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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
        <publisher-loc>S&#227;o Paulo, SP, Brazil</publisher-loc>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v3">rqDzyqrH5BgjvDC4GBPnjnt</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v2">S0066-782X2013000400002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id" specific-use="scielo-v1">S0066-782X(13)10000400002</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20130049</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigos Originais</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Metaloproteinases 2 e 9 s&#227;o preditoras de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cogni</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Lucia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farah</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Minicucci</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Paula S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matsubara</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz B.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zanati</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Haggeman</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paiva</surname>
            <given-names>Sergio A. R.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zornoff</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo A. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff01"/>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff01">
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
      </aff>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>100</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>315</fpage>
      <lpage>321</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2012</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <p>FUNDAMENTO: O papel de metaloproteinases (MMP) s&#233;ricas ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) &#233; desconhecido. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar o papel das MMP-2 e -9 s&#233;ricas como marcadores progn&#243;sticos da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular seis meses ap&#243;s o IM anterior. M&#201;TODOS: Fizemos um registro prospectivo dos pacientes ap&#243;s o seu primeiro IM anterior. A atividade de MMP foi analisada entre 12 a 72 horas ap&#243;s o IM. Foi feito um ecocardiograma durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e seis meses depois. RESULTADOS: Inclu&#237;mos 29 pacientes; 62% mostraram remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os pacientes que mostraram remodela&#231;&#227;o tinham maior tamanho de infarto baseado nos valores pico da creatinofosfoquinase (CPK) (p = 0,037), alta preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva em hospitais (p = 0,004), e redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) (p = 0,007). Os pacientes com remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular tiveram menores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de MMP-9 inativa (p = 0,007) e maiores n&#237;veis da forma ativa da MMP-2 (p = 0,011). Em um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, ajustado pela idade, pico de CPK, FE e preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da MMP-2 e -9 estavam associados &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,033 e 0,044, respectivamente). CONCLUS&#195;O: N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados da MMP-9 inativa foram associados com a preserva&#231;&#227;o dos volumes ventriculares esquerdos, e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados da forma ativa da MMP-2 foram um preditor da remodela&#231;&#227;o seis meses ap&#243;s o IM.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt" kwd-group-type="author-generated">
        <kwd>Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz</kwd>
        <kwd>Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>22</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2013</year>
      </pub-date>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <bold>Metaloproteinases 2 e 9 s&#227;o preditoras de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Ana Lucia Cogni; Elaine Farah; Marcos F. Minicucci; Paula S. Azevedo; Katashi Okoshi; Beatriz B. Matsubara; Silm&#233;ia Zanati; Rodrigo Haggeman; Sergio A. R. Paiva; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</p>
    <p>
      <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="end">Correspond&#234;ncia</xref>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>RESUMO</bold>
    </p>
    <p><bold>FUNDAMENTO:</bold> O papel de metaloproteinases (MMP) s&#233;ricas ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) &#233; desconhecido. </p>
    <p><bold>OBJETIVO:</bold> O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar o papel das MMP-2 e -9 s&#233;ricas como marcadores progn&#243;sticos da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular seis meses ap&#243;s o IM anterior. </p>
    <p><bold>M&#201;TODOS:</bold> Fizemos um registro prospectivo dos pacientes ap&#243;s o seu primeiro IM anterior. A atividade de MMP foi analisada entre 12 a 72 horas ap&#243;s o IM. Foi feito um ecocardiograma durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e seis meses depois. </p>
    <p><bold>RESULTADOS:</bold> Inclu&#237;mos 29 pacientes; 62% mostraram remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os pacientes que mostraram remodela&#231;&#227;o tinham maior tamanho de infarto baseado nos valores pico da creatinofosfoquinase (CPK) (p = 0,037), alta preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva em hospitais (p = 0,004), e redu&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) (p = 0,007). Os pacientes com remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular tiveram menores n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de MMP-9 inativa (p = 0,007) e maiores n&#237;veis da forma ativa da MMP-2 (p = 0,011). Em um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, ajustado pela idade, pico de CPK, FE e preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da MMP-2 e -9 estavam associados &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o (p = 0,033 e 0,044, respectivamente). </p>
    <p><bold>CONCLUS&#195;O:</bold> N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados da MMP-9 inativa foram associados com a preserva&#231;&#227;o dos volumes ventriculares esquerdos, e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados da forma ativa da MMP-2 foram um preditor da remodela&#231;&#227;o seis meses ap&#243;s o IM. </p>
