<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" specific-use="sps-1.9" dtd-version="1.1" xml:lang="pt" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">K8tvD5jF4TzzQFq3cMQ5xFK</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000400007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000400007</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130059</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fechamento percut&#226;neo versus cir&#250;rgico da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo Nieckel da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio Leite</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedra</surname>
            <given-names>Simone Rolim Fontes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Ieda Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreiro</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Virginia Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fontes</surname>
            <given-names>Valmir Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pedra</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Augusto Cardoso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>347</fpage>
      <lpage>354</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: H&#225; uma paucidade de dados comparando o m&#233;todo percut&#226;neo e o cir&#250;rgico para tratamento da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo ostium secundum. OBJETIVOS: An&#225;lise de seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia comparando ambos os m&#233;todos de tratamento em um hospital de excel&#234;ncia com v&#237;nculo com o Minist&#233;rio de Sa&#250;de. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo observacional, prospectivo, n&#227;o randomizado de duas coortes de crian&#231;as e adolescentes &lt; 14 anos tratadas por meio do cateterismo intervencionista (grupo A) ou da cirurgia card&#237;aca convencional (grupo B). A coleta dos dados foi prospectiva no grupo A e retrospectiva no B. RESULTADOS: De abr/2009 a out/2011 foram alocados 75 pts no grupo A e entre jan/2006 e jan/2011 foram tratados 105 pts no grupo B. A idade e o peso dos pacientes foram maiores no grupo B e o di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo ostium secundum foi semelhante entre os grupos. Sucesso t&#233;cnico foi observado em todos os procedimentos e n&#227;o houve &#243;bitos. Complica&#231;&#245;es (a maioria menores) foram encontradas em 68% no grupo B e em 4% do grupo A (p &lt; 0,001). As taxas de fluxo residual n&#227;o significativo ou de oclus&#227;o total do defeito foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. A mediana de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 1,2 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento percut&#226;neo e 8,4 dias ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (p &lt; 0,001). CONCLUS&#195;O: Ambos os tratamentos s&#227;o seguros e eficazes com &#243;timos desfechos, por&#233;m o tratamento percut&#226;neo apresenta menor morbidade e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Tais observa&#231;&#245;es embasam a vis&#227;o que essa forma de tratamento deve ser, hoje em dia, o m&#233;todo de escolha para pacientes selecionados com CIA do tipo ostium secundum.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Cateterismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Fechamento percut&#226;neo versus cir&#250;rgico da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial em crian&#231;as e adolescentes </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Rodrigo Nieckel da Costa<sup>I,II</sup>; Marcelo Silva Ribeiro<sup>II</sup>; Fabricio Leite Pereira<sup>II</sup>; Simone Rolim Fontes Pedra<sup>I,II</sup>; Marcelo Biscegli Jatene<sup>I</sup>; Ieda Biscegli Jatene<sup>I</sup>; Carlos R. Ferreiro<sup>I</sup>; Maria Virginia Tavares Santana<sup>II</sup>; Valmir Fernandes Fontes<sup>I,II</sup>; Carlos Augusto Cardoso Pedra<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="enda">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> H&#225; uma paucidade de dados comparando o m&#233;todo percut&#226;neo e o cir&#250;rgico para tratamento da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo ostium secundum. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVOS:</bold> An&#225;lise de seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia comparando ambos os m&#233;todos de tratamento em um hospital de excel&#234;ncia com v&#237;nculo com o Minist&#233;rio de Sa&#250;de. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo observacional, prospectivo, n&#227;o randomizado de duas coortes de crian&#231;as e adolescentes &lt; 14 anos tratadas por meio do cateterismo intervencionista (grupo A) ou da cirurgia card&#237;aca convencional (grupo B). A coleta dos dados foi prospectiva no grupo A e retrospectiva no B. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> De abr/2009 a out/2011 foram alocados 75 pts no grupo A e entre jan/2006 e jan/2011 foram tratados 105 pts no grupo B. A idade e o peso dos pacientes foram maiores no grupo B e o di&#226;metro da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo ostium secundum foi semelhante entre os grupos. Sucesso t&#233;cnico foi observado em todos os procedimentos e n&#227;o houve &#243;bitos. Complica&#231;&#245;es (a maioria menores) foram encontradas em 68% no grupo B e em 4% do grupo A (p &lt; 0,001). As taxas de fluxo residual n&#227;o significativo ou de oclus&#227;o total do defeito foram semelhantes nos dois grupos. A mediana de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 1,2 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento percut&#226;neo e 8,4 dias ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (p &lt; 0,001). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Ambos os tratamentos s&#227;o seguros e eficazes com &#243;timos desfechos, por&#233;m o tratamento percut&#226;neo apresenta menor morbidade e tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Tais observa&#231;&#245;es embasam a vis&#227;o que essa forma de tratamento deve ser, hoje em dia, o m&#233;todo de escolha para pacientes selecionados com CIA do tipo ostium secundum.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-Chave:</bold> Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas / cirurgia, Comunica&#231;&#227;o Interatrial / cirurgia, Cateterismo.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> (CIA) resulta de uma defici&#234;ncia na forma&#231;&#227;o embriol&#243;gica do <italic>septum primum </italic>no septo interatrial (SIA). Essa anomalia corresponde a 6 a 10% de todas cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, tendo predile&#231;&#227;o pelo sexo feminino na raz&#227;o de 2:1<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tratamento da CIA est&#225; indicado nos casos com fluxo pulmonar maior que 1,5 vezes o fluxo sist&#234;mico (Qp:Qs &gt; 1,5:1) indicando repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica do defeito, caracterizada pelo aumento das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito &#224; ecocardiografia<sup>1,2</sup>. Nos dias de hoje, a maior parte dos pacientes com essa condi&#231;&#227;o pode ser tratada com seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia por via percut&#226;nea. Em virtude de sua baixa preval&#234;ncia relativa e por existirem prefer&#234;ncias institucionais tendendo para o fechamento cir&#250;rgico ou percut&#226;neo, s&#227;o inexistentes os ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados na literatura comparando ambas as t&#233;cnicas. Em estudos n&#227;o randomizados e em uma meta-an&#225;lise, a cirurgia apresenta taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes e significativas<sup>3-9</sup>. Por esses motivos, o cateterismo intervencionista vem sendo aplicado como modalidade terap&#234;utica de elei&#231;&#227;o para a oclus&#227;o da CIA na absoluta maioria dos centros mundiais. No Brasil, ainda h&#225; certa resist&#234;ncia por parte da comunidade m&#233;dica especializada em indicar o tratamento percut&#226;neo para o tratamento da CIA, especialmente em crian&#231;as. Al&#233;m disso, esse procedimento n&#227;o &#233; contemplado pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), o que dificulta a sua avalia&#231;&#227;o em larga escala. Mesmo com essas limita&#231;&#245;es, v&#225;rios grupos no Brasil v&#234;m utilizando essa t&#233;cnica no sistema de sa&#250;de suplementar h&#225; mais de 15 anos com resultados consistentes e reprodut&#237;veis com pr&#243;teses diversas<sup>5,10-16</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo comparar a seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do fechamento percut&#226;neo com o cir&#250;rgico da CIA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes tratados em um centro de excel&#234;ncia vinculado ao Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (MS) no Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Estudo observacional, prospectivo, n&#227;o randomizado de duas coortes de crian&#231;as e adolescentes menores que 14 anos com CIA tratados consecutivamente por meio do cateterismo intervencionista ou da cirurgia card&#237;aca convencional. A idade de corte de 14 anos foi definida arbitrariamente em virtude do funcionamento institucional que maneja pacientes acima dessa idade em uma enfermaria cardiol&#243;gica de adultos. Os pacientes do grupo percut&#226;neo foram tratados durante o tri&#234;nio 2009-2011 em um projeto aprovado e financiado pelo MS do Brasil para avalia&#231;&#227;o e incorpora&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias em um de seus hospitais de excel&#234;ncia<sup>17</sup>. Os custos das pr&#243;teses e das interna&#231;&#245;es foram cobertos pelo projeto do MS. Nesse grupo, os dados foram coletados prospectivamente e os resultados foram comparados com aqueles observados ap&#243;s tratamento pela cirurgia convencional no mesmo hospital em um per&#237;odo contempor&#226;neo dos &#250;ltimos cinco anos (2006 a 2011). No grupo cir&#250;rgico, os dados foram coletados de forma retrospectiva por meio de an&#225;lise dos prontu&#225;rios dos pacientes. Ap&#243;s a aprova&#231;&#227;o do projeto pelo MS com seu in&#237;cio em 2009, os pacientes foram alocados em um dos dois grupos segundo a prefer&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico assistente. Antes de 2009, o tratamento oferecido aos pacientes no projeto filantr&#243;pico assistencial do hospital foi exclusivamente o cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa do Hospital. Os pais ou respons&#225;veis assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido antes de todos os procedimentos. No grupo cir&#250;rgico, o termo de consentimento padr&#227;o da institui&#231;&#227;o foi utilizado, n&#227;o sendo necess&#225;rio consentimento espec&#237;fico referente ao estudo por tratar-se de coleta de dados de prontu&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o da corre&#231;&#227;o da CIA foi a presen&#231;a de aumento das c&#226;maras direitas ao ecocardiograma<sup>18,19</sup>, que tamb&#233;m avaliou as dimens&#245;es do defeito, por via transtor&#225;cica ou transesof&#225;gica. Os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o no grupo percut&#226;neo foram a presen&#231;a de CIA do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> favor&#225;vel para fechamento percut&#226;neo avaliadas pela ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica, idade abaixo de 14 anos e aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas associadas com necessidade de corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica. No grupo cir&#250;rgico foram inclu&#237;dos os pacientes com CIA do tipo <italic>ostium secundum</italic> (favor&#225;veis ou n&#227;o para abordagem percut&#226;nea) sem outros defeitos significativos associados e com idade abaixo de 14 anos, referidos para cirurgia de acordo com a prefer&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico assistente. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o para ambos os grupos foram peso inferior a 8 kg (refletindo a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica habitual de tratar a CIA em pacientes acima de 8-10kg) e com c&#225;lculos hemodin&#226;micos desfavor&#225;veis para fechamento do defeito. Pacientes do grupo percut&#226;neo com duas CIAs amplas e distantes uma da outra, que necessitassem de mais de um dispositivo para oclus&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos devido &#224;s implica&#231;&#245;es econ&#244;micas do implante de mais de uma pr&#243;tese. N&#227;o foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com duas CIAs pr&#243;ximas que pudessem ser oclu&#237;das com apenas uma pr&#243;tese; com duas CIAs distantes, mas que o menor defeito tivesse menos que 4 mm (portanto sem repercuss&#227;o cl&#237;nica); com SIA cribiforme com m&#250;ltiplos pequenos defeitos que pudessem ser oclu&#237;dos com apenas uma pr&#243;tese e com defeitos adicionais simples que pudessem ser tratados por cateterismo (ex.: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial ou malforma&#231;&#227;o vascular). Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com CIAs amplas e que requeressem dispositivos demasiadamente grandes para o tamanho do paciente, com risco de interfer&#234;ncia na fun&#231;&#227;o das valvas atrioventriculares, drenagem venosa pulmonar ou do seio coron&#225;rio. Pacientes com defici&#234;ncia de mais de uma borda (geralmente contralaterais) ao redor do defeito, geralmente acompanhado de SIA fino e distens&#237;vel, tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos do grupo percut&#226;neo. Esses pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo cir&#250;rgico. Pacientes tratados por t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas n&#227;o convencionais, como a toracoscopia, foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes foram cateterizados seguindo a t&#233;cnica habitualmente empregada<sup>5,9,20,21</sup>. Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia geral e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica assistida. O acesso venoso preferencial foi a veia femoral direita ou esquerda. Em um paciente com isomerismo esquerdo e aus&#234;ncia da por&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica da veia cava inferior o acesso foi o trans-hep&#225;tico. Ap&#243;s pun&#231;&#227;o venosa foram administrados heparina na dose de 50-100 U/kg e antibi&#243;ticos profil&#225;ticos (Cefuroxima 30-50 mg/kg, tr&#234;s doses). Foi utilizada a ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica (ETE) bidimensional, e em alguns casos tridimensional, para estimar o di&#226;metro nativo e o estirado (quando necess&#225;rio) do defeito e para aux&#237;lio no posicionamento e libera&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese escolhida. Foram utilizadas as pr&#243;teses Amplatzer ASO e cribiforme (AGA Medical Corp., Golden Valley, Minnesota, Estados Unidos)<sup>4,22</sup>, Figulla ASD e PFO (Occlutech GmbH., Jena, Alemanha)<sup>23</sup>, Cardia Atriasept/Intrasept (Cardia Inc., Eagan, Estados Unidos)<sup>24</sup>, Helex Septal Occluder (W.L. Gore &amp; Associates, Newark, Estados Unidos)<sup>25,26</sup> e Cera (Lifetech Scientific Co., Shenzhen, China). Todas possuem registro na Anvisa.</p>
    <p>Quando as bordas do defeito foram consideradas espessas o suficiente para ancoragem adequada da pr&#243;tese, n&#227;o foi utilizada a t&#233;cnica do di&#226;metro estirado, e a escolha do di&#226;metro da cintura da pr&#243;tese foi estimada em 20 a 30% maior que o di&#226;metro original da CIA medida ao ETE. Quando empregada, a t&#233;cnica de determina&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro estirado foi a de "parada de fluxo", com escolha de uma pr&#243;tese cuja cintura fosse de di&#226;metro igual ou 1-2 mm maior que o di&#226;metro estirado. As pr&#243;teses autocentr&#225;veis (Amplatzer ASO, Figulla ASD, Cardia e Cera), com cintura central, foram utilizadas na maior parte dos casos. As pr&#243;teses Helex, Figulla PFO, Cardia Intrasept Double-Rounded ou a Amplatzer Cribiforme, n&#227;o autocentr&#225;veis, foram selecionadas na presen&#231;a de SIA multifenestrado, sendo implantadas pelo orif&#237;cio mais central. A pr&#243;tese Helex tamb&#233;m foi ocasionalmente empregada em defeitos menores que 10-12 mm, &#250;nicos e centrais. Nos casos de duas CIAs, foram utilizadas pr&#243;teses autocentr&#225;veis implantadas no maior defeito (geralmente anterossuperior) com fechamento da CIA adicional (geralmente posteroinferior) decorrente da cobertura dos discos ao redor da cintura central. Dois operadores realizaram os procedimentos percut&#226;neos ou orientaram residentes em forma&#231;&#227;o em todos os casos.</p>
    <p>O tratamento cir&#250;rgico foi realizado por t&#233;cnicas convencionais com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC). A t&#233;cnica foi a sutura direta do orif&#237;cio ou a interposi&#231;&#227;o de retalho de peric&#225;rdio bovino ou tecido hom&#243;logo de acordo com o tamanho do defeito e a prefer&#234;ncia dos cirurgi&#245;es. Tr&#234;s equipes cir&#250;rgicas realizaram os procedimentos, sendo que uma delas foi respons&#225;vel por mais de 90% dos casos.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento percut&#226;neo, os pacientes foram encaminhados para unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) quando o peso foi menor que 10 kg ou para recupera&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica rotineira. Ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico, os pacientes se recuperaram na UTI de forma habitual. Um ecocardiograma foi realizado no momento da alta hospitalar e com 1, 6 e 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento percut&#226;neo e na alta hospitalar e entre seis meses e um ano ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Aspirina (3-5 mg/kg/dia) foi administrada por seis meses nos pacientes tratados por pr&#243;teses.</p>
    <p>Sucesso t&#233;cnico foi definido pelo implante bem-sucedido da pr&#243;tese. A efic&#225;cia foi avaliada pelas taxas de oclus&#227;o total ou pela presen&#231;a de fluxo residual sem repercuss&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica (&lt; 4mm) antes da alta hospitalar e/ou durante o seguimento. A seguran&#231;a foi avaliada pela ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es e eventos adversos maiores e menores combinados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. As complica&#231;&#245;es foram classificadas em maiores e menores, com algumas modifica&#231;&#245;es, conforme publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias<sup>4</sup>. Foram consideradas complica&#231;&#245;es maiores a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito, embolia cerebral, perfura&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com tamponamento, endocardite, necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o (cir&#250;rgica ou percut&#226;nea), arritmias com necessidade de marca-passo card&#237;aco permanente ou drogas antiarr&#237;tmicas por longo prazo, derrame peric&#225;rdico ou pleural com necessidade de drenagem cir&#250;rgica e necessidade de cirurgia em virtude da emboliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo. Complica&#231;&#245;es menores inclu&#237;ram emboliza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#243;tese com retirada percut&#226;nea, arritmias card&#237;acas sem necessidade de tratamento prolongado, hematoma no local de acesso venoso, hematoma retroperitoneal sem necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o e derrame peric&#225;rdico com tratamento cl&#237;nico. Tamb&#233;m foram consideradas complica&#231;&#245;es menores a anemia com necessidade de hemoderivados, infec&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o card&#237;aca, dist&#250;rbios hemodin&#226;micos com necessidade de suporte inotr&#243;pico e quadros respirat&#243;rios diversos (edema pulmonar, laringites).</p>
    <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa Sigmastat v.2011. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como valores absolutos e frequ&#234;ncia, e m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo conforme distribui&#231;&#227;o da amostra. O teste de qui-quadrado ou Fisher foi empregado para compara&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncias e o teste <italic>t</italic> de Student ou Mann-Whitney para compara&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;dias ou medianas. Valores de p <underline>&lt;</underline> 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>De abril/2009 a outubro/2011 foram alocados prospectivamente 75 pacientes no grupo percut&#226;neo (grupo A). O grupo de tratamento cir&#250;rgico (grupo B) foi formado por 105 pacientes tratados entre janeiro/2006 e janeiro/2011. A idade e o peso dos pacientes do grupo percut&#226;neo foram significativamente maiores que o grupo cir&#250;rgico (94,7 &#177; 45,8 <italic>versus</italic> 57,1 &#177; 39,8 meses e 27,9 &#177; 15,2 <italic>versus</italic> 18,6 &#177; 11,1 kg). Outras vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop12_5010tab01">Tabela 1</xref>, foram similares nos dois grupos. No grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea foi utilizada a medida do di&#226;metro estirado com bal&#227;o em 19 pacientes (25%). A presen&#231;a de defeitos m&#250;ltiplos ou septo multifenestrado foi de 18% e 14% nos grupos A e B, respectivamente. A press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi considerada normal em ambos os grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop12_5010tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0347-30059-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Sucesso t&#233;cnico foi observado em todos os procedimentos. Nos procedimentos percut&#226;neos a pr&#243;tese Amplatzer ASO foi utilizada em 45 pacientes (60%), CERA em 17 (23%) e Helex em oito (11%). Nos cinco pacientes restantes foram utilizadas Figulla PFO, Cardia Atriasept Double-Rounded PFO, Cardia Intrasept Double-Rounded, Cardia Atriasept e Amplatzer Cribiforme. Tr&#234;s pacientes (4%) eram portadores de defeitos card&#237;acos simples adicionais que foram tratados com sucesso no mesmo procedimento (dois PCAs e uma f&#237;stula arteriovenosa pulmonar). No grupo cir&#250;rgico, 50 pacientes (48%) tiveram seu defeito corrigido com acesso por minitoracotomia, 45 (43%) com toracotomia cl&#225;ssica, e 10 pacientes (9%) por outras incis&#245;es. Setenta defeitos (66%) foram corrigidos por sutura direta e 35 (34%) por interposi&#231;&#227;o de retalho hom&#243;logo ou heter&#243;logo. Um paciente tinha estenose pulmonar valvar leve que foi corrigida no mesmo procedimento (comissurotomia). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop12_5010tab02">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta os dados dos procedimentos de ambos os grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop12_5010tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0347-30059-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Complica&#231;&#245;es maiores e menores ocorreram em 70 pacientes (67%) no grupo cir&#250;rgico e em tr&#234;s pacientes (4%) do grupo percut&#226;neo (p &lt; 0,001). As complica&#231;&#245;es maiores do grupo cir&#250;rgico ocorreram em 17 pacientes e menores em 53. N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos. Os dados referentes &#224;s complica&#231;&#245;es encontram-se na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop12_5010tab03">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop12_5010tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0347-30059-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>No grupo A ocorreram tr&#234;s bloqueios &#225;trio ventriculares transit&#243;rios ap&#243;s o implante do dispositivo. Em dois deles foi necess&#225;rio uso de corticoide. Em um dos pacientes foi necess&#225;ria a retirada da pr&#243;tese (Helex) que havia modificado sua posi&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s travamento, com migra&#231;&#227;o em dire&#231;&#227;o inferior para o seio coron&#225;rio. Ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de tr&#234;s meses foi realizado outro procedimento no qual foi implantada nova pr&#243;tese (Amplatzer), sem intercorr&#234;ncias. Nos outros dois houve estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do quadro sem a necessidade de troca do dispositivo. Os pacientes retornaram ao ritmo sinusal cerca de 10 minutos ap&#243;s. Em nenhum dos pacientes foi necess&#225;rio o uso de marca-passo card&#237;aco ou necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o na UTI. N&#227;o houve outras complica&#231;&#245;es maiores ou menores no grupo de tratamento percut&#226;neo. Desse grupo, tr&#234;s pacientes foram encaminhados para a UTI devido ao peso inferior a 10 kg com m&#233;dia de 12 horas.</p>
    <p>No grupo B, dez pacientes tiveram arritmias card&#237;acas incluindo tr&#234;s com taquicardia juncional ect&#243;pica, tr&#234;s com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, dois com bloqueios atrioventriculares de 1<sup>&#186;</sup> grau, um com bradicardia sinusal e um com ritmo juncional baixo. Nove pacientes necessitaram de interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica sendo implantado marca-passo provis&#243;rio em cinco e/ou institu&#237;do tratamento medicamentoso em sete e/ou cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica em dois deles. Edema pulmonar com necessidade de diur&#233;ticos ocorreu em seis pacientes. Em cinco pacientes observou-se derrame pleural ou peric&#225;rdico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio e tr&#234;s necessitaram drenagem cir&#250;rgica. Quadros infecciosos com febre ocorreram em oito pacientes, sendo dois com infec&#231;&#227;o na ferida operat&#243;ria, tr&#234;s com infec&#231;&#227;o no trato urin&#225;rio, um com gastroenterite aguda, um com broncopneumonia e outro n&#227;o determinado. Anemia com necessidade de transfus&#227;o no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi observada em 33 pacientes (30%). Vinte pacientes (18%) necessitaram drogas vasoativas como adrenalina e/ou milrinone para estabiliza&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Todos os pacientes necessitaram de UTI com tempo m&#233;dio de interna&#231;&#227;o de 1,6 &#177; 1,3 dias.</p>
