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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">DkY95xzQfBd3wnmTR88qd8h</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000400004</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130050</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade subcl&#237;nica induzida por trastuzumabe em portadoras de c&#226;ncer de mama</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dores</surname>
            <given-names>Helder</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abecasis</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Jo&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#226;ndara</surname>
            <given-names>Filipa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>C&#226;ndida</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arroja</surname>
            <given-names>Isabel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mendes</surname>
            <given-names>Miguel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff03"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department </institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff03">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Oncology Department </institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state"/>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Internal Medicine III Department </institution>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>328</fpage>
      <lpage>332</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O trastuzumabe (TZB) &#233; um anticorpo monoclonal humanizado recombinante usado no tratamento do c&#226;ncer de mama HER2-positivo, com reconhecida cardiotoxicidade associada. Os m&#233;todos para sua detec&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica precoce n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a cardiotoxicidade induzida por TZB em pacientes (pts) portadoras de c&#226;ncer de mama acompanhadas por um per&#237;odo de 3 meses de tratamento. M&#201;TODOS: Estudo prospectivo de pts consecutivas em tratamento com TZB para c&#226;ncer de mama HER2-positivo avan&#231;ado, admitidas entre maio e setembro de 2010. Foram comparados dados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos antes da introdu&#231;&#227;o de TZB e 3 meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento com a droga. Foram estudadas a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (segundo crit&#233;rios do Comit&#234; de Avalia&#231;&#227;o e Revis&#227;o Card&#237;aca) e a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (classifica&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia). RESULTADOS: Estavam dispon&#237;veis dados de 51 pacientes, cuja idade m&#233;dia era de 55,4&#177;14,0 anos. Nenhuma paciente apresentou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica no terceiro m&#234;s. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) aos 3 meses (69,3 &#177; 7,4 contra 67,1 &#177; 6,5%, p &gt; 0,05), tendo sido observada redu&#231;&#227;o em 57,9% pts (em apenas uma a FEVE foi &lt; 55%). Houve aumento significativo da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' (3,9 &#177; 0,8 contra 8,0 &#177; 1,9, p &lt; 0,001) devido a uma redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade e' (0,19 &#177; 0,02 contra 0,10 &#177; 0,03, p &lt; 0,001). Os demais par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos permaneceram inalterados. Tanto o volume atrial esquerdo quanto o ventricular esquerdo permaneceram inalterados. N&#227;o houve aumento dos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo pr&#243;-B N-terminal. Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento, duas pacientes morreram e duas foram internadas, todas por causas n&#227;o cardiovasculares. CONCLUS&#195;O: Durante os tr&#234;s primeiros meses de tratamento com TZB, nenhuma das pacientes apresentou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca franca ou deteriora&#231;&#227;o significativa da FEVE. Detectou-se redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da rela&#231;&#227;o e/e', por&#233;m sem altera&#231;&#245;es importantes dos par&#226;metros de carga e da FEVE.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Imunossupressores</kwd>
        <kwd>Neoplasias de Mama</kwd>
        <kwd>Antineopl&#225;sicos</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Detec&#231;&#227;o de cardiotoxicidade subcl&#237;nica induzida por trastuzumabe em portadoras de c&#226;ncer de mama</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Helder Dores<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Abecasis<sup>I</sup>; Maria Jo&#227;o Correia<sup>I</sup>; Filipa G&#226;ndara<sup>II</sup>; C&#226;ndida Fonseca<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Azevedo<sup>I</sup>; Isabel Arroja<sup>I</sup>; Ana Martins<sup>III</sup>; Miguel Mendes<sup>III</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Cardiology Department - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Internal Medicine III Department - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental </p>
    <p><sup>III</sup>Oncology Department - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O trastuzumabe (TZB) &#233; um anticorpo monoclonal humanizado recombinante usado no tratamento do c&#226;ncer de mama HER2-positivo, com reconhecida cardiotoxicidade associada. Os m&#233;todos para sua detec&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica precoce n&#227;o est&#227;o bem estabelecidos. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> Avaliar a cardiotoxicidade induzida por TZB em pacientes (pts) portadoras de c&#226;ncer de mama acompanhadas por um per&#237;odo de 3 meses de tratamento. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Estudo prospectivo de pts consecutivas em tratamento com TZB para c&#226;ncer de mama HER2-positivo avan&#231;ado, admitidas entre maio e setembro de 2010. Foram comparados dados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos antes da introdu&#231;&#227;o de TZB e 3 meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento com a droga. Foram estudadas a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (segundo crit&#233;rios do Comit&#234; de Avalia&#231;&#227;o e Revis&#227;o Card&#237;aca) e a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (classifica&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia). </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Estavam dispon&#237;veis dados de 51 pacientes, cuja idade m&#233;dia era de 55,4&#177;14,0 anos. Nenhuma paciente apresentou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica no terceiro m&#234;s. