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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">XcVQybbTM5t8r5cxypVjqdP</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000400005</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130055</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima: influ&#234;ncia da experi&#234;ncia desportiva na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balassiano</surname>
            <given-names>D&#233;bora Helena</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio Gil Soares de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Gama Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>333</fpage>
      <lpage>338</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC) alcan&#231;ada ao final de um teste de exerc&#237;cio (TE) &#233; denominada FC m&#225;xima e possui reconhecida relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e epidemiol&#243;gica. Para sua medida correta &#233; necess&#225;rio que o TE seja verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do hist&#243;rico de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico intenso e/ou participa&#231;&#227;o desportiva competitiva na juventude sobre a FC m&#225;xima (% da prevista pela idade) em um teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) cl&#237;nico. M&#201;TODOS: Foram selecionados retrospectivamente 600 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o atletas (65,8% homens) com idade de 46 &#177; 13,7 anos, em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, submetidos a um TCPE m&#225;ximo. O perfil de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na inf&#226;ncia/adolesc&#234;ncia (PEFIA) foi classificado em escores crescentes de 0 a 4, com o valor 2 correspondendo aos n&#237;veis esperados para a faixa et&#225;ria. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 20 indiv&#237;duos com valores de FC m&#225;xima igual ou maior do que 200 bpm, nenhum deles tinha sido inativo ou pouco ativo na inf&#226;ncia/adolesc&#234;ncia. Houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre escores de PEFIA e a FC m&#225;xima (% da prevista pela idade) (p = 0,02), com um valor de 7 bpm mais alto para os escores de PEFIA 3-4 (32,9% da amostra) quando comparados com 0-2. CONCLUS&#195;O: Duas hip&#243;teses surgem para explicar esses resultados nos indiv&#237;duos mais ativos na juventude: a) persist&#234;ncia de adapta&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas do treinamento sobre o cronotropismo card&#237;aco ou b) maior capacidade e/ou motiva&#231;&#227;o para alcan&#231;ar um TCPE verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo. Questionar sobre o perfil de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na inf&#226;ncia/adolesc&#234;ncia pode contribuir para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da FC m&#225;xima no TE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Esportes</kwd>
        <kwd>Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ergometria</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescentes</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#225;xima: influ&#234;ncia da experi&#234;ncia desportiva na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>D&#233;bora Helena Balassiano; Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio - CLINIMEX; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte - Universidade Gama Filho - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO: </bold>A Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC) alcan&#231;ada ao final de um teste de exerc&#237;cio (TE) &#233; denominada FC m&#225;xima e possui reconhecida relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica e epidemiol&#243;gica. Para sua medida correta &#233; necess&#225;rio que o TE seja verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia do hist&#243;rico de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico intenso e/ou participa&#231;&#227;o desportiva competitiva na juventude sobre a FC m&#225;xima (% da prevista pela idade) em um teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE) cl&#237;nico. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Foram selecionados retrospectivamente 600 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o atletas (65,8% homens) com idade de 46 &#177; 13,7 anos, em preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, submetidos a um TCPE m&#225;ximo. O perfil de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na inf&#226;ncia/adolesc&#234;ncia (PEFIA) foi classificado em escores crescentes de 0 a 4, com o valor 2 correspondendo aos n&#237;veis esperados para a faixa et&#225;ria. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Dentre os 20 indiv&#237;duos com valores de FC m&#225;xima igual ou maior do que 200 bpm, nenhum deles tinha sido inativo ou pouco ativo na inf&#226;ncia/adolesc&#234;ncia. Houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre escores de PEFIA e a FC m&#225;xima (% da prevista pela idade) (p = 0,02), com um valor de 7 bpm mais alto para os escores de PEFIA 3-4 (32,9% da amostra) quando comparados com 0-2. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Duas hip&#243;teses surgem para explicar esses resultados nos indiv&#237;duos mais ativos na juventude: a) persist&#234;ncia de adapta&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas do treinamento sobre o cronotropismo card&#237;aco ou b) maior capacidade e/ou motiva&#231;&#227;o para alcan&#231;ar um TCPE verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo. Questionar sobre o perfil de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico na inf&#226;ncia/adolesc&#234;ncia pode contribuir para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o da FC m&#225;xima no TE.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, Exerc&#237;cio, Esportes, Esfor&#231;o F&#237;sico, Ergometria, Adolescentes, Crian&#231;a.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>&#201; amplamente sabido que o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular &#233; um dos principais componentes de um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel e parece contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade cardiovascular<sup>1,2</sup>. Uma an&#225;lise recente com mais de 600 mil casos identificou que os indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade podem ganhar at&#233; quatro anos de sobrevida quando fisicamente ativos<sup>3</sup>. Em linhas gerais, o h&#225;bito de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico deve ser estimulado desde a inf&#226;ncia, e, idealmente, ser mantido at&#233; o final da vida. Alguns estudos sugerem que crian&#231;as e adolescentes fisicamente ativos possuem uma maior probabilidade de manterem h&#225;bitos de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular na vida adulta<sup>4-7</sup>. Em tese, pode-se supor que indiv&#237;duos adultos que quando jovens experimentaram exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico de alta intensidade teriam maior predisposi&#231;&#227;o para realizar um esfor&#231;o efetivamente m&#225;ximo caso necess&#225;rio.</p>
