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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">CcMKNCSgDJRfBgWPQXL7hrH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000400008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130046</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ades&#227;o ao tratamento e controle da press&#227;o arterial por meio da monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de 24 horas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Grezzana</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Brasil</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Airton Tetelbon</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pellanda</surname>
            <given-names>L&#250;cia Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>335</fpage>
      <lpage>361</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; um importante fator de risco cardiovascular, no entanto os n&#237;veis de controle press&#243;rico persistem inadequados. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) de 24 horas pode representar um importante aux&#237;lio na busca de metas de controle da HAS. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e a sua rela&#231;&#227;o com os valores de PA obtidos pela MAPA de 24 horas entre pacientes hipertensos de centros de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de (APS). M&#201;TODOS: Estudo transversal com 143 pacientes hipertensos de amostra representativa de servi&#231;o de APS do munic&#237;pio de Ant&#244;nio Prado, RS. Foi realizada aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste de Morisky e Green para avaliar a ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento e a verifica&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de medicamentos utilizados, seguida pela aplica&#231;&#227;o da MAPA de 24 horas. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que 65,7% da amostra foram considerados aderentes ao tratamento proposto, 20,3% eram moderadamente aderentes, enquanto somente 14% foram classificados como n&#227;o aderentes. Do total de 143 pacientes avaliados, 79 (55,2%) foram identificados como HAS controlada (&lt;130/80 mmHg) pelas medidas da MAPA de 24 horas, 64 (44,8%) n&#227;o estavam controlados (&gt;130/80 mmHg), 103 (72%) apresentaram aus&#234;ncia de descenso noturno da PA e 60 (41,9%) n&#227;o estavam controlados durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia. CONCLUS&#195;O: Verificamos, no presente estudo, que n&#227;o h&#225; um controle adequado da HAS, com consequente perda de oportunidade dos profissionais envolvidos na APS de ajuste adequado das metas de PA preconizados. Esse fato ocorre a despeito de apropriada ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo dos pacientes vinculados ao ambulat&#243;rio de APS.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o ao Tratamento Medicamentoso</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Ades&#227;o ao tratamento e controle da press&#227;o arterial por meio da monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de 24 horas </bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Guilherme Brasil Grezzana; Airton Tetelbon Stein; L&#250;cia Campos Pellanda</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - ICFUC, Porto Alegre, RS -Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) &#233; um importante fator de risco cardiovascular, no entanto os n&#237;veis de controle press&#243;rico persistem inadequados. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA) de 24 horas pode representar um importante aux&#237;lio na busca de metas de controle da HAS. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e a sua rela&#231;&#227;o com os valores de PA obtidos pela MAPA de 24 horas entre pacientes hipertensos de centros de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de (APS). </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo transversal com 143 pacientes hipertensos de amostra representativa de servi&#231;o de APS do munic&#237;pio de Ant&#244;nio Prado, RS. Foi realizada aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste de Morisky e Green para avaliar a ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento e a verifica&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de medicamentos utilizados, seguida pela aplica&#231;&#227;o da MAPA de 24 horas. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Observou-se que 65,7% da amostra foram considerados aderentes ao tratamento proposto, 20,3% eram moderadamente aderentes, enquanto somente 14% foram classificados como n&#227;o aderentes. Do total de 143 pacientes avaliados, 79 (55,2%) foram identificados como HAS controlada (&lt;130/80 mmHg) pelas medidas da MAPA de 24 horas, 64 (44,8%) n&#227;o estavam controlados (&gt;130/80 mmHg), 103 (72%) apresentaram aus&#234;ncia de descenso noturno da PA e 60 (41,9%) n&#227;o estavam controlados durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Verificamos, no presente estudo, que n&#227;o h&#225; um controle adequado da HAS, com consequente perda de oportunidade dos profissionais envolvidos na APS de ajuste adequado das metas de PA preconizados. Esse fato ocorre a despeito de apropriada ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo dos pacientes vinculados ao ambulat&#243;rio de APS.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Press&#227;o Arterial, Monitora&#231;&#227;o Ambulatorial da Press&#227;o Arterial, Hipertens&#227;o, Ades&#227;o ao Tratamento Medicamentoso.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS) representa o mais importante fator de risco isolado para mortalidade<sup>1</sup> e o principal fator de risco modific&#225;vel para doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV)<sup>2</sup>, com preval&#234;ncia de um bilh&#227;o de hipertensos no mundo e respons&#225;vel por aproximadamente 7,6 milh&#245;es de mortes ao ano<sup>3,4</sup>. No entanto, aproximadamente 40% dos pacientes hipertensos encontram-se sem tratamento anti-hipertensivo e dois ter&#231;os dos tratados n&#227;o atingem as metas de controle da PA (&lt; 140/90 mmHg). Assim, embora a rela&#231;&#227;o entre elevado risco cardiovascular e HAS esteja bem definida, somente pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes que utilizam medicamentos anti-hipertensivos atinge as metas de controle de PA<sup>5</sup>. No Brasil, hipertensos atendidos em programas de hipertens&#227;o das unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de (UBS) apresentavam somente 39% de controle da PA (&lt; 140/90 mmHg) e 33% desses pacientes foram classificados como est&#225;gios 2 ou 3 de HA (PA &gt; 160/110 mmHg)<sup>6</sup>.</p>