    <p>Os pacientes ficaram internados em m&#233;dia 1,2 dias (1-3 dias) ap&#243;s o procedimento percut&#226;neo e 8,4 dias (5-100 dias) ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica (p &lt; 0,001). O paciente com interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada (100 dias) tinha 22 meses e 9,8 kg e apresentou diversas complica&#231;&#245;es como arritmia, uso de droga vasoativa, derrame pleural com drenagem cir&#250;rgica e quadros infecciosos.</p>
    <p>A taxa de oclus&#227;o do defeito foi semelhante nos dois grupos. No grupo A, dez pacientes (13%) apresentavam fluxo residual &#224; ecocardiografia na alta hospitalar. Desses dez pacientes, dois apresentavam pequenas CIAs (2 e 4 mm) adicionais distantes da CIA maior oclu&#237;da pela pr&#243;tese, deixadas propositalmente descobertas pela n&#227;o signific&#226;ncia hemodin&#226;mica dos defeitos. Todos os pacientes do grupo A foram reavaliados em um seguimento mediano de 12 meses (3-30 meses). Nesse per&#237;odo, foi observado retorno do ventr&#237;culo direito &#224;s dimens&#245;es normais para idade a despeito da persist&#234;ncia do fluxo residual pelas CIAs adicionais. Os oito pacientes restantes apresentaram fluxo residual imediato trivial ou pequeno (menos de 2 mm) que desapareceram durante esse mesmo seguimento. Nenhum paciente necessitou de procedimentos adicionais para abordagem da CIAs residuais no grupo A e tampouco houve complica&#231;&#245;es no seguimento. No grupo B, quatro pacientes (4%) apresentaram fluxo residual ap&#243;s a cirurgia, sendo necess&#225;ria reinterven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em um deles devido a deisc&#234;ncia total do retalho. Em tr&#234;s deles o fluxo foi considerado trivial (&lt; 2 mm). Durante um seguimento mediano de 24 meses (6-60 meses) obtido em 70 pacientes, nenhum apresentava fluxo residual ou complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo n&#227;o randomizado com duas coortes contempor&#226;neas de pacientes na faixa et&#225;ria pedi&#225;trica (at&#233; 14 anos) tratados em um mesmo centro, a oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea da CIA em crian&#231;as e adolescentes se mostrou mais segura que e t&#227;o eficaz quanto o tratamento cir&#250;rgico convencional. Utilizamos para fins comparativos uma coorte contempor&#226;nea de tratamento cir&#250;rgico, pois nos &#250;ltimos dez anos n&#227;o houve mudan&#231;a nas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas, fazendo com que essa compara&#231;&#227;o seja adequadamente realizada.</p>
    <p>&#201; improv&#225;vel que menor idade e peso observados no grupo cir&#250;rgico tenham tido impacto na maior incid&#234;ncia e gravidade das complica&#231;&#245;es encontradas j&#225; que a idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes desse grupo de quase cinco anos (com peso m&#233;dio de quase 20 kg) n&#227;o se constitui fator de risco habitual na cirurgia card&#237;aca pedi&#225;trica contempor&#226;nea, especialmente tratando-se de uma opera&#231;&#227;o tecnicamente simples e com um r&#225;pido per&#237;odo de CEC. &#201; mais prov&#225;vel que a maior incid&#234;ncia e gravidade das complica&#231;&#245;es observadas est&#225; associada pura e simplesmente &#224; natureza invasiva da cirurgia card&#237;aca com necessidade de toracotomia e CEC. A menor idade do grupo cir&#250;rgico reflete uma postura do nosso grupo de operar crian&#231;as mais precocemente, com idade abaixo de 4-5 anos para viabilizar uma miniesternotomia (dif&#237;cil acesso com idade maior), utilizada em quase metade desta casu&#237;stica. Em contrapartida, a maior idade observada no grupo percut&#226;neo (m&#233;dia de quase 8 anos) reflete a postura do nosso grupo de dar prefer&#234;ncia ao tratamento em um momento no qual o procedimento &#233; tecnicamente mais f&#225;cil e permite o implante de pr&#243;teses maiores sem o risco de interfer&#234;ncias com estruturas card&#237;acas adjacentes. Apesar de esse momento ser discut&#237;vel na literatura, nos parece que a idade ideal para a abordagem percut&#226;nea encontra-se entre 3 e 10 anos ou em crian&#231;as com peso acima de 15 kg. Por outro lado, o procedimento pode e deve ser aplicado a crian&#231;as de menor idade e de peso &lt; 10 kg quando h&#225; s&#237;ndromes cromoss&#244;micas ou doen&#231;as significativas de outros sistemas associadas, tais como broncodisplasia pulmonar da prematuridade, asma perene, insufici&#234;ncia renal, escoliose grave, entre outros. Nestes pacientes, o procedimento tamb&#233;m &#233; seguro e eficaz<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em ambos os grupos observamos arritmias diversas como uma complica&#231;&#227;o frequente, em linha com a literatura. A maior incid&#234;ncia e gravidade dessas arritmias no grupo cir&#250;rgico provavelmente est&#225; associado &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o da atriotomia cir&#250;rgica e manipula&#231;&#227;o do SIA durante o procedimento. Al&#233;m disso, a cicatriz gerada pela atriotomia pode servir como substrato histol&#243;gico para focos arritmog&#234;nicos e/ou fen&#244;menos de reentrada, inclusive na vida futura destes pacientes. Por outro lado, o uso de pr&#243;teses pode resultar em bloqueios de graus vari&#225;veis em crian&#231;as, ainda que transit&#243;rios, como observado em tr&#234;s pacientes desta casu&#237;stica. Em um destes, o bloqueio decorreu da falta de mecanismo de autocentraliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo utilizado (Helex) causando queda do mesmo para o seio coron&#225;rio, provavelmente traumatizando temporariamente a regi&#227;o do n&#243; atrioventricular, o que requereu a retirada do dispositivo e um novo procedimento posterior. Tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o implante de uma pr&#243;tese autocentr&#225;vel, minimizou essa migra&#231;&#227;o inferior e evitou a ocorr&#234;ncia do bloqueio. Em um estudo<sup>28</sup>, a oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea da CIA em crian&#231;as pequenas resultou em taxas de cerca de quase 4% de bloqueios. Entretanto, tamanhos grandes de pr&#243;teses foram utilizados naquela experi&#234;ncia. Tal observa&#231;&#227;o aliada aquelas derivadas deste estudo denotam a import&#226;ncia da sele&#231;&#227;o adequada dos pacientes para o procedimento percut&#226;neo, especialmente no que se refere &#224; idade ideal para o procedimento e sele&#231;&#227;o criteriosa do tamanho e tipo de dispositivo para a anatomia subjacente.</p>
    <p>A ocorr&#234;ncia de derrame peric&#225;rdico ou pleural necessitando drenagem e interna&#231;&#227;o mais prolongada &#233; relativamente comum ap&#243;s a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da CIA, como observado em tr&#234;s pacientes neste estudo. N&#227;o se sabe ao certo a causa dessa complica&#231;&#227;o. Mesmo quando n&#227;o requer drenagem, o derrame aumenta a morbidade p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria por necessitar de doses maiores de diur&#233;ticos para seu tratamento. A maior incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o procedimento cir&#250;rgico neste estudo reflete a natureza mais invasiva desse tipo de abordagem com necessidade de entuba&#231;&#227;o mais prolongada, uso de sondagem vesical e cateteres venosos centrais e arteriais, imunodepress&#227;o secund&#225;ria a CEC e presen&#231;a de ferida cir&#250;rgica. Ainda no grupo cir&#250;rgico houve um n&#250;mero significativo (30%) de pacientes que necessitaram de transfus&#227;o sangu&#237;nea ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Se considerarmos tamb&#233;m o uso de sangue durante &#224; CEC, esses pacientes s&#227;o multitransfundidos, o que aumenta a morbidade. A necessidade de drogas vasoativas para manter as condi&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas em quase 20% dos pacientes e o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o mais prolongado denotam tamb&#233;m a maior morbidade do procedimento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
    <p>A baixa taxa de morbidade observada no grupo tratado percutaneamente reflete a experi&#234;ncia do grupo nesse procedimento, especialmente no que se refere &#224; sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes e &#224; sua natureza menos invasiva. Especulamos que tais achados permitiriam a ado&#231;&#227;o de um esquema semiambulatorial para tratamento dos pacientes com CIA com interna&#231;&#227;o sem a necessidade de exames laboratoriais e alta hospitalar ap&#243;s breve per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas. Tal conduta resultaria em economia significativa de recursos e libera&#231;&#227;o de leitos hospitalares para outros pacientes com cardiopatias mais complexas que necessitam de tratamento intensivo e de corre&#231;&#227;o exclusivamente cir&#250;rgica. Apesar de termos observado baixas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es neste estudo, algumas considera&#231;&#245;es devem ser realizadas. A ocorr&#234;ncia de eros&#227;o &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o rara, mas bem documentada no tratamento percut&#226;neo da CIA<sup>29</sup>. N&#227;o se sabe ao certo os mecanismos que est&#227;o implicados em sua fisiopatologia, mas parece que um superdimensionamento da pr&#243;tese em CIAs com bordas anterosuperiores deficientes sejam fatores predisponentes. Curiosamente, essa complica&#231;&#227;o &#233; raramente encontrada em crian&#231;as. Em um estudo anterior em adultos, nosso grupo encontrou tal complica&#231;&#227;o em um paciente com uma CIA de localiza&#231;&#227;o mais alta no septo<sup>30</sup>. A emboliza&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo &#233; outra complica&#231;&#227;o que pode ser encontrada durante a curva de aprendizado e/ou em pacientes com defeitos de caracter&#237;sticas lim&#237;trofes para implante. Apesar de o resgate da pr&#243;tese ainda no laborat&#243;rio de cateterismo geralmente ser poss&#237;vel, a interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica pode ser necess&#225;ria dependendo da posi&#231;&#227;o em que a pr&#243;tese se localiza.</p>
    <p>Observamos uma alta taxa de oclus&#227;o da CIA em ambos os grupos neste estudo. Taxas de mais de 95-98% no grupo percut&#226;neo s&#227;o encontradas na literatura dependendo do tipo de pr&#243;tese utilizada, tamanho do defeito e da fase da curva de aprendizado. Em virtude do planejamento deste estudo e do baixo n&#250;mero relativo de pacientes n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel a compara&#231;&#227;o do desempenho de cada pr&#243;tese individualmente. Mesmo reconhecendo que houve um tempo de seguimento relativamente curto dos pacientes tratados percutaneamente neste estudo, as evid&#234;ncias de literatura mostram que a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia perduram ap&#243;s mais de 10 anos de seguimento<sup>31</sup>. Apesar de a ocorr&#234;ncia de fluxos residuais ser rara nos pacientes tratados pela t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, ela, quando acontece, pode necessitar de nova interven&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; deisc&#234;ncia de sutura e manuten&#231;&#227;o dos grandes di&#226;metros do defeito original, como observado em um paciente dessa casu&#237;stica. A falta de seguimento de todos os pacientes do grupo cir&#250;rgico reflete a natureza retrospectiva de coleta de dados com perdas de informa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    <p>Os desfechos encontrados neste estudo encontram-se em linha com aqueles observados na literatura em estudos observacionais n&#227;o randomizados e em uma meta-an&#225;lise recentemente publicada por Butera e cols.<sup>3</sup>. Nessa revis&#227;o, com 13 estudos originais n&#227;o randomizados com mais de 3.000 pacientes, um &#243;bito foi encontrado no grupo cir&#250;rgico (incid&#234;ncia de 0,08%; intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) 95%: 0-0,23%) e nenhum no grupo percut&#226;neo. A an&#225;lise de complica&#231;&#245;es gerais ap&#243;s os procedimentos demonstrou taxas de 31% (IC95% 21-41%) para os pacientes cir&#250;rgicos e 6,6% (95% IC 3,9-9,2%) para os pacientes tratados percutaneamente. A raz&#227;o de chances ajustada relativas &#224; probabilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es gerais foi 5,4 (IC95% 2,96-9,84; p &lt; 0,0001) a favor do tratamento percut&#226;neo. As taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es maiores foram 6,8% (IC 95% 4-9,5%) no grupo cir&#250;rgico e 1,9% (IC95% 0,9-2,9%) no grupo percut&#226;neo. A raz&#227;o de chances ajustada para complica&#231;&#245;es maiores foi de 3,81 (95% IC 2,7-5,36; p = 0,006), novamente favorecendo o tratamento percut&#226;neo. Esses autores conclu&#237;ram que o tratamento percut&#226;neo est&#225; associado &#224; menor probabilidade de complica&#231;&#245;es quando comparado &#224; abordagem cir&#250;rgica.</p>
    <p>Existem outras vantagens ainda do tratamento percut&#226;neo que n&#227;o foram exploradas neste estudo incluindo recupera&#231;&#227;o mais r&#225;pida da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD determinada por marcadores ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e bioqu&#237;micos<sup>32-34</sup> e, talvez, um melhor desempenho neurocognitivo dos pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o quando comparados &#224;queles submetidos a corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica<sup>35</sup>.</p>