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) aos 3 meses (69,3 &#177; 7,4 contra 67,1 &#177; 6,5%, p &gt; 0,05), tendo sido observada redu&#231;&#227;o em 57,9% pts (em apenas uma a FEVE foi &lt; 55%). Houve aumento significativo da rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' (3,9 &#177; 0,8 contra 8,0 &#177; 1,9, p &lt; 0,001) devido a uma redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade e' (0,19 &#177; 0,02 contra 0,10 &#177; 0,03, p &lt; 0,001). Os demais par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos permaneceram inalterados. Tanto o volume atrial esquerdo quanto o ventricular esquerdo permaneceram inalterados. N&#227;o houve aumento dos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo pr&#243;-B N-terminal. Durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento, duas pacientes morreram e duas foram internadas, todas por causas n&#227;o cardiovasculares. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Durante os tr&#234;s primeiros meses de tratamento com TZB, nenhuma das pacientes apresentou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca franca ou deteriora&#231;&#227;o significativa da FEVE. Detectou-se redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da rela&#231;&#227;o e/e', por&#233;m sem altera&#231;&#245;es importantes dos par&#226;metros de carga e da FEVE.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Imunossupressores, Neoplasias de Mama / qu&#237;mica, Antineopl&#225;sicos / efeitos adversos, Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca / induzido quimicamente, Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular / induzido quimicamente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O c&#226;ncer de mama continua sendo uma das causas mais comuns de &#243;bito entre as mulheres. Entretanto, a terapia adjuvante com trastuzumabe (TZB) associada &#224; quimioterapia convencional tem revolucionado o tratamento da doen&#231;a. O TZB &#233; um anticorpo monoclonal humanizado recombinante usado no tratamento do c&#226;ncer de mama HER2-positivo, um gene superexpresso em 25-30% dos casos<sup>1-3</sup>. No estudo de fase III principal, a associa&#231;&#227;o de TZB &#224; doxorrubicina e &#224; ciclofosfamida ou &#224; quimioterapia com paclitaxel resultou em melhora no tempo de recorr&#234;ncia e aumento da sobrevida geral em pacientes com doen&#231;a metast&#225;tica<sup>4</sup>. Subsequentemente, v&#225;rios estudos mostraram que o TZB diminui o risco de recorr&#234;ncia e morte precoce<sup>5-7</sup>. No estudo HERA, a administra&#231;&#227;o de TZB ap&#243;s o tratamento prim&#225;rio reduziu a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia em aproximadamente cinquenta por cento<sup>8</sup>.</p>
    <p>S&#227;o raros os eventos adversos s&#233;rios, incluindo anafilaxia e morte, ap&#243;s TZB (0,25%)<sup>9</sup>. No entanto, um dos poss&#237;veis efeitos colaterais delet&#233;rios &#233; a cardiotoxicidade, que aumenta com a exposi&#231;&#227;o a antraciclinas. Acredita-se que o estresse oxidativo desempenhe um papel central<sup>10,11</sup>. A cardiotoxicidade, que na maior parte &#233; revers&#237;vel ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o da droga, pode ser sintom&#225;tica, com sinais e sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (1-4% no estudo HERA) ou assintom&#225;tica, com redu&#231;&#227;o progressiva da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE). Nos casos sintom&#225;ticos, deve-se suspender o TZB, embora nos casos assintom&#225;ticos ainda haja controv&#233;rsia tanto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o quanto ao momento apropriado para interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento<sup>12</sup>.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios crit&#233;rios t&#234;m sido propostos para a detec&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda subcl&#237;nica, embora ainda n&#227;o haja consenso sobre o melhor m&#233;todo de imagem e par&#226;metros de uso. Prop&#245;e-se a ecocardiografia como principal instrumento n&#227;o invasivo para monitoramento da cardiotoxicidade. Recomenda-se avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial da FEVE, com reavalia&#231;&#245;es a cada 3 meses durante o tratamento<sup>13</sup>. Devido aos diferentes crit&#233;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de cardiotoxicidade por TZB, foi criado um Comit&#234; de Avalia&#231;&#227;o e Revis&#227;o Card&#237;aca para estabelecer um conjunto de crit&#233;rios para confirma&#231;&#227;o de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, mesmo que subcl&#237;nica<sup>14</sup>. Entretanto, esses crit&#233;rios s&#227;o baseados estritamente em altera&#231;&#245;es da FEVE e, em estudos mais recentes, tem-se reconhecido que algumas altera&#231;&#245;es ocorrem antes dessa disfun&#231;&#227;o, provavelmente prevendo sua ocorr&#234;ncia. Assim, nosso objetivo foi avaliar a cardiotoxicidade precoce induzida por TZB em pacientes portadoras de c&#226;ncer de mama recebendo esse anticorpo como tratamento adjuvante. </p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo incluindo 51 pacientes portadoras de c&#226;ncer de mama submetidas &#224; quimioterapia adjuvante com TZB em hospital terci&#225;rio - nos Departamentos de Oncologia e Cardiologia. As pacientes foram inclu&#237;das durante um per&#237;odo de 5 meses (de maio a setembro de 2010), sendo selecionadas para o tratamento com TZB de acordo com a positividade para HER-2 ao exame imunohistoqu&#237;mico e a crit&#233;rio da equipe cl&#237;nica do departamento de Oncologia. Foram exclu&#237;das mulheres com antecedentes de eventos card&#237;acos (AVC, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) e de uso de quimioterapia, a saber, antraciclinas e TZB.