    <p>O Teste de Exerc&#237;cio (TE), frequentemente denominado teste ergom&#233;trico<sup>8,9</sup>, &#233; um dos exames complementares mais utilizados em cardiologia<sup>8</sup>. Durante um TE s&#227;o avaliadas as respostas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias e eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas a um esfor&#231;o progressivo e programado para levar o indiv&#237;duo &#224; exaust&#227;o. O desempenho aer&#243;bico em um TE ou TCPE est&#225; muito relacionado ao patamar habitual de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico do indiv&#237;duo, sendo apreciavelmente melhor naqueles que se mant&#234;m fisicamente ativos. Por outro lado, a FC m&#225;xima &#233; inversamente relacionada &#224; idade e parece n&#227;o depender do grau de treinamento aer&#243;bico atual do indiv&#237;duo<sup>10</sup>. Em realidade, n&#237;veis altos de FC m&#225;xima em um TE ou TCPE t&#234;m se mostrado como indicadores de bom progn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico em indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
    <p>Em um contexto cl&#237;nico, &#233; poss&#237;vel que a experi&#234;ncia passada do indiv&#237;duo com esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo influencie na sua motiva&#231;&#227;o em completar um TE verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo. Sendo assim, hipotetizamos que indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;rico de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico intenso e/ou participa&#231;&#227;o desportiva competitiva na inf&#226;ncia/adolesc&#234;ncia tenderiam a alcan&#231;ar uma FC m&#225;xima mais alta, quando expressa em percentual do valor m&#225;ximo previsto pela idade, em um TCPE cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Amostra</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram analisados, retrospectivamente, todos os indiv&#237;duos que se submeteram pela primeira vez a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o em uma cl&#237;nica privada de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio, incluindo um Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio m&#225;ximo (TCPE), no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2010 a mar&#231;o de 2012. Foram exclu&#237;dos todos os indiv&#237;duos que faziam uso regular de medica&#231;&#227;o de a&#231;&#227;o cronotr&#243;pica negativa ou que possu&#237;am marca-passo card&#237;aco e aqueles em que o TCPE foi interrompido antes do m&#225;ximo fisiol&#243;gico, mais frequentemente por raz&#245;es cl&#237;nicas tais como angor ou dispneia relevante e/ou por anormalidades eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas (taquiarritmias supraventriculares e/ou ventriculares e infradesnivelamento de segmento retificado ou descendente superior a 3 mm) ou hemodin&#226;micas importantes. Foram tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;dos todos os indiv&#237;duos que estavam envolvidos em esporte competitivo por ocasi&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, foram identificados 600 indiv&#237;duos (65,8% do sexo masculino) com idade entre 11 e 87 anos (46,3 &#177; 13,6).</p>
    <p>Como &#233; rotina nessa cl&#237;nica desde 1994, todos os indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados por indica&#231;&#227;o dos seus m&#233;dicos assistentes, ou, em alguns poucos casos, por decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico executante dentro de uma perspectiva cl&#237;nica como parte de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-participa&#231;&#227;o desportiva e/ou orienta&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Foi obtido e assinado um termo de consentimento livre e informado ap&#243;s esclarecimento de eventuais d&#250;vidas e feita uma autoriza&#231;&#227;o formal para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados com finalidades cient&#237;ficas e estat&#237;sticas desde que preservado o anonimato do indiv&#237;duo. O presente protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o e a an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos dados foram devidamente aprovados por comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa de acordo com os termos da resolu&#231;&#227;o 196/96 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Protocolos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Classifica&#231;&#227;o do Perfil de Exerc&#237;cio F&#237;sico na Inf&#226;ncia/Adolesc&#234;ncia (PEFIA)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Mediante uma anamnese detalhada e dirigida foram colhidas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos praticados na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia e classificados em uma escala ordinal crescente tipo Likert de cinco possibilidades. Para efeito de classifica&#231;&#227;o do PEFIA, os dados foram agrupados em escores de 0 a 4. sendo: 0 - sedent&#225;rio ou muito pouco ativo; 1 - algo ativo, com padr&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico inferior ao recomendado para a faixa et&#225;ria; 2 - ativo ou moderadamente ativo, com padr&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico dentro do esperado ou compat&#237;vel com a faixa et&#225;ria; 3 - mais ou muito ativo, com padr&#227;o habitual de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico acima do tipicamente esperado para a faixa et&#225;ria; 4 - competitivo ou bastante ativo, com padr&#227;o regular de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico compreendendo alta intensidade e/ou grande volume (frequ&#234;ncia versus dura&#231;&#227;o) ou participa&#231;&#227;o em esporte competitivo. Exemplos para cada um dos escores s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5282tab01">tabela 1</xref>. Quando havia grande varia&#231;&#227;o no perfil de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular o escore final contemplava uma pondera&#231;&#227;o dos per&#237;odos de tempo correspondentes. Para a an&#225;lise retrospectiva do presente estudo, a informa&#231;&#227;o descrita na hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica padronizada foi classificada independentemente pelos dois autores. Os raros casos de disc&#243;rdia (menos de 4%) foram posteriormente reavaliados conjuntamente e tomada uma decis&#227;o final quanto ao escore na PEFIA. Em nenhum dos casos houve discord&#226;ncia separadas por mais de um n&#237;vel.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5282tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0333-30055-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio M&#225;ximo (TCPE)</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s uma consulta m&#233;dica, com anamnese cl&#237;nica, exame f&#237;sico e, integrando uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais abrangente, os indiv&#237;duos submeteram-se ao TCPE com an&#225;lise direta dos gases expirados no exerc&#237;cio (VO<sub>2</sub>000; Medgraphics, Estados Unidos) em ciclo-erg&#244;metro de membros inferiores (CG-04; Inbrasport, Brasil) (76,5%) e/ou esteira rolante (ATL; Inbrasport, Brasil) (23,5%), conforme a experi&#234;ncia pr&#233;via do indiv&#237;duo e/ou objetivo do procedimento, em um protocolo individualizado de rampa objetivando uma dura&#231;&#227;o ao redor de 10 minutos. Ao longo e especialmente ao final do TCPE, os indiv&#237;duos eram estimulados verbalmente a persistir no exerc&#237;cio visando obter um resultado verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo<sup>13-15</sup>. Nenhum dos TCPE foi interrompido com base em valores previstos da FC m&#225;xima. A natureza m&#225;xima do exerc&#237;cio, mais facilmente avaliada pelo TCPE, al&#233;m de confirmada pelo indiv&#237;duo sendo avaliada e pelo laudo do m&#233;dico supervisor do procedimento, foi corroborada em todos os testes, pela simultaneidade de obten&#231;&#227;o de um resultado de Borg de 10, identifica&#231;&#227;o de um limiar anaer&#243;bico e pelo padr&#227;o em formato de U dos equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios<sup>13,14,16</sup>.</p>