    <p><bold>Palavras-chave:</bold> Metaloproteinase 2 da Matriz, Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz, Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio, Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda / fisiopatologia.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>A remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular, definida como altera&#231;&#245;es na geometria, fun&#231;&#227;o, tamanho, composi&#231;&#227;o e massa ventricular, tem sido associada com resultados ruins em longo prazo ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM)<sup>1-6</sup>. Logo, &#233; essencial compreender as altera&#231;&#245;es pato fisiol&#243;gicas envolvidas nesses processos para o desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias eficientes de tratamento do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    <p>A matriz card&#237;aca extracelular &#233; primordial para a manuten&#231;&#227;o da integridade estrutural do cora&#231;&#227;o e &#233; composta por elementos estruturais, como o col&#225;geno, e outras prote&#237;nas, como a fibronectina, proteoglicanos e prote&#237;nas matricelulares. Um componente importante desta matriz extracelular &#233; uma fam&#237;lia de enzimas de decomposi&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular, as metaloproteinases (MMPs). As MMPs s&#227;o uma fam&#237;lia de mais de 25 esp&#233;cies de proteases dependentes de zinco, que s&#227;o essenciais para a remodela&#231;&#227;o normal do tecido e est&#227;o envolvidas em diversas patologias, como o c&#226;ncer e doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias e cardiovasculares. MMPs espec&#237;ficas expressam-se em c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas como os mi&#243;citos, fibroblastos, c&#233;lulas endoteliais, c&#233;lulas musculares lisas e macr&#243;fagos. Essas enzimas s&#227;o sintetizadas como zim&#243;genos inativos e s&#227;o secretadas dentro da matriz extracelular como pr&#243;-enzimas das pro-MMPs, que permanecem adormecidas at&#233; que o dom&#237;nio pro-pept&#237;dico seja dividido. &#201; poss&#237;vel que muitas MMPs, incluindo gelatinases (MMP-2 e MMP-9), estejam associadas &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas causadas por diferentes agress&#245;es<sup>7</sup>.</p>
    <p>O papel das MMPs no processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi estudado<sup>8-25</sup>. No entanto, o papel das gelatinases como preditores de remodela&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IM permanece desconhecido. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar o papel das MMP-2 e -9 s&#233;ricas como marcadores progn&#243;sticos da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com IM anterior seis meses ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>M&#233;todos</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, e todos os participantes nos deram o seu consentimento por escrito. Entre Dezembro de 2009 e Julho de 2010, pacientes consecutivos com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio anterior foram recrutados.</p>
    <p>O IM agudo foi diagnosticado na presen&#231;a de dois crit&#233;rios: angina pectoris persistente para <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 min e eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST para <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 mm em <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais cont&#237;guas ou presen&#231;a de um bloqueio do ramo esquerdo<sup>26</sup>. O IM agudo foi confirmado mais tarde baseado na eleva&#231;&#227;o das enzimas card&#237;acas em mais do dobro do limite m&#225;ximo da taxa normal.</p>
    <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram os seguintes: malignidade ativa, infec&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca, pulmonar ou hep&#225;tica em est&#225;gio terminal, gravidez, idade &lt; 18 anos, fibrila&#231;&#227;o arterial, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, e valvopatias.</p>
    <p>&#192; admiss&#227;o, os dados sobre o paciente, incluindo a circunfer&#234;ncia abdominal, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, idade, g&#234;nero, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, fatores de risco cardiovascular, doen&#231;as concomitantes, eventos adversos, tratamento m&#233;dico, sintomas e dados relacionados ao atraso pr&#233;-hospitalar, foram registrados. Nossa defini&#231;&#227;o de diabetes mellitus foi baseada nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e em um n&#237;vel de glicose em jejum de <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg/dL em duas ocasi&#245;es diferentes ou no tratamento cont&#237;nuo para a doen&#231;a. A hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica foi considerada presente para uma press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; 140 mm Hg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &gt; 90 mm Hg. A dislipidemia foi identificada de acordo com as diretrizes do <italic>National Cholesterol Education Program</italic> - NCEP (Programa Nacional de Educa&#231;&#227;o do Colesterol) III, com n&#237;veis totais de colesterol <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg/dL, ou HDL &lt; 40 mg/ dL para homens e &lt; 50 mg/dL para mulheres, ou n&#237;vel de triglicer&#237;deos <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dL. A obesidade foi definida considerando um &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</p>
    <p>Para eventos adversos durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, a angina est&#225;vel foi diagnosticada baseada na presen&#231;a dos sintomas card&#237;acos em um padr&#227;o que permanece constante na apresenta&#231;&#227;o, frequ&#234;ncia, caracter&#237;stica e dura&#231;&#227;o; enquanto que doen&#231;as coronarianas foram diagnosticadas atrav&#233;s de uma angiografia coronariana. A angina inst&#225;vel foi diagnosticada baseada na presen&#231;a de novos sintomas card&#237;acos e nos resultados positivos do eletrocardiograma (ECG) com biomarcadores normais ou com um padr&#227;o de mudan&#231;a de sintomas e resultados positivos do ECG com biomarcadores normais e doen&#231;a coron&#225;ria na angiografia coron&#225;ria. Todas as demais defini&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-especificadas utilizadas neste estudo eram similares &#224;quelas de ensaios cl&#237;nicos anteriores<sup>27</sup>.</p>