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Esquema terap&#234;utico para c&#226;ncer de mama</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o estadiamento cir&#250;rgico e oncol&#243;gico, as pacientes foram selecionadas para tratamento locorregional e quimioterapia adjuvante com antraciclinas e/ou taxanos associados ao TZB. Nenhuma das pacientes recebeu tratamento isolado com adriamicina/doxorrubicina. Quando havia justificativa cl&#237;nica, algumas das pacientes tamb&#233;m receberam hormonioterapia. O TZB foi administrado de acordo com as diretrizes internacionais para o tratamento de c&#226;ncer de mama: primeira dose de 8mg / kg, seguida por um esquema de 3 semanas de 6mg/kg em 250 mL de cloreto de s&#243;dio a 0,9% (tempo de infus&#227;o de 30 min)<sup>15</sup>. A dose cumulativa m&#233;dia de TZB foi de 1,8&#177;0,4g por paciente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o/vigil&#226;ncia de cardiotoxicidade</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Antes do tratamento adjuvante para c&#226;ncer de mama, e a fim de avaliar o risco e monitorar a cardiotoxicidade associada &#224; quimioterapia, todas as pacientes forneceram informa&#231;&#245;es sobre seus antecedentes cl&#237;nicos completos (incluindo interna&#231;&#245;es anteriores por motivos oncol&#243;gicos, cardiopatia e medica&#231;&#245;es atuais ou pregressas) e sobre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares (tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia e antecedente familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular); foram ainda registrados os dados demogr&#225;ficos (idade e sexo). Foi feito exame f&#237;sico completo &#224; procura de sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e dosados marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (troponina I - Electys<sup>&#174;</sup>; valor de corte de: 0,04&#181;g/mL) e de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica pelo pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico (pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B N-terminal - Nt-proBNP, valor de corte: 150pg/L) no in&#237;cio e tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do tratamento com TZB. Foram realizadas duas ecocardiografias transtor&#225;cicas <italic>(GE Vivid S6<sup>&#174;</sup>; Milwalkee)</italic>, uma no in&#237;cio e outra ao terceiro m&#234;s de seguimento, as quais inclu&#237;ram a avalia&#231;&#227;o unidimensional das medidas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e massa indexada, FEVE e volumes pelo m&#233;todo biplanar de Simpson, velocidades A e E m&#225;ximas por Doppler espectral transmitral, tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E, velocidades e' e a' por Doppler tecidual no anel mitral lateral e septal, volume atrial esquerdo indexado, excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano do anel tric&#250;spide (TAPSE), press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) e as dimens&#245;es da veia cava inferior (VCI). Classificou-se o derrame peric&#225;rdico como leve, moderado ou grave, e quantificou-se a insufici&#234;ncia mitral somente quando mais do que leve. A aquisi&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi realizada por um dos dois cardiologistas/ecocardiografistas que participavam do estudo. Entretanto, o registro dos dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foi feito mediante avalia&#231;&#227;o conjunta dos dois profissionais. Foram registradas a mortalidade por todas as causas e as interna&#231;&#245;es por causas card&#237;acas e n&#227;o card&#237;acas. Era feita uma nova avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica n&#227;o programada sempre que havia suspeita de deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ou sinais cl&#237;nicos de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Em nosso servi&#231;o, a quimioterapia &#233; interrompida quando os pacientes desenvolvem insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica e quando h&#225; comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o menor que 55% ou redu&#231;&#227;o maior que 10% em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o basal).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;meros (porcentagens), tendo sido comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e foram comparadas pelo teste t de <italic>Student</italic> pareado ou n&#227;o pareado, ap&#243;s identifica&#231;&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal para cada medida cont&#237;nua. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos e todos os testes estat&#237;sticos foram bicaudais. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, utilizou-se o pacote estat&#237;stico SPSS (vers&#227;o 18.0, SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup>; Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Das 51 mulheres inclu&#237;das, cuja idade m&#233;dia foi de 55,4 &#177; 14,0 anos, 23 (45,1%) apresentavam pelo menos um fator de risco cardiovascular identificado: hipertens&#227;o 18 (35,3%), dislipidemia 13 (25,5%), antecedente familiar de doen&#231;a cardiovascular 10 (19,6%), diabetes mellitus 6 (11,8%) e tabagismo 3 (5,9%). Uma paciente apresentava antecedente pessoal de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e outra havia sido anteriormente submetida &#224; radioterapia em hemit&#243;rax direito por c&#226;ncer de mama. Dezoito pacientes (35,4%) apresentavam antecedente familiar positivo para c&#226;ncer. O &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea m&#233;dio foi de 25,9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (obesidade em seis pacientes - &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Doze pacientes (23,5%) estavam recebendo inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina ou bloqueadores do receptor de angiotensina II, e duas (3,9%) estavam recebendo betabloqueadores. Todas as medica&#231;&#245;es haviam sido prescritas para o tratamento de hipertens&#227;o. Treze pacientes (25,5%) recebiam estatinas para dislipidemia e os diab&#233;ticos (11,8%) recebiam aspirina. Uma paciente recebia varfarina para fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Nenhuma paciente fazia uso de diur&#233;tico ou antagonista de aldosterona. </p>