    <p>Durante o TCPE, a FC foi obtida atrav&#233;s de um registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico em uma deriva&#231;&#227;o (CM5 ou CC5) (Elite Ergo PC 3.1.2.5 ou 3.3.4.3 Micromed, Brasil), iniciando no per&#237;odo de repouso imediatamente pr&#233;-teste e prosseguindo a cada minuto no esfor&#231;o e at&#233;, pelo menos, cinco minutos ap&#243;s a finaliza&#231;&#227;o do exerc&#237;cio. A partir desse tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico, foi medida a FC pelo software nas mesmas deriva&#231;&#245;es. A FC m&#225;xima obtida nos &#250;ltimos segundos do TCPE foi ent&#227;o expressa como um percentual da FC m&#225;xima prevista, calculada pela equa&#231;&#227;o derivada de uma meta-an&#225;lise<sup>17</sup> e que &#233; exatamente a mesma obtida em uma amostra de mil brasileiros saud&#225;veis<sup>18</sup> - FC m&#225;xima = 208 - 0,7 x (idade). Os 600 TCPE inclu&#237;dos no presente estudo (per&#237;odo de 27 meses) foram realizados por apenas quatro m&#233;dicos experientes no procedimento.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os principais dados obtidos nos 600 indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a an&#225;lise descritiva. Para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados entre os cinco escores do PEFIA foram realizadas duas an&#225;lises: a) regress&#227;o linear entre os resultados dos escores e do percentual obtido da FC m&#225;xima prevista; e b) compara&#231;&#227;o entre os resultados dos percentuais obtidos da FC m&#225;xima prevista entre subgrupos de escores de PEFIA por teste-t ou por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia, dependendo do n&#250;mero de m&#233;dias envolvidas. Foram ainda comparados e analisados os resultados pelos quatro m&#233;dicos e pelos dois erg&#244;metros para esses conjuntos de escores agrupados. Para compara&#231;&#245;es nas distribui&#231;&#245;es das frequ&#234;ncias nos escores isolados ou agrupados utilizou-se o teste de qui-quadrado. Em adendo, foi calculada a porcentagem do total de indiv&#237;duos da amostra que obtiveram uma FC m&#225;xima inferior a &lt;90% e superior a &gt;100% da FC m&#225;xima prevista pela f&#243;rmula. Admitiram-se 5% como n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica e intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. Para todos os c&#225;lculos e para a elabora&#231;&#227;o das figuras foi utilizado o software Prism 5.04 (Graphpad, Estados Unidos).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Metade dos indiv&#237;duos tinha entre 36 e 56 anos de idade. A altura foi de (m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o) 171,7 &#177; 9,2 cm e o peso corporal de 77,5 &#177; 16,0 kg. Com base nos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, notadamente a exclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos em uso de medica&#231;&#245;es de a&#231;&#227;o cronotr&#243;pica negativa, com destaque para os betabloqueadores, a amostra teve um perfil cl&#237;nico mais de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria, com muitos casos de hipertens&#227;o arterial, obesidade e dislipidemia e apenas 3,54% de indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a coronariana conhecida. Apenas 192 (32%) indiv&#237;duos da amostra eram aparentemente saud&#225;veis. O perfil cl&#237;nico da amostra era bastante variado, conforme &#233; detalhado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5282tab02">tabela 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5282tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0333-30055-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados da classifica&#231;&#227;o do PEFIA indicam que 20% dos indiv&#237;duos tiveram pouco ou nenhuma experi&#234;ncia desportiva na inf&#226;ncia/adolesc&#234;ncia, contrastando com apenas 13% com viv&#234;ncia desportiva competitiva ou participa&#231;&#227;o muito importante em exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico regular - escore 4. Os indiv&#237;duos classificados como escore 4 no PEFIA tamb&#233;m eram mais jovens do que aqueles sedent&#225;rios na juventude - 44 <italic>vs</italic>. 50 anos de idade. A FC m&#225;xima no TCPE variou entre 113 e 214 bpm, correspondendo a 75% e 119% da FC m&#225;xima prevista para a idade. Em apenas 12,5% dos TCPE, a FC m&#225;xima ficou abaixo de 90% do valor predito, e em 40% excedeu o valor previsto pela equa&#231;&#227;o de idade. Dentre os 16 indiv&#237;duos com valores de FC m&#225;xima (% da prevista para a idade) superior a 110% do percentual previsto para a idade, 11 tinham PEFIA 0-2 e os outros 5 tinham PEFIA 3-4. Apenas 20 indiv&#237;duos (3,3%) igualaram ou excederam 200 bpm no TCPE, nenhum deles com escores de PEFIA 0 ou 1. Os resultados de FC m&#225;xima, expressa como percentual da FC m&#225;xima prevista para a idade, obtida para os cinco escores de PEFIA, variaram entre 96% e 99%, com uma associa&#231;&#227;o positiva (p = 0,02). Quando os escores eram agrupados, os resultados de FC m&#225;xima obtida (% da FC m&#225;xima prevista) foram discretamente menores para 0-1 - 97,2% e 2 - 97,7% do que para 3-4 - 98,9%. Quando os resultados s&#227;o analisados pelos extremos dos escores agrupados (0-2 e 3-4) observa-se uma tend&#234;ncia a percentuais maiores da FC m&#225;xima (p = 0,034), conforme &#233; ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5282fig01">figura 1</xref>. O VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo obtido no TCPE variou entre 34% e 217% do previsto para a idade/g&#234;nero, com um valor m&#233;dio muito pr&#243;ximo ao previsto - 99,3%. Concomitantemente, h&#225; um progressivo aumento do VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo acompanhando a magnitude dos escores agrupados (p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5282fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0333-30055-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Os principais dados para cada um dos cinco escores de PEFIA s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5282tab03">tabela 3</xref>, sendo poss&#237;vel observar uma tend&#234;ncia para que os TCPE dos indiv&#237;duos classificados nos escores 0 e 4 sejam, respectivamente, menos e mais frequentemente feitos em esteira rolante (p = 0,01), contudo, quando os escores foram agrupados em 0-2 e 3-4, essa diferen&#231;a de erg&#244;metro deixou de existir (p = 0,18). N&#227;o houve nenhuma diferen&#231;a nos resultados de FC m&#225;xima obtida (% da FC m&#225;xima prevista) entre os TCPE supervisionados pelos quatro diferentes m&#233;dicos (p = 0,62).