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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">Ym8S5bWwRdzWy9L4jMBfqtH</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000400003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130048</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#205;ndices Lip&#237;dicos Tetravalente (LTI) e Pentavalente (LPI) em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Morais</surname>
            <given-names>Charles Augusto dos Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Henrique Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff02"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica e Biologia Molecular </institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff02">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">MG</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Minas Gerais</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina e Enfermagem </institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Curso de Medicina</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>322</fpage>
      <lpage>327</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: A preval&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) tem aumentado nos &#250;ltimos anos. A literatura revela que cerca de 35% dos eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos ocorrem na aus&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, requerendo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o individual minuciosa para melhor caracterizar o risco. Os &#237;ndices lip&#237;dicos tetravalente (LTI) e pentavalente (LPI) constituem uma nova e eficiente forma de avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico e do risco para DCV. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo avaliou o LTI e o LPI em estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o, estabelecendo estes &#237;ndices em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e correlacionando-os com o perfil lip&#237;dico tradicional. M&#201;TODOS: Participaram do estudo 110 estudantes, 48 (44%) do sexo masculino e 62 (56%) do sexo feminino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 20,9 &#177; 1,7 anos. Apolipoprote&#237;na-AI, apolipoprote&#237;na B, colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na (a), triglic&#233;rides, HDL e LDL foram analisados usando-se m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos espec&#237;ficos. LTI e LPI foram calculados por meio das equa&#231;&#245;es LTI = [colesterol total x triglic&#233;rides x lipoprote&#237;na (a) / HDL] e LPI = [colesterol total x triglic&#233;rides x lipoprote&#237;na (a) x apolipoprote&#237;na B / apolipoprote&#237;na A-I], respectivamente. RESULTADOS: Os valores de LTI e de LPI foram significativamente maiores nas mulheres quando comparados aos dos homens. Para os outros par&#226;metros, houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os g&#234;neros apenas para colesterol total, HDL e apolipoprote&#237;na A-I. Houve correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e significativas entre LDL e LTI e entre LDL e LPI. CONCLUS&#195;O: Os achados indicam que LTI e LPI estavam associados com LDL, um par&#226;metro n&#227;o utilizado para calcular os &#237;ndices lip&#237;dicos e amplamente usado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para investiga&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Lip&#237;deos</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudantes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>&#205;ndices Lip&#237;dicos Tetravalente (LTI) e Pentavalente (LPI) em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Charles Augusto dos Santos Morais<sup>I</sup>; Samuel Henrique Vieira Oliveira<sup>II</sup>; Luciana Moreira Lima<sup>II</sup></bold>
    </p>
    <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica e Biologia Molecular - Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa. MG - Brasil </p>
    <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Medicina e Enfermagem - Curso de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, Vi&#231;osa. MG - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> A preval&#234;ncia das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) tem aumentado nos &#250;ltimos anos. A literatura revela que cerca de 35% dos eventos ateroscler&#243;ticos ocorrem na aus&#234;ncia dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, requerendo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o individual minuciosa para melhor caracterizar o risco. Os &#237;ndices lip&#237;dicos tetravalente (LTI) e pentavalente (LPI) constituem uma nova e eficiente forma de avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico e do risco para DCV. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O presente estudo avaliou o LTI e o LPI em estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o, estabelecendo estes &#237;ndices em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis e correlacionando-os com o perfil lip&#237;dico tradicional. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Participaram do estudo 110 estudantes, 48 (44%) do sexo masculino e 62 (56%) do sexo feminino, com m&#233;dia de idade de 20,9 &#177; 1,7 anos. Apolipoprote&#237;na-AI, apolipoprote&#237;na B, colesterol total, lipoprote&#237;na (a), triglic&#233;rides, HDL e LDL foram analisados usando-se m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos espec&#237;ficos. LTI e LPI foram calculados por meio das equa&#231;&#245;es LTI = [colesterol total x triglic&#233;rides x lipoprote&#237;na (a) / HDL] e LPI = [colesterol total x triglic&#233;rides x lipoprote&#237;na (a) x apolipoprote&#237;na B / apolipoprote&#237;na A-I], respectivamente. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Os valores de LTI e de LPI foram significativamente maiores nas mulheres quando comparados aos dos homens. Para os outros par&#226;metros, houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os g&#234;neros apenas para colesterol total, HDL e apolipoprote&#237;na A-I. Houve correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e significativas entre LDL e LTI e entre LDL e LPI. </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> Os achados indicam que LTI e LPI estavam associados com LDL, um par&#226;metro n&#227;o utilizado para calcular os &#237;ndices lip&#237;dicos e amplamente usado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para investiga&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular.</p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Fatores de Risco, Lip&#237;deos, Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares, Estudantes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A alta preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) no Brasil &#233; decorrente de fatores gen&#233;ticos e tamb&#233;m de eventos ambientais que podem levar ao aparecimento e evolu&#231;&#227;o das placas de ateroma<sup>1,2</sup>. Dieta desequilibrada, tabagismo, sedentarismo, diabetes e colesterol elevado s&#227;o fatores que tendem a aumentar sobremaneira o risco de desenvolvimento das DCV<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Dados da literatura t&#234;m consolidado a rela&#231;&#227;o existente entre os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de colesterol total, LDL e triglic&#233;rides e o surgimento desses eventos<sup>3-5</sup>, sendo a hipercolesterolemia um fator importante em cerca de metade dos casos<sup>6</sup>. Entretanto, muitos dos eventos cardiovasculares ocorrem em indiv&#237;duos normolipid&#234;micos<sup>7,8</sup>. De Backer e cols.<sup>9</sup> observaram que um ter&#231;o do n&#250;mero de casos de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) foi registrado em pacientes com situa&#231;&#227;o de risco intermedi&#225;rio. Novos biomarcadores t&#234;m sido avaliados na tentativa de elucidar fatores que levam a esses eventos, dentre estes a lipoprote&#237;na (a) [Lp(a)], uma variante gen&#233;tica da LDL que apresenta a apolipoprote&#237;na (a) ligada por pontes dissulfeto &#224; apolipoprote&#237;na B (apoB)<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
    <p>Nesse contexto, a necessidade de se buscar novos meios de an&#225;lise tem conduzido a estudos que descrevam de uma forma mais global a real propens&#227;o do paciente ao surgimento de DCV, sobrepujando a an&#225;lise comumente baseada nas part&#237;culas lip&#237;dicas individuais. Os &#237;ndices lip&#237;dicos tetravalente (LTI) e pentavalente (LPI) t&#234;m sido recentemente descritos como uma nova forma de avalia&#231;&#227;o do perfil lip&#237;dico, os quais j&#225; foram analisados em algumas popula&#231;&#245;es<sup>12,13</sup>. A caracter&#237;stica desses novos &#237;ndices distingue-se pela abordagem ampla de part&#237;culas lip&#237;dicas aterog&#234;nicas e n&#227;o aterog&#234;nicas resultando em um &#250;nico valor. Baseado no perfil lip&#237;dico convencional e nos fatores de risco emergentes como Lp(a), apolipoprote&#237;na A-I (apoA-I) e apoB, o LTI e o LPI configuram-se como modelos na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco global, considerando o car&#225;ter multifatorial das DCV.</p>
    <p>A proposta do presente estudo foi estabelecer par&#226;metros desses novos &#237;ndices em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, dado que, at&#233; o presente momento, nenhum estudo fora realizado nessa popula&#231;&#227;o composta de diferentes etnias<sup>14</sup>. Prop&#244;s-se tamb&#233;m avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores desses novos &#237;ndices com os tradicionalmente utilizados, al&#233;m de se verificar outros fatores de risco nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o do projeto pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos da Universidade, foi realizado o estudo, entre os meses de maio a novembro de 2011, em indiv&#237;duos supostamente saud&#225;veis, todos estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o com idade entre 18 e 25 anos. Os volunt&#225;rios assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido concordando na participa&#231;&#227;o, sendo especificados os prop&#243;sitos e objetivos da pesquisa. Foi aplicado um question&#225;rio que contemplava dados como idade, curso de gradua&#231;&#227;o, per&#237;odo cursado, hist&#243;rico familiar para DCV, tabagismo e estilo de vida. Adicionalmente, aferiu-se o peso, a altura, medida da cintura e a press&#227;o arterial. As atribui&#231;&#245;es seguiram as diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>2</sup>. </p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s 12 horas de jejum, foram obtidas dos volunt&#225;rios as amostras de sangue com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de tubos do sistema Vacuttainer<sup>&#174;</sup> (Becton &amp; Dickson) sem anticoagulante. Essas amostras foram centrifugadas a 2.500 rpm durante 15 minutos, sendo o soro aliquotado, identificado e estocado a -70&#186;C at&#233; o momento de realiza&#231;&#227;o dos testes.</p>