    <p>As baixas taxas de ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso proposto s&#227;o uma das principais causas de inadequado controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial<sup>7</sup>. Enfaticamente, hipertensos que abandonaram o tratamento apresentaram risco de s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda tr&#234;s vezes superior aos pacientes que mantiveram o tratamento anti-hipertensivo<sup>8</sup>. Tamb&#233;m podemos observar a import&#226;ncia da n&#227;oader&#234;ncia ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo como uma das respons&#225;veis pelas altas taxas de doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares em nosso pa&#237;s<sup>9</sup>. </p>
    <p>As taxas de ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo variam no Brasil entre 23% e 62,1%10<sup>-12</sup>. Esses dados s&#227;o decorrentes, principalmente, de estudos que utilizaram m&#233;todos indiretos de avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o por apresentarem baixos custos e factibilidade de aplica&#231;&#227;o. Apesar disso, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de m&#233;todos auxiliares de medidas de PA e a sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso n&#227;o tem sido adotada amplamente em APS<sup>13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi estimar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico anti-hipertensivo e o controle das medidas de PA realizadas pela monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial de 24 horas, em pacientes hipertensos cadastrados no Programa Hiperdia de unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de (UBS) de um pequeno munic&#237;pio do sul do Brasil.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold> Participantes</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os participantes deste estudo transversal eram pacientes hipertensos da cidade de Ant&#244;nio Prado (RS), cidade do sul do Brasil com um total de 12.837 habitantes<sup>6</sup>. Os pacientes estavam cadastrados no Programa de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia e no Programa Hiperdia (sistema informatizado que permite o cadastramento e o acompanhamento de pacientes hipertensos e diab&#233;ticos no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de) dos postos de sa&#250;de do munic&#237;pio, no per&#237;odo entre janeiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2010. Os pacientes hipertensos acima de 18 anos que estavam em uso de medicamento anti-hipertensivo nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses foram convidados a participar do estudo pelos seus m&#233;dicos durante consulta de rotina no ambulat&#243;rio de hipertens&#227;o. Foram exclu&#237;dospacientes n&#227;o aptos a responder o question&#225;rio, gestantes, portadores de eletrocardiograma com ritmo n&#227;o sinusal e moradores de fora da &#225;rea de cobertura das unidades de sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>Todos os participantes do trabalho concordaram e assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Os resultados dos exames bioqu&#237;micos realizados durante o estudo foram entregues aos pacientes. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (CEP) do IC/FUC - 4278.08. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Medida convencional da PA</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O m&#233;dico do posto de sa&#250;de realizou tr&#234;s medidas de PA com esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio, manguito de tamanho apropriado, com o paciente sentado e ap&#243;s 5 minutos de repouso. Os m&#233;dicos dos postos de sa&#250;de foram orientados a realizar medidas em ambos os bra&#231;os, tomando como refer&#234;ncia o maior valor de PA ap&#243;s um intervalo de 3minutos entre as medidas. A primeira medida era exclu&#237;da e ent&#227;o se realizava a m&#233;dia das duas medidas subsequentes. Logo ap&#243;s, na mesma visita, o paciente era avaliado por uma enfermeira treinada para a pesquisa. Foi aplicado o question&#225;rio com os instrumentos validados do estudo, a realiza&#231;&#227;o do eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es com posterior confec&#231;&#227;o do laudo pelo m&#233;dico pesquisador e a coloca&#231;&#227;o da MAPA durante um dia normal de atividade laboral do paciente, sendo exclu&#237;dos os dias de final de semana e feriados.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Monitor de press&#227;o arterial e medidas</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram utilizados monitores devidamente validados e calibrados, aprovados pela Sociedade Brit&#226;nica de Hipertens&#227;o<sup>14</sup>. O gravador de MAPA utilizado foi o DMS Brasil modelo TM 2430, e o esfigmoman&#244;metro de merc&#250;rio erado modelo MDF 800. As medidas da MAPA de 24 horas foram realizadas a cada 15 minutos durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia e a cada 30 minutos durante o sono, ajustadas ap&#243;s cada paciente ser questionado quanto ao seu hor&#225;rio habitual de sono e despertar. Foram considerados adequados os dados provenientes de um m&#237;nimo de 70 registros no per&#237;odo de 24 horas, havendo pelo menos dois registros a cada hora durante o per&#237;odo noturno. Os par&#226;metros avaliados pela MAPA foram: PA m&#233;dia sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de 24 horas, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica de vig&#237;lia e noturna. Hipertens&#227;o atrav&#233;s das medidas convencionais por esfigmoman&#244;metro foi definida como valores iguais ou acima de 140/90 mmHg. Hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada utilizando a MAPA como crit&#233;rio foi considerada quando havia valores para a m&#233;dia de 24 horas acima de 130/80 mmHg. Para os valores do per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, PA n&#227;o controlada foi definida quando a m&#233;dia se mantinha acima de 130/85 mmHg. Aus&#234;ncia de descenso noturno foi definida como a redu&#231;&#227;o da PA pela MAPA menor ou igual a 10% em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; m&#233;dia diurna. Hipertens&#227;o do avental branco (HAB) foi considerada como a condi&#231;&#227;o em que a PA est&#225; elevada quando medida em ambiente de consult&#243;rio, por&#233;m controlada em outras situa&#231;&#245;es<sup>15</sup>. A hipertens&#227;o mascarada (HM) &#233; a apresenta&#231;&#227;o de PA como a situa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na qualencontramos uma medida convencional de PA normal mas com eleva&#231;&#227;o na MAPA ou medidas domiciliares<sup>16</sup>. As atuais diretrizes cl&#237;nicas n&#227;o apresentam valores claros de corte para crit&#233;rios de defini&#231;&#227;o de normalidade para a PA de 24horas; assim, foram considerados os mesmos entre pacientes diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;odiab&#233;ticos.</p>