    <p>A atividade da MMP s&#233;rica foi analisada de 12 a 72 horas ap&#243;s o IM e foi determinada como relatada por Tyagi e cols.<sup>28</sup>. Resumidamente, amostras foram preparadas para an&#225;lise atrav&#233;s da dilui&#231;&#227;o em um tamp&#227;o de extra&#231;&#227;o, conforme segue: 50 mM Tris, pH 7,4; 0,2 M NaCl; 0,1% Triton X; e 10 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>. Em seguida, foram dilu&#237;das no tamp&#227;o de aplica&#231;&#227;o, conforme segue: 0,5 M Tris, pH 6,8; 100% glicerol; e 0,05% de azul de bromofenol. As amostras foram colocadas em po&#231;os de 8% de g&#233;is de SDS-poliacrilamida contendo 1% de gelatina. A eletroforese foi conduzida com um aparelho Bio-Rad em 80 V por duas horas e foi parada quando o azul de bromofenol chegou &#224; base do gel. O gel foi retirado e lavado duas vezes com 2,5% Triton-X-100 e em seguida lavado com 50 mM Tris, pH 8,4. O gel foi ent&#227;o incubado a 37&#186;C durante a noite em solu&#231;&#227;o de ativa&#231;&#227;o composta por: 50 mM Tris, pH 8,4; 5 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>; e ZnCl<sub>2</sub>. A colora&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por duas horas com 0,5% de azul de Coomassie e descolorada em 30% de metanol e 10% de &#225;cido ac&#233;tico at&#233; que faixas claras fossem observadas em um fundo escuro. A colora&#231;&#227;o e descolora&#231;&#227;o foram realizadas em temperatura ambiente em um agitador rotativo. Os g&#233;is foram fotografados e a intensidade da a&#231;&#227;o gelatinol&#237;tica (faixas claras) foi analisada em um analisador de imagem UVP, UV, White Darkhon.</p>
    <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma foi feita por tr&#234;s cardiologistas. No entanto, o mesmo operador analisou o mesmo paciente durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (aproximadamente tr&#234;s a cinco dias ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o) e em um per&#237;odo de seis meses. Foi usado um ecocardi&#243;grafo de modelo HDI 5000 Sono CT (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, Washington, EUA) equipado com uma sonda de 2,0 a 4,0 MHz capaz de realizar segunda harm&#244;nica, Doppler colorido, tecidual, puls&#225;til e cont&#237;nuo, assim como imagens uni e bidimensionais. Com os indiv&#237;duos posicionados em dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo e monitorados com uma deriva&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma, foram obtidos os seguintes resultados do ecocardiograma: o eixo curto paraesternal para medir os ventr&#237;culos, aorta, &#225;trio esquerdo e os cortes apicais de duas, quatro e cinco c&#226;maras para avaliar as cavidades e as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;licas e diast&#243;licas dos ventr&#237;culos. Todas as medidas foram realizadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia/Associa&#231;&#227;o Europeia de Ecocardiografia<sup>29</sup>. A m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s medidas foi calculada para cada vari&#225;vel. No grupo de estudo, as variabilidades do intra observador e do inter observador foram &lt; 5% e &lt; 10%, respectivamente.</p>
    <p>O volume do &#225;trio esquerdo foi obtido utilizando o m&#233;todo de Simpson pelos cortes apicais de duas e quatro c&#226;maras. A fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda foi avaliada a partir da medida da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o de acordo com o m&#233;todo de Simpson. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi avaliada a partir da seguinte medida: velocidade da onda protodiast&#243;lica (onda E) e telediast&#243;lica (onda A) do fluxo mitral; rela&#231;&#227;o E/A; tempo de desacelera&#231;&#227;o da onda E (TDE); tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico (TRIV); velocidades proto e telediast&#243;licas do anel mitral (ondas E' e A') (a m&#233;dia das paredes septais e laterais) utilizando Doppler tecidual; e rela&#231;&#227;o E/E'. A remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular foi definida com um aumento de pelo menos 15% no volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou no volume diast&#243;lico final por um per&#237;odo de seis meses<sup>30</sup>.</p>
    <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas com o teste <italic>t </italic>de Student quando os dados apresentaram uma distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Para uma distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal, as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas a partir de testes <italic>U </italic>de Mann-Whitney. Os dados foram expressos como desvios m&#233;dios padr&#245;es &#177; ou intermedi&#225;rio com o 25&#186; e 75&#186; percentis. Foi utilizado um teste qui-quadrado para comparar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Os valores preditivos foram analisados utilizando uma regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. A an&#225;lise dos dados foi realizada com o SigmaStat para Windows v2.03 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). Considerou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Resultados</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Foram avaliados 37 pacientes consecutivamente. Quatro pacientes foram perdidos para o acompanhamento e quatro faleceram. Desta forma, 29 pacientes foram analisados no momento da admiss&#227;o e durante um per&#237;odo de seis meses de acompanhamento.</p>
    <p>Em nosso estudo, 62% dos pacientes demonstraram remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos utilizando os dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos: pacientes com remodela&#231;&#227;o e pacientes sem remodela&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4945tab01">Tabela 1</xref>. Os pacientes com remodela&#231;&#227;o apresentaram maiores n&#237;veis totais de creatinofosfoquinase (CPK) plasm&#225;tica e uma maior incid&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. As demais vari&#225;veis n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4945tab01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0315-30049-gt01.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os medicamentos utilizados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4945tab02">Tabela 2</xref>. Os pacientes com remodela&#231;&#227;o precisaram de mais diur&#233;ticos que os pacientes sem remodela&#231;&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis remanescentes n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos. Ap&#243;s seis meses, a taxa de pacientes que tomavam aspirina, inibidores de enzima conversora de angiotensina, e beta-bloqueadores era de 100%, 93% e 80%, respectivamente, sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4945tab02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0315-30049-gt02.