    <p>Para a mensura&#231;&#227;o do colesterol total e dos triglic&#233;rides, realizaram-se os m&#233;todos enzim&#225;ticos colorim&#233;tricos Colesterol Monoreagente K082 Bioclin<sup>&#174;</sup> e Triglic&#233;rides Monoreagente K117 Bioclin<sup>&#174;</sup>, respectivamente. O HDL e o LDL foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo enzim&#225;tico de elimina&#231;&#227;o da Bioclin<sup>&#174;</sup> Colesterol HDL Direto K071 e Colesterol LDL Direto K088, respectivamente. As dosagens de Apo A-I e Apo B foram realizadas pelo m&#233;todo de imunoturbidimetria da Biot&#233;cnica<sup>&#174;</sup>Apolipoprote&#237;na A-I Turbidimetria e Apolipoprote&#237;na B Turbidimetria, respectivamente. A Lp(a) foi obtida tamb&#233;m pelo m&#233;todo de imunoturbidimetria, utilizando o conjunto diagn&#243;stico <italic>In Vitro</italic> Lipoprote&#237;na (a) Turbidim&#233;trico. Os testes foram realizados no equipamento Cobas Mira Plus, com o uso de soros controles comerciais para verificar o desempenho dos ensaios. Para a dosagem de Lp(a) foi utilizado o <italic>control liquid</italic> (<italic>Spin React</italic>). O LTI foi obtido pela equa&#231;&#227;o LTI = Colesterol total x Triglic&#233;rides x Lp(a)/HDL e o LPI = Colesterol Total x Triglic&#233;rides x Lp(a) x apoB/apoA-I<sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
    <p>O tamanho m&#237;nimo da amostra foi definido usando-se o coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o obtido para a dosagem de Lp(a) (103%), considerando dez por cento de varia&#231;&#227;o em torno da m&#233;dia, chegando a um n&#250;mero m&#237;nimo de dezesseis indiv&#237;duos em cada grupo para que fossem demonstradas as poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foram realizados: os testes t-<italic>Student</italic> para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal; e Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis n&#227;o param&#233;tricas. Na avalia&#231;&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o, utilizou-se o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para o estudo foi de 5%. Os programas Sigma Stat<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 1.0 e Prism<sup>&#174;</sup> vers&#227;o 3.0 foram utilizados para realizar as an&#225;lises e plotar os gr&#225;ficos, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4925tab01">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta a popula&#231;&#227;o envolvida no estudo, caracterizada de forma geral e de acordo com o sexo. Participaram do estudo 110 estudantes, 48 do sexo masculino (44%) e 62 do sexo feminino (56%).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4925tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0322-30048-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Seguindo as diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia<sup>2</sup> para valores de colesterol total (CT), LDL, triglic&#233;rides (TG) e HDL, n&#227;o foram observados valores m&#233;dios fora dos recomendados na popula&#231;&#227;o analisada de forma geral. O mesmo pode ser observado para os valores referentes a cada sexo. Entretanto, houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os sexos para os valores de colesterol total, HDL, Lp(a) e apoA-I ao n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado, sendo estes maiores no sexo feminino. Sem registro de diferen&#231;a significativa ficaram outros par&#226;metros como LDL e apoB, que apresentaram valores <italic>p</italic> pr&#243;ximos do limiar. Das estudantes, um n&#250;mero expressivo apresentou algum tipo de dislipidemia, sendo esta preval&#234;ncia estatisticamente comprovada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estudantes. Dentre os fatores de risco analisados os mais preponderantes foram sedentarismo, presente em 68,1% dos estudantes, seguido de hist&#243;rico familiar, em 59,1%. Outros dados n&#227;o tiveram diferen&#231;as significativas e/ou n&#227;o constitu&#237;ram relev&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>Os &#237;ndices lip&#237;dicos tetravalente e pentavalente s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4925tab01">Tabela 1</xref> e nos <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4925gra01">Gr&#225;ficos 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4925gra02">2</xref>, respectivamente, sendo fornecidos tamb&#233;m em valores logaritmos. O LTI se mostrou superior na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina, fato comprovado estatisticamente (p = 0,024). O <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4925gra01">Gr&#225;fico 1</xref> ilustra essa diferen&#231;a visualmente observada pela linha horizontal que representa a m&#233;dia desses valores para os sexos. O mesmo foi observado para o LPI (p = 0,007), tamb&#233;m demonstrando n&#237;veis superiores nas mulheres e evidenciado pelo <xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4925gra02">Gr&#225;fico 2</xref>.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4925gra01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0322-30048-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4925gra02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0322-30048-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Outra an&#225;lise realizada consistiu em verificar poss&#237;veis rela&#231;&#245;es entre os &#237;ndices LTI e LPI e outras par&#226;metros que n&#227;o constituem o c&#225;lculo daqueles. Dessa forma, Foram observadas correla&#231;&#245;es positivas e significativas entre LTI e LDL (r = 0,49; p &lt; 0,001) e entre LPI e LDL (r = 0,56; p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A n&#227;o observ&#226;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos tradicionais pode ser atribu&#237;da ao fato da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada ser constitu&#237;da exclusivamente por estudantes de gradua&#231;&#227;o, indiv&#237;duos jovens e supostamente saud&#225;veis. Alguns volunt&#225;rios apresentaram dislipidemias, 28,2% do total, fato que pode ser explicado pela predisposi&#231;&#227;o gen&#233;tica individual. No entanto, indiv&#237;duos normolipid&#234;micos predominam na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada, tanto no sexo masculino quanto no feminino, confirmando estudo semelhante realizado por Coelho e colegas (2005) com indiv&#237;duos universit&#225;rios<sup>15</sup>.</p>
