI values showed higher creatinine levels, as well as lower eGFR and the prevalence of CKD in this group was higher (23.4% compared to 11.2% in the group with normal ABI). However, when compared with individuals with normal ABI, individuals with an ABI <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.9 were older, had a higher prevalence of diabetes and dyslipidemia, as well as higher levels of SBP and triglycerides.</p>
      <p>The possible mechanisms through which an abnormal ABI may be associated with increased likelihood of CKD occurrence are based on the fact that atherosclerosis is a multisystem process, whereby the presence of atherosclerotic manifestations in the lower limbs is definitely associated with atherosclerosis elsewhere in the circulatory system and also involving small and medium-sized renal arteries. A narrowing of the renal arteries can, in turn, lead to functional and ischemic failure through a series of intermediate steps<sup>1</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this study, it was observed that the eGFR may also be a predictor of PAD occurrence regardless of other cardiovascular risk factors. It was verified that individuals with impaired kidney function were 2.28-fold more likely to have PAD, as well as the existence of an increasing risk of PAD with decreasing eGFR values. This association between CKD and PAD may partly result from the association of CKD with other risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia, thereby accelerating the atherosclerotic process and progression of PAD.</p>
      <p>However, there may be other unknown mechanisms involved in both diseases, which may lead to an accelerated progression of one or another disease over time. These two diseases may share not only traditional cardiovascular risk factors, but also non-traditional risk factors, such as increased inflammatory markers, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, which may contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis<sup>9,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, we also observed a greater likelihood of previous cerebrovascular events in patients with impaired kidney function. It is known that morbidity and mortality in CKD patients is extremely high and the presence of CKD worsens the effects of cardiovascular disease. At each stage of CKD, cardiovascular mortality risk is several times greater than the risk of progression to end-stage kidney disease; however, the responsible mechanisms are still unknown<sup>4</sup>. CKD and PAD are important predictors of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality.</p>
      <p>PAD patients have a high prevalence of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure, also being associated with high mortality - three-fold that of the general population, even in patients without CKD<sup>10,13</sup>. According to some studies, the mortality rate is significantly higher in patients with CKD combined with PAD both for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality<sup>4,8,9</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Although an association between chronic kidney disease and peripheral arterial disease was observed, both providing important predictors of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, especially in patients with hypertension, it is important that additional studies be carried out in order to understand and quantify this association, as well as identify new potentially reversible risk factors.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, the study's retrospective and cross-sectional design constitutes a major limitation, making it important to carry out prospective studies to attain full clarification of the association implied herein. The inability to establish beyond any doubt a temporal association between the onset of CKD and PAD is also a limitation attributable to the study design, limiting the establishment of causal associations and reinforcing the need for prospective studies to better understand the observed association.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>An independent association between PAD and chronic kidney disease was verified, indicating the existence of a pathophysiological association between kidney impairment and atherosclerotic processes in the lower limbs. Thus, the combination of an accurate diagnosis of kidney disease and the routine measurement of the ABI can be an efficient means of identifying subclinical PAD, allowing individuals to benefit from early interventions aimed at reducing cardiovascular risk.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Sarmento C, Pereira T, Maldonado J, Conde J; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Sarmento C, Pereira T, Maldonado J; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Pereira T, Maldonado J, Conde J.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