    <p>Ao terceiro m&#234;s, n&#227;o havia registro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sintom&#225;tica. Os dados cl&#237;nicos e bioqu&#237;micos n&#227;o foram estatisticamente diferentes no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses de tratamento com TZB (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5017tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). No entanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica mostrou diferen&#231;as nos par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos ap&#243;s TZB. Observou-se diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre a rela&#231;&#227;o <italic>E/e'</italic> do in&#237;cio e ao terceiro m&#234;s de seguimento, que foi estritamente relacionada a uma redu&#231;&#227;o na velocidade <italic>e' </italic>mioc&#225;rdica, conforme avaliado por Doppler tecidual (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop5017tab02">Tabela 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop5017fig01">Figura 1</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nem nas medidas da onda A transmitral, nem nos par&#226;metros indiretos de carga/volemia tais como o volume AD indexado, di&#226;metro da VCI e PSAP.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5017tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0328-30050-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop5017tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0328-30050-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop5017fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0328-30050-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Houve redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE em trinta pacientes (57,9%), sendo que em apenas uma delas para valores abaixo de 55% (FEVE = 52%). Nesse caso, o TZB foi suspenso apesar da aus&#234;ncia de sintomas. Tr&#234;s (5,9%) pacientes desenvolveram derrame peric&#225;rdico (no m&#225;ximo leve, em todos os casos). Durante o per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o, duas pacientes morreram e outras duas foram hospitalizadas, nenhuma delas por causas vasculares.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Neste estudo, procuramos avaliar prospectivamente as altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas subcl&#237;nicas precoces avaliadas por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica em um grupo de pacientes do sexo feminino submetidas a tratamento com TZB, n&#227;o portadoras de acometimento cardiovascular anteriormente conhecido.</p>
    <p>A cardiotoxicidade associada ao tratamento do c&#226;ncer foi descrita h&#225; bastante tempo, sendo assunto para intermin&#225;vel discuss&#227;o. Desde a introdu&#231;&#227;o das antraciclinas, t&#234;m-se desenvolvido v&#225;rios esfor&#231;os na tentativa de identificar os pacientes de risco. At&#233; o momento, com a introdu&#231;&#227;o de recursos como o TZB na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, v&#225;rios mecanismos t&#234;m sido propostos para descrever a cardiotoxicidade associada aos agentes anticancer&#237;genos<sup>16</sup>. Na verdade, os mecanismos que explicam os efeitos card&#237;acos delet&#233;rios n&#227;o s&#227;o ainda totalmente conhecidos.</p>
    <p>Uma vez que se sup&#245;e que os sinais pr&#233;-clinicos de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca podem prever o desenvolvimento futuro de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, v&#225;rios par&#226;metros da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica s&#227;o propostos para a avalia&#231;&#227;o dessa disfun&#231;&#227;o<sup>17</sup>. No entanto, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso tanto em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; escolha do melhor m&#233;todo quanto do melhor par&#226;metro para prever a susceptibilidade a drogas e futura deteriora&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    <p>O aparecimento de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica durante o tratamento com TZB pode ser o indicador para suspens&#227;o do tratamento. No entanto, tem-se reconhecido que a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca se inicia em fases mais precoces do tratamento apesar de valores normais da FEVE, que &#233; o par&#226;metro aceito para a decis&#227;o sobre interrup&#231;&#227;o do tratamento<sup>14,15</sup>. Al&#233;m disso, nos pacientes em que o tratamento foi interrompido devido a acometimento do VE, sugere-se que, sob interven&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas adequadas, o TZB seja reintroduzido desde que a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tenha sido reestabelecida<sup>12,18</sup>. A detec&#231;&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos precedendo a redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE poderia teoricamente permitir a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que poderiam se beneficiar de medidas cardioprotetoras precoces. Posteriormente, esses mesmos pacientes poderiam ser mantidos com TZB, com melhora da sobrevida.</p>
    <p>Na tentativa de avaliar os par&#226;metros pr&#233;-deteriora&#231;&#227;o da FEVE, avaliamos a fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica em pacientes no in&#237;cio do tratamento com TZB. Al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o convencional com Doppler espectral, avaliamos as velocidades no anel mitral por Doppler tecidual (DT). Essa modalidade parece oferecer vantagens importantes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos tradicionais, por revelar sinais precoces de cardiotoxicidade<sup>19</sup>. Na realidade, esse m&#233;todo &#233; mais sens&#237;vel que o Doppler padr&#227;o<sup>20</sup> no estudo da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e, no nosso grupo de pacientes, houve altera&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o <italic>E/e' </italic>devido a uma redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade <italic>e'. </italic>Em ratos, o DT pode detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE precoce antes de altera&#231;&#245;es nos &#237;ndices ecocardiogr&#225;ficos convencionais, prevendo tamb&#233;m mortalidade precoce em pacientes recebendo doxorrubicina mais TZB<sup>21</sup>. Estudando 42 pacientes, Fallah-Rad e cols.<sup>22</sup> tamb&#233;m mostraram altera&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-cl&#237;nicas na fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda atrav&#233;s de DT e t&#233;cnica de <italic>strain</italic> precedendo altera&#231;&#245;es convencionais da FSVE em pacientes recebendo TZB como tratamento adjuvante.</p>