    <p>Na an&#225;lise com rela&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero, o colesterol total, HDL, Lp(a) e apoA-I tiveram n&#237;veis mais elevados nas mulheres em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens. H&#225; diverg&#234;ncias na literatura quanto &#224; diferen&#231;a ou n&#227;o no perfil lip&#237;dico de homens e mulheres, haja vista a exist&#234;ncia de flutua&#231;&#245;es dos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos nos diferentes est&#225;dios do ciclo menstrual feminino, decorrente das constantes mudan&#231;as metab&#243;licas ocasionadas pelo horm&#244;nio estrog&#234;nio<sup>16-18</sup>. Chama a aten&#231;&#227;o o fato de que tanto o HDL e a apoA-I, considerados antiaterog&#234;nicos e protetores para DCV, quanto o CT e a Lp(a), considerados aterog&#234;nicos e que podem predispor a eventos cardiovasculares, apresentaram-se elevados nas mulheres em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4925tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). Estes achados permitem inferir que a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros individuais muitas vezes pode tornar-se complicada na cl&#237;nica m&#233;dica e a avalia&#231;&#227;o global proposta pelo LTI e LPI pode constituir uma ferramenta de aux&#237;lio neste sentido.</p>
    <p>Apesar da SBC<sup>2</sup> n&#227;o recomendar a dosagem rotineira das apolipoprote&#237;nas A-I e B e da Lp(a), o perfil lip&#237;dico convencional (CT e fra&#231;&#245;es) pode n&#227;o traduzir o risco coronariano, j&#225; que n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos n&#237;veis de LDL entre homens e mulheres, e as mulheres apresentaram n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de HDL significativamente maiores que os dos homens. Por outro lado, os resultados obtidos para o LTI e LPI tamb&#233;m foram significativamente mais elevados nas mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4925tab01">Tabela 1</xref>). Tais achados fortalecem a ideia de que o perfil lip&#237;dico convencional, em muitos casos, pode n&#227;o oferecer subs&#237;dio a real estimativa do risco coronariano. Portanto, quando esse perfil se apresenta normal, n&#227;o necessariamente exime o paciente de risco devido &#224;s dislipidemias. Desta forma, a introdu&#231;&#227;o de testes laboratoriais relativos ao perfil lip&#237;dico n&#227;o convencional seria extremamente desej&#225;vel na busca de uma real estimativa do risco coronariano, como adi&#231;&#227;o a todos os outros fatores de risco tradicionalmente investigados.</p>
    <p>O maior n&#250;mero de casos de dislipidemias no sexo feminino alerta para o poss&#237;vel desenvolvimento de placas de ateroma e todas as suas consequ&#234;ncias neste grupo de indiv&#237;duos futuramente. Alguns estudos apontam o sedentarismo em estudantes como um poss&#237;vel fator agravante no aumento dos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos, percebido principalmente nas mulheres<sup>15,19</sup>. Um fator de risco n&#227;o modific&#225;vel presente em 59,1% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4925tab01">Tabela 1</xref>) dos estudantes foi o hist&#243;rico familiar para DCV, tamb&#233;m revelado em outros estudos<sup>15,19,20</sup>. Analisados de forma conjunta, estes dados permitem inferir que essa grande propor&#231;&#227;o de estudantes com antecedentes familiares n&#227;o implicou num maior cuidado com a sa&#250;de, j&#225; que um fator modific&#225;vel como o sedentarismo esteve fortemente presente nessa popula&#231;&#227;o (68,1%).</p>
    <p>O LTI foi descrito por Enas e cols.<sup>12</sup> como um novo meio de avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular. Caracterizado pela multiplica&#231;&#227;o de tr&#234;s part&#237;culas aterog&#234;nicas, sendo estas o colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides e Lp(a), e divis&#227;o deste produto pela part&#237;cula n&#227;o aterog&#234;nica HDL, o &#237;ndice descreve o perfil lip&#237;dico do paciente de forma global. Esse &#237;ndice tem sido comparado entre indiv&#237;duos controle saud&#225;veis e acometidos de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, demonstrando n&#237;veis bem inferiores nos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis<sup>12,21</sup>.</p>
    <p>O LPI compreende o produto de quatro part&#237;culas aterog&#234;nicas, sendo colesterol total, triglic&#233;rides e Lp(a) e Apo B, dividido pela Apo A-1, n&#227;o aterog&#234;nica. Inicialmente descrito por Das e cols.<sup>13</sup> como uma melhor maneira de discriminar casos de DAC em rela&#231;&#227;o ao LTI em crian&#231;as e adolescentes pesquisadas, o LPI engloba tanto altera&#231;&#245;es no perfil lip&#237;dico tradicional quanto fatores emergentes, como Lp(a), Apo A-1 e Apo B.</p>
