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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">4hhfKQP7QR3Dk9XgJWyDKQC</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000400006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000400006</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130051</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treinamento resistido controla a press&#227;o arterial de ratos hipertensos induzidos por l-NAME</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Ayslan Jorge Santos de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Anne Carolline Ver&#237;ssimo dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Karine dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Aires</surname>
            <given-names>Marl&#250;cia Bastos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santana-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Joviniano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fioretto</surname>
            <given-names>Emerson Ticona</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sergipe</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Sergipe</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Morfologia </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>339</fpage>
      <lpage>346</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome multifatorial, cr&#244;nica, causada tanto por fatores cong&#234;nitos ou adquiridos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico resistido (TR) sobre press&#227;o arterial, reatividade e morfologia vascular de ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME. M&#201;TODOS: Ratos Wistar machos (200-250 g) foram divididos em 3 grupos: normotenso sedent&#225;rio (NS), hipertenso sedent&#225;rio (HS) e hipertenso treinado (HT). A hipertens&#227;o foi induzida pela administra&#231;&#227;o de L-NAME (40 mg/kg) na &#225;gua de beber por 4 semanas. A press&#227;o arterial foi avaliada antes e ap&#243;s o TR. O TR foi realizado utilizando 50% de 1RM, em 3 s&#233;ries de 10 repeti&#231;&#245;es, 3 vezes por semana, durante quatro semanas. A reatividade vascular foi mensurada em art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior por curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o resposta ao nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (NPS) e fenilefrina (FEN). Al&#233;m disso, foram realizadas an&#225;lises histol&#243;gicas e estereol&#243;gicas. RESULTADOS: O TR inibiu o aumento das press&#245;es arteriais m&#233;dia e diast&#243;lica. Foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na resposta m&#225;xima e na pot&#234;ncia da FEN entre os grupos HS e HT. A an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica evidenciou aspecto normal para as t&#250;nicas &#237;ntima, m&#233;dia e advent&#237;cia em todos os grupos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nas &#225;reas do l&#250;men, da t&#250;nica m&#233;dia e total das art&#233;rias dos grupos HS e HT em rela&#231;&#227;o ao NS. A raz&#227;o parede/l&#250;men arterial do grupo HS apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao NS (p &lt; 0,05), mas esta n&#227;o foi diferente do HT. CONCLUS&#213;ES: O TR foi capaz de prevenir a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sob as condi&#231;&#245;es deste estudo. Este controle parece envolver a regula&#231;&#227;o de mecanismo vasoconstritor e a manuten&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro luminal de ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Treinamento resistido controla a press&#227;o arterial de ratos hipertensos induzidos por l-NAME</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ayslan Jorge Santos de Araujo<sup>I</sup>; Anne Carolline Ver&#237;ssimo dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Karine dos Santos Souza<sup>II</sup>; Marl&#250;cia Bastos Aires<sup>II</sup>; Valter Joviniano Santana-Filho<sup>III</sup>; Emerson Ticona Fioretto<sup>II</sup>; Marcelo Mendon&#231;a Mota<sup>I</sup>; M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana Santos<sup>I</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, Sergipe - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, Sergipe - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, Sergipe - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold> A hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome multifatorial, cr&#244;nica, causada tanto por fatores cong&#234;nitos ou adquiridos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO: </bold> Avaliar os efeitos do treinamento f&#237;sico resistido (TR) sobre press&#227;o arterial, reatividade e morfologia vascular de ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS: </bold> Ratos Wistar machos (200-250 g) foram divididos em 3 grupos: normotenso sedent&#225;rio (NS), hipertenso sedent&#225;rio (HS) e hipertenso treinado (HT). A hipertens&#227;o foi induzida pela administra&#231;&#227;o de L-NAME (40 mg/kg) na &#225;gua de beber por 4 semanas. A press&#227;o arterial foi avaliada antes e ap&#243;s o TR. O TR foi realizado utilizando 50% de 1RM, em 3 s&#233;ries de 10 repeti&#231;&#245;es, 3 vezes por semana, durante quatro semanas. A reatividade vascular foi mensurada em art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior por curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o resposta ao nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (NPS) e fenilefrina (FEN). Al&#233;m disso, foram realizadas an&#225;lises histol&#243;gicas e estereol&#243;gicas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> O TR inibiu o aumento das press&#245;es arteriais m&#233;dia e diast&#243;lica. Foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na resposta m&#225;xima e na pot&#234;ncia da FEN entre os grupos HS e HT. A an&#225;lise histol&#243;gica evidenciou aspecto normal para as t&#250;nicas &#237;ntima, m&#233;dia e advent&#237;cia em todos os grupos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nas &#225;reas do l&#250;men, da t&#250;nica m&#233;dia e total das art&#233;rias dos grupos HS e HT em rela&#231;&#227;o ao NS. A raz&#227;o parede/l&#250;men arterial do grupo HS apresentou diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao NS (p &lt; 0,05), mas esta n&#227;o foi diferente do HT. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#213;ES:</bold> O TR foi capaz de prevenir a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial sob as condi&#231;&#245;es deste estudo. Este controle parece envolver a regula&#231;&#227;o de mecanismo vasoconstritor e a manuten&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro luminal de ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Hipertens&#227;o / fisiopatologia, Exerc&#237;cio, Ratos, Press&#227;o Arterial / efeito de drogas, Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o / fisiopatologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome<sup>1</sup> cr&#244;nica multifatorial, causada por fatores cong&#234;nitos ou adquiridos<sup>2</sup>. Seu tratamento envolve m&#233;todos<sup>3</sup> farmacol&#243;gicos e n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos. Entre os m&#233;todos n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos, o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico (EF) tem sido uma das interven&#231;&#245;es mais importantes indicadas para a preven&#231;&#227;o ou controle da HA<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre hipertens&#227;o e comportamentos sedent&#225;rios<sup>6</sup>. Beunza e cols.<sup>6</sup> demonstraram que o subtipo interativo dos comportamentos sedent&#225;rios, tais como dirigir ou usar computador estava associado com um maior risco de hipertens&#227;o. Por outro lado, o subtipo n&#227;o interativo, tal como assistir televis&#227;o e dormir n&#227;o estava associado. Estes dados mostram a grande import&#226;ncia do EF cr&#244;nico para a preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e tratamento de n&#237;veis elevados de press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea<sup>4</sup>.</p>