    <p>As maiores limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo aqui apresentado s&#227;o a falta de seguimento em todos os pacientes do grupo cir&#250;rgico, o seguimento relativamente curto dos pacientes submetidos a tratamento percut&#226;neo e o seu desenho n&#227;o randomizado. N&#227;o existem estudos dessa natureza na literatura e &#233; extremamente improv&#225;vel a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos mesmos. Hoje em dia, a abordagem percut&#226;nea est&#225; t&#227;o bem estabelecida, padronizada e difundida nos maiores centros mundiais, que o recrutamento de pacientes para o grupo cir&#250;rgico ap&#243;s randomiza&#231;&#227;o seria de dif&#237;cil explica&#231;&#227;o para os pais ou respons&#225;veis. Como &#233; observado na quase totalidade da literatura relativa ao tratamento de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas, os progressos obtidos no manejo dos pacientes deriva de estudos de coortes observacionais prospectivos com an&#225;lise de fatores de risco para desfechos adversos. Quando esses fatores de risco s&#227;o reconhecidos e controlados, h&#225; melhoria dos resultados. O estudo aqui apresentado, apesar de n&#227;o ter sido randomizado e, por isso, introduzir vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, tem como ponto forte o fato de ter sido realizado com duas coortes praticamente contempor&#226;neas de pacientes tratados em um &#250;nico hospital de excel&#234;ncia, com equipes experientes e relativamente homog&#234;neas, utilizando t&#233;cnicas percut&#226;neas e cir&#250;rgicas bem estabelecidas e padronizadas, j&#225; passadas suas curvas de aprendizado. Ou seja: a experi&#234;ncia aqui apresentada provavelmente reflete uma das melhores pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas encontradas no pa&#237;s.</p>
    <p>Baseada nos dados aqui apresentados e nas evid&#234;ncias encontradas na literatura em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia desse tipo de procedimento, nos parece que a oclus&#227;o percut&#226;nea da CIA deva ser considerada a modalidade terap&#234;utica de elei&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento de pacientes selecionados com essa condi&#231;&#227;o. Ao nosso ver, essa modalidade est&#225; madura o suficiente no Brasil para que seja submetida a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de custo-efetividade para incorpora&#231;&#227;o no SUS e aplica&#231;&#227;o em larga escala na popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="enda" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Rodrigo Nieckel da Costa </p>
        <p> Rua Capit&#227;o Macedo, 171/73, Vila Mariana </p>
        <p> CEP 04021-020, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="rncosta@gmail.com">rncosta@gmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/07/12, revisado em 06/11/12, aceito em 17/12/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <mixed-citation>1. Porter BJ, Edwards WD.. Atrial septal defects. In: Allen HD, Driscoll DJ, Shaddy RE, Feltes TF. (editors). Moss and Adams' heart disease in infants, children, and adolescents: including the fetus and young adult. 7<sup>th</sup> ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2008. p. 632-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Moss and Adams' heart disease in infants, children, and adolescents: including the fetus and young adult</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>632</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Porter</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>WD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>HD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Driscoll</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shaddy</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feltes</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <mixed-citation>2. Pedra CA, Pedra SR; Atrial level shunts including partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection and scimitar syndrome. In: Moller JH, Hoffman JI. (editors). Pediatric cardiovascular medicine. 2<sup>nd</sup> ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2012. p. 289-307.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Pediatric cardiovascular medicine</source>
          <date>
            <year>2012</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>289</fpage>
          <lpage>307</lpage>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moller</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffman</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <mixed-citation>3. Butera G, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sangiorgi G, Abella R, Giamberti A, Bussadori C, et al. Percutaneous versus surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of currently available clinical evidence. EuroIntervention. 2011;7(3):377-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Percutaneous versus surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defects: a systematic review and meta-analysis of currently available clinical evidence</article-title>
          <source>EuroIntervention</source>
          <date>
            <year>2011</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Butera</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biondi-Zoccai</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sangiorgi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abella</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giamberti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bussadori</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <mixed-citation>4. Du ZD, Hijazi ZM, Kleinman CS, Silverman NH, Larntz K; Amplatzer Investigators. Comparison between transcatheter and surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defect in children and adults: results of a multicenter nonrandomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(11):1836-44.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison between transcatheter and surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defect in children and adults: results of a multicenter nonrandomized trial</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1836</fpage>
          <lpage>44</lpage>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Du</surname>
              <given-names>ZD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hijazi</surname>
              <given-names>ZM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleinman</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silverman</surname>
              <given-names>NH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Larntz</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amplatzer Investigators</surname>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <mixed-citation>5. Braga SL, Sousa AG, Pedra CA, Esteves CA, Pedra SR, Fontes VF. [Clinical efficacy and safety of the percutaneous treatment of secundum atrial septal defect with the Amplatzer occlude]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2004;83 Special No:7-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical efficacy and safety of the percutaneous treatment of secundum atrial septal defect with the Amplatzer occlude</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>7</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
          <issue>Special</issue>
          <volume>83</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Braga</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sousa</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esteves</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontes</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <mixed-citation>6. Butera G, Carminati M, Chessa M, Youssef R, Drago M, Giamberti A, et al. Percutaneous versus surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defect: comparison of early results and complications. Am Heart J. 2006;151(1):228-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Percutaneous versus surgical closure of secundum atrial septal defect: comparison of early results and complications</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>228</fpage>
          <lpage>34</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>151</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Butera</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carminati</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chessa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Youssef</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drago</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giamberti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <mixed-citation>7. Butera G, Lucente M, Rosti L, Chessa M, Micheletti A, Giamberti A, et al. A comparison between the early and mid-term results of surgical as opposed to percutaneous closure of defects in the oval fossa in children aged less than 6 years. Cardiol Young. 2007;17(1):35-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>A comparison between the early and mid-term results of surgical as opposed to percutaneous closure of defects in the oval fossa in children aged less than 6 years</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Butera</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lucente</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosti</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chessa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Micheletti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giamberti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <mixed-citation>8. Cowley CG, Lloyd TR, Bove EL, Gaffney D, Dietrich M, Rocchini AP. Comparison of results of closure of secundum atrial septal defect by surgery versus Amplatzer septal occluder. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88(5):589-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Comparison of results of closure of secundum atrial septal defect by surgery versus Amplatzer septal occluder</article-title>
          <source>Am J Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>589</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cowley</surname>
              <given-names>CG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bove</surname>
              <given-names>EL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaffney</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dietrich</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocchini</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <mixed-citation>9. Kim JJ, Hijazi ZM. Clinical outcomes and costs of Amplatzer transcatheter closure as compared with surgical closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defects. Med Sci Monit. 2002;8(12):CR787-91.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Clinical outcomes and costs of Amplatzer transcatheter closure as compared with surgical closure of ostium secundum atrial septal defects</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Monit</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>CR787</fpage>
          <lpage>91</lpage>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hijazi</surname>
              <given-names>ZM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <mixed-citation>10. Pedra CA, Pedra SR, Fontes VF. [Atrial septal defect ostium secundum type: from surgery to percutaneous trearment and the dinossauros of the future]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;80(6):650-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Atrial septal defect ostium secundum type: from surgery to percutaneous trearment and the dinossauros of the future</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>650</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>80</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontes</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <mixed-citation>11. Pedra CA, Pedra SF, Esteves CA, Chamie F, Ramos S, Pontes SC Jr, et al. Initial experience in Brazil with the Helex septal occluder for percutaneous occlusion of atrial septal defects. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2003;81(5):435-52.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Initial experience in Brazil with the Helex septal occluder for percutaneous occlusion of atrial septal defects</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2003</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>435</fpage>
          <lpage>52</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esteves</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chamie</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pontes Jr</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <mixed-citation>12. Fontes VF, Pedra CA. [Percutaneous atrial septal defect occlusion]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002;79(3):319-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Percutaneous atrial septal defect occlusion</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>319</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fontes</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <mixed-citation>13. Oliveira EC, Paup&#233;rio HM, Freitas IF, Adjuto GL, Katina T, Paup&#233;rio M, et al. Fechamento percut&#226;neo de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial com pro&#250;tese Amplatzer. Rev Bras Cardiol Invas. 2005;13(3):198-205.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Fechamento percut&#226;neo de comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial com pro&#250;tese Amplatzer</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cardiol Invas</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>198</fpage>