    <p>O teste de avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o utilizado foi o de Morisky e cols.<sup>17</sup> adaptado e validado para a l&#237;ngua portuguesa<sup>8</sup>. As seguintes perguntas foram realizadas: alguma vez se esqueceu de tomar o seu medicamento?; &#224;s vezes se descuida quanto ao hor&#225;rio de tomar o seu rem&#233;dio?; quandose sente melhor, algumas vezes para de tomar o rem&#233;dio?; quandose sente mal devido &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o, &#224;s vezes para de tom&#225;-la? O paciente foi considerado aderente quando respondeu negativamente a todas as perguntas. Ader&#234;ncia moderada foi considerada quando o paciente respondia a uma ou duas indaga&#231;&#245;es das quatro presentes nesse question&#225;rio de forma afirmativa. Al&#233;m da aplica&#231;&#227;o do teste de Morisky e cols.<sup>17</sup>, foi avaliado o n&#250;mero de medicamentos utilizados pelo paciente atrav&#233;s do autorrelato dos mesmos e verifica&#231;&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Foram realizadas revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios e solicita&#231;&#227;o, por parte do m&#233;dico pesquisador, dos seguintes exames: colesterol total, HDL, triglicer&#237;deos, LDL, creatinina, pot&#225;ssio, prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR), fibrinog&#234;nio, hemograma, hemoglobina glicada fra&#231;&#227;o A1c, microalbumin&#250;ria e glicemia. Foram avaliados: massa corporal, estatura, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, raz&#227;o cintura/quadril, tabagismo e consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas<sup>18</sup>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos estat&#237;sticos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A entrada e a an&#225;lise dos dados foram realizadas atrav&#233;s do programa estat&#237;stico SPSS 17.0. Foi realizada estat&#237;stica descritiva com vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e categ&#243;ricas. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso com o teste de Morisky e cols.<sup>17</sup>, e n&#250;mero e medicamentos utilizados com o resultado de PA n&#227;o controlada pela MAPA de 24 horas, foi utilizado o teste estat&#237;stico do qui-quadrado, sendo considerado como significante p &lt; 0,05.</p>
    <p>Para estimar a concord&#226;ncia entre os dois m&#233;todos de aferi&#231;&#227;o da PA, foi considerada uma probabilidade de controle da PA de 30% e 10%, respectivamente, para a MAPA e a medida convencional. O intervalo de confian&#231;a foi de 95% e o poder de 80%. O tamanho estimado da amostra foi de 142 pacientes. A amostra foi considerada representativa do servi&#231;o de APS do munic&#237;pio de Ant&#244;nio Prado (RS) por ter sido selecionada de maneira aleat&#243;ria nos dois postos de sa&#250;de que possuem ambulat&#243;rios do Programa Hiperdia de um total de 646 pacientes cadastrados nesse sistema.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Entre janeiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2010 foi coletada uma amostra consecutiva de 146 pacientes hipertensos cadastrados no Programa Hiperdia de dois postos de sa&#250;de do munic&#237;pio de Ant&#244;nio Prado (RS), de um total de 618 pacientes. Desses 146, tr&#234;s pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise por abandono do protocolo de seguimento. A MAPA foi realizada nos 143 pacientes restantes, logo ap&#243;s a tomada de medidas da PA no consult&#243;rio, com dados considerados adequados na totalidade dos exames. A popula&#231;&#227;o estudada foi constitu&#237;da principalmente por mulheres (67%), brancos (79,6%), com m&#233;dia de idade de 59,8 anos. Al&#233;m disso, 21% eram diab&#233;ticos, 63,6% eram hipercolesterol&#234;micos, 9,2% eram tabagistas, 16,1% faziam utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bebidas alco&#243;licas e 32,6% eram obesos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4797tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). Todos os participantes faziam uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, sendo a principal classe medicamentosa utilizada os inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina (IECA; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4797fig01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4797tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0335-30046-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4797fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0335-30046-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Do total de 143 pacientes avaliados, 79 (55,2%) foram identificados como HAS controlada (&lt;130/80 mmHg) pelas medidas da MAPA de 24 horas, 64 (44,8%) n&#227;o estavam controlados (&gt; 130/80 mmHg), 103 (72%) apresentaram aus&#234;ncia de descenso noturno da PA e 60 (41,9%) n&#227;o estavam controlados durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4797fig02">Figura 2</xref>). Quando consideradas a preval&#234;ncia do efeito do avental branco e a hipertens&#227;o mascarada na amostra de pacientes hipertensos, encontramos valores de 29,37% e 12,58%, respectivamente. A concord&#226;ncia entre as medidas de consult&#243;rio e a MAPA de 24 horas na classifica&#231;&#227;o de PA controlada apresentou kappa de 0,198 para a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) e kappa de 0,09 para a press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD). A concord&#226;ncia entre os dois m&#233;todos para PA controlada apresentou kappa de 0,07. </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4797fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0335-30046-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Quando avaliada a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Morisky e cols.<sup>17</sup> para a ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso, 65,7% (94 pacientes) da amostra foram consideradas aderentes ao tratamento proposto, enquanto 20,3% (29 pacientes) eram moderadamente aderentes e 14% (20 pacientes) foram classificados como n&#227;o aderentes. Na rela&#231;&#227;o entre a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Morisky e cols.<sup>17</sup> e a PA n&#227;o controlada pela MAPA de 24 horas, n&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa entre os achados (p = 0,61;<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4797tab02">Tabela 2</xref>). Adicionalmente, quando considerados o n&#250;mero de medicamentos utilizados e o n&#227;ocontrole da PA pela MAPA, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis (p = 0,41;<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4797tab03">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4797tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0335-30046-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4797tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0335-30046-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cronicodegenerativas tornaram-se causas importantes de morte em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento, ap&#243;s melhorias nas condi&#231;&#245;es b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de alcan&#231;adas no &#250;ltimo s&#233;culo<sup>19</sup>. Essa transi&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica iniciou-se no Brasil em meados da d&#233;cada de 1940<sup>20,21</sup>. As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) destacam-se como respons&#225;veis pela principal causa de mortalidade mundial<sup>22,23</sup> e o Brasil est&#225; inclu&#237;do nesse contexto<sup>24</sup>.</p>