    <p>Tanto o LTI quanto o LPI tiveram n&#237;veis superiores nas mulheres. A exist&#234;ncia de poucos registros na literatura sobre esses novos &#237;ndices coloca o presente trabalho como piloto na descri&#231;&#227;o da poss&#237;vel diferen&#231;a entre os g&#234;neros. Fazem-se necess&#225;rias investiga&#231;&#245;es adicionais para esclarecer com fidedignidade esse preceito, observando as altera&#231;&#245;es existentes no metabolismo feminino em decorr&#234;ncia do ciclo menstrual<sup>18</sup>. Entretanto, mesmo nessas observa&#231;&#245;es, a ocorr&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis mais elevados nas estudantes n&#227;o descarta sobremaneira uma maior propens&#227;o destas ao risco futuro de desenvolvimento de DVC, devendo-se abordar a&#231;&#245;es que venham a minimizar essa predisposi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Na tentativa de se avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis comumente descritos na literatura com o LTI e o LPI, testes de correla&#231;&#227;o foram realizados. Como os &#237;ndices s&#227;o compostos por alguns dessas part&#237;culas tradicionais, correla&#231;&#245;es entre eles e suas part&#237;culas componentes existiriam, por&#233;m n&#227;o seriam creditadas. A correla&#231;&#227;o observada entre o LTI e LDL (49%) e entre o LPI e LDL (56%) configura um v&#237;nculo que pode ser o caminho para a valida&#231;&#227;o desses novos &#237;ndices. &#201; importante ressaltar que o LDL n&#227;o faz parte de nenhuma das duas equa&#231;&#245;es utilizadas para o c&#225;lculo do LTI e do LPI. Embora o grau das correla&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o tenha sido elevado do ponto de vista matem&#225;tico, estas n&#227;o podem ser clinicamente desprezadas, haja vista as grandes diferen&#231;as que podem existir nos n&#237;veis lip&#237;dicos entre indiv&#237;duos, e at&#233; mesmo com rela&#231;&#227;o ao g&#234;nero, como mencionado. Al&#233;m disso, o car&#225;ter multiparam&#233;trico na constitui&#231;&#227;o do LTI e do LPI corrobora esse grau de correla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Os valores de LTI e LPI encontrados na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada podem contribuir para o estabelecimento dos valores de refer&#234;ncia desses &#237;ndices na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, dado que existem poucos estudos na literatura e nenhum, at&#233; o presente momento, com essa finalidade. A popula&#231;&#227;o jovem apresenta-se como um modelo na aquisi&#231;&#227;o desses dados por configurar indiv&#237;duos supostamente saud&#225;veis. No entanto, os valores desses &#237;ndices n&#227;o podem ainda ser utilizados como par&#226;metros indicativos de dislipidemias uma vez que, at&#233; o momento, n&#227;o existem refer&#234;ncias descritas na literatura, um dos motivos pelos quais este trabalho torna-se oportuno. Estudos adicionais envolvendo um maior n&#250;mero de pessoas s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para uma melhor descri&#231;&#227;o desses par&#226;metros, bem como a ocorr&#234;ncia de uma poss&#237;vel diferen&#231;a entre g&#234;neros.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FUNARBE e CNPq.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Luciana Moreira Lima </p>
        <p> Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Centro </p>
        <p> CEP 36570-000, Vi&#231;osa, MG - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lucianamoreiralima@yahoo.com.br">lucianamoreiralima@yahoo.com.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="luciana.lima@ufv.br">luciana.lima@ufv.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 01/06/12, revisado em 21/11/12, aceito em 14/01/13</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Lipid Tetrad Index (LTI) and Lipid Pentad Index (LPI) in healthy subjects</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has increased steadily in recent years. Literature data show that about 35% of atherosclerotic events occur in the absence of classic risk factors, requiring a broader assessment of the individual to better characterize the risk. Lipid Tetrad Index (LTI) and Lipid Pentad Index (LPI) constitute a new and efficient evaluation of the lipid profile and CVD risk. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed LTI and LPI in undergraduate students, seeking to establish the parameters of these indices in healthy subjects and correlate them with the conventional lipid profile. METHODS: The study included 110 students, 48 (44%) males and 62 (56%) females, mean age 20.9 &#177; 1.7. Apolipoprotein-AI, apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were assessed, using specific diagnostic methods. LTI and LPI indices were calculated using the equations LTI = [total cholesterol x triglycerides x lipoprotein(a) / HDL] and LPI = [total cholesterol x triglycerides x lipoprotein(a) x apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein-AI], respectively. RESULTS: LTI and LPI values were significantly higher in females compared to males. As for the other parameters, there were significant differences between males and females only regarding total cholesterol, HDL and apolipoprotein-AI. There were significant and positive correlations between LDL and LTI and between LDL and LPI. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that both LTI and LPI were associated with LDL, a parameter not used to calculate lipid indices and widely used in clinical practice for cardiovascular risk assessment.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Lipids</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Students</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Lipid Tetrad Index (LTI) and Lipid Pentad Index (LPI) in healthy subjects</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Charles Augusto dos Santos Morais<sup>I</sup>; Samuel Henrique Vieira Oliveira<sup>II</sup>; Luciana Moreira Lima<sup>II</sup></bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p><sup>I</sup>Departamento de Bioqu&#237;mica e Biologia Molecular - Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa. MG - Brasil</p>