          <lpage>205</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paup&#233;rio</surname>
              <given-names>HM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>IF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adjuto</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katina</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paup&#233;rio</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <mixed-citation>14. Chami&#233; FC, Chami&#233; D, Ramos S, Sim&#245;es LC, Rossi Filho RI, Raul I, et al. Oclus&#227;o da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial com a nova pro&#250;tese Atriasept-CARDIA: experie&#226;ncia inicial. Rev Bras Cardiol Invas. 2009;17(1):94-101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Oclus&#227;o da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial com a nova pro&#250;tese Atriasept-CARDIA: experie&#226;ncia inicial</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cardiol Invas</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>94</fpage>
          <lpage>101</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chami&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>FC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chami&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramos</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rossi Filho</surname>
              <given-names>RI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raul</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <mixed-citation>15. Pedra CA, Pedra SR, Costa RN, Braga SL, Esteves CA, Fontes VF. Experie&#226;ncia inicial no fechamento percuta&#226;neo da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo ostium secundum com a pro&#250;tese Figulla. Rev Bras Cardiol Invas. 2010;18(1):81-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Experie&#226;ncia inicial no fechamento percuta&#226;neo da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo ostium secundum com a pro&#250;tese Figulla</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cardiol Invas</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>81</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braga</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esteves</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontes</surname>
              <given-names>VF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <mixed-citation>16. Pedra CA, Pedra SR, Esteves CA, Cassar R, Pontes SC Jr, Braga SL, et al. Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects with complex anatomy. J Invasive Cardiol. 2004;16(3):117-22.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects with complex anatomy</article-title>
          <source>J Invasive Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>117</fpage>
          <lpage>22</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esteves</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cassar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pontes Jr</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braga</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <mixed-citation>17. Hospitais de excel&#234;ncia a servi&#231;o do SUS. 2008.[ Acesso em:2010 jan 10] Dispon&#237;vel em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/saude/Gestor/visualizar_texto.cfm?idtxt=24430">http://portal.saude.gov.br/portal/saude/Gestor/visualizar_texto.cfm?idtxt=24430</ext-link></mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <source>Hospitais de excel&#234;ncia a servi&#231;o do SUS</source>
          <date>
            <year>2008</year>
          </date>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <mixed-citation>18. Pedra SR, Pontes SC Jr, Cassar Rde S, Pedra CA, Braga SL, Esteves CA, et al. [The role of echocardiography in the percutaneous treatment of septal defects]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;86(2):87-96.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The role of echocardiography in the percutaneous treatment of septal defects</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>87</fpage>
          <lpage>96</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pontes Jr</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cassar Rde</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braga</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esteves</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <mixed-citation>19. Du ZD, Cao QL, Rhodes J, Heitschmidt M, Hijazi ZM. Choice of device size and results of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect using the amplatzer septal occluder. J Interv Cardiol. 2002;15(4):287-92.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Choice of device size and results of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect using the amplatzer septal occluder</article-title>
          <source>J Interv Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>287</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Du</surname>
              <given-names>ZD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>QL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rhodes</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heitschmidt</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hijazi</surname>
              <given-names>ZM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <mixed-citation>20. Amin Z. Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2006;68(5):778-87.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>778</fpage>
          <lpage>87</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amin</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <mixed-citation>21. Spies C, Timmermanns I, Schrader R. Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects in adults with the Amplatzer septal occluder: intermediate and long-term results. Clin Res Cardiol. 2007;96(6):340-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Transcatheter closure of secundum atrial septal defects in adults with the Amplatzer septal occluder: intermediate and long-term results</article-title>
          <source>Clin Res Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>340</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Spies</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Timmermanns</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schrader</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <mixed-citation>22. Walsh KP, Maadi IM. The Amplatzer septal occluder. Cardiol Young. 2000;10(5):493-501.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>The Amplatzer septal occluder</article-title>
          <source>Cardiol Young</source>
          <date>
            <year>2000</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>493</fpage>
          <lpage>501</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Walsh</surname>
              <given-names>KP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maadi</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <mixed-citation>23. Pac A, Polat TB, Cetin I, Oflaz MB, Balli S. Figulla ASD occluder versus Amplatzer Septal Occluder: a comparative study on validation of a novel device for percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects. J Interv Cardiol. 2009;22(6):489-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Figulla ASD occluder versus Amplatzer Septal Occluder: a comparative study on validation of a novel device for percutaneous closure of atrial septal defects</article-title>
          <source>J Interv Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2009</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>489</fpage>
          <lpage>95</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pac</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polat</surname>
              <given-names>TB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cetin</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oflaz</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balli</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <mixed-citation>24. Stolt VS, Chessa M, Aubry P, Juliard JM, Schraeder R, Berger A, et al. Closure of ostium secundum atrial septum defect with the Atriasept occluder: early European experience. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2010;75(7):1091-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Closure of ostium secundum atrial septum defect with the Atriasept occluder: early European experience</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <date>
            <year>2010</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1091</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>75</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stolt</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chessa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aubry</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Juliard</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schraeder</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berger</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <mixed-citation>25. Jones TK, Latson LA, Zahn E, Fleishman CE, Jacobson J, Vincent R, et al. Results of the U.S. multicenter pivotal study of the HELEX septal occluder for percutaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49(22):2215-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Results of the U.S. multicenter pivotal study of the HELEX septal occluder for percutaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defects</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>2215</fpage>
          <lpage>21</lpage>
          <issue>22</issue>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>TK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latson</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zahn</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fleishman</surname>
              <given-names>CE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jacobson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vincent</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <mixed-citation>26. Zahn EM, Wilson N, Cutright W, Latson LA. Development and testing of the Helex septal occluder, a new expanded polytetrafluoroethylene atrial septal defect occlusion system. Circulation. 2001;104(6):711-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Development and testing of the Helex septal occluder, a new expanded polytetrafluoroethylene atrial septal defect occlusion system</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>2001</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>711</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <volume>104</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zahn</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wilson</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cutright</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Latson</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <mixed-citation>27. Diab KA, Cao QL, Bacha EA, Hijazi ZM. Device closure of atrial septal defects with the Amplatzer septal occluder: safety and outcome in infants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;134(4):960-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Device closure of atrial septal defects with the Amplatzer septal occluder: safety and outcome in infants</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>960</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>134</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Diab</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>QL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacha</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hijazi</surname>
              <given-names>ZM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <mixed-citation>28. Suda K, Raboisson MJ, Piette E, Dahdah NS, Miro J. Reversible atrioventricular block associated with closure of atrial septal defects using the Amplatzer device. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(9):1677-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Reversible atrioventricular block associated with closure of atrial septal defects using the Amplatzer device</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>1677</fpage>