    <p>O presente estudo avaliou pacientes hipertensos em APS, utilizando a MAPA como instrumento de refer&#234;ncia para avaliar o controle da PA e o questionamento direto ao paciente atrav&#233;s do instrumento para avalia&#231;&#227;o de ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso proposto por Morisky e cols.<sup>17</sup>. Esse m&#233;todo &#233; o mais utilizado para avaliar a falta de ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento medicamentoso por ser de aplicabilidade pr&#225;tica, fact&#237;vel e de baixo custo<sup>25</sup>. N&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e PA controlada verificada pela MAPA de 24 horas. Adicionalmente, quando avaliado o n&#250;mero de medicamentos utilizados pelos pacientes, tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foi observada associa&#231;&#227;o entre a polifarm&#225;cia e o controle da PA m&#233;dia de 24 horas. Esse achado &#233; divergente do da literatura, onde o maior n&#250;mero de medicamentos utilizados tende a diminuir a ades&#227;o. Uma das poss&#237;veis explica&#231;&#245;es para esse achado &#233; o apoio social e multidisciplinar verificado nas UBS do munic&#237;pio que conta com servi&#231;os de psicologia e servi&#231;o social.</p>
    <p>O principal resultado do presente estudo foi que, a despeito de os pacientes dessa amostra serem em sua maioria aderentes ou moderadamente aderentes ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo, os seus valores de PA n&#227;o controlada, aferidos pela MAPA de 24 horas, n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa com a ades&#227;o ao tratamento. Foi observado que 65,7% da amostra eram considerados aderentes ao tratamento proposto, enquanto 20,3% foram classificados como moderadamente aderentes. Entre alguns estudos que utilizaram como m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de ades&#227;o o teste de Morisky e cols.<sup>17</sup>, as taxas de ades&#227;o variaram entre 60,3%<sup>26</sup> e 76,8%<sup>27</sup>. Quando se utilizou o mesmo teste para avaliar a ades&#227;o tendo como refer&#234;ncia ou padr&#227;o-ouro o controle da PA, a ades&#227;o variou de 23%<sup>10</sup> a 48,1%<sup>12</sup>. Adicionalmente, em estudo de Renet e cols.<sup>28</sup>, as recomenda&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas especializadas eram menos seguidas do que as de m&#233;dicos de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. A preval&#234;ncia de ades&#227;o utilizando o teste de Morisky e cols.<sup>17</sup> no presente estudo foi semelhante ao da literatura vigente, contudo n&#227;o foi observada correla&#231;&#227;o entre maior ades&#227;o ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo com menores n&#237;veis tensionais e consider&#225;veis redu&#231;&#245;es da PA<sup>7</sup>, como esper&#225;vamos. No achado do presente estudo de n&#227;o encontro de metas de controle da PA, a despeito de adequada ades&#227;o ao tratamento proposto, chama a aten&#231;&#227;o a participa&#231;&#227;o ativa dos pacientes quanto aos seus cuidados na tomada de medica&#231;&#245;es, sendo necess&#225;ria interven&#231;&#227;o mais efetiva no manejo da hipertens&#227;o pelos m&#233;dicos que atuam na APS. Esse resultado sugere uma inadequa&#231;&#227;o das prescri&#231;&#245;es medicamentosas anti-hipertensivas onde a ado&#231;&#227;o de protocolos e diretrizes para o tratamento da HAS poderia desempenhar um importante papel na obten&#231;&#227;o de metas de controle da PA<sup>29</sup>. Outro aspecto a ser sugerido &#233; a inclus&#227;o de uma orienta&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar para o tratamento da HAS, incluindo orienta&#231;&#227;o nutricional, atividade f&#237;sica e acompanhamento psicol&#243;gico para o adequado manejo do estresse.</p>
    <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; polifarm&#225;cia, o nosso estudo tamb&#233;m n&#227;o evidenciou associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#250;mero de medicamentos tomados ao dia e controle n&#227;o adequado da PA. Esses achados contradizem a maior parte dos estudos que relacionam o uso de diversos medicamentos como fator adverso &#224; ades&#227;o medicamentosa<sup>30</sup>. Assim, o uso di&#225;rio de diversos medicamentos pode ser visto como um dos principais motivos na interfer&#234;ncia da ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso<sup>31</sup>, diferentemente dos achados do presente estudo.</p>
    <p>Os achados da MAPA de 24 horas apresentaram um total de 44,8% de hipertensos n&#227;o controlados (&gt; 130/80 mmHg), 72% com aus&#234;ncia de descenso noturno da PA e 41,9% sem controle da PA durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia, demonstrandogrande n&#250;mero de hipertensos insuficientemente tratados. Esse achado &#233; concordante com o da literatura, onde h&#225; uma inadequa&#231;&#227;o no uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>H&#225; na literatura aten&#231;&#227;o ao investimento econ&#244;mico e disponibilidade de tempo na busca de medicamentos efetivos no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o, sem o mesmo empenho na preocupa&#231;&#227;o de que os pacientes de fato o utilizem<sup>31</sup>. As implica&#231;&#245;es na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica dos achados do nosso estudo demonstram que compara&#231;&#245;es entre medidas de PA realizadas pela MAPA e a sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento medicamentoso permitem afirmar que os pacientes foram, em sua maior propor&#231;&#227;o, seguidores das recomenda&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas propostas por seus m&#233;dicos, contudo n&#227;o atingiram um alvo de controle da hipertens&#227;o arterial. Al&#233;m disso, devemos ressaltar a import&#226;ncia de que os m&#233;dicos que atendem pacientes hipertensos em ambiente de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria podem ter um papel de destaque na tentativa de alcan&#231;ar metas de controle da PA.</p>