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5282tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0333-30055-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>No estado atual do conhecimento, ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o completamente elucidados ou consensualmente aceitos os mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos e/ou perceptivos que definem o limite de um esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo<sup>19-21</sup> e a an&#225;lise das diversas teorias ou possibilidades extrapola o objetivo do presente artigo. Contudo, para efeito pr&#225;tico e para a quase totalidade das aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, o TE deve ser verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo para que seja poss&#237;vel aumentar a probabilidade de identificar anormalidades no funcionamento dos sistemas corporais, que s&#227;o mais frequentemente observadas nos n&#237;veis mais intensos e/ou no pico do esfor&#231;o. Isso &#233; provavelmente ainda mais relevante, com o aumento consider&#225;vel do n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos de meia-idade (correspondente a cerca de 50% da nossa amostra) que est&#227;o iniciando participa&#231;&#245;es em eventos aer&#243;bicos de massa, tais como meias-maratonas, maratonas, provas cicl&#237;sticas de estrada, provas de nata&#231;&#227;o de &#225;guas abertas, triatlos e provas cross-country ou corridas de aventura<sup>22,23</sup>.</p>
    <p>N&#227;o obstante, a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um TE verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo n&#227;o &#233; uma tarefa simples e implica que o avaliador e o paciente estabele&#231;am uma boa intera&#231;&#227;o, com adequada confian&#231;a m&#250;tua e um alto grau de motiva&#231;&#227;o e de coopera&#231;&#227;o, condi&#231;&#245;es que nem sempre s&#227;o facilmente obtidas ou observadas na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica cotidiana. Em realidade, tanto m&#233;dicos como os pacientes podem, pelas mais variadas raz&#245;es, evitar o desconforto e o estresse do esfor&#231;o verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo. Nesse contexto, a compet&#234;ncia e a experi&#234;ncia do m&#233;dico supervisor (avaliador) do TE parece ser muito importante para assegurar que um esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo seja alcan&#231;ado. Por exemplo, muito equivocadamente, n&#227;o &#233; infrequente que TE sejam interrompidos, quando a Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (FC) alcan&#231;a n&#237;veis pr&#243;ximos ou id&#234;nticos aos valores m&#225;ximos preditos pela idade, provavelmente prejudicando a interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos resultados. Quando o TE &#233; realizado com a coleta e an&#225;lise de gases expirados, denominado Teste Cardiopulmonar de Exerc&#237;cio (TCPE), pode ser mais f&#225;cil identificar e caracterizar um esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo<sup>24</sup>, ainda que permane&#231;a sempre algum grau de subjetividade nesse aspecto.</p>
    <p>Ao melhor do nosso conhecimento, a hip&#243;tese testada no presente estudo &#233; original, n&#227;o tendo sido objeto de estudos anteriores. A coleta cuidadosa das informa&#231;&#245;es e a posterior classifica&#231;&#227;o do PEFIA, o reduzido n&#250;mero de m&#233;dicos especializados supervisionando a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE e as caracter&#237;sticas da amostra, tanto em tamanho como nos seus perfis demogr&#225;fico e cl&#237;nico, s&#227;o pontos fortes do presente estudo. Vale destacar que, consoante com os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o aplicados, nenhum dos 600 indiv&#237;duos da amostra estava regularmente envolvido com esporte competitivo por ocasi&#227;o da realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE.</p>
    <p>A partir dos resultados encontrados, foi evidenciada uma tend&#234;ncia para uma FC m&#225;xima mais alta (% do previsto para idade) com o aumento da quantidade de exerc&#237;cio e esporte praticados na juventude. A FC m&#225;xima m&#233;dia foi cerca de 9 bpm mais alta no TCPE para aqueles indiv&#237;duos que na inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia tiveram um hist&#243;rico desportivo competitivo ou que praticavam exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico em n&#237;veis acima do esperado para a faixa et&#225;ria, quando comparado aos demais indiv&#237;duos com PEFIA de sedent&#225;rio, ou seja escore 0 na classifica&#231;&#227;o de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico - 175 <italic>vs.</italic> 166 bpm. Contudo, deve-se destacar que houve consider&#225;vel superposi&#231;&#227;o de dados entre todos os subgrupos, de modo que inatividade na inf&#226;ncia n&#227;o deve ser considerada como uma explica&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica regular para uma FC m&#225;xima relativamente baixa em um TE ou TCPE. Observa-se tamb&#233;m que o VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;ximo &#233; maior no grupo que praticou exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico competitivo ou de alta intensidade durante a inf&#226;ncia e adolesc&#234;ncia.</p>
    <p>Interessantemente, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os valores de FC m&#225;xima (% da prevista para a idade) quando foram comparados os TCPE realizados pelos quatro diferentes m&#233;dicos, sugerindo que a forma de condu&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos deve ter sido semelhante e que n&#227;o introduziu um fator interveniente na an&#225;lise dos resultados. Como a escolha do erg&#244;metro para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do TCPE depende das condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e dos objetivos da avalia&#231;&#227;o, &#233; natural que possa ocorrer uma diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica pontual entre determinados subgrupos. Contudo, quando os escores de PEFIA foram analisados entre os subgrupos O-2 <italic>vs.</italic> 3-4, essa diferen&#231;a dos erg&#244;metros desapareceu. Na realidade, dados publicados anteriormente pelo nosso laborat&#243;rio sugerem que, apesar das reconhecidas diferen&#231;as fisiol&#243;gicas, &#233; normalmente poss&#237;vel obter valores m&#225;ximos de FC tanto em TCPE realizados em cicloerg&#244;metro de membros inferiores como em esteira rolante, quando &#233; feita uma escolha individualizada e adequada para um dado indiv&#237;duo<sup>15</sup>. Outra evid&#234;ncia recente<sup>18</sup>, corroborando a validade de mesclar os resultados dos TCPE m&#225;ximos nos dois erg&#244;metros, foi obtida em um estudo que determinou a regress&#227;o entre FC m&#225;xima e idade em mil indiv&#237;duos, sendo 613 TCPE em ciclo e 387 TCPE em esteira rolante, encontrando-se uma equa&#231;&#227;o exatamente a id&#234;ntica da literatura (FC m&#225;xima = 208 - 0,7 x idade (anos)). Isso n&#227;o teria acontecido se os dados obtidos nos TCPE em ciclo tivessem sistematicamente subestimado a FC m&#225;xima.</p>