          <lpage>82</lpage>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Suda</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Raboisson</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Piette</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dahdah</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miro</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <mixed-citation>29. Amin Z, Hijazi ZM, Bass JL, Cheatham JP, Hellenbrand WE, Kleinman CS. Erosion of Amplatzer septal occluder device after closure of secundum atrial septal defects: review of registry of complications and recommendations to minimize future risk. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2004;63(4):496-502.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Erosion of Amplatzer septal occluder device after closure of secundum atrial septal defects: review of registry of complications and recommendations to minimize future risk</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Interv</source>
          <date>
            <year>2004</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>496</fpage>
          <lpage>502</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amin</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hijazi</surname>
              <given-names>ZM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bass</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheatham</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hellenbrand</surname>
              <given-names>WE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleinman</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <mixed-citation>30. Neves JA, Arrieta SR, Cassar R, Pedra SR, Braga SL, Esteves CA, et al. Tratamento percuta&#226;neo versus cir&#250;rgico da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo ostium secundum em adultos. Rev Bras Cardiol Invas. 2006;14(2):126-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Tratamento percuta&#226;neo versus cir&#250;rgico da comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial tipo ostium secundum em adultos</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Cardiol Invas</source>
          <date>
            <year>2006</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>126</fpage>
          <lpage>32</lpage>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Neves</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arrieta</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cassar</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedra</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Braga</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esteves</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <mixed-citation>31. Masura J, Gavora P, Podnar T. Long-term outcome of transcatheter secundum-type atrial septal defect closure using Amplatzer septal occluders. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45(4):505-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Long-term outcome of transcatheter secundum-type atrial septal defect closure using Amplatzer septal occluders</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>505</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Masura</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gavora</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Podnar</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <mixed-citation>32. Abd El Rahman MY, Hui W, Timme J, Ewert P, Berger F, Dsebissowa F, et al. Analysis of atrial and ventricular performance by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with atrial septal defects before and after surgical and catheter closure. Echocardiography. 2005;22(7):579-85.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Analysis of atrial and ventricular performance by tissue Doppler imaging in patients with atrial septal defects before and after surgical and catheter closure</article-title>
          <source>Echocardiography</source>
          <date>
            <year>2005</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>579</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abd El Rahman</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hui</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Timme</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ewert</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berger</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dsebissowa</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <mixed-citation>33. Eerola A, Pihkala JI, Boldt T, Mattila IP, Poutanen T, Jokinen E. Hemodynamic improvement is faster after percutaneous ASD closure than after surgery. Catheter Cardiovasc Intervent. 2007;69(3):432-41.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Hemodynamic improvement is faster after percutaneous ASD closure than after surgery</article-title>
          <source>Catheter Cardiovasc Intervent</source>
          <date>
            <year>2007</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>432</fpage>
          <lpage>41</lpage>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Eerola</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pihkala</surname>
              <given-names>JI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boldt</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mattila</surname>
              <given-names>IP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Poutanen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jokinen</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <mixed-citation>34. Dhillon R, Josen M, Henein M, Redington A. Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect preserves right ventricular function. Heart. 2002;87(5):461-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect preserves right ventricular function</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <date>
            <year>2002</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>461</fpage>
          <lpage>5</lpage>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <volume>87</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dhillon</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Josen</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Henein</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redington</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <mixed-citation>35. Visconti KJ, Bichell DP, Jonas RA, Newburger JW, Bellinger DC. Developmental outcome after surgical versus interventional closure of secundum atrial septal defect in children. Circulation. 1999;100(19 Suppl):II145-50.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <article-title>Developmental outcome after surgical versus interventional closure of secundum atrial septal defect in children</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <date>
            <year>1999</year>
          </date>
          <fpage>II145</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <issue>19</issue>
          <volume>100</volume>
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Visconti</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bichell</surname>
              <given-names>DP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jonas</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newburger</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bellinger</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Percutaneous versus surgical closure of atrial septal defects in children and adolescents</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: There is a scarcity of data comparing percutaneous and surgical closure of the secundum atrial septal defect (ASD). OBJECTIVES: Assessment of safety and efficacy of both methods of treatment in a referral center affiliated with the Ministry of Health. METHODS: Observational, prospective, non-randomized study of two cohorts of children and adolescents younger than 14 years, treated by catheterization or surgery. Data was collected prospectively in the percutaneous group (A) and retrospectively in the surgical group (B). RESULTS: A total of 75 patients (pts) were enrolled in group A from April 2009 to October 2011 and 105 pts were treated in group B from January 2006 to January 2011. Age was older and weight was higher in group B and the ASD diameter was similar in both groups. Technical success was achieved in all procedures and there were no deaths. Complications (most minor) occurred in 68% of group B and 4% of A (p &lt; 0.001). Rates of total occlusion or non-significant residual shunts were similar in both groups. Median hospitalization time was 1.2 days in group A and 8.4 days in group B (p &lt; 0.001). CONCLUSION: Both treatment modalities are safe and effective, showing excellent outcomes. However, the percutaneous treatment has lower morbidity and shorter in-hospital stay length. These observations support the concept that percutaneous treatment of atrial septal defects should be regarded as the method of choice to manage selected patients with this condition.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Septal Defects, Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheterization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="front-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Percutaneous <italic>versus</italic> surgical closure of atrial septal defects in children and adolescents</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Rodrigo Nieckel da Costa<sup>I,II</sup>; Marcelo Silva Ribeiro<sup>II</sup>; Fabricio Leite Pereira<sup>II</sup>; Simone Rolim Fontes Pedra<sup>I,II</sup>; Marcelo Biscegli Jatene<sup>I</sup>; Ieda Biscegli Jatene<sup>I</sup>; Carlos R. Ferreiro<sup>I</sup>; Maria Virginia Tavares Santana<sup>II</sup>; Valmir Fernandes Fontes<sup>I,II</sup>; Carlos Augusto Cardoso Pedra<sup>I,II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o da Associa&#231;&#227;o Sanat&#243;rio S&#237;rio, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> There is a scarcity of data comparing percutaneous and surgical closure of the secundum atrial septal defect (ASD).</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVES:</bold> Assessment of safety and efficacy of both methods of treatment in a referral center affiliated with the Ministry of Health.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Observational, prospective, non-randomized study of two cohorts of children and adolescents younger than 14 years, treated by catheterization or surgery. Data was collected prospectively in the percutaneous group (A) and retrospectively in the surgical group (B).</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> A total of 75 patients (pts) were enrolled in group A from April 2009 to October 2011 and 105 pts were treated in group B from January 2006 to January 2011. Age was older and weight was higher in group B and the ASD diameter was similar in both groups. Technical success was achieved in all procedures and there were no deaths. Complications (most minor) occurred in 68% of group B and 4% of A (p &lt; 0.001). Rates of total occlusion or non-significant residual shunts were similar in both groups. Median hospitalization time was 1.2 days in group A and 8.4 days in group B (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Both treatment modalities are safe and effective, showing excellent outcomes. However, the percutaneous treatment has lower morbidity and shorter in-hospital stay length. These observations support the concept that percutaneous treatment of atrial septal defects should be regarded as the method of choice to manage selected patients with this condition.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart Defects, Congenital; Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / surgery; Catheterization. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) results from a deficiency in the embryological development of the septum primum in the interatrial septum (IAS). This anomaly corresponds to 6-10% of all congenital heart defects, and is more prevalent in females, with a ratio of 2:1<sup>1,2</sup>.</p>
      <p>ASD treatment is indicated in cases when pulmonary flow (Qp) exceeds systemic flow (Qs) by &gt; 50% (Qp:Qs &gt; 1.5:1), indicating hemodynamic defect characterized by increased right ventricular dimensions on echocardiography<sup>1,2</sup>. Currently, most patients with this condition can be safely and effectively treated by percutaneous intervention. Due to its low relative prevalence and institutional preference for surgical or percutaneous closure, there are no randomized trials in the literature comparing both techniques. In nonrandomized studies and in a meta-analysis, the surgical approach showed more frequent and significant complication rates<sup>3-9</sup>.</p>
      <p>For these reasons, interventional catheterization has been used as a therapeutic modality of choice for ASD occlusion in most centers worldwide. In Brazil, there is still some resistance on the part of the medical community, specialized in indicating percutaneous treatment for ASD, especially in children. Moreover, this procedure is not covered by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), which makes its assessment on a large scale difficult. Even with these limitations, several groups in Brazil have been using this technique in the supplementary health system for over 15 years with consistent and reproducible results using different prostheses<sup>5,10-16</sup>.</p>