    <p>Uma limita&#231;&#227;o desse estudo foi a realiza&#231;&#227;o de apenas uma medida de MAPA de 24 horas, o que poderia interferir na reprodutibilidade das medidas, principalmente quanto ao descenso noturno da PA. Todavia, medidas pr&#233;vias &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o da MAPA foram tomadas, como a adequa&#231;&#227;o individualizada dos hor&#225;rios de sono e vig&#237;lia e o rigor nas grava&#231;&#245;es das medidas de 24 horas obtidas. Quando considerada a amostra, o universo de pacientes envolvidos no estudo &#233; representativo dos hipertensos dos servi&#231;os de APS do munic&#237;pio. Al&#233;m disso, os m&#233;dicos da APS foram estimulados a encaminhar os pacientes para participar deste estudo. Essa atitude caracteriza um estudo de base populacional, havendo mobiliza&#231;&#227;o de todos os pacientes com esse diagn&#243;stico a participar da pesquisa. Assim, estudos com base populacional s&#227;o de import&#226;ncia na busca de novas pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica e social atrav&#233;s da ado&#231;&#227;o de escolhas saud&#225;veis no que tange &#224; inclus&#227;o do maior n&#250;mero poss&#237;vel de indiv&#237;duos em n&#237;veis ideais e aceit&#225;veis de risco cardiovascular<sup>31</sup>.</p>
    <p>As observa&#231;&#245;es realizadas no presente estudo permitem concluir que h&#225; problemas de avalia&#231;&#227;o quanto &#224; percep&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica do significado de PA controlada em ambiente de APS. Dessa forma, verificamos o limitado controle da HAS e a perda de oportunidade por parte dos profissionais m&#233;dicos para um melhor ajuste da PA. Esse &#233; um fato importante, j&#225; que nos deparamos com uma amostra de pacientes altamente aderentes &#224;s orienta&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas. Assim, este estudo apoia as recomenda&#231;&#245;es de maior aten&#231;&#227;o quanto ao treinamento m&#233;dico e &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes de HAS com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade do servi&#231;o prestado ao atendimento do paciente hipertenso em ambiente de APS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold> Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Grezzana GB, Pellanda LC, Stein AT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Grezzana GB.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de Guilherme Brasil Grezzana pelo Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Refer&#234;ncias</bold>
    </p>
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    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Guilherme Brasil Grezzana </p>
        <p> Rua Oswaldo Hampe, 258, Centro </p>
        <p> CEP 95250-000, Ant&#244;nio Prado, RS - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="gbgrezzana@cardiol.br">gbgrezzana@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="gbgrezzana@yahoo.com.br">gbgrezzana@yahoo.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 29/3/12; revisado em 2/4/12; aceito em 24/10/12.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Blood pressure treatment adherence and control through 24-hour ambulatory monitoring</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Although systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is an important cardiovascular risk factor, blood pressure level control often remains inadequate. Assessment of adherence to antihypertensive treatment through 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) may represent an important aid in the search for BP control targets. OBJECTIVE: To assess adherence to antihypertensive treatment and its association with BP values at 24-hour ABPM in hypertensive patients treated in primary health care (PHC) centers. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study of 143 hypertensive patients, who constituted a representative sample of patients from PHC centers in the town of Antonio Prado, RS. The Morisky-Green test was used to evaluate adherence and verify the number of medications used by patients, followed by 24-hour ABPM. RESULTS: We observed that 65.7% of the sample was considered adherent to the proposed treatment, 20.3% were moderately adherent and only 14% were classified as non-adherent. Considering all the 143 patients evaluated, 79 (55.2%) were identified as having controlled hypertension (&lt;130/80 mmHg) according to the 24-hour ABPM measurements, 64 (44.8%) were considered uncontrolled (&gt;130/80 mmHg), 103 (72%) had absence of nocturnal BP dip and 60 (41.9%) were uncontrolled while awake. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we observed a lack of adequate hypertension control with a consequent loss of opportunity for PHC professionals to adequately adjust the recommended BP control targets. This fact occurs in spite of proper adherence to antihypertensive treatment by patients in PHC centers.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Medication Adherence</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood pressure treatment adherence and control through 24-hour ambulatory monitoring</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Guilherme Brasil Grezzana; Airton Tetelbon Stein; L&#250;cia Campos Pellanda</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - ICFUC, Porto Alegre, RS -Brasil</p>
      <p>
        <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end-body2">Mailing Address</xref>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Although systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is an important cardiovascular risk factor, blood pressure level control often remains inadequate. Assessment of adherence to antihypertensive treatment through 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) may represent an important aid in the search for BP control targets. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To assess adherence to antihypertensive treatment and its association with BP values at 24-hour ABPM in hypertensive patients treated in primary health care (PHC) centers. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We carried out a cross-sectional study of 143 hypertensive patients, who constituted a representative sample of patients from PHC centers in the town of Antonio Prado, RS. The Morisky-Green test was used to evaluate adherence and verify the number of medications used by patients, followed by 24-hour ABPM. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> We observed that 65.7% of the sample was considered adherent to the proposed treatment, 20.3% were moderately adherent and only 14% were classified as non-adherent. Considering all the 143 patients evaluated, 79 (55.2%) were identified as having controlled hypertension (&lt;130/80 mmHg) according to the 24-hour ABPM measurements, 64 (44.8%) were considered uncontrolled (&gt;130/80 mmHg), 103 (72%) had absence of nocturnal BP dip and 60 (41.9%) were uncontrolled while awake. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> In this study, we observed a lack of adequate hypertension control with a consequent loss of opportunity for PHC professionals to adequately adjust the recommended BP control targets. This fact occurs in spite of proper adherence to antihypertensive treatment by patients in PHC centers.