      <p><sup>II</sup>Departamento de Medicina e Enfermagem - Curso de Medicina - Universidade Federal de Vi&#231;osa, Vi&#231;osa. MG - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has increased steadily in recent years. Literature data show that about 35% of atherosclerotic events occur in the absence of classic risk factors, requiring a broader assessment of the individual to better characterize the risk. Lipid Tetrad Index (LTI) and Lipid Pentad Index (LPI) constitute a new and efficient evaluation of the lipid profile and CVD risk. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> This study assessed LTI and LPI in undergraduate students, seeking to establish the parameters of these indices in healthy subjects and correlate them with the conventional lipid profile. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The study included 110 students, 48 (44%) males and 62 (56%) females, mean age 20.9 &#177; 1.7. Apolipoprotein-AI, apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were assessed, using specific diagnostic methods. LTI and LPI indices were calculated using the equations LTI = [total cholesterol x triglycerides x lipoprotein(a) / HDL] and LPI = [total cholesterol x triglycerides x lipoprotein(a) x apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein-AI], respectively. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> LTI and LPI values were significantly higher in females compared to males. As for the other parameters, there were significant differences between males and females only regarding total cholesterol, HDL and apolipoprotein-AI. There were significant and positive correlations between LDL and LTI and between LDL and LPI.</p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Findings indicate that both LTI and LPI were associated with LDL, a parameter not used to calculate lipid indices and widely used in clinical practice for cardiovascular risk assessment.</p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Risk Factors; Lipids; Cardiovascular Diseases; Students.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The high prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Brazil is due to genetic factors, as well as environmental events that can lead to the onset and progression of atheroma plaques<sup>1,2</sup>. Unbalanced diet, smoking, physical inactivity, diabetes and high cholesterol are factors that tend to greatly increase the risk of developing CVD<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>Literature data have consolidated the association between plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides and the occurrence of these events<sup>3-5</sup>, with hypercholesterolemia being an important factor in approximately 50% of cases<sup>6</sup>. However, many cardiovascular events occur in normolipidemic subjects<sup>7,8</sup>. De Backer et al<sup>9</sup> reported that one third of cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were observed in patients with intermediate risk status. New biomarkers have been evaluated in an attempt to elucidate factors that lead to these events and among these, lipoprotein (a) [Lp (a)], a genetic variant of LDL that has apolipoprotein (a) linked by disulfide bonds to apolipoprotein B (apoB)<sup>10,11</sup>.</p>
      <p>In this context, the need to search for new methods of analysis has led to studies that more comprehensively describe patients' actual propensity to develop CVD, overcoming the analysis commonly based on individual lipid particles. The lipid tetrad (LTI) and pentad (LPI) indices have recently been described as a new form of assessment of lipid profiles, which have been analyzed in some populations<sup>12,13</sup>. A characteristic of these new indices is distinguished by the broad approach of atherogenic and non-atherogenic lipid particles, resulting in a single value. Based on the conventional lipid profile and the emerging risk factors such as Lp (a), apolipoprotein AI (apoA-I) and apoB, the LTI and LPI appear as models in global risk assessment, considering the multifactorial nature of CVD.</p>
      <p>The purpose of this study was to establish parameters of these new indices in healthy individuals from the Brazilian population, given that, to date, no study has been carried out in this population, which consists of different ethnic groups<sup>14</sup>. We also proposed to evaluate the correlation between the values of these new indices with those traditionally used, in addition to assessing other risk factors in this population.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>After project approval by the Ethics Committee on Human Research of the University, the study was carried out between the months of May and November 2011, in supposedly healthy individuals, all undergraduate students aged between 18 and 25 years. The volunteers signed an informed consent form agreeing to participate in the study and the purposes and objectives of the research were specified. A questionnaire was applied, which included data such as age, year of graduation, attended period, family history of CVD, smoking and lifestyle. Additionally, weight, height, waist measurement and blood pressure were measured. Assignments followed the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC)<sup>2</sup>.</p>
      <p>After a 12-hour fast, blood samples were obtained from the volunteers using Vacutainer<sup>&#174;</sup> tubes (Becton Dickson &amp;) without anticoagulant. These samples were centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 15 minutes and the serum was divided in aliquots, labeled and stored at -70 &#186;C until the tests were performed.</p>