      <p>This study aims to compare the safety and efficacy between the percutaneous and surgical closure of ASD in children and adolescents treated in a center of excellence connected with the Ministry of Health (MH) in Brazil. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Observational, prospective, non-randomized study of two cohorts of children and adolescents younger than 14 years with ASD, consecutively treated through interventional catheterization or conventional cardiac surgery. The age of cohort of 14 years was arbitrarily set due to institutional criteria, which treats patients older than that age in an adult cardiology ward. The patients in the percutaneous group were treated during the triennium 2009-2011 as part of a project approved and funded by the Brazilian MH to evaluate and incorporate new technology in one of its centers of excellence<sup>17</sup>. The costs of prostheses and hospitalizations were covered by MH Project.</p>
      <p>In this group, data were collected prospectively and the results were compared with those observed after treatment by conventional surgery in the same hospital, during a contemporary period of the last five years (2006 to 2011). In the surgical group, data were collected retrospectively by analyzing patients' records. After approval of the project by the MH and its start in 2009, patients were allocated to one of the two groups according to the preference of the attending physician. Before 2009, the treatment offered to patients in the hospital care philanthropic project was exclusively surgical. </p>
      <p>The study was approved by the research ethics committee of the Hospital. Parents or guardians signed an informed consent form before all procedures. In the surgical group, the standard institutional consent form was used, not requiring specific consent for the study as it consisted of collecting data from medical records.</p>
      <p>The indication for ASD repair was the presence of increased right chambers on echocardiography<sup>18,19</sup>, which also assessed the size of the defect through transthoracic or transesophageal approach. The criteria for inclusion in the percutaneous group were the presence of secundum ASD favorable for percutaneous closure evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography, age younger than 14 years and absence of associated heart diseases requiring surgical correction. The surgical group included patients with secundum ASD (favorable or unfavorable for percutaneous approach) with no other significant defects associated with age and younger than 14 years, referred for surgery at the discretion of the attending physician. Exclusion criteria for both groups were weight &lt; 8 kg (reflecting the standard practice of treating ASD in patients whose weight is &gt; 8-10kg) and unfavorable hemodynamic calculations for defect closure.</p>
      <p>Patients in the percutaneous group with two ASDs and distant from each other that needed more than a device for occlusion were excluded due to the economic implications of the implant of more than one prosthesis. Patients with two adjacent ASDs that could be occluded with only one prosthesis; patients with two distant ASDs, but in whom the smallest defect was &lt; 4 mm (therefore with no clinical impact); those with cribriform IAS with multiple small defects that could be occluded with only one prosthesis and simple additional defects that could be treated by catheterization (e.g., patent ductus arteriosus or vascular malformation) were not excluded. Patients with large ASDs that required large devices for the size of the patient with risk of interference with atrioventricular valve function, pulmonary venous or coronary sinus drainage were excluded. Patients with deficiency of more than one border (usually contralateral) around the defect, usually accompanied by thin and distensible IAS, were also excluded from the percutaneous group and included in the surgical group. Patients not treated by conventional surgical techniques, such as thoracoscopy, were excluded.</p>
      <p>The patients were catheterized following the routinely used technique<sup>5,9,20,21</sup>. All procedures were performed under general anesthesia with assisted mechanical ventilation. The right or left femoral vein was the preferred venous access route. In a patient with left isomerism and absence of the hepatic portion of the inferior vena cava, transhepatic access was used. After venipuncture, heparin was administered at a dose of 50-100 U/kg, as well as prophylactic antibiotics (Cefuroxime 30-50 mg/kg, three doses). Two-dimensional, and in some cases, three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was used to estimate the native and stretched (when necessary) diameter of the defect and to aid in the positioning and release of the chosen prosthesis. The following prostheses were used: Amplatzer ASO and cribriform (AGA Medical Corp., Golden Valley, Minnesota, USA)<sup>4,22</sup>, Figulla ASD and PFO (Occlutech GmbH, Jena, Germany)<sup>23</sup>, Atriasept / Intrasept Cardia (Cardia Inc., Eagan, USA)<sup>24</sup>, Helex Septal Occluder (WL Gore &amp; Associates, Newark, USA)<sup>25,26</sup> and Cera (Lifetech Scientific Co., Shenzhen, China). All of them are registered with the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa). </p>
      <p>When the borders of the defect were considered thick enough for adequate prosthesis anchorage, the stretched diameter technique was not used and the choice of prosthesis waist diameter was estimated to be 20 to 30% larger than the original ASD one measured at TEE. When necessary, the "stop flow" technique was employed to determine the stretched diameter, thus selecting prosthesis of which waist was of 1-2 mm larger than the stretched one. </p>
      <p>The self-centering prostheses (Amplatzer ASO, Figulla ASD, Cardia and Cera) with central waist were used in most cases. The prostheses Helex, Figulla PFO, Cardia Intrasept Double-Rounded or Amplatzer cribriform that were not self-centering were selected in the presence of multifenestrated IAS, being implemented through the most central orifice. The Helex prosthesis was also occasionally used in single and central defects &lt; 10-12 mm. When there were two ASDs, self-centering prostheses were used implanted in the largest defect (usually anteroposterior) with additional ASD closure (usually posteroinferior) due to coverage of the discs around the central waist. Two surgeons performed the percutaneous procedures or supervised training residents in all cases.</p>
      <p>Surgical treatment was performed by standard techniques with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The technique used was the direct suture of the orifice or the interposition of bovine pericardium flap or homologue tissue, according to the size of the defect and the surgeon's preference. Three surgical teams performed the procedures, one of which was responsible for over 90% of cases.</p>
      <p>After the percutaneous procedure, patients were transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU) when the weight was &lt; 10 kg or routine recovery room. After the surgical procedure, patients recovered in the ICU as usual. An echocardiogram was performed at the time of hospital discharge and at 1, 6 and 12 months after the percutaneous procedure and at discharge and between six months and one year after surgery. Aspirin (5.3 mg / kg / day) was administered for six months to patients who received prostheses.</p>
      <p>Technical success was defined as successful prosthesis implantation. Effectiveness was assessed by total occlusion rates or presence of residual flow with no hemodynamic impact (&lt; 4 mm) before hospital discharge and/or during follow-up. Safety was assessed by the occurrence of combined major and minor complications and adverse events during hospitalization.</p>
      <p>Complications were classified into major and minor, with some modifications, as shown in previous publications<sup>4</sup>. Major complications were the occurrence of death, cerebral embolism, cardiac perforation with tamponade, endocarditis, need for reintervention (surgical or percutaneous), arrhythmias requiring permanent pacemaker or long-term antiarrhythmic drugs, pleural or pericardial effusion requiring surgical drainage and surgical intervention due to device embolization. Minor complications included prosthesis embolization with percutaneous removal, cardiac arrhythmia not requiring prolonged treatment, hematoma at the venous access site, retroperitoneal hematoma not requiring intervention and pericardial effusion with clinical treatment. Additionally, anemia requiring blood products, non-cardiac infection, hemodynamic disturbances requiring inotropic support and varied respiratory complications (pulmonary edema, laryngitis) were also considered minor complications. </p>
      <p>Statistical analysis was performed using Sigmastat software, release 2011. Data are shown as absolute values and frequency, and mean and standard deviation or median and range according to the sample distribution. The Chi-square or Fisher's test was used to compare frequencies and the Student's <italic>t </italic>test or Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the means or medians. P values <underline>&lt;</underline> 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>From April/2009 to October/2011, 75 patients were prospectively allocated in the percutaneous group (group A). The surgical treatment group (group B) consisted of 105 patients treated between January 2006 and January/2011. The age and weight of patients in the percutaneous group were significantly higher than in the surgical group (94.7 &#177; 45.8 <italic>versus</italic> 57.1 &#177; 39.8 months and 27.9 &#177; 15.2 <italic>versus</italic> 18.6 &#177; 11.1 kg). Other demographic variables, shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07_5010tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>, were similar in both groups. The stretched diameter measured by balloon sizing was used in the percutaneous intervention group in 19 patients (25%). The presence of multiple defects or multifenestrated septum was 18% and 14% in Groups A and B, respectively. The mean pulmonary artery pressure was normal in both groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07_5010tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0347-30059-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Technical success was observed in all procedures. In percutaneous procedures, the Amplatzer ASO device was used in 45 cases (60%), CERA in 17 (23%) and Helex in eight (11%). The five remaining patients received Figulla PFO, Cardia Atriasept Double-Rounded PFO, Cardia Intrasept Double-Rounded, Cardia Atriasept and Amplatzer cribriform devices. Three patients (4%) patients had simple additional heart defects that were successfully treated during the same procedure (two PDAs and a pulmonary arteriovenous fistula). In the surgical group, 50 patients (48%) had their defect repaired through minithoracotomy access, 45 (43%) through classical thoracotomy and 10 patients (9%) through other incisions. Seventy defects (66%) were repaired by direct suture and 35 (34%) by interposition of homologous or heterologous graft. One patient had mild pulmonary valve stenosis that was corrected in the same procedure (commissurotomy). <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07_5010tab02-body2">Table 2</xref> shows the procedural data in both groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07_5010tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0347-30059-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Major and minor complications occurred in 70 patients (67%) in the surgical group and in three patients (4%) from the percutaneous group (p &lt; 0.001). Major complications in the surgical group occurred in 17 patients and minor in 53. There were no deaths. Data related to complications are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop07_5010tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop07_5010tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0347-30059-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In group A there were three transient atrioventricular blocks after device implantation. Corticoids were needed in two of them. One patient required prosthesis removal (Helex), which changed its position after locking migrating downward to the coronary sinus. After a three-month period another procedure was performed, in which new prostheses were implanted (Amplatzer) without complications. The other two showed subsequent stabilization, with no need for device exchange. Patients returned to sinus rhythm after approximately 10 minutes. None of the patients required the use of pacemakers or needed ICU admission. There were no other major or minor complications in the percutaneous treatment group. Of this group, three patients were referred to the ICU due to weight &lt; 10 kg for a mean period of 12 hours.</p>
      <p>In group B, ten patients had cardiac arrhythmias including three with ectopic junctional tachycardia, three with atrial fibrillation, two with 1<sup>st</sup> degree AV blocks, one with sinus bradycardia and one with low junctional rhythm. Nine patients required therapeutic intervention, with a temporary pacemaker being implanted in five and/or drug treatment in seven and/or electrical cardioversion in two. Pulmonary edema requiring diuretics occurred in six patients. Five patients had pleural or pericardial effusion postoperatively and three required surgical drainage. Infectious fever occurred in eight patients: two with surgical wound infection, three with urinary tract infection, one with acute gastroenteritis, one with bronchopneumonia and another undetermined case. Anemia requiring postoperative transfusion was observed in 33 patients (30%). Twenty patients (18%) required vasoactive drugs such as adrenaline and/or milrinone for hemodynamic stabilization. All patients required ICU admission with a mean time of hospitalization of 1.6 &#177; 1.3 days.</p>