    <p>Muitos estudos t&#234;m focado nos efeitos do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico<sup>2-5</sup>, por isso eles t&#234;m sido recomendados na prescri&#231;&#227;o como adjuvantes de um tratamento anti-hipertensivo; no entanto, o conhecimento sobre os benef&#237;cios do treinamento resistido (TR) tem aumentado. Os efeitos positivos do TR cr&#244;nico, tais como aumento do tono dos m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos, a inibi&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco e preven&#231;&#227;o de obesidade tamb&#233;m foram encontrados<sup>7</sup>. Estudos sugerem a ado&#231;&#227;o de um treinamento de for&#231;a moderado certificando que n&#227;o ocorra o efeito de aumento cr&#244;nico da press&#227;o arterial (PA)<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>De acordo com Pollock e cols.<sup>9</sup>, existe um receio sobre a prescri&#231;&#227;o e execu&#231;&#227;o de TR, devido a possibilidade de acidente vascular cerebral ou eventos card&#237;acos. Por outro lado, em normotensos, Ciolac e Guimar&#227;es<sup>10</sup> indicam que n&#227;o h&#225; nenhuma justificativa para temer a implementa&#231;&#227;o de TR, contanto que se observe os efeitos negativos sobre a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea antes da execu&#231;&#227;o do TR. Al&#233;m disso, o treinamento resistido din&#226;mico agudo em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos diminuiu a PA de repouso e a reatividade para PHE e aumentou o relaxamento dependente do endot&#233;lio<sup>11,12</sup> por&#233;m, o efeito cr&#244;nico do TR na PA, reatividade vascular e morfologia ainda n&#227;o foram documentados. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar os efeitos cr&#244;nicos do TR sobre a press&#227;o arterial, reatividade vascular e altera&#231;&#245;es no di&#226;metro luminal arterial de ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Animais</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Trinta ratos Wistar machos (200 - 250 g) foram obtidos a partir da col&#244;nia de procria&#231;&#227;o da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Os animais foram alojados em n&#250;mero de quatro animais por caixa em condi&#231;&#245;es de temperatura controlada (22 &#177; 2 &#186;C) e ciclo de luz claro-escuro de 12 horas; comida e &#225;gua foram fornecidas <italic>ad libitum</italic>. Os animais receberam &#225;gua filtrada e foram alimentados com ra&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica para roedores (Labina, Purina<sup>&#174;</sup>, Paul&#237;nia-SP, Brasil). Todos os procedimentos descritos no presente trabalho foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Animal da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brasil (protocolo n&#250;mero 02/2010). Os animais foram arrumados em 3 grupos de 10 animais cada: normotenso sedent&#225;rio (NS), hipertenso sedent&#225;rio (HS) e hipertenso treinado (HT). Grupos NS e HS foram mantidos nas suas caixas sem exposi&#231;&#227;o ao TR, enquanto que os animais do grupo HT foram submetidos a 4 semanas de TR.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Drogas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cloreto de acetilcolina (ACh), L-fenilefrina (PHE), N<sup>&#969;</sup><sup>-</sup>nitro-L-arginina metil &#233;ster hidrocloreto (L-NAME) e nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio (SNP) foram aplicados no presente estudo, todos obtidos da SIGMA-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, EUA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medidas da press&#227;o arterial</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A press&#227;o arterial do animal foi obtida ao acordar e 48 horas ap&#243;s a indu&#231;&#227;o e per&#237;odos de exerc&#237;cio. Os animais foram adaptados por tr&#234;s dias antes da medi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea. As press&#245;es arterial m&#233;dia sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram determinadas pelo m&#233;todo manguito de cauda (<italic>tail-cuff method</italic>) (LETICA, LE5002, Barcelona, Espanha). Os animais foram colocados numa c&#226;mara de aquecimento a uma temperatura de 38 - 40 &#186;C por 10 min e os valores da press&#227;o arterial de cada animal (10 - 15) foram registrados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Indu&#231;&#227;o e manuten&#231;&#227;o de hipertens&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Durante o per&#237;odo de indu&#231;&#227;o, os animais receberam L-NAME na &#225;gua de beber, numa concentra&#231;&#227;o de 0,4 mg / ml representando uma ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de 40 mg / kg<sup>13</sup> por quatro semanas<sup>14</sup>. Durante o per&#237;odo experimental, a HA foi mantida atrav&#233;s da administra&#231;&#227;o de L-NAME dissolvido em &#225;gua para acumular uma ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria de 25 mg/Kg durante quatro semanas, o suficiente para manter o estado hipertensivo. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de L-NAME foi diariamente ajustada para o consumo de &#225;gua e peso total dos animais em cada caixa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolo de Treinamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O protocolo de treinamento foi iniciado ap&#243;s a detec&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o. O TR foi cumprido em um aparelho de treinamento de agachamento seguindo um modelo adaptado de Tamaki e cols.<sup>15</sup>. Os animais do grupo HT, ap&#243;s uma semana de adapta&#231;&#227;o, foram exercitados por tr&#234;s s&#233;ries de dez repeti&#231;&#245;es com um per&#237;odo de descanso de 60s a uma carga de exerc&#237;cio de 50% estabelecida por um teste m&#225;ximo de repeti&#231;&#227;o (1RM), tr&#234;s vezes por semana. A carga de treinamento e intensidade foram ajustadas a cada duas semanas atrav&#233;s de um 1RM novo.</p>
    <p>Par&#226;metros de estimula&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica foram cumpridos, conforme descrito por Bara&#250;na e cols.<sup>16</sup> e Pinter e cols.<sup>17</sup>. Os animais foram estimulados a realizar a s&#233;rie atrav&#233;s da aplica&#231;&#227;o de est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico (20 V, 0,3 s de dura&#231;&#227;o, intervalos de 3 s) por eletrodos (ValuTrode, Modelo CF3200, Axelgaard, Fallbrook, CA, EUA) ligados a cauda e conectados a um eletro-estimulador (BIOSET, Physotonus Four, Modelo 3050, Rio Claro, SP, Brasl).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Estudos in vitro</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o sacrif&#237;cio dos animais a art&#233;ria mesent&#233;rica superior foi removida, limpa de tecido conectivo e de tecidos gordurosos e seccionada em an&#233;is (1-2 mm). Os an&#233;is foram suspensos pelos ganchos finos de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel ligados a um transdutor de for&#231;a (Letica, Modelo TRI210; Barcelona, Espanha) com fios de algod&#227;o em banhos de &#243;rg&#227;os contendo 10 ml de solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode (Composi&#231;&#227;o em mM: NaCl 158.3, KCl 4.0, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 2.0, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 10.0, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> 5.6, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 1.05 e NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 0.42). Esta solu&#231;&#227;o foi continuamente gaseificada com solu&#231;&#227;o de carbog&#234;nio (95% O<sub>2</sub> e 5% CO<sub>2</sub>) e mantida a 37 &#186;C sob tens&#227;o de descanso de 0,75 g por 60 min (per&#237;odo de estabiliza&#231;&#227;o). Durante este per&#237;odo, a solu&#231;&#227;o nutritiva foi trocada a cada 15 minutos, para evitar a interfer&#234;ncia de metabolitos<sup>18</sup>. A tens&#227;o isom&#233;trica foi registrada atrav&#233;s do transdutor de for&#231;a (TR1210, Letica, Barcelona, Espanha) acoplada a um gravador-amplificador (BD-01, AVS, SP, Brasl).</p>