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os dados iniciais da ecocardiografia s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4945tab03">Tabela 3</xref>. Os pacientes com remodela&#231;&#227;o apresentaram fra&#231;&#245;es de eje&#231;&#227;o e TDE menores que os pacientes sem remodela&#231;&#227;o. As demais vari&#225;veis n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos.</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4945tab03">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0315-30049-gt03.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Os pacientes com remodela&#231;&#227;o apresentaram menores n&#237;veis de MMP-9 inativas que os pacientes sem remodela&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4945fig01">Figura 1</xref>). Por outro lado, os n&#237;veis da forma ativa da MMP-2 foram maiores em pacientes com remodela&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="aop4945fig02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4945fig01">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0315-30049-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <fig id="aop4945fig02">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0315-30049-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>Nas an&#225;lises multivariadas, a MMP-9 inativa foi um prognosticador independente da preserva&#231;&#227;o dos volumes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Cada aumento de uma unidade no n&#237;vel da MMP-9 inativa foi associado a uma queda de 35% nas chances de remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Al&#233;m disso, a forma ativa da MMP-2 foi um preditor independente da remodela&#231;&#227;o. Cada aumento de uma unidade no n&#237;vel da MMP-2 foi associado a um aumento de 39% nas chances da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular (<xref ref-type="table" rid="aop4945tab04">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
    <p content-type="asset">
      <table-wrap id="aop4945tab04">
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0315-30049-gt04.jpg"/></table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>
      <bold>Discuss&#227;o</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar o papel das MMP-2 e -9 s&#233;ricas como marcadores progn&#243;sticos da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com IM anterior seis meses ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coronariana. Nossos resultados sugerem que maiores n&#237;veis da forma inativa da MMP-9 foram independentemente associados &#224; preserva&#231;&#227;o dos volumes ventriculares esquerdos, e que maiores n&#237;veis da forma ativa da MMP-2 foram marcadores progn&#243;sticos independentes da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular seis meses ap&#243;s o IM anterior.</p>
    <p>Independentemente da complexidade do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s o IM, o termo &#233; utilizado frequentemente como sin&#244;nimo para a dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular<sup>1-6</sup>. &#201; importante observar que a remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular est&#225; associada &#224; ruptura card&#237;aca, aneurisma ventricular, a um maior risco de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular progressiva e morte cardiovascular ap&#243;s o IM. Portanto, v&#225;rias vari&#225;veis foram utilizadas para prever o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o na fase aguda do IM, tais como o tamanho do infarto, a localiza&#231;&#227;o do infarto, infarto pr&#233;vio, tens&#227;o na parede, ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral, diabetes mellitus, hipertens&#227;o, queda da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, e sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup>31-35</sup>.</p>
    <p>A matriz card&#237;aca extracelular &#233; primordial na manuten&#231;&#227;o da integridade estrutural do cora&#231;&#227;o. De fato, a degrada&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular que ocorre pela MMP foi associada ao deslize dos fasc&#237;culos de mi&#243;citos e pelo adelga&#231;amento da parede ventricular esquerda. A degrada&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular acompanhada de um ac&#250;mulo anormal de col&#225;geno foi reportada ap&#243;s o IM, quando tamb&#233;m ocorre um aumento das dimens&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup>36</sup>. Da mesma forma, a maior atividade card&#237;aca da MMP-2 e -9 foi associada &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em diversos estudos experimentais<sup>8-14</sup>. Al&#233;m do mais, a inibi&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica e gen&#233;tica da MMP atenuou o desenvolvimento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em ratos infartados<sup>9,13-16</sup>. Assim, sabe-se que a MMP pode modular o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o em animais.</p>
    <p>Os estudos cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m demonstraram altos n&#237;veis de soro na MMP-2 e -9 em pacientes com IM<sup>17-21</sup> e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com os resultados cl&#237;nicos como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, choque cardiog&#234;nico e morte<sup>22-24</sup>. Portanto, h&#225; uma evid&#234;ncia s&#243;lida de que a MMP pode modular o processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o. No entanto, o papel das MMP-2 e -9 s&#233;ricas como marcadores progn&#243;sticos de VR em pacientes com IM anterior &#233; menos compreendido.</p>