    <p>De acordo com estudos anteriores avaliando altera&#231;&#245;es tanto mioc&#225;rdicas quanto funcionais, nossos achados sugerem, embora sejam limitados pela avalia&#231;&#227;o de apenas um par&#226;metro do comportamento tecidual - e', que as altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais precedem o acometimento funcional. N&#227;o apenas a rela&#231;&#227;o E/e' foi o &#250;nico par&#226;metro significativo que sofreu altera&#231;&#245;es, devido a uma redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade e', como tamb&#233;m n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#245;es da FEVE, par&#226;metros de carga e marcadores bioqu&#237;micos, como o Nt-proBNP. Em um relato de Sawaya e cols.<sup>23</sup>; a redu&#231;&#227;o na deforma&#231;&#227;o longitudinal, mas n&#227;o o Nt-proBNP e os par&#226;metros diast&#243;licos, foi um fator preditivo independente para o aparecimento de cardiotoxicidade aos seis meses de tratamento com TZB.</p>
    <p>No entanto, esse estudo foi limitado pelo pequeno tamanho amostral e particularmente pela incapacidade de correlacionar esses achados precoces com o desenvolvimento final de redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE e/ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o acompanhamento subsequente dos pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, as condi&#231;&#245;es de carga podem ter sido diferentes, uma vez que a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica n&#227;o foi feita exatamente no mesmo momento em todos os pacientes. Na verdade, dever&#237;amos tamb&#233;m ter realizado avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica completa para tentar descrever detalhadamente as condi&#231;&#245;es de enchimento ventricular esquerdo, ou seja, com avalia&#231;&#227;o da veia pulmonar e registro da velocidade de propaga&#231;&#227;o da onda E. Al&#233;m disso, e a fim de descrever o comportamento mioc&#225;rdico sob TZB neste pequeno grupo de pacientes, nosso objetivo deveria ter sido concentrado em outros par&#226;metros como o <italic>strain</italic> derivado do DT e a deforma&#231;&#227;o derivada do <italic>speckle tracking</italic>.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Conclus&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Detectamos uma altera&#231;&#227;o muito precoce em um par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico da rotina pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria (E/e') em pacientes em tratamento com TZB. Uma vez que t&#234;m sido descritas altera&#231;&#245;es em v&#225;rios par&#226;metros para avaliar a (dis)fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante o tratamento com TZB para o c&#226;ncer de mama, mesmo precedendo a redu&#231;&#227;o da FEVE, este deveria ser inclu&#237;do no monitoramento card&#237;aco convencional dessas pacientes a fim de compreendermos seu impacto cl&#237;nico.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <p>Correspond&#234;ncia:</p>
        <p> Helder Dores </p>
        <p> Rua Jos&#233; Cardoso Pires, 5, 7&#170;, Lumiar </p>
        <p> 1750-356, Lisboa </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="heldores@hotmail.com">heldores@hotmail.com</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 21/07/12, revisado em 29/10/12, aceito em 07/12/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Detection of early sub-clinical trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: Trastuzumab (TZB) is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody, used for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, with recognized associated-cardiotoxicity. The methods for its early sub-clinical detection are not well defined. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate TZB-induced cardiotoxicity in patients (pts) with breast cancer followed for a 3-month period of treatment. METHODS: Prospective study of consecutive pts treated with TZB for advanced HER2-positive breast cancer enrolled between May-September/2010. A comparison of clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic data, prior to and at the 3rd month after starting TZB was performed. Left ventricular systolic function deterioration (Cardiac Review and Evaluation Committee criteria) and diastolic function (American Society of Echocardiography classification) were studied. RESULTS: Data were available for 51 women, mean age = 55.4 &#177; 14.0y. At the 3rd month, no patient had symptomatic heart failure. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) did not differ at 3 months (69.3 &#177; 7.4 vs. 67.1 &#177; 6.5%, p &gt; 0.05), decreasing in 57.9% pts (only one to LVEF &lt; 55%). There was a significant increase in the E/e' ratio (3.9 &#177; 0.8 vs. 8.0 &#177; 1.9, p &lt; 0,001) due to an e' velocity reduction (0.19 &#177; 0.02 vs. 0.10 &#177; 0.03, p &lt; 0.001). Other diastolic parameters remained unchanged. Both the left atrial and the left ventricular volumes remained unchanged. N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide levels did not increase. During the follow up period two pts died and two were admitted to the hospital, all for non-cardiovascular causes. CONCLUSIONS: During the first 3 months of TZB treatment none of the pts presented overt heart failure or significant LVEF deterioration. A significant reduction in the E/e' ratio was detected, but neither the loading parameters nor LVEF changed significantly .</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Immunosuppresive Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Breast Neoplasms</kwd>