    <p>Quando necess&#225;rio, o endot&#233;lio foi removido esfregando suavemente a superf&#237;cie &#237;ntima dos vasos com um fino fio de a&#231;o inoxid&#225;vel e a sua funcionalidade foi avaliada pela capacidade do ACh (1 &#181;M) induzir mais de 75% de relaxamento Fen (1 &#181;M) no tono. A aus&#234;ncia de relaxamento para ACh foi considerada como evid&#234;ncia de que os an&#233;is foram funcionalmente despidos de endot&#233;lio<sup>19</sup>. Mudan&#231;as na reatividade vascular foram avaliadas obtendo-se curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para os agentes contrativos Fen (10<sup>-8</sup> - 10<sup>-3</sup> M), um agonista &#945;<sub>1</sub>-adren&#233;rgico, e o agente relaxante NPS (10<sup>-9</sup> - 10<sup>-4</sup> M), um doador de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO). Agentes relaxantes foram testados em an&#233;is pr&#233;-contra&#237;dos com Fen (1 &#181;M).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Exame histol&#243;gico dos tecidos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Tr&#234;s an&#233;is de cada art&#233;ria foram imersos em paraformalde&#237;do a 4% em solu&#231;&#227;o salina tamponada de fosfato (PBS) 0,1 M pH 7,4 e mantidos a 4 &#186;C durante 24 horas. Os an&#233;is foram enxaguados em &#225;gua destilada e mantidos em etanol a 70% durante 12 horas e seguido de acordo com protocolo histol&#243;gico padr&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Se&#231;&#245;es com 5-6 &#181;m de espessura foram obtidas usando um micr&#243;tomo e montadas em l&#226;minas revestidas com gelatina. Para a an&#225;lise morfol&#243;gica, as se&#231;&#245;es foram coradas com hematoxilina e eosina (HE) para posterior observa&#231;&#227;o em microscopia de campo pr&#243;ximo.</p>
    <p>An&#225;lise arterial estereol&#243;gica foi realizada por meio de um teste de &#225;rea que compreende um sistema de pontos equidistantes, com um total de 1000 &#181;m<sup>2</sup> realizado no programa Image J. Duas sec&#231;&#245;es aleat&#243;rias e n&#227;o consecutivas de cada anel arterial (04 animais por grupo) foram analisadas atrav&#233;s da sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de imagens da &#225;rea de teste, e da se&#231;&#227;o arterial. O n&#250;mero total de pontos da &#225;rea de interesse foi estimado. Foi considerado o sentido periferia-centro, incluindo l&#250;men da art&#233;ria e parede arterial (camada &#237;ntima e m&#233;dia). A camada advent&#237;cia foi descartada, porque havia incongru&#234;ncia na defini&#231;&#227;o dos limites para o tecido de suporte adjacente. Assim, estimou-se a &#225;rea total da sec&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria, a &#225;rea seccional do l&#250;men do vaso, e a &#225;rea seccional da parede arterial, permitindo o c&#225;lculo das zonas de densidade do l&#250;men arterial e da parede arterial durante a refer&#234;ncia completa.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia (EPM). A pot&#234;ncia dos experimentos <italic>in vitro</italic> foi expressa em valores de pD<sub>2</sub> e calculada pelo logaritmo negativo de EC<sub>50</sub> (concentra&#231;&#227;o eficaz capaz de induzir 50% da resposta m&#225;xima), obtido por meio de regress&#227;o n&#227;o linear de curvas concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta. Quando necess&#225;rio, o teste t de Student, ou ANOVA de medidas repetidas seguidas de p&#243;s-teste Bonferroni foram realizados para avaliar a signific&#226;ncia das diferen&#231;as entre as m&#233;dias. Os valores foram considerados estatisticamente significativos quando p&lt;0,05. O programa estat&#237;stico GraphPad Prism<sup>TM</sup> vers&#227;o 3.02 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, EUA) foi usado para todos esses procedimentos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos do tratamento com L-NAME no peso corporal e sobre a press&#227;o arterial durante o per&#237;odo de indu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ratos tratados por L-NAME pareceram geralmente saud&#225;veis e com ganho de peso semelhante ao dos ratos n&#227;o tratados. L-NAME aumentou significativamente PAM, PAS e PAD (p &lt; 0,001). N&#227;o houve aumento significativo de n&#237;veis da press&#227;o arterial no grupo n&#227;o tratado (controle). (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4893tab01">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4893tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0339-30051-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeitos do treinamento resistido no peso corporal e valores de press&#227;o arterial em ratos hipertensos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os animais NS e os grupos HS mostraram um aumento significativo (p &lt; 0,001 e p &lt; 0,05, respectivamente) de peso corporal durante as 4 semanas de tratamento. No entanto, o peso corporal do grupo HT n&#227;o se alterou ap&#243;s o treinamento. L-NAME elevou a PAM, PAS e PAD no grupo HS, durante o per&#237;odo experimental. No entanto, o TR foi capaz de prevenir este aumento. Antes do protocolo de treinamento n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na PAM, PAS e PAD entre os grupos HT e HS. Depois de quatro semanas de treinamento, o TR reduziu significativamente a PAM (p &lt; 0,05) e PAD (p &lt; 0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4893tab02">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4893tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0339-30051-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeito do treinamento resistido sobre a resposta &#224; fenilefrina</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A fenilefrina foi capaz de induzir a contra&#231;&#227;o dos an&#233;is de todos os grupos. A curva de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta &#224; fenilefrina foi significativamente deslocada para a esquerda no grupo HS (pD<sub>2</sub> = 5,35 &#177; 0,07, n = 9) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo NS (pD<sub>2</sub> = 4,36 &#177; 0,04, n = 6), com a mudan&#231;a no Rmax. TR inverteu significativamente o aumento da pot&#234;ncia, uma vez que a sua curva de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta &#224; fenilefrina foi significativamente (p &lt; 0,001) deslocada para a direita (pD<sub>2</sub> = 4,36 &#177; 0,10, n = 9) em compara&#231;&#227;o com HS (pD<sub>2</sub> = 5,35 &#177; 0,07; n = 9), sem diferen&#231;a no Rmax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4893fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4893fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0339-30051-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeito do treinamento resistido sobre a resposta ao nitroprussiato de s&#243;dio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A curva concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta &#224; NPS foi significativamente deslocada para a direita no grupo HS (pD<sub>2</sub> = 4,85 &#177; 0,14, n = 3) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo NS (pD<sub>2</sub> = 6,18 &#177; 0,13, n = 3), sem diferen&#231;a na Rmax. TR reverteu parcialmente &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia, uma vez que a sua curva de concentra&#231;&#227;o-resposta para SNP foi significativamente (p &lt; 0,01) deslocada para a esquerda (pD2 = 5,42 &#177; 0,06, n = 3) do que em compara&#231;&#227;o com HS (pD2 = 4,85 &#177; 0,14; n = 3). Al&#233;m do mais, o Rmax do grupo HT foi significativamente maior (p &lt; 0,05) do que o grupo HS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4893fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4893fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0339-30051-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Efeito do treinamento resistido sobre a morfologia vascular</bold>