    <p>Considerando o valor progn&#243;stico da MMP-9 ap&#243;s o IM, Kelly et al descobriram que a forma ativa da MMP-9 estava associada &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o somente se fosse avaliada nas primeiras 12 horas seguintes ao IM<sup>20</sup>. No entanto, devemos considerar que muitos pacientes n&#227;o se encontram dispon&#237;veis no per&#237;odo logo ap&#243;s o IM. Em nosso estudo, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de MMP-9 inativa, avaliados entre 12 e 72 horas ap&#243;s o IM, foram um preditor da preserva&#231;&#227;o de volumes de LV seis meses ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria. Este fen&#244;meno pode ser explicado pela transforma&#231;&#227;o reduzida da forma inativa &#224; ativa da MMP-9. </p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de MMP-2 como marcadores progn&#243;sticos de RV, Webb et al n&#227;o encontraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de MMP-2 e a dilata&#231;&#227;o de LV ap&#243;s a oclus&#227;o coron&#225;ria<sup>19</sup>. Foram encontrados os mesmos resultados por Kelly e cols.<sup>20</sup>. Por outro lado, em um estudo conduzido por Squire et al., maiores di&#226;metros de LV ap&#243;s o IM foram associados a n&#237;veis mais baixos de MMP-2<sup>25</sup>. Finalmente, houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a MMP - 2 ativa e a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em pacientes com IM anterior e inferior. Vale observar que nesse estudo, os n&#237;veis de MMP foram avaliados no sangue obtido atrav&#233;s da cateteriza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, e os volumes de LV foram avaliados atrav&#233;s da ventriculografia durante os primeiros 30 dias ap&#243;s o IM<sup>21</sup>. Em nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos da forma ativa da MMP-2, avaliados de 12 a 72 horas ap&#243;s o IM, foram um preditor independente do processo de remodela&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IM anterior.</p>
    <p>Finalmente, devemos considerar as importantes limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo. Em primeiro lugar, nosso estudo incluiu uma pequena amostra de pacientes em um &#250;nico hospital. No entanto, acreditamos que nosso estudo incorporou dados importantes sobre o papel das MMP - 2 e - 9 s&#233;ricas como preditor da remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca ap&#243;s o IM anterior. Portanto, nossos dados sugerem que as MMP-2 e -9 podem ser biomarcadores cl&#237;nicos &#250;teis da remodela&#231;&#227;o de LV ap&#243;s um infarto.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados da MMP - 9 inativa foram associados &#224; preserva&#231;&#227;o dos volumes ventriculares esquerdos, e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados da forma ativa da MMP-2 foram o preditor da remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular seis meses ap&#243;s o IM anterior.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cogni AL, Minicucci MF, Zornoff LAM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Cogni AL, Farah E, Okoshi K, Matsubara BB, Zanati S, Haggeman R; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Cogni AL, Farah E, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Okoshi K, Matsubara BB, Zanati S, Haggeman R, Zornoff LAM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Minicucci MF, Paiva SAR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cogni AL, Azevedo PS, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual: Cogni AL, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Potencial Conflito de Interesses</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Fontes de Financiamento</bold>
    </p>
    <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
    <p>
      <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica</bold>
    </p>
    <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Ana Lucia Cogni pela Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu.</p>
    <p>
      <fn id="end" fn-type="corresp">
        <label>
          <bold>Correspond&#234;ncia:</bold>
        </label>
        <p> Leonardo A. M. Zornoff </p>
        <p> Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica </p>
        <p> Rua Rubi&#227;o Jr </p>
        <p> CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brasil </p>
        <p> E-mail: </p>
        <p><email xlink:href="lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br">lzornoff@fmb.unesp.br</email>, </p>
        <p>
          <email xlink:href="lzornoff@cardiol.br">lzornoff@cardiol.br</email>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </p>
    <p>Artigo recebido em 11/06/12, revisado em 05/11/12, aceito em 03/12/12.</p>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Articles</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Metalloproteinases-2 and -9 predict left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>BACKGROUND: The role of serum metalloproteinases (MMP) after myocardial infarction (MI) is unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of serum MMP-2 and -9 as predictors of ventricular remodeling six months after anterior MI. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled patients after their first anterior MI. MMP activity was assayed 12 to 72 hours after the MI. An echocardiogram was performed during the hospitalization and six months later. RESULTS: We included 29 patients; 62% exhibited ventricular remodeling. The patients who exhibited remodeling had higher infarct size based on creatine phosphokinase (CPK) peak values (p = 0.037), higher prevalence of in-hospital congestive heart failure (p = 0.004), and decreased ejection fraction (EF) (p = 0.007). The patients with ventricular remodeling had significantly lower serum levels of inactive MMP-9 (p = 0.007) and significantly higher levels of the active form of MMP-2 (p = 0.011). In a multivariate logistic regression model, adjusted by age, CPK peak, EF and prevalence of heart failure, MMP-2 and -9 serum levels remained associated with remodeling (p = 0.033 and 0.044, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Higher serum levels of inactive MMP-9 were associated with the preservation of left ventricular volumes, and higher serum levels of the active form of MMP-2 were a predictor of remodeling 6 months after MI.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Matrix Metalloproteinase 2</kwd>
        <kwd>Matrix Metalloproteinase 9</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Left</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fn id="enda-body2">
          <label>
            <bold>Metalloproteinases-2 and -9 predict left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction</bold>
          </label>
          <p>
            <bold>Ana Lucia Cogni; Elaine Farah; Marcos F. Minicucci; Paula S. Azevedo; Katashi Okoshi; Beatriz B. Matsubara; Silm&#233;ia Zanati; Rodrigo Haggeman; Sergio A. R. Paiva; Leonardo A. M. Zornoff</bold>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </p>
      <p>Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</p>
      <p>Mailing Address</p>
      <p>
        <bold>ABSTRACT</bold>
      </p>
      <p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> The role of serum metalloproteinases (MMP) after myocardial infarction (MI) is unknown. </p>