        <kwd>Antineoplastic Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Detection of early sub-clinical trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Helder Dores<sup>I</sup>; Jo&#227;o Abecasis<sup>I</sup>; Maria Jo&#227;o Correia<sup>I</sup>; Filipa G&#226;ndara<sup>II</sup>; C&#226;ndida Fonseca<sup>I</sup>; Jos&#233; Azevedo<sup>I</sup>; Isabel Arroja<sup>I</sup>; Ana Martins<sup>III</sup>; Miguel Mendes<sup>III</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Cardiology Department - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Internal Medicine III Department - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</p>
      <p><sup>III</sup>Oncology Department - Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Trastuzumab (TZB) is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody, used for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, with recognized associated-cardiotoxicity. The methods for its early sub-clinical detection are not well defined. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> To evaluate TZB-induced cardiotoxicity in patients (pts) with breast cancer followed for a 3-month period of treatment. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> Prospective study of consecutive pts treated with TZB for advanced HER2-positive breast cancer enrolled between May-September/2010. A comparison of clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic data, prior to and at the 3rd month after starting TZB was performed. Left ventricular systolic function deterioration (Cardiac Review and Evaluation Committee criteria) and diastolic function (American Society of Echocardiography classification) were studied. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> Data were available for 51 women, mean age = 55.4 &#177; 14.0y. At the 3rd month, no patient had symptomatic heart failure. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) did not differ at 3 months (69.3 &#177; 7.4 vs. 67.1 &#177; 6.5%, p &gt; 0.05), decreasing in 57.9% pts (only one to LVEF &lt; 55%). There was a significant increase in the E/e' ratio (3.9 &#177; 0.8 vs. 8.0 &#177; 1.9, p &lt; 0,001) due to an e' velocity reduction (0.19 &#177; 0.02 vs. 0.10 &#177; 0.03, p &lt; 0.001). Other diastolic parameters remained unchanged. Both the left atrial and the left ventricular volumes remained unchanged. N-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide levels did not increase. During the follow up period two pts died and two were admitted to the hospital, all for non-cardiovascular causes. </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> During the first 3 months of TZB treatment none of the pts presented overt heart failure or significant LVEF deterioration. A significant reduction in the E/e' ratio was detected, but neither the loading parameters nor LVEF changed significantly.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Immunosuppresive Agents; Breast Neoplasms / chemistry; Antineoplastic Agents / adverse effects; Heart Failure / chemically induced; Ventricular Dysfunction / chemically induced.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Breast cancer remains one of the most common causes of death among women. However, adjuvant trastuzumab (TZB) therapy in association with conventional chemotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of the disease. TZB is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer, an overexpressed gene in 25-30% of cases<sup>1-3</sup>. In the pivotal phase III trial, the addition of TZB to doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide or to paclitaxel chemotherapy resulted in improved time to recurrence and an overall increased survival in patients with metastatic disease<sup>4</sup>. Subsequently, several trials have shown that TZB reduce the risk of recurrence and early death<sup>5-7</sup>. In the HERA trial, TZB given after primary therapy reduced the rate of recurrence by approximately fifty percent<sup>8</sup>.</p>
      <p>Serious adverse events after TZB, including anaphylaxis and death, are rare (0.25%)<sup>9</sup>. However, one of the possible deleterious side effects is cardiotoxicity which increases with anthracyclines exposure. It is believed that oxidative stress has a central role<sup>10,11</sup>. Cardiotoxicity, being mostly reversible after drug discontinuation, may be symptomatic, with signs and symptoms of heart failure (1-4% in HERA trial) or asymptomatic, with a progressive reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). In the first cases TZB should be discontinued, although in the last ones controversy still exists concerning both the evaluation of the dysfunction and the appropriate time for discontinuation of treatment<sup>12</sup>.</p>
      <p>Several criteria are proposed to detect subclinical left ventricle dysfunction, although there is still no consensus towards the best imaging method and parameters of use. Echocardiography is proposed as the main non-invasive tool for cardiotoxicity monitoring. A baseline evaluation of LVEF is recommended with an every 3-month reassessment during therapy<sup>13</sup>. Because of the different criteria for the diagnosis of TZB cardiotoxicity, an independent Cardiac Review and Evaluation Committee was created to establish a set of criteria to confirm cardiac dysfunction, even if subclinical<sup>14</sup>. Nevertheless they are strictly based on LVEF changes and it is being recognized from more recent studies that some changes occur before this dysfunction, probably predicting it. Thus, our aim in this study was to evaluate early TZB-induced cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer receiving this antibody as an adjuvant therapy.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A prospective study including 51 breast cancer female patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy with TZB in a tertiary hospital - at the Oncology and Cardiology Departments, was conducted. Patients were enrolled during a 5-month period (May to September 2010), and were selected for TZB therapy according both to HER-2 positivity on the immunohistochemical study and at the discretion of the Oncology medical team. Women with prior history of cardiac events (stroke, acute myocardial infarction or heart failure) and chemotherapy, namely anthracyclines and TZB, were excluded.