    </p>
    <p>An&#225;lise dos segmentos arteriais demonstrou disposi&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o para camadas &#237;ntima, m&#233;dia e advent&#237;cia em todos os grupos (NS, HS, HT) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4893fig03">Figura 3 A-D</xref>). Endot&#233;lio na t&#250;nica &#237;ntima consistiu em tecido epitelial escamoso simples (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4893fig03">Figura 3B</xref>), suportado por um tecido conjuntivo frouxo disperso na camada subendotelial, seguido pela membrana el&#225;stica interna, que separa a t&#250;nica intima da t&#250;nica m&#233;dia. Na t&#250;nica m&#233;dia, havia camadas conc&#234;ntricas de fibras musculares lisas entremeadas por fibras el&#225;sticas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4893fig03">Figura 3B</xref>). Observou-se tamb&#233;m a presen&#231;a da membrana el&#225;stica externa, que delimita a t&#250;nica m&#233;dia da t&#250;nica advent&#237;cia. A t&#250;nica advent&#237;cia foi constitu&#237;da por tecido conjuntivo frouxo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4893fig03">Figura 3B</xref>) com col&#225;geno e fibras el&#225;sticas, vasos sangu&#237;neos e c&#233;lulas de gordura esparsas.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4893fig03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0339-30051-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Resultados estereol&#243;gicos n&#227;o demonstraram nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa no l&#250;men, t&#250;nica m&#233;dia e a &#225;rea total das art&#233;rias dos grupos HS e HT em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo NS. A raz&#227;o parede/l&#250;men das art&#233;rias do grupo HS (p &lt;0,05) foi significativamente diferente da do grupo NS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4893tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4893tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0339-30051-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O principal objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos cardiovasculares promovidos pelo TR em ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME. O presente estudo mostrou que o TR &#233; eficaz na preven&#231;&#227;o do aumento dos n&#237;veis de press&#227;o arterial em ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME, possivelmente alterando a sensibilidade do receptor &#945;<sub>1</sub>-adren&#233;rgico.</p>
    <p>Est&#225; bem estabelecido na literatura que a s&#237;ntese e a disponibilidade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) pelas c&#233;lulas endoteliais desempenham um papel importante no relaxamento dos vasos e, assim, contribuem para a modula&#231;&#227;o do tono vascular. Al&#233;m disso, o NO foi identificado como um agente importante na prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso<sup>20</sup>.</p>
    <p>Reporta-se tamb&#233;m que a inibi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica da s&#237;ntese de NO por L-NAME, e consequentemente a disponibilidade diminu&#237;da de NO, provoca um aumento na press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea arterial<sup>21,22</sup>, reduz o di&#226;metro interno arterial, aumenta a resposta aos componentes dos fatores contr&#225;teis derivados do endot&#233;lio e aumenta a resist&#234;ncia perif&#233;rica<sup>13</sup>, causando remodelagem vascular e disfun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio<sup>21</sup>. Devido a isso, o m&#233;todo de hipertens&#227;o induzida por L-NAME tem sido usado como um modelo confi&#225;vel para estudos morfol&#243;gicos e funcionais do sistema cardiovascular.</p>
    <p>No nosso estudo, o L-NAME foi capaz de induzir a hipertens&#227;o. O aumento da press&#227;o arterial induzida por L-NAME foi inibido nos animais submetidos ao TR. Al&#233;m disso, o TR n&#227;o foi capaz de reduzir o ganho de peso dos animais hipertensos. Este resultado est&#225; de acordo com aquele encontrado por Bara&#250;na e cols.<sup>16</sup>, que observaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 14% em PAD e 13% no PAM de ratos normotensos e, Tamaki e cols.<sup>15</sup> que demonstraram que TR durante 4 semanas n&#227;o alterou o ganho de peso nos animais.</p>
    <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que tanto o treinamento agudo como cr&#244;nico reduz significativamente a press&#227;o arterial em humanos<sup>23,24</sup> e em ratos hipertensos<sup>11</sup>, mas pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos envolvidos nesta redu&#231;&#227;o<sup>25</sup>.</p>
    <p>Relatos na literatura indicam que o treinamento f&#237;sico (TR) tem uma rela&#231;&#227;o muito forte com a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular sendo capaz de modificar a estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o vascular das c&#233;lulas<sup>26</sup>. Estudos sugerem que o TR aumenta o fluxo sangu&#237;neo e, portanto, o estresse na parede vascular, fornecendo um aumento na produ&#231;&#227;o de NO derivada do endot&#233;lio, da&#237; melhorando a resposta vasodilatadora<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
    <p>Por conseguinte, a fim de melhor compreender o poss&#237;vel mecanismo envolvido no controle da press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea arterial promovida pelo TR em ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME, investigamos os efeitos do TR na reatividade vascular e morfologia desses animais.</p>
    <p>Em primeiro lugar, foi avaliada a receptividade contr&#225;til vascular para Fen, um agonista a<sub>1</sub>-adren&#233;rgico. Os resultados mostraram que a sensibilidade de receptores a<sub>1</sub>-adren&#233;rgico foi significativamente aumentada em ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME. Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados tamb&#233;m por Sekiguchi<sup>29</sup>, que demonstrou um aumento nos efeitos para Fen em diferentes leitos vasculares de animais treinados com nata&#231;&#227;o for&#231;ada.</p>