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Blood Pressure; Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory; Hypertension; Medication Adherence.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is the most important independent risk factor for mortality<sup>1</sup> and the main modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD)<sup>2</sup>, with a prevalence of one billion hypertensive individuals worldwide and responsible for approximately 7.6 million deaths per year<sup>3,4</sup>. However, approximately 40% of hypertensive patients do not receive antihypertensive treatment and two-thirds of the treated ones do not reach blood pressure (BP) control goals (&lt;140/90 mmHg). Thus, although the association between high cardiovascular risk and SAH is well defined, only a small number of patients using antihypertensive medication reach the BP control goals<sup>5</sup>. In Brazil, hypertensive patients enrolled in of basic health units (BHU) hypertension programs showed only 39% of BP control (&lt;140/90 mmHg) and 33% of these patients were classified as having stage 2 or 3 hypertension (BP&gt; 160 / 110 mmHg)<sup>6</sup>.</p>
      <p>The low rates of adherence to the proposed drug therapy are a major cause of inadequate hypertension control<sup>7</sup>. Definitely, hypertensive individuals who abandoned treatment had a three-fold increased risk of acute coronary syndrome when compared with patients who maintained the antihypertensive treatment<sup>8</sup>. One can also observe the importance of non-adherence to antihypertensive treatment as one of the factors responsible for the high rates of cerebrovascular disease in our country<sup>9</sup>.</p>
      <p>The rates of adherence to antihypertensive treatment in Brazil vary between 23% and 62.1%10<sup>-12</sup>. These data derive primarily from studies using indirect methods of adherence assessment, due to their low cost and implementation feasibility. Nevertheless, the use of auxiliary methods of BP measurement and their association with drug treatment adherence has not been broadly adopted in primary health care (PHC)<sup>13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The aim of the present study was to estimate the association between adherence to antihypertensive drug treatment and BP measurement control performed by 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) in hypertensive patients enrolled in the Hiperdia program of basic health units (BHU) in a small town in southern Brazil.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods </bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Participants</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Participants in this cross-sectional study were hypertensive patients living in Antonio Prado (RS), a small town in southern Brazil with 12,837 inhabitants<sup>6</sup>. Patients were enrolled from the Family Health Program and the Hiperdia Program (computerized system that allows the registration and monitoring of patients with hypertension and diabetes in the National Health System) from the town's basic health units, from January 2009 to December 2010. Hypertensive individuals, aged 18 and older, who were receiving antihypertensive medication in the last three months were invited to participate in the study by their physicians during a routine consultation at the hypertension outpatient clinic. Patients who were not able to answer the questionnaire, pregnant women, patients with non-sinus rhythm at the electrocardiogram and those residing outside the coverage area of the health units were excluded. </p>
      <p>All participants in the study agreed to participate and signed the consent form. The results of biochemical tests performed during the study were given to patients. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee (REC) of IC/FUC - 4278.08.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>BP conventional measurement</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The basic health unit (BHU) physician obtained three BP measurements with a mercury sphygmomanometer, using a cuff of appropriate size, with the patient in the sitting position and after 5 minutes of rest. The BHU physicians were instructed to perform measurements on both arms, using the highest BP value as reference after a 3-minute interval between measurements. The first measurement was excluded and then the mean of the two subsequent measurements was calculated. Soon after, at the same visit, the patient was assessed by a nurse trained for the research. A questionnaire was applied containing the study validated instruments, a 12-lead electrocardiogram was performed with subsequent medical report prepared by the medical researcher and ABPM placement during a normal day of work activity of the patient, excluding weekends and holidays.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Blood pressure Monitor and measurements</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Monitors were used after being properly validated and calibrated, approved by the British Hypertension Society<sup>14</sup>. The ABPM device was DMS Brasil TM 2430 model and the mercury sphygmomanometer was an MDF 800 model. The 24-hour ABPM measurements were performed every 15 minutes during the waking period and every 30 minutes during sleep, adjusted after patients were questioned about their usual time of sleep and waking. Data were considered adequate when there was a minimum of 70 records in a 24-hour period, with at least two records every hour during the nocturnal period. The parameters evaluated by ABPM were: 24-hour mean systolic and diastolic BP, daytime and nighttime systolic and diastolic BP. Hypertension measured by a conventional sphygmomanometer was defined as values <underline>&gt;</underline> 140/90 mmHg. Uncontrolled hypertension using ABPM as a criterion was considered when there were values for 24-hour mean &gt; 130/80 mmHg.</p>
      <p>For the waking period values, uncontrolled BP was defined when the mean remained &gt; 130/85 mmHg. Lack of nocturnal dip was defined as a reduction in BP at ABPM <underline>&lt;</underline> 10% from the mean daytime. White-coat hypertension (WCH) was considered as the condition in which BP is higher when measured at the medical office, but controlled in other situations15. Masked hypertension (MH) is the clinical situation in which a conventional BP measure is normal, but high on ABPM or home measurements<sup>16</sup>. Current clinical guidelines do not have clear cutoff values to define 24-hour BP normality; thus the same values were considered between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals.</p>