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Breast cancer treatment regimen</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Following surgical and oncological staging, patients were selected for loco-regional therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy with anthracyclines and/or taxanes in addition to TZB. None of the patients received treatment with adriamycin/doxorubicin alone. When clinically justified, some patients were also given hormonal therapy. TZB was administered according to International Guidelines for breast cancer treatment: first dose at 8mg/kg followed by a 3-week schedule of 6mg/kg in 250ml of sodium chloride 0.9% (30' perfusion length)<sup>15</sup>. The mean cumulative TZB dose was 1.8&#177;0.4g per patient.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Cardiotoxicity evaluation/surveillance</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Before adjuvant treatment for breast cancer and in order to both assess risk and monitor chemotherapy-associated cardiotoxicity, all patients were asked to present a complete clinical past history (including previous hospital admissions for oncologic etiologies, heart disease and current and past medications) and cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and familiar history of cardiovascular disease); demographic data were also recorded (age and gender). A complete physical examination in search for signs of heart failure, biochemical markers of myocardial lesion (troponin I - Electys<sup>&#174;</sup>, cut-off value: 0.04&#181;g/ml) and diastolic function by natriuretic peptide (N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide - Nt-proBNP, cut-off value: 150pg/L) were assessed at baseline and three months after starting TZB therapy. Two transthoracic echocardiographic studies <italic>(GE Vivid S6<sup>&#174;</sup>, Milwalkee)</italic>, at baseline and at the third month of follow-up, included the evaluation of: left ventricular (LV) M-mode dimensions and indexed mass; <italic>Simpson</italic> biplanar volumes and LVEF; transmitral spectral Doppler peak <italic>E</italic> and <italic>A</italic> velocities; <italic>E</italic> wave deceleration time; tissue Doppler <italic>e' </italic>and <italic>a'</italic> velocities at the septal and lateral mitral annulus; left atrial indexed volume; tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE); pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP); and inferior vena cava (IVC) dimensions. Pericardial effusion was qualified as mild, moderate or severe and mitral regurgitation was only quantified when more than mild. Echocardiographic acquisition was performed by one of the two cardiologists/echocardiographers participating in the study. However, echocardiographic data recording was made at the discretion of their joint evaluation. All-cause mortality and admissions for cardiac and non-cardiac causes were recorded. Additional echo evaluation was performed in a non-programmed schedule every time left ventricular function deterioration or clinical signs of heart failure were suspected. At our institution, chemotherapy is interrupted when patients develop symptomatic heart failure and when left ventricular function becomes impaired (ejection fraction below 55% or a more than 10% decrease below the baseline ejection fraction).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Statistical analysis</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Categorical variables are presented as number (percentage) and were compared by the <italic>chi-squared</italic> test. Continuous variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and were compared by paired or unpaired <italic>Student&#180;s t-test</italic>, after the identification of a normal distribution for each continuous measure. A <italic>p</italic> value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant and all statistical tests were two sided. SPSS statistical package (version 18.0, SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup>, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical analysis.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Of the 51 women included, mean age of 55.4 &#177; 14.0 years, 23 (45.1%) had at least one identified cardiovascular risk factor: hypertension 18 (35.3%), dyslipidemia 13 (25.5%), family history of cardiovascular disease 10 (19.6%), diabetes mellitus 6 (11.8%) and smoking 3 (5.9%). One patient had a past history of atrial fibrillation and one other had past radiation therapy to the right chest because of breast cancer. Family history of cancer was present in 18 patients (35.4%). The mean body mass index was 25.9 kg/m<sup>2</sup> (obesity in six patients - body mass index &gt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>). Twelve patients (23.5%) were under angiotensin converse enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers and two patients (3.9%) were on beta-blockers. All of these medications were used for blood pressure treatment. Thirteen patients (25.5%) were treated with statins for dyslipidemia and diabetics (11.8%) were on aspirin. One patient was on warfarin for atrial fibrillation. None of the patients were under diuretics or aldosterone antagonists. </p>
      <p>At the third month, there was no record of symptomatic heart failure. Clinical and biochemical data were not statistically different at baseline and after three months of TZB therapy (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5017tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). However, on echocardiographic evaluation there were differences in diastolic parameters after TZB. A statistically significant difference in the <italic>E/e'</italic> ratio at baseline and at the 3<sup>rd</sup> month of follow-up was observed, and this was strictly due to a decrease in the <italic>e' </italic>myocardial velocity as assessed by tissue Doppler (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop5017tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>, Figure 1). No differences were observed in the transmitral <italic>A </italic>wave measurements or in the indirect loading/volemia parameters, such as LA indexed volume, IVC diameter and PASP.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