    <p>H&#225; diversas maneiras de medir ou estimar o perfil de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. O sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o do PEFIA utilizado no presente estudo foi desenvolvido e vem sendo aplicado em nosso laborat&#243;rio h&#225; cerca de dois anos, sendo este artigo o primeiro em que s&#227;o analisados os seus dados. Considerando a pequena discord&#226;ncia identificada entre os dois avaliadores - apenas 4% dos casos e nunca por mais de um ponto na escala de escores -, pode-se considerar como promissor esse sistema de classifica&#231;&#227;o dos perfis de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico. Contudo, sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o mais ampla e gen&#233;rica dever&#225; ser previamente validada em estudos futuros espec&#237;ficos.</p>
    <p>O delineamento do presente estudo gera, contudo, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A an&#225;lise retrospectiva e baseada em autorrespostas dos indiv&#237;duos testados pode ter introduzido alguns vieses que n&#227;o puderam ser controlados ou identificados. Em adendo, deve-se destacar que n&#227;o foi formalmente testada a aplica&#231;&#227;o dos resultados em amostras ou popula&#231;&#245;es com caracter&#237;sticas distintas daquelas do presente estudo. O estudo n&#227;o foi mecan&#237;stico e, assim, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel caracterizar se essa FC m&#225;xima discretamente mais alta nos indiv&#237;duos que foram mais ativos na juventude se deve a algum efeito cr&#244;nico real e que persiste na vida adulta sobre o cronotropismo card&#237;aco ou se mais simplesmente reflete a motiva&#231;&#227;o e a capacidade de tolerar um esfor&#231;o verdadeiramente m&#225;ximo, algo experimentado por esses indiv&#237;duos no passado. Por outro lado, o presente estudo abre perspectivas para que estudos futuros avancem na an&#225;lise da influ&#234;ncia de dados de perfis passado remoto ou recente de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico e/ou esporte sobre as vari&#225;veis cardiovasculares e respirat&#243;rias obtidas durante TE e TCPE.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Os resultados do presente estudo contribuem para o corpo de conhecimento e para a utiliza&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da ergometria ao evidenciar que o hist&#243;rico desportivo e/ou de exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico mais intenso na juventude pode influenciar no valor final da FC m&#225;xima (% da prevista para a idade) no TCPE, sugerindo que a inclus&#227;o do questionamento sobre esse perfil pode ser &#250;til na realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento e na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados a serem obtidos.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Balassiano DH, Ara&#250;jo CGS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ara&#250;jo CGS.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelo CNPq / FAPERJ.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de Mestrado de D&#233;bora Helena Balassiano pela Universidade Gama Filho.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo </p>
        <p> CLINIMEX </p>
        <p> Rua Siqueira Campos, 93/101 </p>
        <p> CEP 22031-070, Rio de Janeiro, RJ- Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="cgaraujo@iis.com.br">cgaraujo@iis.com.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p> Artigo recebido em 22/11/12, revisado em 26/12/12, aceito em 07/01/13.</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Maximal heart rate: influence of sport practice during childhood and adolescence</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The heart rate (HR) achieved at the end of an exercise test (ET) is called maximal HR and is known to have clinical and epidemiological relevance. For its correct measurement, it is necessary that the ET be truly maximal. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of a history of intense physical activity and/or participation in sports competitions during youth on the maximal HR (% of age-predicted HR) on a clinical cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). METHODS: A total of 600 non-athlete individuals (65.8% males) with a mean age of 46 &#177; 13.7 years, under primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and who underwent maximal CPET, were retrospectively selected. Their physical activity profile during childhood/adolescence (PAPCA) was classified in scores growing from 0 to 4, with value 2 corresponding to their respective age-predicted levels. RESULTS: None of the 20 individuals with maximal HR values equal to or greater than 200 bpm had been inactive or somewhat active during childhood/adolescence. A significant association was observed between PAPCA scores and maximal HR (% of age-predicted HR) (p = 0.02), with a 7-bpm higher value for PAPCA scores 3-4 (32.9% of the sample) in comparison to PAPCA 0-2. CONCLUSION: Two hypotheses exist to explain these results in individuals who had been more active during youth: a) persistence of chronic adaptations to training on the cardiac chronotropism, or b) higher ability and/or motivation to achieve a truly maximal CPET. Information on the physical activity profile during childhood / adolescence may contribute to the interpretation of maximal HR on ET.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Sports</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Exertion</kwd>
        <kwd>Ergometry</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescents</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Maximal heart rate: influence of sport practice during childhood and adolescence</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>D&#233;bora Helena Balassiano; Claudio Gil Soares de Ara&#250;jo</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Cl&#237;nica de Medicina do Exerc&#237;cio - CLINIMEX; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias do Exerc&#237;cio e do Esporte - Universidade Gama Filho - Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The heart rate (HR) achieved at the end of an exercise test (ET) is called maximal HR and is known to have clinical and epidemiological relevance. For its correct measurement, it is necessary that the ET be truly maximal. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate the influence of a history of intense physical activity and/or participation in sports competitions during youth on the maximal HR (% of age-predicted HR) on a clinical cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET).</p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> A total of 600 non-athlete individuals (65.8% males) with a mean age of 46 &#194;&#177; 13.7 years, under primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases and who underwent maximal CPET, were retrospectively selected. Their physical activity profile during childhood/adolescence (PAPCA) was classified in scores growing from 0 to 4, with value 2 corresponding to their respective age-predicted levels.