    <p>Curiosamente, em nosso estudo, o efeito Fen nos an&#233;is arteriais de ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME tratados com TR foi reduzido. Nosso estudo relatou que o TR &#233; capaz de induzir ajustamento em fun&#231;&#227;o da distribui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo<sup>30</sup>. Al&#233;m do mais, de acordo com Convertino<sup>31</sup>, mudan&#231;as na sensibilidade desses receptores pode ser principalmente dependente da intensidade, dura&#231;&#227;o e frequ&#234;ncia do exerc&#237;cio. Embora mais experimentos sejam necess&#225;rios para esclarecer os mecanismos pelos quais TR promove altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares, este estudo pode sugerir que as altera&#231;&#245;es causadas por TR sobre a hemodin&#226;mica de animais treinados possam estar relacionadas a uma sensibilidade reduzida dos receptores adren&#233;rgicos.</p>
    <p>Para avaliar a resposta relaxante vascular, usamos o NPS, um doador de NO que imitam uma resposta end&#243;gena relacionada ao NO. Esta s&#233;rie de experimentos revelou que a sensibilidade da via NO foi significativamente diminu&#237;da em ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME e o TR foi capaz de reverter parcialmente este efeito. Packer<sup>32</sup> demonstrou que o bloqueio da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO, tal como ocorre quando se utiliza L-NAME, reduz a express&#227;o de eNOS. Al&#233;m disso, relata-se tamb&#233;m que o fator constritivo derivado do endot&#233;lio (FCDE) pode ter a sua sa&#237;da aumentada, na presen&#231;a de L-NAME em art&#233;rias<sup>22</sup> perif&#233;ricas.</p>
    <p>A raz&#227;o parede/l&#250;men das art&#233;rias &#233; aumentada devido &#224; redisposi&#231;&#227;o da camada m&#233;dia do l&#250;men do vaso<sup>33</sup>. Nossos resultados mostraram aumento da raz&#227;o parede/l&#250;men das art&#233;rias do grupo HS, mas o protocolo TR usado n&#227;o causou mudan&#231;as significativas na redu&#231;&#227;o desta propor&#231;&#227;o. Melo e cols.<sup>34</sup> encontraram um resultado semelhante para mostrar que o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico em intensidade de 50% em SHR diminuiu PAM e a raz&#227;o parede/l&#250;men das art&#233;rias quando comparada com o grupo sedent&#225;rio, provando que o treinamento anaer&#243;bio pode ser uma poss&#237;vel terapia anti-hipertensiva adjuvante. Isto refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia dos estudos sobre os efeitos de TR como uma terapia preventiva ou de recupera&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o arterial, uma vez que mostra n&#227;o s&#243; ser eficaz em impedir a altera&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, como tamb&#233;m para proteger as altera&#231;&#245;es vasculares no modelo de hipertens&#227;o induzida por L-NAME.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que o treinamento resistido cr&#244;nico sob as condi&#231;&#245;es testadas neste estudo &#233; capaz de prevenir um aumento da press&#227;o arterial. Este efeito parece envolver um mecanismo que envolve a regula&#231;&#227;o vasoconstritora e manuten&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro luminal de ratos hipertensos induzidos por L-NAME.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Agradecimentos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este trabalho recebeu apoio do CNPq e FAPITEC, Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq, CAPES, FAPITEC e UFS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Ayslan Jorge Santos de Araujo pela Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana Santos </p>
        <p> Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o </p>
        <p> Av. Marechal Rondon s/n, Roza Elze </p>
        <p> CEP 49100-000, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, Sergipe - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="marcio@infonet.com.br">marcio@infonet.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 16/05/12; revisado em 19/10/12; aceito em 08/11/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Resistance training controls arterial blood pressure in rats with L-NAME- induced hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Arterial hypertension is a multifactorial chronic condition caused by either congenital or acquired factors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of Resistance Training (RT) on arterial pressure, and on vascular reactivity and morphology, of L-NAME-treated hypertensive rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (200 - 250 g) were allocated into Sedentary Normotensive (SN), Sedentary Hypertensive (SH) and Trained Hypertensive (TH) groups. Hypertension was induced by adding L-NAME (40 mg/Kg) to the drinking water for four weeks. Arterial pressure was evaluated before and after RT. RT was performed using 50% of 1RM, 3 sets of 10 repetitions, 3 times per week for four weeks. Vascular reactivity was measured in rat mesenteric artery rings by concentration-response curves to sodium nitroprusside (SNP); phenylephrine (PHE) was also used for histological and stereological analysis. RESULTS: Resistance training inhibited the increase in mean and diastolic arterial pressures. Significant reduction was observed in Rmax (maximal response) and pD2 (potency) of PHE between SH and TH groups. Arteries demonstrated normal intima, media and adventitia layers in all groups. Stereological analysis demonstrated no significant difference in luminal, tunica media, and total areas of arteries in the SH and TH groups when compared to the SN group. Wall-to-lumen ratio of SH arteries was significantly different compared to SN arteries (p&lt;0.05) but there was no difference when compared to TH arteries. CONCLUSIONS: RT was able to prevent an increase in blood pressure under the conditions in this study. This appears to involve a vasoconstrictor regulation mechanism and maintenance of luminal diameter in L-NAME induced hypertensive rats.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Arterial Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilatation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Resistance training controls arterial blood pressure in rats with L-NAME- induced hypertension</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ayslan Jorge Santos de Araujo<sup>I</sup>; Anne Carolline Ver&#237;ssimo dos Santos<sup>I</sup>; Karine dos Santos Souza<sup>II</sup>; Marl&#250;cia Bastos Aires<sup>II</sup>; Valter Joviniano Santana-Filho<sup>III</sup>; Emerson Ticona Fioretto<sup>II</sup>; Marcelo Mendon&#231;a Mota<sup>I</sup>; M&#225;rcio Roberto Viana Santos<sup>I</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, Sergipe - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, Sergipe - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Cristov&#227;o, Sergipe - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Arterial hypertension is a multifactorial chronic condition caused by either congenital or acquired factors.</p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the effects of Resistance Training (RT) on arterial pressure, and on vascular reactivity and morphology, of L-NAME-treated hypertensive rats.</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Male Wistar rats (200 - 250 g) were allocated into Sedentary Normotensive (SN), Sedentary Hypertensive (SH) and Trained Hypertensive (TH) groups. Hypertension was induced by adding L-NAME (40 mg/Kg) to the drinking water for four weeks. Arterial pressure was evaluated before and after RT. RT was performed using 50% of 1RM, 3 sets of 10 repetitions, 3 times per week for four weeks. Vascular reactivity was measured in rat mesenteric artery rings by concentration-response curves to sodium nitroprusside (SNP); phenylephrine (PHE) was also used for histological and stereological analysis.