      <p>The enzymatic colorimetric methods Cholesterol Monoreagent K082 and Triglycerides Monoreagent K117 by Bioclin<sup>&#174;</sup> were used for the measurement of total cholesterol and triglycerides, respectively. HDL and LDL were determined by enzymatic elimination method HDL Cholesterol Direct K071 and LDL Cholesterol Direct K088, respectively, by Bioclin<sup>&#174;</sup>. Measurements of Apo A-I and Apo B were performed using the immunoturbidimetry methods of Apolipoprotein AI Turbidimetry and Apolipoprotein B Turbidimetry by Biotecnica<sup>&#174;</sup>, respectively. Lp (a) was also obtained by the immunoturbidimetry method, using the <italic>In Vitro</italic> Turbidimetric Lipoprotein (a) diagnostic set.</p>
      <p>The tests were performed in a Cobas Mira Plus device, using commercial control sera to verify assay performance. Control liquid (Spin React) was used for the measurement of Lp (a) LTI was obtained by the equation LTI = Total Cholesterol x Triglycerides x Lp (a)/HDL and LPI = Total Cholesterol x Triglycerides x Lp (a) x apoB/apoA-I <sup>12,13</sup>.</p>
      <p>The minimum sample size was defined by the coefficient of variation obtained for Lp (a) measurement (103%), considering ten percent variation around the mean, reaching a minimum of sixteen individuals in each group to demonstrate the possible statistical differences with a significance level of 5%. Student's <italic>t</italic> tests for normally distributed variables and Mann-Whitney test for nonparametric variables were used for the statistical analysis. For the analysis of the correlation, Pearson's correlation test was used. The level of significance was set at 5%. The software programs Sigma Stat<sup>&#174;</sup> release 1.0 and Prism<sup>&#174;</sup> release 3.0 were used to perform the analysis and plot graphs, respectively.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4925tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> shows the study population and its general characteristics according to gender. The study included 110 students, 48 males (44%) and 62 females (56%).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4925tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0322-30048-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>According to the guidelines of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology<sup>2</sup> for total cholesterol (TC), LDL, triglycerides (TG) and HDL there were no mean values outside the range recommended for this population in general. The same was observed for the values regarding each gender. However, significant differences wee observed between genders for TC, HDL, Lp (a) and apoA-I considering the level of significance used, which were higher in females. No significant differences were observed regarding other parameters such as LDL and apoB, which had p values close to the threshold. Of the female students, a significant number had some type of dyslipidemia, with this prevalence being statistically significant in relation to male students. Among the risk factors analyzed, the most prevalent were sedentary lifestyle, present in 68.1% of the students, followed by family history, at 59.1%. Other data did not differ significantly and/or did not show any relevance.</p>
      <p>The tetrad and pentad lipid indices are sown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4925tab01-body2">Table 1</xref> and in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4925cha01-body2">Charts 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4925cha02-body2">2</xref> respectively, also being shown as logarithmic values. LTI was higher in the female population, which is statistically demonstrated (p = 0.024). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4925cha01-body2">Chart 1</xref> illustrates this visually observed difference through the horizontal line that represents the mean of these values for both genders. The same was observed for LPI (p = 0.007), also demonstrating higher levels in women and shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4925cha02-body2">Chart 2</xref>.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4925cha01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0322-30048-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4925cha02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0322-30048-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Another analysis was performed to evaluate possible associations between LPI and LTI and other parameters that are not included in their calculation. Thus, we found positive and significant correlations between LTI and LDL (r = 0.49, p &lt; 0.001) and between LPI and LDL (r = 0.56, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The lack of alterations in the traditional lipid levels can be attributed to the studied population, which consisted exclusively of undergraduate, young and presumably healthy students. Some volunteers had dyslipidemia, 28.2% of the total, which can be explained by individual genetic predisposition. However, normolipidemic individuals predominated in the studied population, both in males and females, confirming a similar study carried out by Coelho et al. (2005) in university students<sup>15</sup>.</p>
      <p>When performing the analysis taking gender into account, total cholesterol, HDL, Lp (a) and apoA-I levels were higher in women, when compared to men. There is disagreement in the literature regarding the differences or not in lipid profile of men and women, given the fluctuations in lipid levels at different stages of the female menstrual cycle due to the constant metabolic changes caused by estrogen<sup>16-18</sup>. It is noteworthy the fact that both HDL and apoA-I, considered antiatherogenic and protective factors against CVD, and TC and Lp (a), considered atherogenic factors that may predispose to cardiovascular events, were high in women, when compared to men (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4925tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). These findings allow us to conclude that the evaluation of individual parameters can often become complicated in clinical practice and an overall assessment proposed by LTI and LPI can be a tool to aid patient assessment.</p>