</p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> None of the 20 individuals with maximal HR values equal to or greater than 200 bpm had been inactive or somewhat active during childhood/adolescence. A significant association was observed between PAPCA scores and maximal HR (% of age-predicted HR) (p = 0.02), with a 7-bpm higher value for PAPCA scores 3-4 (32.9% of the sample) in comparison to PAPCA 0-2.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Two hypotheses exist to explain these results in individuals who had been more active during youth: a) persistence of chronic adaptations to training on the cardiac chronotropism, or b) higher ability and/or motivation to achieve a truly maximal CPET. Information on the physical activity profile during childhood / adolescence may contribute to the interpretation of maximal HR on ET.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Heart Failure; Exercise; Sports; Physical Exertion; Ergometry; Adolescents; Child.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Practicing physical exercises regularly is widely known to be one of the major components of a healthy lifestyle, and it seems to contribute to the reduction of cardiovascular mortality<sup>1,2</sup>. A recent analysis of more than 600 thousand cases found that middle-aged individuals may earn up to four years of survival when physically active<sup>3</sup>. Briefly, the habit of practicing physical exercises should be stimulated from childhood and, ideally, be maintained until the end of life. Some studies suggest that physically active children and adolescents have a higher probability of maintaining the habit of practicing physical exercises regularly in adulthood<sup>4-7</sup>. Theoretically, we can presume that adult individuals who practiced high-intensity physical exercises when young would be more prone to perform an effectively maximal effort if necessary.</p>
      <p>The exercise test (ET), also known as ergometric test<sup>8,9</sup>, is one of the ancillary tests most frequently used in cardiology<sup>8</sup>. During an ET, cardiopulmonary and electrocardiographic responses to a progressive and programmed exertion leading the individual to exhaustion are analyzed. The aerobic performance on an ET or CPET is closely related to the individual's usual physical exercise level, and considerably higher in those who keep themselves physically active. On the other hand, the maximal HR is inversely related to age and seems not to depend on the individual's current aerobic training degree<sup>10</sup>. Actually, high maximal HR levels on ET or CPET have proven to be indicators of a favorable clinical prognosis in middle-aged individuals<sup>11,12</sup>.</p>
      <p>In a clinical context, it is possible that the individual's past experience with maximal effort will have an influence on their motivation to complete a truly maximal ET. Thus, we hypothesized that, when undergoing a clinical CPET, individuals with a history of practicing intense physical exercises and/or of participation in sports competitions during childhood/adolescence would tend to achieve a higher maximal HR, as expressed as a percentage of the maximal age-predicted value.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sample</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All individuals undergoing evaluation which included a maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) in a private Exercise Medicine Clinic for the first time in the period from January 2012 to March 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Those using negative chronotropic medication regularly or who had a cardiac pacemaker, and those whose CPET had been interrupted before the physiological maximum more commonly due to clinical reasons such as angina or relevant dyspnea and/or due to hemodynamic or electrocardiographic abnormalities (supraventricular or ventricular tachyarrhythmias and/or horizontal or downsloping segment depression greater than 3 mm) were excluded. All individuals participating in sports competitions at the time of the evaluation were also excluded. After the exclusion criteria had been applied, 600 individuals (65.8% males) with ages between 11 and 87 years (46.3 &#194;&#177; 13.6) were identified.</p>
      <p>As part of this clinic's routine since 1994, all individuals were evaluated by indication of their attending physicians, or, in a few cases, by decision of the performing physician within a clinical perspective as part of an evaluation preceding the individual's participation in sports and/or physical exercise guidance. All participants gave written informed consent after having their occasional questions clarified, and a formal authorization was made to allow the use of their data for scientific and statistical purposes provided that the anonymity of the individuals was protected. The present evaluation protocol and the retrospective data analysis were duly approved by the Research Ethics Committee according to the terms of resolution 196/96 of the National Health Council.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Protocols</bold>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Classification of the Physical Activity Profile during Childhood/Adolescence (PAPCA)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>By means of a detailed and guided history taking, information on the physical exercises practiced by the individuals during childhood and adolescence was collected and classified in a Liekert-like ordinal increasing scale of five possibilities. For the purpose of PAPCA classification, data were pooled in scores from 0 to 4, where: 0 - sedentary or very little active; 1 - somewhat active, with a physical activity pattern below the recommended for the age range; 2 - active or moderately active, with an physical activity pattern within the expected or compatible with the age range; 3 - more active or very active, with a usual physical activity pattern above the typically expected for the age range; 4 - competitive or extremely active, with a regular physical activity pattern characterized by high intensity and/or large amount (frequency vs. duration) or participation in competitive sports. Examples for each of the scores are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5282tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. When a wide variation in the regular physical activity profile was observed, the final score corresponded to a weighing of the corresponding periods of time. For the retrospective analysis of the present study, information described in the standardized medical history was independently classified by the two authors. The rare discordance cases (less than 4%) were further jointly reassessed and a final decision was made as regards the PAPCA score. In no case was the discordance greater than one level.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Maximal Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET)</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After a medical visit which included history taking, physical examination and a more encompassing evaluation, the individuals underwent CPET with direct analysis of expired gases during exercise (VO<sub>2</sub>000; Medgraphics, USA) in a leg cycle ergometer (CG-04; Inbrasport, Brazil) (76.5%) and/or treadmill (ATL; Inbrasport, Brazil) (23.5%), according to the individual's previous experience and/or objective of the procedure, in a customized ramp protocol aiming at a duration of approximately 10 minutes. During and especially at the end of CPET, the individuals were verbally stimulated to persist in the exercise with the purpose of obtaining a truly maximal result<sup>13-15</sup>. No CPET was interrupted based on maximal HR predicted values. The maximal nature of the exercise, more easily evaluated by CPET, in addition to being confirmed by the individual undergoing the test and by the report of the physician who supervised the procedure, was corroborated in all tests by simultaneously obtaining a Borg result of 10, identification of an anaerobic threshold and by the U-shape pattern of the ventilation equivalents<sup>13,14,16</sup>.</p>