      <p>The adherence evaluation test used was the one by Morisky et al.<sup>17</sup>, adapted and validated for the Portuguese language<sup>8</sup>. The following questions were used: Do you ever forget to take your medication?; Are you sometimes careless about the time you take your medication?; When you feel better, do you sometimes stop taking the medication?; When you feel bad due to the medication, do you sometimes stop taking it? Patients were considered adherent when answered 'no' to all questions. Adherence was considered to be moderate when the patient responded affirmatively to one or two of the four questions of this questionnaire. In addition to using the test by Morisky et al<sup>17</sup>, we evaluated the number of medications used by the patient through their self-report and medical record verification.</p>
      <p>Medical records were reviewed and the following tests were requested by the investigator: total cholesterol, HDL-c, triglycerides, LDL-c, creatinine, potassium, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fibrinogen, complete blood count, glycated hemoglobin A1c fraction, glycemia and microalbuminuria. The following were also assessed: body weight, height, body mass index, waist / hip ratio, smoking status and alcohol consumption<sup>18</sup>.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The entry and analysis of data were performed using SPSS 17.0. Descriptive statistics with continuous and categorical variables was performed. The statistical Chi-square test was used to evaluate adherence to drug treatment using the test by Morisky et al.<sup>17</sup> and number and type of medications with the results of uncontrolled BP by 24-hour ABPM; values were considered significant with p &lt; 0.05.</p>
      <p>To estimate the agreement between two methods of BP measurement, a probability of BP control of 30% and 10% was considered, respectively, for ABPM and conventional measurement. The confidence interval was 95% with 80% power. The estimated sample size was 142 patients. The sample was considered representative of the PHC service in the town of Ant&#244;nio Prado (RS), as it was randomly selected at two basic health units that have the Hiperdia Outpatient Program, of a total of 646 patients enrolled in this system.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Between January 2009 and December 2010, from a consecutive sample of 146 hypertensive patients enrolled in the Hiperdia program was collected from two basic health units in the town of Ant&#244;nio Prado (RS), of a total of 618 patients. Of these 146, three patients were excluded from the analysis, as they abandoned the follow-up protocol. ABPM was performed in the remaining 143 patients, shortly after BP measurements were obtained at the office, with data considered appropriate in all tests. The study population consisted primarily of women (67%), Caucasians (79.6%) with a mean age of 59.8 years. Additionally, 21% were diabetics, 63.6% had hypercholesterolemia, 9.2% were smokers, 16.1% consumed alcohol and 32.6% were obese (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4797tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). All participants were receiving antihypertensive medications and the main class of drugs used was angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4797fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4797tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0335-30046-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4797fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0335-30046-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Of the total of 143 patients assessed, 79 (55.2%) were identified as controlled SAH (&lt;130/80 mmHg) according to the 24-hour ABPM measurements, 64 (44.8%) were uncontrolled (&gt; 130/80 mmHg), 103 (72%) had lack of nocturnal BP dip and 60 (41.9%) were uncontrolled during the waking period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4797fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>). When considered the prevalence of white-coat hypertension and masked hypertension in the sample of hypertensive patients, values of 29.37% and 12.58% were found, respectively. The agreement between BP measurements at the office and 24-hour ABPM in the classification of controlled BP had a kappa value of 0.198 for systolic blood pressure (SBP) and 0.09 for diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The agreement between the two methods for controlled BP had a kappa value of 0.07.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4797fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0335-30046-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>When evaluating the classification of Morisky et al17 for medication adherence, 65.7% (94 patients) of the sample were considered adherent to the proposed treatment, while 20.3% (29 patients) were moderately adherent and 14% (20 patients) were classified as non-adherent. There was no statistically significant association between the findings regarding the association between the classification by Morisky et al.<sup>17 </sup>and uncontrolled BP by 24-hour ABPM (p = 0.61, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4797tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>). Additionally, when considering the number of medications used and uncontrolled BP by ABPM, no association was found between the variables (p = 0.41, <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4797tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4797tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0335-30046-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4797tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0335-30046-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Chronic-degenerative diseases have become major causes of death in developed and developing countries, after basic health improvements achieved in the last century<sup>19</sup>. This epidemiological transition started in Brazil in the mid-1940s<sup>20,21</sup>. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) stand out as responsible for the leading cause of worldwide mortality<sup>22,23</sup> and Brazil is included in this context<sup>24</sup>.</p>
      <p>The present study evaluated patients with hypertension in a PHC setting, using ABPM as a reference tool to assess BP control and direct questioning to the patient through the instrument to assess adherence to the proposed therapy developed by Morisky et al.<sup>17</sup>. This method is best used to assess the lack of adherence to drug treatment, as it has practical, feasible and low-cost applicability<sup>25</sup>. There was no association between adherence to antihypertensive treatment and controlled BP as recorded by 24-hour ABPM. Additionally, when evaluating the number of medications used by patients, there was no association between polypharmacy and 24-hour mean BP control. This finding differs from those in the literature, which show the greater the number of medications used, the lower the adherence. One possible explanation for this finding is the social and multidisciplinary support provided by the municipal BHUs, which includes support from psychology and social work professionals. </p>