      <p>Even though SBC<sup>2</sup> does not recommend the routine measurement of apolipoproteins A-I and B and Lp (a), the conventional lipid profile (TC and fractions) may not demonstrate coronary risk, as there were no significant differences in LDL levels between men and women, and women had significantly higher mean levels of HDL than men. On the other hand, the results obtained for LTI and LPI were also significantly higher in women (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4925tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>). These findings reinforce the idea that the conventional lipid profile, in many cases, may not offer an actual estimation of coronary risk. Thus, when this profile is normal, it does not necessarily rule out the risk due to dyslipidemia. Consequently, the introduction of laboratory tests related to the unconventional lipid profile would be extremely desirable in search of the real coronary risk estimate, as an addition to all other traditionally investigated risk factors.</p>
      <p>The higher number of dyslipidemia cases among women alert to the possible development of atherosclerotic plaques and all its consequences in this group of individuals in the future. Some studies point to a sedentary lifestyle among students as a possible aggravating factor for the increase in lipid levels, especially noticeable in women<sup>15,19</sup>. A non-modifiable risk factor observed in 59.1% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4925tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>) of the students was the family history for CVD, also demonstrated in other studies<sup>15,19,20</sup>. Considering all these data, they allow us to infer that this large proportion of students with family history of CVD did not imply in increased health awareness, as a modifiable factor such as physical inactivity was strongly present in this population (68.1%).</p>
      <p>LTI was described by Enas et al<sup>12</sup> as a new way to assess cardiovascular risk. Characterized by the multiplication of three atherogenic particles, which are total cholesterol, triglycerides and Lp (a), and the division of this product by the non-atherogenic HDL particle, the index describes the overall lipid profile of patients. This index has been compared between healthy control subjects and those with coronary artery disease, with healthy subjects showing much lower levels<sup>12,21</sup>.</p>
      <p>LPI comprises the product of four atherogenic particles, namely total cholesterol, triglycerides, Lp (a) and ApoB, divided by Apo A-1, which is non-atherogenic. Initially described by Das et al<sup>13</sup> as a better way to discriminate cases of CAD in relation to LTI in children and adolescents, LPI encompasses both alterations in the traditional lipid profile and emerging factors, such as Lp (a), Apo A-1 and Apo B.</p>
      <p>Both LTI as LPI levels were higher in women. The fact that there have been few records in the literature on these new indices makes the present work a pilot in the description of possible gender differences. Additional investigations are necessary to clarify this principle, considering the metabolic changes observed due to the female menstrual cycle<sup>18</sup>. However, even in these observations, the occurrence of higher levels in the female students does not rule out their increased propensity to a future risk of developing CVD and actions that may minimize this predisposition should be undertaken.</p>
      <p>In an attempt to assess the association between levels commonly described in the literature with LTI and LPI, correlation tests were performed. As the indices comprise some of these traditional particles, correlations between them and their component particles do exist, but would not be credited. The correlation observed between LTI and LDL (49%) and between LPI and LDL (56%) establishes a connection that may be the way to validate these new indices. It is noteworthy the fact that LDL is not part of either of the two equations used for calculating LTI and LPI. Although the degree of the correlations has not been high from the mathematical point of view, these cannot be overlooked clinically, given the great differences in lipid levels among individuals, and even regarding gender, as mentioned before. Moreover, the multiparametric characteristic in the constitution of LTI and LPI supports this degree of correlation.</p>
      <p>The LTI and LPI values found in the study population may contribute to establish reference values of these indices in the Brazilian population, as there are few studies in the literature and none, to date, for this purpose. The young population is a model for the acquisition of these data as it supposedly includes healthy individuals. However, the values of these indices cannot be used as yet as parameters indicative of dyslipidemia as, so far, there are no references described in the literature, one of the reasons why this study becomes appropriate. Additional studies involving a larger number of individuals are needed for a better description of these parameters, as well as the occurrence of a possible difference between genders.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study was funded by FUNARBE and CNPq.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This study is not associated with any post-graduation program.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