      <p>During CPET, the HR was obtained from a one-lead electrocardiographic record(CM5 or CC5) (Elite Ergo PC 3.1.2.5 or 3.3.4.3 Micromed, Brazil), starting in the resting period immediately pre-test and continuing every minute during exertion up to at least five minutes after the end of the exercise. HR was measured from this electrocardiographic tracing, with a software program in the same leads. The maximal HR obtained in the last seconds of the CPET was then expressed as a percentage of the maximal predicted HR, as calculated by the equation derived from a meta-analysis<sup>17</sup>, which is exactly the same obtained in a sample of one thousand healthy Brazilians<sup>18</sup> - maximal HR = 208 - 0.7 x (age). The 600 CPET included in the present study (period of 27 months) were performed by only four physicians experienced in the procedure.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main data obtained from the 600 individuals were submitted to descriptive analysis. For comparison of the results between the five PAPCA scores, two analyses were carried out: a) linear regression between the score results and the percentage obtained from the maximal predicted HR; and b) comparison between the results of the percentages obtained from the maximal predicted HR among PAPCA score subgroups using the t test or analysis of variance, depending on the number of means involved. We also compared and analyzed results obtained by the four physicians and with the two ergometers for these sets of pooled scores. The chi square test was used for comparisons in the frequency distribution in the scores alone or pooled. In addendum, the percentage of the total sample individuals who achieved a maximal HR lower than 90% and higher than 100% of the maximal predicted HR according to the formula was also calculated. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%, with a 95% confidence interval. The Prism 5.04 software program (Graphpad, USA) was used for all calculations and construction of figures.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Half of the individuals were aged between 36 and 56 years. Their height was (mean &#194;&#177; standard deviation) 171.7 &#194;&#177; 9.2 cm, and their body weight was 77.5 &#194;&#177; 16.0 kg. Based on the exclusion criteria, notably the exclusion of individuals using negative chronotropic medications, especially betablockers, the sample had a clinical profile of primary prevention, with many cases of arterial hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia, and only 3.54% of individuals with known coronary artery disease. Only 192 (32%) sample individuals were apparently healthy. The sample clinical profile was quite varied, as shown in details in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5282tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
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      </p>
      <p>Data on the PAPCA classification show that 20% of the individuals had had few or no sports experience during childhood/adolescence, in contrast with only 13% with sports competition experience or highly significant engagement in regular physical activities - score 4. Individuals classified as PAPCA score 4 were also younger than those who had had a sedentary lifestyle in youth - 44 vs. 50 years of age. Maximal HR on CPET ranged between 113 and 214 bpm, corresponding to 75% and 119% of the maximal age-predicted HR. In only 12.5% of CPET was the maximal HR lower than 90% of the predicted value, and in 40% the predicted value according to the age equation was surpassed. Among the 16 individuals with maximal HR values (% of age-predicted HR) higher than 110% of the age-predicted percentage, 11 had PAPCA 0-2; the other 5 had PAPCA 3-4. Only 20 individuals (3.3%) showed a HR equal to or greater than 200 bpm on CPET; none of them had a PAPCA scores 0 or 1. The results of maximal HR expressed as a percentage of the maximal age-predicted HR obtained for the five PAPCA scores ranged between 96% and 99%, with a positive association (p = 0.02). When the scores were pooled, the results of maximal HR obtained (% of the maximal predicted HR) were slightly lower for 0-1 - 97.2% and 2 - 97.7% than for 3-4 - 98.9%. When the results are analyzed by the extremes of pooled scores (0-2 and 3-4), a tendency to higher percentages of maximal HR (p = 0.034%) is observed, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop5282fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>. The peak VO<sub>2</sub> obtained on CPET ranged between 34% and 217% of the age/gender-predicted value, with a mean value very close to the predicted value - 99.3%. Concomitantly, a progressive increase in peak VO<sub>2</sub> following the magnitude of the pooled scores can be observed (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop5282fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0333-30055-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The main data for each of the five PAPCA scores are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5282tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. We can observe that the CPET of individuals classified in scores 0 and 4 tended to be respectively, less and more often performed in a treadmill (p = 0.01). However, when the scores were pooled in 0-2 and 3-4, this difference between ergometers was no longer observed (p = 0.18). No difference was observed in the results of maximal HR obtained (% of the maximal predicted HR) between the CPET supervised by the four different physicians (p = 0.62).</p>
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      </p>
      <p>To date, the physiological and/or perceptive mechanisms that define the limit of maximal effort<sup>19-21</sup> remain not fully understood or consensually accepted, and the analysis of the different theories or possibilities is beyond the scope of the present article. However, for practical purposes and for almost all clinical applications, ET should be truly maximal so that it is possible to increase the probability of identifying abnormalities in body systems functioning, which are more frequently observed at higher levels and/or peak effort. This is probably even more relevant, with the significant increase in the number of middle-aged individuals (corresponding to approximately 50% of our sample) who are starting to participate in mass aerobic events such as half-marathons, marathons, road cycling competitions, open water competitions, triathlons and cross-country or adventure racing competitions<sup>22,23</sup>.</p>