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      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop5017tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0328-30050-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Thirty patients (57.9%) showed a decrease in LVEF, and only one patient had a value under 55% (LVEF 52%). In this case TZB was suspended despite the absence of symptoms. Three (5.9%) patients developed pericardial effusion (no more than mild in all of them). During the observation period two patients died and two others were admitted to the hospital, none of them for cardiovascular causes.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>In this study, we sought to prospectively evaluate early subclinical cardiac changes as assessed by transthoracic echocardiography in a group of female patients undergoing TZB therapy and no previously known cardiovascular impairment. </p>
      <p>Cancer therapy-associated cardiotoxicity has long been described, and is an issue for everlasting discussion. Since anthracyclines were first introduced, several efforts have been made in an attempt to identify patients at risk. Until now with the introduction of resources such as TZB into clinical practice, several mechanisms are proposed to describe anticancer agents-associated cardiotoxicity<sup>16</sup>. In fact, mechanisms explaining the cardiac deleterious effects are not yet fully understood.</p>
      <p>Since pre-clinical signs of cardiac dysfunction are supposed to predict the development of future heart failure, several parameters of the diastolic and systolic functions have been proposed to evaluate this dysfunction<sup>17</sup>. However there is no consensus concerning both the best method and the best parameter of choice for the prediction of drug susceptibility and future clinical deterioration.</p>
      <p>The development of systolic dysfunction during TZB therapy may be the hallmark for therapy discontinuation. However, it has been recognized that the deterioration of the cardiac function starts earlier during therapy despite normal values of LVEF, which is the accepted parameter for therapy withdrawal decision<sup>14,15</sup>. Moreover, for patients in whom this therapy was discontinued due to LV impairment, it is suggested that, under appropriate medical interventions, TZB may be reintroduced once normal cardiac function has been restored<sup>12,18</sup>. The detection of changes in cardiac parameters preceding LVEF reduction could theoretically allow the identification of patients who could benefit from early cardioprotective measures. Eventually these same patients might be maintained under TZB, with survival improvement.</p>
      <p>In an attempt to evaluate pre-LVEF deterioration parameters, we evaluated the diastolic function in patients at the beginning of TZB therapy. In addition to conventional spectral Doppler evaluation we assessed mitral annular velocities by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). This modality appears to offer important advantages over conventional echocardiographic parameters in the revealing of early signs of cardiotoxicity<sup>19</sup>. In fact, it is more sensitive than standard Doppler<sup>20 </sup>in the study of diastolic function, and in our group of patients the <italic>E/e' </italic>ratio changed because of an <italic>e' </italic>velocity reduction. In mice, TDI can detect early LV dysfunction prior to changes in conventional echocardiographic indices, also predicting early mortality in those receiving doxorubicin plus TZB<sup>21</sup>. In a study of 42 patients, Fallah-Rad et al<sup>22</sup> also showed pre-clinical changes in the left ventricular function using TDI and strain imaging before conventional changes in LVSF in patients receiving TZB in the adjuvant setting. </p>
      <p>According to previous studies assessing both myocardial and functional changes, our findings, despite being limited for the evaluation of only one parameter of tissue behavior - <italic>e'</italic>, suggest that structural changes occur before functional impairment. Not only the <italic>E/e' </italic>ratio was the single significant changed parameter, because of an <italic>e' </italic>velocity reduction, but also there were no changes in LVEF, loading parameters and biochemical markers such as Nt-proBNP. In a report from Sawaya et al<sup>23</sup>, a decrease in the longitudinal strain, but not Nt-proBNP and diastolic parameters, was an independent predictor for the development of cardiotoxicity at six months of TZB therapy.</p>
      <p>Nevertheless, this study was limited by the small sample size and particularly for the inability to correlate these early findings to the eventual development of LVEF reduction and/or heart failure in the subsequent patient follow-up. Furthermore, loading conditions may have been different, since the echocardiographic evaluation was not made exactly at the same time schedule among these patients. In fact, we should have also carried out a comprehensive echocardiographic evaluation to try to fully describe the left ventricular filling conditions, namely with pulmonary vein interrogation and <italic>E</italic> wave propagation velocity recording. Moreover, and in order to describe the myocardial behavior under TZB in this small group of patients, our aim should have been focused toward other parameters such as TDI derived strain and speckle tracking derived deformation.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Conclusion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>We detected a very early change in a daily practice routine echocardiographic parameter (<italic>E/e'</italic>) in patients under TZB therapy. Since several parameters assessing myocardial (dys)function are being described as impaired in TZB therapy for breast cancer, even before LVEF reduction, it should be included in the conventional cardiac monitoring of these patients in order to understand its clinical impact.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
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