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold> Resistance training inhibited the increase in mean and diastolic arterial pressures. Significant reduction was observed in Rmax (maximal response) and pD<sub>2</sub> (potency) of PHE between SH and TH groups. Arteries demonstrated normal intima, media and adventitia layers in all groups. Stereological analysis demonstrated no significant difference in luminal, tunica media, and total areas of arteries in the SH and TH groups when compared to the SN group. Wall-to-lumen ratio of SH arteries was significantly different compared to SN arteries (p&lt;0.05) but there was no difference when compared to TH arteries.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> RT was able to prevent an increase in blood pressure under the conditions in this study. This appears to involve a vasoconstrictor regulation mechanism and maintenance of luminal diameter in L-NAME induced hypertensive rats.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Hypertension / physiopathology; Exercise; Rats; Arterial Pressure / drug effects; Vasodilatation / physiology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Arterial hypertension (AH) is a multifactorial chronic condition<sup>1</sup>, caused by either congenital or acquired factors<sup>2</sup>. Its treatment involves pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods<sup>3</sup>. Among non-pharmacological methods, physical training (PT) has been one of the most important interventions indicated for preventing or controlling AH<sup>4,5</sup>.</p>
      <p>There is a positive relationship between hypertension and sedentary lifestyle<sup>6</sup>. Beunza et al<sup>6</sup> demonstrated that the interaction of sedentary behaviors, such as driving and computer use, was associated with a higher risk of hypertension. On the other hand, the noninteractive subtype, such as television viewing and sleeping, was not associated with AH. This data shows the great importance of long-term PT for the primary prevention and treatment of high blood pressure<sup>4</sup>.</p>
      <p>Many studies have focused on the effects of aerobic exercise<sup>2-5</sup>, and it has been recommended as an adjuvant treatment for hypertension; however, knowledge regarding the benefits of resistance training (RT) has been increasing. Positive effects of long-term RT, such as increased skeletal muscle tone, inhibition of risk factors and prevention of obesity have been found<sup>7</sup>. Studies suggest the adoption of a moderate strength training program and assert that it can have a positive effect on chronically increased BP<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>According to Pollock et al<sup>9</sup>, there is some trepidation about the prescription and implementation of RT due to the possibility of vascular brain or cardiac events. On the other hand, in normotensive individuals, Ciolac and Guimar&#227;es<sup>10</sup> indicate that there is no justification for fearing RT implementation as many negative effects on blood pressure before the execution of RT have been observed. Furthermore, acute dynamic resistance exercise in spontaneously hypertensive rats decreased resting BP and reactivity to PHE, in addition to increasing endothelium-dependent relaxation<sup>11,12</sup>; however, the long-term effect of RT on BP and reactivity and morphology of the vasculature have not yet been documented. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine the chronic effects of RT on arterial blood pressure, vascular reactivity and changes in arterial luminal diameter of L-NAME-treated hypertensive rats.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Animals</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty male Wistar rats (200 - 250 g) were obtained from the breeding colony at the Sergipe Federal University. Animals were housed four to a cage under controlled temperature conditions (22 &#177; 2 &#186;C) and a light-dark cycle of 12 hours. Food and water were provided <italic>ad libitum</italic>. The animals received filtered water and were fed rodent-specific food (Labina, Purina<sup>&#174;</sup>, Paul&#237;nia-SP, Brazil). All procedures described in the present study were approved by the Animal Research Ethics Committee of Sergipe Federal University, Brazil (Protocol number 02/2010). Animals were arranged into three groups with ten animals each: sedentary normotensive (SN), sedentary hypertensive (SH) and training hypertensive (TH). SN and SH groups were kept in their cages without undergoing RT, while animals in TH group were subjected to four weeks of RT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Drugs</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Acetylcholine chloride (ACh), L-phenylephrine (Phe), N<sup>&#969;</sup>-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were utilized in this study, all obtained from SIGMA-Aldrich (St. Louis, Missouri, USA)</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood pressure measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Blood pressure was obtained upon the animal awakening and 48 hours after the induction and training periods. Animals were allowed to adapt to the environment for three days before the measurement of blood pressure. Mean, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were determined by tail cuff method (LETICA, LE5002, Barcelona, Spain). Animals were placed in a heated chamber at a temperature of 38 - 40 &#186;C for ten minutes and blood pressure values (10-15) were recorded from each animal.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Hypertension induction and maintenance</bold>
      </p>
      <p>During the induction period, the animals were given L-NAME in their drinking water at a concentration of 0.4 mg/ml for a total daily intake of 40 mg/kg<sup>13</sup> for four weeks<sup>14</sup>. During the experimental period, AH was maintained by the administration of L-NAME dissolved in water to accumulate a daily intake of 25 mg/Kg for a duration of more than four weeks, which was sufficient to maintain the hypertensive state. The concentration of L-NAME was adjusted daily for water consumption and total weight of the animals in each cage.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Training protocol</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The training protocol was initiated after detection of hypertension in the subjects. RT was performed in a squat-training apparatus following a model adapted from Tamaki et al<sup>15</sup>. TH animals, following one week of adaptation, were trained with three sets of ten repetitions with a 60 second resting period at a 50% training load set by one repetition maximum test (1RM), three times per week. The training load and intensity were adjusted every two weeks with a new 1RM.</p>
      <p>Parameters of electrical stimulation were fulfilled as described by Barauna et al<sup>16</sup> and Pinter et al<sup>17</sup>. Animals were encouraged to perform the series through the application of electrical stimulation (20 V, 0.3 s duration, 3 s intervals) with electrodes (ValuTrode, Model CF3200, Axelgaard, Fallbrook, CA, USA) attached at the tail and connected to an electrostimulator (BIOSET, Physiotonus Four, Model 3050, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>In vitro studies</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Following animal sacrifice the superior mesenteric artery was removed, stripped of connective and fatty tissues and sectioned into rings (1-2 mm). Rings were suspended from fine stainless steel hooks, connected to a force transducer (Letica, Model TRI210; Barcelona, Spain) with cotton threads in organ baths containing 10 ml of Tyrode's solution (composition in mM: NaCl 158.3, KCl 4.0, CaCl<sub>2</sub> 2.0, NaHCO<sub>3</sub> 10.0, C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub> 5.6, MgCl<sub>2</sub> 1.05 and NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> 0.42). This solution was continually gassed with carbogen (95% O<sub>2</sub> and 5% CO<sub>2</sub>) and maintained at 37 &#186;C under a resting tension of 0.75 g for 60 minutes (stabilization period). During this time, the nutrient solution was changed every 15 minutes to prevent the interference of metabolites<sup>18</sup>. Isometric tension was recorded through the force transducer (TRI210, Letica, Barcelona, Spain) coupled with an amplifier-recorder (BD-01, AVS, SP, Brazil).</p>