      <p>Notwithstanding, performing a truly maximal ET is not a simple task and implicates that both the observer and the patient make a good alliance, with proper mutual confidence and a high degree of motivation and cooperation, conditions which are not always easily obtained or observed in the daily clinical practice. As a matter of fact, both physicians and patients may, for different reasons, avoid the discomfort and stress of the truly maximal effort. In this context, the competence and experience of the physician (observer) supervising the ET seem to be very important for ensuring that the maximal effort is achieved. For instance, although very wrongly, it is not uncommon that ET are interrupted when the HR reaches levels close to or equal to the maximal age-predicted values, thus probably jeopardizing the clinical interpretation of results. When ET is performed along with the collection and analysis of expired gases - the so called Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET), it may be easier to identify and characterize a maximal effort<sup>24</sup>, although some degree of subjectivity always persists in this regard.</p>
      <p>To the best of our knowledge, the hypothesis tested in the present study is original, and has not been the object of previous studies. The careful data collection and further PAPCA classification, the small number of specialized physicians supervising CPET performance and the sample characteristics, both as regards its size and clinical and demographic profiles, are strong points of the present study. It is worth pointing out that, in accordance with the exclusion criteria applied, none of the 600 sample individuals was regularly engaged in competitive sports at the time the CPET was performed.</p>
      <p>From the results found, we observed a tendency to a higher HR (% of the age predicted HR) with the increase in the amount of exercise and sport practiced in youth. The mean maximal HR was approximately 9 bpm higher on CPET for those who had a history of competitive sports during childhood or adolescence or who practiced physical exercises at a level above that predicted for their age range in comparison to the remaining individuals with the PAPCA of a sedentary person, i.e., score 0 in the physical activity classification - 175 vs. 166 bpm. However, we should point out that there was considerable data overlap between all the subgroups, so that inactivity during childhood should not be considered as a regular physiological explanation for a relatively low maximal HR on ET or CPET. We also observed that peak VO<sub>2</sub> was higher in the group that practiced competitive or high-intensity exercises during childhood and adolescence.</p>
      <p>Interestingly, no difference was observed between maximal HR values (% of age predicted HR) when the CPET performed by the four different physicians were compared, thus suggesting that the way the procedures were conducted might have been similar and did not cause any intervening factor in the results analysis. Since the choice of the ergometer in which CPET is performed depends on clinical conditions and on the objectives of the assessment, it is natural that an occasional statistical difference between determined subgroups may occur. Nonetheless, when the PAPCA scores were analyzed between subgroups 0-2 vs. 3-4, this difference caused by the ergometers disappeared. In fact, data previously published by our laboratory suggest that, despite the known physiological differences, it is usually possible to obtain maximal HR values in CPET both performed in leg cycle ergometers and in treadmills when a customized and adequate choice is made<sup>15</sup>. Another recent evidence<sup>18</sup> corroborating the validity of mixing the results of maximal CPET in the two ergometers was obtained in a study which determined the regression between maximal HR and age in one thousand individuals, of whom 613 performed the test in a cycle ergometer and 387 in a treadmill. The equation found was exactly like that of the literature (HR max = 208 - 0.7 x age (years)). This would not have occurred if the data obtained in CPET in cycle ergometer had systematically underestimated the maximal HR.</p>
      <p>There are several ways to measure or estimate the physical activity profile. The PAPCA classification system used in the present study was developed and has been applied in our laboratory for approximately two years, and this article is the first in which its data are analyzed. Considering the slight discordance identified between the two observers - only 4% of the cases and never by more than one score point -, this classification system of physical activity profiles can be considered promising. However, further specific studies are required to validate a wider and generic use.</p>
      <p>Nonetheless, the study design causes some limitations. The retrospective analysis and based in self-responses of the individuals tested may have introduced some biases which could not be controlled or identified. Also, we should point out that the application of the results was not formally tested in samples or populations with characteristics different from those of the present study sample. The study was not mechanistic. Thus it was not possible to characterize whether this slightly higher maximal HR found in individuals who had been more active during youth is a result of some real chronic effect on the cardiac chronotropism that persists in adulthood or whether it simply reflects the motivation and ability to tolerate a truly maximal effort, something that these individuals had already experienced in the past. On the other hand, the present study opens perspectives for further studies to improve the analysis of the influence of remote or recent past physical activity and/or sports practice profile data on cardiovascular and respiratory variables obtained during ET and CPET.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The results of the present study contribute to the body of knowledge and to the clinical use of ergometry by evidencing that the history of practice of sports and/or more intense physical activity during youth may influence the final maximal HR value (% of age-predicted HR) on CPET, thus suggesting that information on this profile may be useful in the performance of the procedure and interpretation of the results obtained.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Balassiano DH, Ara&#250;jo CGS; Obtaining funding: Ara&#250;jo CGS.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was partially funded by CNPq / FAPERJ.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by D&#233;bora Helena Balassiano, from Universidade Gama Filho.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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