      <p><bold>OBJECTIVE:</bold> The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of serum MMP-2 and -9 as predictors of ventricular remodeling six months after anterior MI. </p>
      <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> We prospectively enrolled patients after their first anterior MI. MMP activity was assayed 12 to 72 hours after the MI. An echocardiogram was performed during the hospitalization and six months later. </p>
      <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> We included 29 patients; 62% exhibited ventricular remodeling. The patients who exhibited remodeling had higher infarct size based on creatine phosphokinase (CPK) peak values (p = 0.037), higher prevalence of in-hospital congestive heart failure (p = 0.004), and decreased ejection fraction (EF) (p = 0.007). The patients with ventricular remodeling had significantly lower serum levels of inactive MMP-9 (p = 0.007) and significantly higher levels of the active form of MMP-2 (p = 0.011). In a multivariate logistic regression model, adjusted by age, CPK peak, EF and prevalence of heart failure, MMP-2 and -9 serum levels remained associated with remodeling (p = 0.033 and 0.044, respectively). </p>
      <p><bold>CONCLUSIONS:</bold> Higher serum levels of inactive MMP-9 were associated with the preservation of left ventricular volumes, and higher serum levels of the active form of MMP-2 were a predictor of remodeling 6 months after MI. </p>
      <p><bold>Keywords:</bold> Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; Myocardial Infarction; Ventricular Function, Left / physiopathology.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Introduction</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Ventricular remodeling, defined as alterations in ventricular geometry, function, size, composition, and mass, have been associated with poor long-term outcomes after myocardial infarction (MI)<sup>1-6</sup>. Thus, an understanding of the pathophysiological alterations that are involved in these processes is essential for the development of effective myocardial infarction management strategies.</p>
      <p>The cardiac extracellular matrix is critical for maintaining the structural integrity of the heart and is composed of structural elements, such as collagen, and other proteins, such as fibronectin, proteoglycans and matricellular proteins. An important component of this extracellular matrix is a family of extracellular matrix degrading enzymes, the metalloproteinases (MMPs). MMPs are a family of more than 25 species of zinc-dependent proteases that are essential for normal tissue remodeling and are involved in a number of pathological conditions, such as cancer and inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases. Specific MMPs are expressed in cardiac cells such as myocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages. These enzymes are synthesized as inactive zymogens and are secreted into the extracellular matrix as proenzymes of pro-MMPs, which remain quiescent until the propeptide domain is cleaved. Numerous MMPs, including gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), may be associated with cardiac alterations following various injuries<sup>7</sup>.</p>
      <p>The role of the MMPs in the cardiac remodeling process has been studied<sup>8-25</sup>. However, the role of gelatinases as predictors of remodeling in patients with MI remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of serum MMP-2 and -9 as predictors of ventricular remodeling in patients with anterior MI six months after the coronary occlusion.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Methods</bold>
      </p>
      <p>All procedures were approved by the ethics committee of our institution, and all participants provided their written consent. Between December, 2009 and July, 2010, consecutive patients with anterior myocardial infarction were prospectively recruited.</p>
      <p>Acute MI was diagnosed in the presence of the two following criteria: persistent angina pectoris for <underline>&gt;</underline> 20 min and ST-segment elevation for <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 mm in <underline>&gt;</underline> 2 contiguous precordial leads or the presence of a left bundle branch block<sup>26</sup>. Acute MI was later confirmed based on the elevation of cardiac enzymes of more than twice the upper limit of the normal range.</p>
      <p>The exclusion criteria were as follows: active malignancy, infection, end-stage cardiac, pulmonary, or hepatic disease, pregnancy, age &lt; 18 years, atrial fibrillation, previous myocardial infarction, and valve disease.</p>
      <p>At admission, data on patient characteristics, including waist circumference, body mass index, age, gender, heart rate, cardiovascular risk factors, concomitant diseases, adverse events, medical treatment and data regarding symptoms and pre-hospital delay, were recorded. Our definition of diabetes mellitus was based on clinical features and a fasting glucose level of <underline>&gt;</underline> 126 mg / dL on two separate occasions or ongoing treatment for the disease. Systemic arterial hypertension was considered to be present if the systolic blood pressure was &gt; 140 mm Hg and / or the diastolic blood pressure was &gt; 90 mm Hg. Dyslipidemia was identified according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) III guidelines as total cholesterol levels <underline>&gt;</underline> 200 mg /dL, or HDL &lt; 40 mg/ dL for men and &lt; 50 mg/dL for women, or a triglycerides level <underline>&gt;</underline> 150 mg/dL. Obesity was defined as a body mass index (BMI) <underline>&gt;</underline> 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. </p>
      <p>For the adverse events during the follow-up period, stable angina was diagnosed based on the presence of cardiac symptoms in a pattern that remained constant in presentation, frequency, character and duration over time, and coronary disease was diagnosed using coronary angiography. Unstable angina was diagnosed based on the presence of new cardiac symptoms and positive electrocardiogram (ECG) findings with normal biomarkers or a changing pattern of symptoms and positive ECG findings with normal biomarkers and coronary disease at coronary angiography. All other pre-specified definitions utilized in this study were similar to those in previous clinical trials<sup>27</sup>.</p>