      <p>The main result of the present study was that, although the patients in this sample were mostly adherent or moderately adherent to the antihypertensive treatment, their uncontrolled BP values, measured by 24-hour ABPM, showed no statistically significant association with treatment adherence. It was observed that 65.7% of the sample was considered adherent to the proposed treatment, while 20.3% were classified as moderately adherent. Among some studies that used test developed by Morisky et al.<sup>17</sup> as adherence assessment method, adherence rates ranged between 60.3%<sup>26</sup> and 76.8%<sup>27</sup>. When the same test was used to assess adherence having BP control as the reference or gold standard, adherence ranged from 23%<sup>10</sup> to 48.1%<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Additionally, in a study by Renet et al.<sup>28</sup>, medical recommendations made by medical specialists were followed less frequently than those made by primary care physicians. The prevalence of adherence using the test by Morisky et al.<sup>17 </sup>in the present study was similar to that of current literature; however, there was no correlation between greater adherence to antihypertensive treatment and lower blood pressure levels and significant reductions in BP<sup>7</sup>, as expected. Regarding the findings of the present study on BP control goals that were not attained despite adequate adherence to the proposed treatment, it is noteworthy the active participation of patients regarding their careful medication use, requiring more effective intervention in the management of hypertension by physicians working in PHC settings. </p>
      <p>This result suggests the inadequacy of antihypertensive drug prescriptions where the adoption of protocols and guidelines for the treatment of hypertension could play an important role in achieving BP control goals<sup>29</sup>. Another aspect to be suggested is the inclusion of a multidisciplinary guideline for the treatment of hypertension, including nutritional counseling, physical activity and psychological support for proper stress management.</p>
      <p>Concerning polypharmacy, our study also showed no association between the number of medications taken daily and inappropriate BP control. These findings contradict most of the studies linking the use of several drugs as an adverse factor for medication adherence<sup>30</sup>. Thus, the daily use of several medications can be seen as a major reason of therapy adherence interference<sup>31</sup>, unlike the findings of this study. </p>
      <p>The findings of the 24-hour ABPM showed a total of 44.8% of uncontrolled hypertensive individuals (&gt; 130/80 mmHg), 72% with absence of nocturnal BP dip and 41.9% with uncontrolled BP during the waking period, demonstrating a large number of insufficiently treated hypertensive patients. This finding is consistent with those in the literature, which shows inappropriate use of antihypertensive medications<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>The literature draws attention to the economic investment and availability of time when searching for effective medications to treat hypertension, without the same commitment regarding the concern whether patients actually use them<sup>31</sup>. The implications in clinical practice of the findings of our study demonstrate that comparisons between BP measurements carried out by ABPM and its association with adherence to drug treatment have shown that most patients followed the therapeutic recommendations proposed by their doctors; however, they did not reach the hypertension control goal. Moreover, one must emphasize the importance of the fact that physicians treating patients with hypertension in the primary care environment can have a major role in helping them reach BP control goals. </p>
      <p>One limitation of this study was the performance of only one 24-hour ABPM measurement, which could interfere with the reproducibility of measurements, particularly for the nocturnal BP dip. However, measures were taken prior to the implementation of ABPM, such as the individualized adequacy of sleep-wake cycle and the accuracy of the 24-hour measurements obtained. When considering the sample, the universe of patients involved in the study is representative of hypertensive patients treated at PHC services. Additionally, PHC physicians were encouraged to refer patients to participate in this study. This attitude characterizes a population-based study and all patients with this diagnosis were encouraged to participate. </p>
      <p>Thus, population-based studies are important in the search for new public and social health policies by adopting healthy choices regarding the inclusion of the largest possible number of individuals at optimal and acceptable cardiovascular risk levels<sup>31</sup>. </p>
      <p>The observations made in this study indicate that there are evaluation problems regarding the medical perception of the meaning of controlled BP in PHC settings. Thus, we observed the limited control of SAH and loss of opportunity by medical professionals to achieve a better BP adjustment. This is an important fact, as we are faced with a sample of patients that are highly adherent to medical guidelines. Therefore, this study supports the recommendations of greater attention in terms of medical training and the implementation of hypertension guidelines aiming at improving the quality of health care services provided to the hypertensive patient in the PHC setting. </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Grezzana GB, Pellanda LC, Stein AT; Obtaining funding: Grezzana GB.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Guilherme Brasil Grezzana, from Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul - Funda&#231;&#227;o Universit&#225;ria de Cardiologia.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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      <p>
        <fn id="end-body2" fn-type="corresp">
          <label>
            <bold>Mailing Address:</bold>
          </label>
          <p> Guilherme Brasil Grezzana </p>
          <p> Rua Oswaldo Hampe, 258, Centro</p>
          <p> Postal Code 95250-000, Ant&#244;nio Prado, RS - Brazil</p>
          <p> E-mail: </p>
          <p><email xlink:href="gbgrezzana@cardiol.br">gbgrezzana@cardiol.br</email>, </p>
          <p>
            <email xlink:href="gbgrezzana@yahoo.com.br">gbgrezzana@yahoo.com.br</email>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Manuscript received March 29, 2012; revised manuscript April 02, 2012; accepted October 24, 2012.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