      <p>When necessary, endothelium was removed by gently rubbing the intimal surface of the vessels with a fine stainless wire; its functionality was assessed by the ability of ACh (1 &#181;M) to induce more than 75% relaxation of Phe (1 &#181;M) tonus. The absence of relaxation in reaction to ACh was taken as evidence that the rings were functionally denuded of endothelium<sup>19</sup>. Changes in vascular reactivity were assessed by obtaining concentration-response curves for the contractile agents Phe (10<sup>-8</sup> - 10<sup>-3</sup> M), an &#945;<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic agonist; and the relaxant agent SNP (10<sup>-9</sup> - 10<sup>-4</sup> M), a donor nitric oxide (NO). Relaxing agents were tested on rings pre-contracted with Phe (1 &#181;M).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Histological examination of tissues</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Three rings from each artery were immersed in a 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; 0.1 M pH 7.4) and kept at 4 &#186;C for 24 hours. Rings were then rinsed in distilled water and kept in 70% ethanol for 12 hours, followed by standard histological protocol.</p>
      <p>Sections of 5-6 &#181;m thickness were obtained using a microtome and were mounted on slides coated with gelatin. For morphological analysis, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H.E) for further observation under bright field microscopy.</p>
      <p>Arterial stereological analysis was performed by using a test-area comprising a system of equidistant points containing a total of 1000 &#181;m<sup>2</sup> performed in the Image J program. Two random and non-consecutive sections of each arterial ring ( four animals per group) were analyzed by overlaying images of test-area and the arterial section. The number of total points falling into the area of interest was estimated. A periphery to the center direction was considered, including artery lumen and arterial wall (intima and tunica media). The adventitia layer was discarded because there was incongruity in the definition of the limits of the supportive adjacent tissue. Thus, the total sectional area of the artery, the sectional area of the lumen of the vessel and the sectional area of the arterial wall were estimated, allowing the calculation of density areas of the arterial lumen and arterial wall over the full reference.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Values are expressed as mean &#177; standard error of mean (SEM). The potency of the <italic>in vitro </italic>experiments were expressed in pD<sub>2</sub> values and calculated by the negative logarithm of EC<sub>50</sub> (effective concentration able to induce 50% of maximal response) obtained by nonlinear regression of concentration-response curves. When necessary, Student's t test or ANOVA repeated measures followed by Bonferroni post-test were performed to evaluate the significance of differences between means. Values were considered statistically significant when p &lt; 0.05. For all of these procedures we used the statistical program GraphPad Prism<sup>TM</sup> version 3.02 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effects of treatment with L-NAME on body weight and blood pressure during the induction period</bold>
      </p>
      <p>L-NAME-treated rats appeared generally healthy and gained weight similarly to the untreated rats. L-NAME significantly increased MAP, SBP and DBP (p &lt; 0.001). There was no significant elevation of blood pressure levels in the untreated group (control) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4893tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4893tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0339-30051-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effects of resistance training on body weight and blood pressure values in hypertensive rats</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The animals in the SN and SH groups showed a significant increase (p&lt;0.001 and p&lt;0.05 respectively) in body weight at four weeks of treatment. However, the body weight of the TH group was unchanged following training. L-NAME elevated the MAP, SBP and DBP in the SH group during the experimental period. However, RT was effective in preventing this increase. Before the training protocol there were no significant differences in MAP, SBP and DBP between the TH and SH groups. After four weeks of training, RT significantly reduced MAP (p &lt; 0.05) and DBP (p &lt; 0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4893tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4893tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0339-30051-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effect of resistance training on the response to phenylephrine</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Phenylephrine was able to induce contraction in the rings from all groups. The concentration-response curve to phenylephrine was significantly shifted to the left in the H group (pD<sub>2</sub> = 5.35 &#177; 0.07, n = 9) in relation to the SN group (pD<sub>2</sub> = 4.36 &#177; 0.04, n = 6) with change in Rmax. RT significantly reversed the increase in the potency, since its concentration-response curve to phenylephrine was significantly (p &lt; 0.001) shifted to the right (pD<sub>2</sub> = 4.36 &#177; 0.10, n = 9) compared to SH (pD<sub>2</sub> = 5.35 &#177; 0.07, n = 9), without change in Rmax (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4893fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4893fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0339-30051-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effect of resistance training on the response to sodium nitroprusside</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The concentration-response curve to SNP was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) shifted to the right in the SH group (pD<sub>2</sub> = 4.85 &#177; 0.14; n = 3) in relation to the SN group (pD<sub>2</sub> = 6.18 &#177; 0.13; n = 3) without change in Rmax. RT partially reversed the decrease in the potency, since its concentration-response curve to SNP was significantly (p &lt; 0.01) shifted to the left (pD<sub>2</sub> = 5.42 &#177; 0.06; n = 3) compared to SH (pD<sub>2</sub> = 4.85 &#177; 0.14; n = 3). Furthermore, the Rmax of TH group was significantly (p &lt; 0.05) larger than SH group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4893fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4893fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0339-30051-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Effect of resistance training on vascular morphology</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Analysis of arterial segments demonstrated a standard arrangement of intima, media and adventitia layers in all groups (SN, SH, TH) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4893fig03-body2">Figure 3 A-D</xref>). Endothelium in the tunica intima consisted of simple squamous epithelial tissue (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4893fig03-body2">Figure 3B</xref>) supported by loose connective tissue scattered in the subendothelial layer, followed by the internal elastic membrane that separates the tunica intima from the tunica media. In the tunica media, there were concentric layers of smooth muscle fibers intermingled with elastic fibers (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4893fig03-body2">Figure 3B</xref>). The presence of the external elastic membrane was also noted, which delimits the tunica media from the tunica adventitia. The tunica adventitia was comprised of loose connective tissue (Figure 3B) with collagen and elastic fibers, blood vessels and sparse fat cells.