      <p>Serum MMP activity was assayed 12 to 72 hours after MI and was determined as reported by Tyagi et al<sup>28</sup>. Briefly, samples for analysis were prepared by dilution in extraction sample buffer consisting of the following: 50 mM Tris, pH 7.4; 0.2 M NaCl; 0.1% Triton X; and 10 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>. Then, they were diluted in application sample buffer consisting of the following: 0.5 M Tris, pH 6.8; 100% glycerol; and 0.05% bromophenol blue. The samples were loaded into the wells of 8% SDS-polyacrylamide gels containing 1% gelatin. Electrophoresis was conducted with a Bio-Rad apparatus at 80 V for 2 hours and was stopped when the bromophenol blue arrived at the bottom of the gel. The gel was removed and washed 2 times with 2.5% Triton-X-100 and then washed with 50 mM Tris, pH 8.4. The gel was then incubated at 37&#186;C overnight in activation solution consisting of the following: 50 mM Tris, pH 8.4; 5 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub>; and ZnCl<sub>2</sub>. The staining was performed for 2 hours with 0.5% Coomassie blue and destaining in 30% methanol and 10% acetic acid until clear bands over a dark background were observed. The staining and destaining were performed at room temperature on a rotatory shaker. The gels were photographed, and the intensity of the gelatinolytic action (clear bands) was analyzed in a UVP, UV, White Darkhon image analyzer. </p>
      <p>The echocardiogram assessment was completed by three cardiologists. However, the same operator analyzed the same patient during the index hospitalization (approximately 3-5 days after admission) and at the 6-month follow-up. The echocardiograph was an HDI 5000 Sono CT model (Philips Medical Systems, Botheee, Washington, USA) that was equipped with a 2.0 to 4.0 MHz probe capable of acquiring second harmonic, tissue, pulsed, continuous, and color Doppler, as well as one- and two-dimensional mode images. With individuals positioned in the left lateral decubitus and monitored with an electrocardiographic lead, the following echocardiographic views were obtained: the short parasternal axis to measure the ventricles, aorta and left atrium and the apical two, four and five chambers to evaluate the cavities and the systolic and diastolic functions of the ventricles. All measurements were performed in accordance with the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography/European Association of Echocardiography<sup>29</sup>. The average of three measurements was calculated for each variable. In the study group, intraobserver and interobserver variabilities were &lt; 5% and &lt; 10%, respectively.</p>
      <p>The left atrium volume was obtained using the Simpson method with the apical two- and four-chamber views. The LV systolic function was evaluated by measuring the ejection fraction according to the Simpson method. The LV diastolic function was evaluated by measuring the following: early (E-Wave) and late (A-Wave) diastolic mitral inflow velocity; the E- to A-Wave ratio; the E-Wave deceleration time (EDT); the isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT); the early (E' Wave) and late (A' Wave) diastolic mitral annulus velocity (the average of the septal and lateral walls) using tissue Doppler; and the E/E' ratio. Ventricular remodeling was defined as an increase of at least 15% in the LV end-systolic or end-diastolic volume at the 6-month follow-up<sup>30</sup>.</p>
      <p>The comparisons between the groups were completed with Student's <italic>t </italic>tests when the data presented a normal distribution. For a non-normal distribution, the comparisons between the groups were completed using Mann-Whitney <italic>U </italic>tests. The data were expressed as the mean &#177; standard deviations or the median with the 25<sup>th</sup> and 75<sup>th</sup> percentiles. A Chi-squared test was used to compare the categorical variables. The predictive values were analyzed using a multivariate logistic regression. Data analysis was completed with SigmaStat for Windows v2.03 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). The significance level was considered to be 5%.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Results</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A total of 37 consecutive patients were evaluated. Four patients were lost to follow-up, and four patients died. Thus, 29 patients were analyzed at admission and at the 6-month follow-up.</p>
      <p>In our study, 62% of the patients demonstrated ventricular remodeling. The patients were divided in two groups using the clinical and echocardiographic data: patients with remodeling and patients without remodeling.</p>
      <p>The clinical characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4945tab01-body2">Table 1</xref>. Patients with remodeling presented with higher total plasma creatine kinase (CPK) levels and a higher incidence of heart failure. The remaining variables showed no differences between the groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4945tab01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0315-30049-gt01-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The medications utilized during the hospitalization are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4945tab02-body2">Table 2</xref>. Patients with remodeling required more diuretics than patients without remodeling. The remaining variables showed no differences between the groups. After 6 months, the rates of patients using aspirin, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and beta-blockers were 100%, 93% and 80%, respectively, with no difference between the groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4945tab02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0315-30049-gt02-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>The initial echocardiographic data are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4945tab03-body2">Table 3</xref>. Patients with remodeling presented with smaller ejection fractions and EDTs than patients without remodeling. The remaining variables showed no differences between the groups.</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4945tab03-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0315-30049-gt03-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Patients with remodeling presented lower levels of inactive MMP-9 than patients without remodeling (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4945fig01-body2">Figure 1</xref>). On the other hand, the levels of the active form of MMP-2 were higher in patients with remodeling (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="en_aop4945fig02-body2">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4945fig01-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0315-30049-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <fig id="en_aop4945fig02-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0315-30049-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>In the multivariate analyses, inactive MMP-9 was an independent predictor of the preservation of LV volumes. Each 1 unit increase in the inactive MMP-9 level was associated with a 35% decrease in the odds of ventricular remodeling. In addition, the active form of MMP-2 was an independent predictor of remodeling. Each 1 unit increase in the MMP-2 level was associated with a 39% increase in the odds of ventricular remodeling (<xref ref-type="table" rid="en_aop4945tab04-body2">Table 4</xref>).</p>