      <p>The patients were hospitalized for a mean of 1.2 days (1-3 days) after the percutaneous procedure and 8.4 days (5-100 days) after surgical intervention (p &lt; 0.001). The patient with prolonged hospitalization (100 days) was 22 months old, weighed 9.8 kg and had several complications such as arrhythmia, need for vasoactive drugs, pleural effusion requiring surgical drainage and infection.</p>
      <p>The defect occlusion rate was similar in both groups. In group A, ten patients (13%) had residual flow on echocardiography at discharge. Of these ten patients, two had small additional ASDs (2 and 4 mm) distant from the larger ASD occluded by the prosthesis, purposely left uncovered due to lack of hemodynamic significance of the defects. All patients in Group A were reassessed at a median follow up of 12 months (3-30 months). During this period, the right ventricle returned to normal size for age in spite of the persistence of residual flow by additional ASDs. The remaining eight patients had minor or small immediate residual flow (&lt; 2 mm) that disappeared during the same follow-up period. </p>
      <p>No patient required additional procedures for residual flow management in group A and there were no complications in the follow-up period. In group B, four patients (4%) had residual flow after surgery, which required surgical intervention in one of them due to flap dehiscence. The flow was considered unimportant in three of them (&lt; 2 mm). During a median follow-up of 24 months (6-60 months) in 70 patients, none showed residual flow or complications. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this non-randomized study with two contemporary cohorts of pediatric patients (younger than 14 years) treated in the same center, percutaneous closure of ASD in children and adolescents showed to be safer than and as effective as conventional surgical treatment. A contemporary surgical treatment cohort was used for comparison purposes, as there has been no change in surgical techniques in the last ten years, thus making the comparison adequate.</p>
      <p>It is unlikely that younger age and lower weight observed in the surgical group had an impact on the incidence and severity of complications found, as the mean age of patients in this group was almost five years (with mean weight of almost 20 kg), which does not constitute a usual risk factor in contemporary pediatric cardiac surgery, especially in the case of a technically simple surgery with a short time of CPB. It is more likely that the increased incidence and severity of complications were simply associated with the invasive nature of cardiac surgery, requiring CPB and thoracotomy. The younger age of the surgical group reflects the conduct of our team to operate earlier on children, before the age of 4-5 years, to allow a ministernotomy (made more difficult in older children), used in nearly half of this series. </p>
      <p>In contrast, the oldest age observed in the percutaneous group (mean of almost 8 years) reflects the conduct of our group to give preference to treatment at a moment in which the procedure is technically easier and allows the use of prostheses without the risk of major interference with adjacent cardiac structures. Although this time is debatable in the literature, it seems that the ideal age for the percutaneous approach is between 3 and 10 years or in children weighing more than 15 kg. Moreover, the procedure can and should be used in younger children weighing less than 10 kg when there are chromosomal syndromes or significant diseases associated with other systems, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia of prematurity, perennial asthma, kidney failure, severe scoliosis, among others. In these patients, the procedure is safe and effective<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>As a common complication, arrhythmias were observed in both groups, in agreement with the literature. The increased incidence and severity of these arrhythmias in the surgical group is probably associated with the performance of atriotomy and surgical manipulation of the IAS during the procedure. Moreover, the scar created by the atriotomy can function as a histological substrate for arrhythmogenic foci and / or reentry phenomenon, even at these patients' later life. Moreover, the use of prostheses may result in blocks of varying degrees in children, albeit transient, as observed in three patients in this series.</p>
      <p>In one of these, the blockade was due to the lack of self-centering mechanism of the device used (Helex), causing it to shift into the coronary sinus, probably temporarily traumatizing the region of the atrioventricular node, which required removal of the device and, subsequently, a new procedure. Three months after the implant of a self-centering prosthesis, this inferior migration was minimized and prevented the blockade. In one study<sup>28</sup>, the percutaneous closure of ASD in young children resulted in rates of approximately 4% of blockades. However, large-sized prostheses were used in that study. This observation, together with those derived from this study, show the importance of patient selection for the percutaneous procedure, especially regarding the ideal age for the procedure and careful selection of the size and type of device for the underlying anatomy.</p>
      <p>The occurrence of pleural or pericardial effusion requiring drainage and more prolonged hospitalization is relatively common after surgical correction of the ASD, as seen in three patients in this study. The cause of this complication remains mostly unknown.</p>
      <p>Even when it does not require draining, the effusion increases postoperative morbidity as it requires higher doses of diuretics for treatment. The highest incidence of infection after surgery in this study reflects the more invasive nature of this approach, with the need for more prolonged intubation, use of urinary catheter and central venous and arterial catheters, immunosuppression secondary to the presence of CPB and surgical wound. Additionally, there was a significant number (30%) of patients that required postoperative blood transfusion in the surgical group. If we also consider the use of blood during CPB, these patients are multitransfused, which increases morbidity. The need for vasoactive drugs to maintain hemodynamic conditions in almost 20% of patients and longer length of hospital stay also demonstrate the higher morbidity of the surgical procedure.</p>
      <p>The low morbidity rate observed in the group treated percutaneously reflects the group's experience in this procedure, especially with regard to patient selection and the less invasive characteristic of the procedure. We speculate that these findings would allow the adoption of a semiambulatorial scheme for the treatment of patients with ASD during hospitalization without the need for laboratory tests and hospital discharge after a brief observation period of 24 hours. </p>
      <p>This conduct would result in significant saving of resources and availability of hospital beds to other patients with more complex heart diseases that require intensive treatment and surgical repair only. Although we observed low rates of complications in this study, some considerations must be made. The occurrence of erosion is a rare, but well documented complication in the percutaneous treatment of ASD<sup>29</sup>. The mechanisms involved in its physiopathology are not entirely known, but it seems that the overestimation of the device dimensions in ASDs with deficient anterosuperior borders is a predisposing factor.</p>
      <p>Interestingly, this complication is rarely found in children. In a previous study in adults, our group found this complication in a patient with an ASD at a higher location in the septum<sup>30</sup>. Device embolization is another complication that can be found during the learning curve and/or defects in patients with borderline characteristics for the implant. Although prosthesis rescue at the cath lab is usually possible, surgical intervention may be required depending on the position where the prosthesis is located.</p>
      <p>We observed a high rate of ASD occlusion in both groups in this study. Rates higher than 95-98% in the percutaneous group are found in literature depending on the type of prosthesis used, defect size and phase of the learning curve. Due to the study planning and the relatively low number of patients, it was not possible to compare the performance of each prosthesis individually. While acknowledging that there was a relatively short follow-up time of patients treated percutaneously in this study, there is evidence from the literature showing that the safety and efficacy persist after more than 10 years of follow-up<sup>31</sup>. Although the occurrence of residual flow is rare in patients treated by surgical technique, when it occurs, it may require further intervention due to suture dehiscence and persistence of large diameters of the original defect, as observed in one patient in our series. The lack of follow-up of all patients in the surgical group reflects the retrospective nature of data collection with loss of information.</p>
      <p>The outcomes in this study are in agreement with those reported in the literature on non-randomized observational studies and a meta-analysis recently published by Butera et al<sup>3</sup>. In this review of 13 original nonrandomized studies with over 3,000 patients, one death was observed in the surgical group (incidence of 0.08%; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0 - 0.23%) and none in the percutaneous group. The analysis of general complications after the procedures showed rates of 31% (95% CI: 21-41%) for surgical patients and 6.6% (95%CI: 3.9 to 9.2%) for patients treated percutaneously. The adjusted odds ratio related to the likelihood of overall complications was 5.4 (95%CI: 2.96 to 9.84, p &lt; 0.0001) in favor of percutaneous treatment. The rates of major complications were 6.8% (95%CI: 4 to 9.5%) in the surgical group and 1.9% (95% CI: 0.9 to 2.9%) in the percutaneous group. The adjusted odds ratio for major complications was 3.81 (95%CI: 2.7 to 5.36, p = 0.006), again favoring the percutaneous treatment. These authors concluded that the percutaneous treatment is associated with less likelihood of complications when compared to the surgical approach.</p>
      <p>There are also other advantages of percutaneous treatment that were not explored in this study, including faster RV function recovery determined through echocardiography and biochemical markers<sup>32-34</sup> and perhaps a better neurocognitive performance of patients undergoing intervention when compared to those who underwent surgical repair<sup>35</sup>. </p>
      <p>The major limitations of the present study are the lack of follow-up in all patients in the surgical group, the relatively short follow-up of patients undergoing percutaneous treatment and its nonrandomized design. There are no similar studies in the literature and it is extremely unlikely they will be carried out. Currently, the percutaneous approach is so well established, standardized and disseminated in major world centers, that recruitment of patients for the surgical group after randomization would be difficult to explain to parents or guardians.</p>
      <p>As observed in almost all the literature on the treatment of congenital heart disease, progress achieved in the management of patients is derived from prospective observational cohort studies with analysis of risk factors for adverse outcomes. When these risk factors are recognized and controlled, there is improvement of results. Regarding the study shown here, although it was not randomized and thus introduced patient selection biases, its strong point is the fact that it was carried out with two cohorts of patients treated almost contemporarily in a single excellence center, by experienced and relatively homogeneous teams, using well-established and standardized surgical and percutaneous techniques, already past their learning curves. In conclusion, the experience shown here probably reflects one of the best clinical practices found in the country.</p>
      <p>Based on data shown here and the evidence in the literature regarding the safety and efficacy of this procedure, we believe that the percutaneous closure of ASD should be considered the treatment modality of choice for the treatment of selected patients with this condition. In our opinion, this modality is well-developed enough in Brazil to be submitted to a cost-effectiveness assessment in order to be incorporated into SUS and can be used in large scale in the population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