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4893fig03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0339-30051-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Stereological results demonstrated no significant difference in the lumen, tunica media and the total area of the arteries of SH and TH groups in relation to SN group. The wall-to-lumen ratio of the arteries of SH group (p &lt; 0.05) was significantly different from SN group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4893tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4893tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0339-30051-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of RT on L-NAME hypertensive rats. The current study showed that RT is effective in preventing an increase in blood pressure levels in L-NAME hypertensive rats, possibly by changing the &#945;<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptor sensibility.</p>
      <p>It is well established in the literature that the synthesis and the availability of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial cells play an important role in vasorelaxation, thus contributing to the modulation of vascular tone. Furthermore, NO has been identified as an important agent in the proliferation of smooth muscle cells<sup>20</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is also known that the chronic inhibition of NO synthesis by L-NAME, and the consequent decreased availability of NO, causes an increase in arterial blood pressure<sup>21,22</sup>, reduces the internal arterial diameter, increases response to components of the endothelium-derived contracting factors, increases peripheral resistance<sup>13</sup> and causes vascular remodeling and endothelial dysfunction<sup>21</sup>. Because of this, the L-NAME-induced hypertension method has been used as a reliable model for morphological and functional studies of the cardiovascular system.</p>
      <p>In our study, L-NAME was able to induce hypertension. The increase in arterial pressure induced by L-NAME was inhibited in the animals that underwent RT. Furthermore, RT was not able to reduce the weight gain of the hypertensive animals. This result is in agreement with a study by Barauna et al<sup>16</sup>, in which a reduction of 14% in DBP and 13% in MAP of normotensive rats was observed, and a study by Tamaki et al<sup>15</sup>, which demonstrated that RT for four weeks did not alter weight gain of animals.</p>
      <p>There is evidence that both short and long-term physical training significantly reduces blood pressure in humans<sup>23,24</sup> and in hypertensive rats<sup>11</sup>, but little is known about the mechanisms involved in this reduction<sup>25</sup>.</p>
      <p>Reports in the literature indicate that physical training (PT) has a very strong relationship with vascular function, being able to modify the structure and function of vascular cells<sup>26</sup>. Studies suggest that PT increases blood flow and therefore the stress on the vascular wall, providing an increase in endothelium-derived NO production and thereby improving the vasodilator response<sup>27,28</sup>.</p>
      <p>Therefore, in order to better understand the possible mechanism involved in arterial blood pressure control promoted by RT in L-NAME hypertensive rats, we investigated the effects of RT on the vascular reactivity and morphology of these animals.</p>
      <p>First, we evaluated the vascular contractile response to Phe, an &#945;<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic agonist. The results showed that the sensitivity of &#945;<sub>1</sub>-adrenergic receptors was significantly increased in L-NAME hypertensive rats. Similar results were also found by Sekiguchi<sup>29</sup>, who demonstrated an increase in the effects of PHE on different vascular beds from animals subjected to forced swimming.</p>
      <p>Interestingly in our study, the PHE effect on arterial rings from L-NAME hypertensive rats treated with RT was reduced. It is possible that RT is able to induce an adjustment in the blood flow distribution<sup>30</sup>. Furthermore, according to Convertino<sup>31</sup>, changes in the sensitivity of these receptors may be primarily dependent on the intensity, duration and frequency of the exercise. Although more experiments are needed to clarify the mechanisms by which RT promotes vascular changes, this study suggests that the changes caused by RT on the hemodynamics of trained animals could be related to a reduced sensitivity of adrenergic receptors.</p>
      <p>To evaluate the vascular relaxant response, we used SNP, a NO donor that mimics an endogenous response related to NO. This set of experiments revealed that the sensitivity of the NO pathway was significantly decreased in L-NAME hypertensive rats and that RT was able to partially reverse this effect. Packer<sup>32</sup> demonstrated that blocking NO production, such as occurs when using L-NAME, reduces the eNOS expression. Furthermore, it is possible that the output of endothelium-derived constricting factor (EDCF) increases in the presence of L-NAME in peripheral arteries<sup>22</sup>.</p>
      <p>The wall-to-lumen ratio of the arteries is increased due to rearrangement of the medial layer of the vessel lumen<sup>33</sup>. Our results showed an increase of the wall-to-lumen ratio in the arteries of SH group, but the RT protocol used did not cause significant changes in the reduction of this ratio. Melo et al<sup>34</sup> found a similar result when they showed that aerobic training at 50% intensity in SHR decreased MAP and the wall-to-lumen ratio of the arteries when compared to the sedentary group, proving that anaerobic training can be a possible adjuvant therapy for hypertension. This reinforces the importance of studies on the effects of RT as a preventive or recuperative therapy for hypertension, because it shows that RT is not only effective in preventing changes in blood pressure but may also protect against vascular changes, as shown in the model of L-NAME-induced hypertension.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, long-term resistance training, under the tested conditions in this study, is able to prevent an increase in blood pressure. This effect appears to involve a mechanism of vasoconstrictor regulation and maintenance of the luminal diameter in L-NAME- induced hypertensive rats.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Acknowledgements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This work was supported by CNPq and FAPITEC, Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by CNPq, CAPES, FAPITEC and UFS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ayslan Jorge Santos de Araujo, from Universidade Federal de Sergipe.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