      <p content-type="asset">
        <table-wrap id="en_aop4945tab04-body2">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-100-04-0315-30049-gt04-en.jpg"/></table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <bold>Discussion</bold>
      </p>
      <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of serum MMP-2 and -9 as predictors of ventricular remodeling in patients with anterior MI six months after the coronary occlusion. Our results suggest that higher levels of the inactive form of MMP-9 were independently associated with the preservation of left ventricular volumes, and higher levels of the active form of MMP-2 were an independent predictor of ventricular remodeling 6 months after anterior MI.</p>
      <p>Regardless of the complexity of the remodeling process, after MI, the term is frequently used as a synonym for ventricular dilation<sup>1-6</sup>. Importantly, ventricular remodeling is associated with cardiac rupture, ventricular aneurysm, an increased risk of progressive ventricular dysfunction, and cardiovascular death after MI. Therefore, several variables have been used to predict the remodeling process in the acute phase of MI, such as infarct size, infarct location, previous infarct, wall stress, neurohumoral activation, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, decreased ejection fraction, and signs of heart failure<sup>31-35</sup>.</p>
      <p>It is accepted that the cardiac extracellular matrix is critical for maintaining the structural integrity of the heart. Indeed, extracellular matrix degradation by MMP has been associated with slippage of myocyte fascicles and left ventricular wall thinning. Extracellular matrix degradation paralleled by an abnormal collagen accumulation has been reported after MI, when left ventricular enlargement also occurs<sup>36</sup>. Likewise, the increased cardiac activity of MMP-2 and -9 was associated with cardiac remodeling and heart failure in several experimental studies<sup>8-14</sup>. In addition, the pharmacologic and genetic inhibition of MMP attenuated the development of heart failure in infarcted rats<sup>9,13-16</sup>. Thus, it is accepted that MMP can modulate the remodeling process in animal models.</p>
      <p>Clinical studies have also demonstrated elevated serum levels of MMP-2 and -9 in patients with MI<sup>17-21</sup> and its association with clinical outcomes such heart failure, cardiogenic chock and death<sup>22-24</sup>. Therefore, there is solid evidence that MMP can modulate the remodeling process. However, the role of serum MMP-2 and -9 as predictors of VR in patients with anterior MI is less clear.</p>
      <p>Considering the prognostic value of MMP-9 after MI, Kelly et al found that the active form of MMP-9 was associated with remodeling only if it was assessed in the first 12 hours following MI<sup>20</sup>. However, we must consider that many patients are not available in the very early period after MI. In our study, higher serum levels of inactive MMP-9, assayed 12 to 72 hours after MI, was a predictor of the preservation of LV volumes six months after the coronary occlusion. This phenomenon can be explained by the decreased transformation from the inactive form to the active form of MMP-9. </p>
      <p>In relation to levels of MMP-2 as predictors of RV, Webb et al did not find an association between MMP-2 levels and LV dilation after the coronary occlusion<sup>19</sup>. The same results were found by Kelly et al<sup>20</sup>. On the other hand, in a study conducted by Squire et al, increased LV diameters after MI were associated with decreased levels of MMP-2<sup>25</sup>. Finally, there was an association between active MMP-2 and cardiac remodeling in patients with anterior and inferior MI. Importantly, in that study, the MMP levels were assessed in blood that was obtained by cardiac catheterization, and the LV volumes were assessed by ventriculography during the first 30 days after MI<sup>21</sup>. In our study, serum levels of the active form of MMP-2, assessed 12 to 72 hours after MI, was an independent predictor of the remodeling process in patients with anterior MI. </p>
      <p>Finally, we should consider the major limitations of this study. First, our study included a small sample of patients at a single hospital. However, we believe that our study added important data about the role of serum MMP-2 and -9 as predictors of cardiac remodeling after anterior MI. Therefore, our data suggest that MMP-2 and -9 might be useful clinical biomarkers of LV remodeling following infarction.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, higher serum levels of inactive MMP-9 were associated with the preservation of left ventricular volumes, and higher serum levels of the active form of MMP-2 were a predictor of ventricular remodeling 6 months after anterior MI.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Author contributions</bold>
      </p>
      <p>Conception and design of the research: Cogni AL, Minicucci MF, Zornoff LAM; Acquisition of data: Cogni AL, Farah E, Okoshi K, Matsubara BB, Zanati S, Haggeman R; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Cogni AL, Farah E, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Okoshi K, Matsubara BB, Zanati S, Haggeman R, Zornoff LAM; Statistical analysis: Minicucci MF, Paiva SAR; Writing of the manuscript: Cogni AL, Azevedo PS, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cogni AL, Minicucci MF, Azevedo PS, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
      </p>
      <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
      </p>
      <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>Study Association</bold>
      </p>
      <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Ana Lucia Cogni, from Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>References</bold>
      </p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
